| GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERIN Greener 2. SEDIMENTARY ROW ~ seposib Mil uncemented aggregate oF mineral grains and decayed organic matter Croid particles) with liquid ahd gas inthe empty cpaces bet ween 4he solid parties. | > wed af constriction maternal in various civil engineering projects, ahd it support) Amctu- ral foundations LI - branch of science that deals with the sadly of the physical properties of soll and the behavior oF ceil masses subjected tr var~ iow! types of forces | | | + applications of the principles of so} mechanits te practical problern) f = subdisciptine of civil engineering +hat invelvtsnadMral matenals pound close t the surpace of the earth = includes the applitation of the principle of soil mechanith and rece mechanils nthe design oF foundations, rhtaink sirachares,, and_earth shu chires. | Rock. cyte and the Origin of $0))——— sae, ementabien, | a pot? (yea ahion Sedimentary nce 7 E i ‘pet at Magia, | Three hacic typed OF MOS eo | = pormed hy the lidiFica tis of molieh magma gected frm deep within je earth's marile | | oF grawl, fand, silt,and day formed by weathtving may bee tame ampauled by overduyden pase and. comented. by agent like lion oxide, calcite, _dulmite, and quari2- | ||} et sme morphicen i ihe | press of changing! she ompasition and tex- cay ve both jure of rocks| (without melting) vy heat and pressure = proces of wreaking do um © Weathenng ah i mots by mechanical and chem Ces inte Smaller pieces + mechanical weathering may he cause by the expansion and contraction of hous pom the wontinuows gain and |osf apheat, which results in uHimate aisin~ | jegratim- | + Chemical meathering wnere criginal nos minerals are transformed. inte new mineral! by chemical rea cher Transportation of weathering Pmductt the product op weathering may stay fh [the same plate ar may ne tmeved| Pr ether places by ice, mailer, wind , and gravity. + residual Soil! — soils Formed by tne weatheréal prduct} at their place °F ongin ath The Hronsported sci? may be clasiped int several groups. depending tm their — mode oF tranipariation ane oleposi hen + 2 Glacial soils > frawspordation andl deposition op glaciens L 2) Alluvial soils ~ transported Py running water and deposited along ream 2) Lauuitiing soils > deposition in quiet lakes 4) Moving foils ~ deposition in the sea 5) aeolian saile~ hansparted and daposited by minal ©) wlluval soils ~ formed by movement of ol pam ih original place ky gravity ,suon ar during landslides MODULE 2 = SOIL PROPEATICS ano coffirosinion | | Gils are shige phase aysterns oF sul Solis, [waters and air. || voids are) Saliay | Sees | | Can be tannic laut sd reine guia “ar weer oF + r Galthe vids r I - volume of Oly 1M the soi) __Total lume oF a given sei! sample. Veet = Mt Vg t Va ~ Dair | water Gl Geli “)_ fail clement in Ce) thyee phaces oF where, ye volume oF soil solids natural ake thesril, de ment Vo? valume of voidls Vw vilume of water in the widt |_Pet_ | fe Vaz wlumé of ait inthe wid ‘Solid teeteron have @iagram thaceviagrane Phase Biagram F ar} oe suming that the wught Of the al dir is negugisle, tial apt of the Water: abet Sample WW We Fo} hak jwhere, Ws= weight 65 soil solids rfially | fil freee] LA To ie eight op water Physical Paperties op foil —-————} 1) WoideRetioMeY - the ratio of the volume of she vias | op the volume OF coll | |_| 2) Poosity(n) tse. vatio_ of the \velume oF 4 the vids 40 the ial volume of solid || | =the ratio ‘or-the volume. of ies wore tthe vilume ofthe Wids. Note, shai degree | Volume Relationships. 4) - iganantcae) — vilume OF a0" 1” Ta { ie 4 ( a Of Saluration must he in penend. 1 4) = the rato. ar bine. 4 mods Of waite to +he hails of soll. is present in | percesnt form, | :) the weigns of soll pee unit| volume. | =| Can romge between the limidy, oe tthe eight | OF rr For a completely ary coil | Gnd one Cor 100'h) q > >the sight dp solid in, jel peas Te ra FS i the | sativrateat cil, ~ the weight of, Saturated il pe unit iolume. Patvaled| dem Tine Os 4he wids IF FIN Up with water. 1 eet tk a. ++ > Te due 1 dhe buoyant prindpte | lefine at i wei ‘ epFetive weight OF ssi) unde Hud metged wnaifon| | Light, Felationships or unit valume | Be saris achaguevetrlttag | Moire Content Coy dry unit weight of soil under eer air wick | we ae condition: 2em air wit means saturated state, % +| | oe a wed expres! [the velanjonship wehween the in-situ wid raho he the void ratio oy the sample , and the limiting values trnax andl train epresenting phe! Waser aro clensest posible si) packing ‘slates | ver pectvel. the relative entity + eee tlexgee| | [apn | Les ors sece | Ya\emin) Yanna) ‘Thus, he relative clemsity of soil in its denies pi poviie Hare Ce= min) is 1 Cor 190%) ‘Specipicnvoramecvy I] | nl init orert posite slate Cememan) it ve + tite | e Exdmpley | | Diecontent VOIP wide 1) 0.5411 Sample weigh) 4-40N ancl har a Avo. | || vbluine oF 0.09044) m?. The rpecipit gravity | i245, The lume op air i 0.000167 J SpuinicGrovity oF Mewinipartider cow | | Fea ato weight of the orginal sei) oh fe ara al | anne balan } Pa Pw 5 | | | Votunne (o®) |_| weignt ) Relationship! ameng Unit ight, Wold fat, | Topoolw} | air ° Moisture Content, and Spedpi¢ bravity | 4 |_| li We | i “aie: | wl | i) wr 2 Gis Wa wwe | where G1 ~ speipic gravity of seil solids | 0.000941) Ne Ww moisture wplent Yo unit weight op water Wit ¥w 4 Va = 0.000aa1 m* Vet ¥w 6.000107 = 0.000041 WMT Wy bret weit | | Vit Vw = 0.000824 ——> eq.1 Vel vie ee: ive | Vee U4 4) Gite Wet ew # MU 9 eg. eines | | | | , ow | Loven pele v sted oat | I 444 {fo Ye he | | i eb | or te Se | el bf if | t | 14 | |) | Auvisinved || i | Gre vit uve I | Feet at | ge~-6y all 2.08 (9p) (V4) #48 }0) Vow = ree | | i | dsahw Sys 4 4810 vw» ta. We |Colving the two equations simultanéoutly ) Vs = 0.000394 m* 5 Vw = 0.0004%0m? hence. ory unit weight oF the Jeil yan 2.05 ¢ 00054 2 aati 4-91) (0.000344) 21024 ble? o.000aai 2 mild having fw wlume of 0:10p4? was filled with moist sil. The: weight of the stil inthe mold was pound +) pe 12-00, 1b. The Soil Was wven-died and the weight after drying Ws 10-P Ih. the spedigic gravty oF salids Was Endwn to be 10. Determine the waier ontent, Wid ratio, porosity, degree op saturation, fetal unit weight, and dry unit weight t | ro - 10-F REET olo.tuea ort I aor a. wate wontent | aL cs Mined = Way. x | - Wa) |e | | ii. waight,and degree of satura Pan 9. Void ratio bs ¢ bow yo wt Py tee Ww bit bw WT ie | | | go kN _ 2.704 2.20(0.1) tm tHe | t= OURS | Yar Yas dry ont wight — oe Joy Dy Unit Weight Yas JOS Ib / Pr 8) One _wubic, meter OF wet soil weigh) 10.20 en. tp the speciric granty tF ___soil_ partides if 2.20 and wate vintent Find the wid ratio, dry unit he Yow 44.0 de = Ts e mnsity |_| mt ae 0.005 [ ns | 1+ 0.00)c+ Void nat | | y Fora most sample, the poling are. ier + y Tota) volume v= 1.2m? — relermine # fs rao iy | | || tat | 14 Tors jal mau M= 2b i | a. moist versity Fach __ Moisture content = |b ony vensity in OF I ifs ithe T water | _— Specipic gravity or soil pay | | lta L(t ual Je aleet t t pst a.Powsity | in vouieler| a 4 pe le ome | (epee) 1 | fiw ha HH (Tow alae a) | | | | tt | 1 €. Degree of Satur s Ww. volume of water + hence, ©) the Following, date re given fora. wail: Porsity + at | Specific peat 14 ‘te Soil Moisture content * ie “solution UI | EEL pe br pw eee 1 pe caine iit Pune = [U1 meted el : mos of water needed per darlene crt Slam estes Psat —P-=-2008 i 100, ha = 00} eng 44 | L Total mass of water tu be agaed chy | L | | ora x 10 = [20700 bg | ++! 2070, Mk i | ro } ae Co 7) O saturated ail nas a dy unit weight oF 03 hee Hy moishare a iy 23% Determine —. Satu tated unit malate 2») Yooh v, Specific Gravity , c. Woid patio, © | Solution: | | a. Sosurated Unit weight | | Yay = Td O14 W) = ua) (14-2) = 14.04 tule? a |e.7 Wipe? | Ci | | b. Speuizil Gravity » bs | G Void fake, & > Pte!) ee bs | {Eta 14? THe | = why = 1.29 )(2.4y) alo. Wt} Ge | | | Atwhs | | | | bs 74 109 +23. U1 bs = O74, | t 1) = Ty co.) (bi) Ge Lue | Ya | feral tole toa | elle sl Laie eisSul Structure ~ geometric. arrangement oF soil parhcles with retpect 10 one another | Facto affecting the soil structure * Shape * Size * minevalegical composition of stil povticlel + nature | | * composition oF nil water | | | | Two major groups o si e Jor groups OF Examples * Gravel, Sand ssjIt | Structures in Ghesioness foi | . = sojL parties are in| Stable positions, with each particle in | wontact with the surDurding ones | | | (aq) loose «Honey Combed — relatively fine sand and, | Jit form small arches with chains of particles | have lasge vids ahd they cn cony ani eri nary ftatic laa fet = form miniature arches, less Hable and breaks ddmn under heavy oF shock [pading | © Example + Clay Siruchares in conesive Soils \ + Vay dev Waals Fortes ~ case attrac ve | force) between day particle | — both repulsive and atirach ve forces inuiease with decrealing distance bet - ween the particles, hulat diff. Yate wht the pacing peli weeh the parr t as Islan eater than the, farce of repul { | Fat ase dee pore rcateal by eletdal | f orlel- | ++ | T= repuaiian, wetweeh tuo positive | ly. charged ioniued absorbed water t f = Hoceulatiog! — clay particle initially |aispelsed come close te one another dung random motion and aggre~ | | | gate int loc with edge 19 Face | | ontadt | | —~_y, = WI =e WW Te } tt @) nonsalt Flow tation LA Soe er elle it iz | | edlim ent) stra chur jel | | Gahesive Soill = geherally contain a | stp cieht clay whient to eppectively glue’ the mast together. a1 such they | alto have the ability to be molded or shaped. thik pinperty oF beling mldeo |_| is lated |‘plasticlty’ and deson bes. the | ability oF| Hae sell to be ralled inte thin reds 2.0 mm ‘did meler wo hreakahg. Thee [toils pave internal strength , can e com= |paded and omprened , ard generally Lave suitable For Foundation matenalys “under optimum moisture conditions. _ | mut fine-grained seils have some cabenich Land ave ually composed of significant Lamounts of silt and for cay al \Coheslanters soils ~ the seis have po || gtrength of or in thelr own. there i sum | [ally a lomplede absence of clay or rine \particles prom which cohesion if derived |Sand and gravel are guod example! oF ‘cohesiontent Soilt. However, ip sandy ov |ravely sil) are geologically rv shacturaly HO9f iF veng small» the rorce of attraction if onrined) tay (an exhibit firength pro~periel, but not Hrength if due to the conpine ment , n0+ the material iselp. Organic gril ~ they are typically {pong y » crumbly, And compressible. This type of sil iF undesiva ble For Wie in supporting stcheres Structure op Clay Soils Rem Remarks * Dispersed Formed. by settlement ef individual Strachures clay parties 5 more oF leis parallel onentabon * Flecuslent Formed by Hlement oF plow oF siucture, clay oF particles * Domains Aggregated y Froulated sub- microscopic unity ep clay particles * Clute Domains gnup > Form cluster 5 Bs Can be See under light microsope » pedy Clustels grup 4» form ped; can ve seen witheut micrercape Four Basic States op sil @ Solid © Semisoli a © Plastiv ® Liguia Oster berg Limits ~ the moisture whtent, in percent, Ot whicn the traniition From solid Tt cemisolicl state. © Plasie!LiMi# - the moisture antent at the point OF transition From semusoliol + plat c state — the moisture antent (0), pe- quired to dose 0 12.2 mM along the vrttom oF | the Gove after 25 blows : i ~ the moisture contest of), 4 whidr standard cone oF apex angle 40° and, weight *0-29N will penetrate d= Zomm in; wher allowed 10 dnp Frm a position °F contact | wi the soil supace is the difperonce between the liquid limit and the plastic. mit of- 4 soi) | Pl= LL-PL | | Typical value ef Uquial tami (LL) i clay Limit CPL), amd Activity CAD oF Jome 1 mineral! 7 ; ( uw el 0.9 08 0 * Kaolinite aso i. ope (a o Mite oro te w + montmorillonite 190-400 8° 100 ai « * Halloysite Yoru 0 t Chydated ) as + Hatloysite qo-ss ONS td . C Gehyolrarea) - r saitaguigt? o-2s wO-ns 0.41.3 ‘Qllop hane wO-Y. 120-41FD OFS Burmister (14a) classiied the plarbdty index ih a qualitative manner + Pl besuription ° Non plastic es Slightly plashc S-10 low plasheity 10-20 Meoium plasticity w-4o High | plasticity >4o Very high plasticity Stidvaran , et.al. PL= 0.04 CLL) ¥ 0,20 CCF) +10 PL= 0.40 (LL) -0. Ww (oF) ~I0 Potidovi (2002), ? B77? Pee ee eBhee PI (y= 4 2 1p Cte) PIC) = 0.14 Ieee) | CY Bw ep — Where, wi = ini i the, Pita seis when the, SOIL Is placed inthe shinbage limit aig |) (bu chang e in cif tt Gitent Ghat is | petween the initial moistuct wntent | land the moliturt content | It 4 the dhintage-timit) | Pee Py PPLE EMi = My | | wile) = F190 | where, Mi= mast oF the wet: ‘ail I pah in the | dish at the beginning of the 4st (q) | Mz maui oF he dy soil pat (9) | (VIR VE Ae | | {b= H0p. } Sw") ra | where, Vi = initial volume of the wet Soil pat | Ghat is, inside volume Of the dlithcen?) = volumm< of the oven dvi ed roi!) pat Com’) | per denity of water Cgfem) || s(t My ~ ratio op the volume change oF, Sell af perceitage of 4ne ary volume the car | *etponding change in moistuce. content | ___ called +he 1 (27 “CEE fae were me ey LL- PL au) (Se) YrPw | where J w= in sitw_moisare content Mr Mi - I || op soit where, OV= change lin Volume OM= corresponding change in the _mnail OF moishur | I | | bs = Ty in io) | ! | | where, bs specific gravity of Soil Solids Exanpie Following are the rulty ofa shrinkage limit tot | * Initial volume of soil in a sahrated sate = 14.6 cm? + Final volume of ser] in a dry state = + Initial mass ina saturated state « 44.09 | * Final mass ina dry stale 90.19 Determine He shrinkage limit of the wit) sus (4M) (Hote i 15,40? | | | Jem | ~ bagineesng purposes it the eomsintencysindex: Por 1-4 3 | ny S0'le oF coanie is Saha And For sands, and a weppicitnt oF gragaron, | propix 6 if 50lo oF conyse is braved between 1 and > cer gravels and sands). _| b. SupFix depends on ‘le fines = Qs0il_ might have a combination oF tue or ort | Ip ‘he pine ¢£ "lo suprix is either wi P Uniformly graded Fractions. Curve I reprecenty | Jp "e pine! > 12*lo tuppix if either MIC ch wil the gap graded. | || bp Ste < epimers < 12¢e tual sy mboly ae wea aie Hydmeter analysis — bared en the prindple oF To dledermin€ iF Wor , calculate Cu and Ce sedimentation oF soil gram in water. when a Soil | | 2 | be One® Speimen it dyporsed ih waters the parteley seHle | Bee | | Deak at dipperent velocities , depending ontheir shaye, where , x oF the Soi) has particles fmalier Fire, and weight , and +he Viscosity of the rater | than Dx Ip prepix il b then suppix if Ww if Cu? Methods 1 determining the Percent oF gravel, | | and Ce il Debween 1and 3 stherwire we vand, silt and Clay | P UF prepix 19 then suppix Lo W iF Cu >& 1) ASHTONCMamiFication THEW ~ soi! y classi Fite and Cols between tandd otherwise, into jut, major groups *A-14hinugh A-7 wie P Soil) clasipiedl under groups A-1, A-Diand f-> are gronular matenals oF which 25*l» pass >) ee thyvugs the ne. WO sieve. Soils oF which Wore | 4 - Ingeheml than 35°lo pas thhugh the nv. wp sieve are SIL @niain alwide range or particle sires. Classified und grup) A+, AS) A-GsAnd A~}. | Some meanf oF describing the charactenitis These soils ave mosty sill anc clay type mate- of soils with dipperent pra portions of sand/ rials. the danipication Systen if bared on the cllt /alay ir required | lesa | FR anena? || a. Grain size | ||| f i. Gravel: Fraction passing the! 15 mm Gin) wait Masia chu etts Inst tte op Techno~ sive and retained on the nv-I0 Comm) | Iegy har developed Heir ohm clastipicakian WS sieve | syston However, Inthe field of engineering ,Pp eee ee the siher three C4) clastisication system ave widely used Examp es 2. sample oF 0 diy wane-grained material of | 500 gramy wa shaken through 4 nen ap sieves and +he Following relulty are obtained * Siewe No, Opening (mm) Mast retained (gram) 4 4s 0.0 0 20d Me % 095 45.0 «Oo o.yas 0.1 io Ous hg wo 0.095 10g.8 Pon | ell Setermune the effective s12e Cam), the uniform ity @eppicitnt, and the werpueht oF wthature. Seluber F Opening mau retained Curnulakve Sieve mm. “mney? gram” mals retained Finew 4 45 oo 0 100-00 10 20 Ms ms 41.04 coy 0.85 abo Nag 71.4 we ous 0-1 202.4 SAMA wo oS 4 3508 24.04 ato ons wos 499.0 vag fan — w4 gto 0.00 Total mass ada O- Sppectwve sire Celution 15 Using @ portiae tne duttndution cunt graduation waree), pit the wreputed value ror “L Piney O18 dhe opening Solution 7° Solve for the diameer that wrrélpobdy ty 104%. piney. we caw asl ned 44 oF our calualatyy ‘ty inter polatt the valve x os 0.015 ¥ 1h iar Prey we and then WR? 6.048 ¥ 0.10 mm hae ot oa b. 10 Solve forthe uniformity wrppidents Jove For Dus - Qyproximaie the diameter 407 anes powds 1 Vo'h Finer in your parte sive difthibutisn ware. Solution 1s by the depmition ) the uniformity weppiient is * ee 2s 2H as Dw 010 Solution 2 Uling Mede 3-4 of valaulerinr x y gs 77-44 4 onmas adn Presi AC and tht, GOK + 0.495 © 0.45 room c+ losewe For the woeppicien) curvature , DE Fe Dan Appr ximate the diameter thot cr- raponds te 30" Finer SMlution 1° Oy the definixon » the wep piciend canature if 30" on™ "bua Dio” O-MEX 0.0 Solution 2 * Using mede 3-4 Calculotry x y omy Saya Om 81.04 FU AC and then YOR * 0.18 FOIL we. 1) 10 Ques dil the Fellewing are Frew PeHeMt Age palling No fiewe = 20 Fu centage paiting Ne, 200 sieve + 20 Liquid Umit = 9 Naive Unit © a Cltiry Whe JOH Wing the Unified foil Catipica hen Syitem. Give the group syenvel ond the Group nameSuton: : The sil is clastipied oy Se, lime i does het meet Percentage passing No.200 sieve = 4¢‘s bith requirements op Sw. i Cle than S0'h coarse-grained sil) | Percentage passing No.4 sieve * 70 ‘le : Crore than 5D "s Sancy s0i1) MODULE 4 + SOIL TESTS AnD INDICES Percentage passing No. 200 sieve = 30"% Cmore than 12% patting » SM er so) Specigic Gravity op sil Solids by Pycnomeser The sil is clavi fied as Sc. Tet ) Sele || > Pint, the weight oF the empty pycnometer The sil has a grain-size analysil oF + is determined (W,) in the avy wndition. Then the sample of oveh-Aned soil » cooled in the desi- Sieve no. Opening (me) catty, is placed in the pyconometer and its sips weight wl the suis letermined (Ws). the remai- a ave | ving, volume of she paymometes is then gradually as | 4 filled with distilled water or Kerosene. the en ~ Mo e-Mast afte | tol | 4appeol air sheuld ne removed either by gente ua {04s 2] npating! and viggwus shaking er by applyin ne othe biel | ths § __vaccuitin. The weight of the Sadardie ol de ap || loons CF water if obtainedl cw) carefully. Lastly, the See | bottle is empha. thomugnly cleaned , and filled Giventhal thesoil if nen- plastic, clatipy with distilled water ov Feesene, and it) weight —theseil by using the Unipied Oi) Gauipicaten taken (Wad. | System ial With the aid of dhese four observations . the grain specific grauty maybe determingel ay Solution? |_| petlows + —+ Epcshal 4 4+ Pertentage Pasling No-200 sieve = 3¢lo_ i Ue than Sole wane-grained spid Be Percentage Passing no-4 Sieve = 44 Mo (mort than SD'le, sandy s0i}) vhs dod way | [ w|_ ra) @) Pertentage Passing No: 200 sieve * 3° empty pyenomele Pyconometer+ Fycnomelet + Pycnd meter woth, Gil water water eh Wy (ley thon 3% SW, SP) ute Wy | Dry rit whey compute Cu and Ce } - — “From the readings, the weight of silids varws-wi, Bey ech ee | From Ca) ana cb) Dw Ow Weight of watey = Ws - Ws. Prem Cb) and Cc). weight of distilled water * Wyn We From (a) | and Ca) We Mode 3-4 tr inter polate the value Fer eae 34% finer and WO" rine + Thererotes| weight +p water having +e Jame i volume as that of soil Joli = (war Ws )-WW5-Vr), x y | 2-00 ” |By definition , and by Archimedes’ Principle» fe : | weight of soil sol ale al Weight of water oF equal to that Press AC and the 40X = 1,0all #]-00 men | 9! tes and GOK = 18814 2 18o mm $ 4.uaM cpol greater than ¥ aS 1.00 | | t “ye et eas Chetmeen | ond 9) Teexopag “1% I tical cok ole oA atar Toles lO eae Where Wi = dry weight of dhe sil pend jas paw Somenmes jt iy modifica to * = awitrany limit OF | Gre Ge) wate contend oe which she sil 4¢na/ Wi Cy = Wa) pay prom the plastic state 4 the semir ( rolid tale of wnsistenty- Thus, this ib reidetes itd the minimum water content at which | Consistency is 4he term wed 1 desonibe the ane change in shape of the Soi) is Atom ° degree oF Firmnes OP a sil. panied by wsible Crab cts, Wem | Consiteniy of a cohesive sil is Greatly apfeled — worken upoh, the soll crambles- by the water vomtent of the soil * @ gradual increase of dhe water Content may = arbitrary Mmit Aransyorm a aiy sell prom solid shade tw semi~ OF water wnlent at which the coil tends 4 Soll stave to plastic state and apler puvther 4 pal from the semi-solid to the sid moiiture invreaie into a liquid slate. State: lH is the water whterd at which a 4 The water Content at the wrresponding junction soil, regardlen oF puraher drying» 4 pein at aeie stated are Enown al the shrinkage — remains wnstant in volume. In cther limit, the playne timid and the liquiol limit, — wordt, it is dhe maxineum water antent i rapectively. ot which further reduchon in wale con * Fartide size if net that wiepul for fine grained dent will nol caust a decrease in volume i ails of the soil mays, the los) in moisture being mostly wompeniaitd ky eninl oF ( Atierberg Limit aiv int the wid spate. In pact. if is the lower water wytend at which the sell can w Index , Tp still be wompletely saturated. the change - ih olor upan ovying oF the stlls pram dare | tog (ME) Plight alse indicates the reaching oF shenkage limit ( Liquid Limit y LL The shrinkage limit is ( ny \tomp sw (2) SL * ei") — Ow (“) ‘ what! wns corresponding muidhure wnient ov M* number of blows fan 0-10) Cnote® not oll sll) it ( Fail Cone ine shoa whore, iqwa Limit LL m= maser the wed ceil pat inthe 4 ald dithat the beginning of the tet @ PL* LL at ma mati at the diy sil in tee pat () tog (4) Vi® initial volume op the sell in the par Com") i] Consisteny Limith Ve volume OF the oven ctieet coil ~ the arbitrary Nmit or pat com”) q wale wntent at which dhe sll if just About Pe chemity oF water (9 lom) ‘{ to pas prom dhe plastic sate to the tiquicl Hate. at this limit, dhe J¢i) powere a san 4 value of shear strength , losing it ability 1 flow a/.a liquid. In yiher word , He liquid Py limit is the minimum moisture eontent a which —=eePe OE ncter parameter that cam ve determined the slope of she flow line ib derinedl 2” t fare Se Sinbage limit te ite anna. b¢ witch which it the. ratio of the volume Change OF S0il LA percentage oF the dry volume to il viresponding change in muisture wntent » fi Win We g Wy Wr i 10g (3) tog No ~leg Ns fhe wnere* ah wi = moisture content of svi) , in percent, Ir arreponding te Ms lows can alio be shown that wre muitture content of soi) sinpenent wrrelponding p Ns blows 6) > ———_ “See activity: oF ay 5 Ae SR 00 hee PLL pe ir the range of water V content within which the soil exhibify plastic Sell lompaution properhes ; that is, it is the difference bet ln_most specifications. for eartnuork , lguid_and_plastic limits. the antractyy is insucted Pp achieve a compated fied dng unit weignt of 99 B 95% of the maxirnum doy unit vAight determined ars inthe labiratery by either the standard or = dlifeerence between modified Proctor 1st This 1 o speupiaton PL = LL PL jhe plastic and shrinkage simitl of a soils in for relative empachin » which can be expresed other words it is the range sf water onient af ~ within which a soil ilin.a semiseliol Gate of Ya tpi) —— wnistenuy, . | neh) 2 ‘Ya @nax-lor) — ratio of the diff. vet liquid limit and Avo, relative campaction in terms op relative the natural water wntent to the plasoity — dentiby is index of the soil * Le Lis w a 0 (1-1 ND) ie Pa where, fo « dena) Javon) — yoto of the digf- bet. the natural water { wntent and the plasbe limit to the prashaty Suitavility number index es Sue 17 HE Tet obviously» a 4 ciaited Sample Pervlem| * 4 i: 1) Ina specigic. gravity tert with pyurometer ‘the following observed reading! are availa~ Al ble} = ga : weight of empty. pynometer = 7-50N weignt of pyinomeier tary i)” 17-40Nfetal + lw a he py eno. Weight of “pysno i + "ie rem ih "0 | op.ut bat oF cert ee beter mine she Seip. gia anes the ae re er, ‘il aa a | | luton’ | a3 The giter, weignts pit | reipectively. Then, | the weighh of. diy salle 2 | Wa> Wa We Ter sb n -— | | Neglegting em eatule a a gravity +f a said i. i Tepe ee bs ‘wo Chew) i cea L t Ht t yy sol) taken is o- west, pyeneme}er illed | O-150N).. the weigl 3 he yycromele ull of water is 0-3345 N 1 temperature, af the tot 110°C. Metermine the grain pee gravity, taking the specipic ere + ie at a0" al 0:44 Sib Solution * a weight oF diy wil taken re oN weigh! of pycnometer ruil alee Ws, [ =U STON Weight OF pychometer + water) ws bil y Temperature. of the test 14 40°C le Speupic gravity of water at 40°C bmn) = 0.GaSe$ | | fy the formula, {| | a Ws'6 puuxo.4ase | | or cum) OU “Cote ed) (er neni) i | [| bert 2) In.ar specigit gaily tert, seria observation | L\ | were made * | | Weignt of any soil * 04 | weight of bottle 4 s0i) 4 water + 15: Og weight of bottle | wollen = 4. pe | (ited tT nih ale, Cel Pe wae 4-718 W | | im 4 po) 6, ae fe.sb ‘ai Het (539-4750) aa ey auity ° Detel minal op ecipic_gtauty wie bt i ight $ a tik é oe ta ain tel eittrapped| inthe (utp side preening 4 nor | ‘emine 3 Pee 4 N ant ete ayredie t wr [ [ we Cy = wa), Task PAN swe 5.A9N5 aa mies | | Ineme air it enttapped. while te Neigh | cine the oiserved value of Ws be loner than ip water ouuypicd | this int ie Ws cua with the fa ve-sigh in the equation in the inate’) the computed value of & “ae Towel than the aoriech value: . os aly tntrapped ii given af Ami) @ | this ay sip owmpled by water, uoulal_ em Tt the tight wr ry.0-09N- e Fal | ealeedt adie Ly uu @ | ote 1.08 -(5-41-4.%0) [eas | Eset] = 6G a peng je enor iy 4 Lj eagh20 @ ort Tha i toa pret « | [ea ta ih totowing data. were obtained duty @ ah in-situ anit weight olelermination oF | mma et by the sand- repacemeht a | | mel wat | Volume of calibrating @h = 1000 m! Q weight of empty can = AN || Weight of cand cand = 2sN a | weight of the jena Filling the nica) | portion lof the aplinater > 4.6N a bil rig ‘r Sand ~pouving uylinder ® lucent oP “hile fal arin, f ie illing the «cavated hole = | We si DF excavated soil { Incti wat er dntend slau | (wae | (| teermine in-situ etlgnt anc inst olny 8» Unit weight | | " | di Solution * [a Leah af | ++] yt Gahd-replaceiment methoal of initia unit | fala Ja +4 t weigh? determination © [i teeh} 4 7 th | | | | + - * fede 1 Jcure Velouty blevation Weight of sand Filling iad ais fa can |_| | |Prepiute tad —[ mead ’ = (5-4) = len, | lol | [al fe | Unit weight of sandl > uN) r/{Cue90 te whee, he trtal had — y+ olore ween! [| EE LT | ur preset - weight of sand filling |_| wp welotity + | | i ¢ excavated ahd nical portion othe J nd peu wylinder = (o4-4.4) = (2-40N | | + wzight_of sand filling the ck a g ouelerativn due to_grovity, — yer unit wight op wale — fff | ee water Yu tis to He) Fog. t0lN) Woe! tlevation Meaol % ifthe veri | Y volume of the excavaied hele i | | distance ara. gfven point above ov — ya ston [eal ie di ne the prstare head | BO ontom™ pel — | the al presre at the poet | weignt of excavated wil 44. ples net weight | rf tw ee sh eet alla) alec Ip Bernoulli's Equation it applied tr the ra tanta ne_yocity head. can be. ie a stepogevtlocity-is slant the frtal_heaol at any point dam —_ laigh tng 10 porous ssil medians — dy ven by — ey rr [ L teat hy fol t T of interwonne hed widls though whide water intalled 1 poke dne|relaktnehip lang presce, + MODULE 5 + PERIEMBILIT OF tae ee | vajur|thlough sell: = ' : t oe ot! point A anol B. The tevel to Tea | 1 i cg Soils are permeable aut io the existence | —? Open et called pierometers art can flow pom poinh of high energy tv points of. which we Jon energy: The study of plow of water tmugh | sthiated faieh mises in the plevomerey tubes lott! point? A ang B ave Known as the yumenble (il media is important in foil recha- piezometvid lelels of) point Rand Bs espee~ nis ~ Esnmating the quantity oF underyrunol seepage under vanous hydraulic whdi Hons ively) The predsure head ad a point is the Purposes: ‘height of the vertical urn of water inthe viermeter jnftalled iat that point ‘pe Mela biden tuo points | | = investigating problemas inelving the pumping | ahd B. can be given by | lected a jhe water pov undergnund wlltmdtich ~ Matang ability analy ef earth dams and carte Heater Mhad are fu) ec to seepage pais —+ one of the major yhyslcal poramed ent of o.s0l) that wnirll the vate op Seepage jhaugh Hid hydraulic aad ctivity ,olherwise Fmwn at the @oppident of purme ability. | uy | he hd-hy + (th eds) (te +2) Ye ywSe Pee eet ttt tt _omhere, 1* hydraulic gradient | Ce] Le alitance peiwech point A andl B | = that it the length of plow ever which the lov oF Head eee owrey’siLaw | Ve ki | where, v= discharge veloity , which 0 the quantity oF water Flowing in_unit time theugh a unit grost wos sectional OP soil art ight ang tes tr | (she direction of plow “K hydraulic @nauctivity ‘othernice| ene ad the co efpici end OF pen meaviity | | } fala The quantity of water that flows, inauni of time, ~_-Ahleagh an aren ofA on | a: | oH ekpresseal as | | rete hep ina velncity) can be | ise] = yt | | rT 4 “Hydraulic, Gnductivity—_. | = generally expresed in tap Lite. lov mien in| SL unit and in ptmin oF ptlday. in English | unit { —_ tne hydrauli ¢ cnduchuity op wi dep wt on sewual for? | * pluid wscosity I (4 t pore -si2e disvibution H+] * grain “fire rit Al * wid ratio joshial +h * wughnell of mineral parties, ha # degree of sil sativa ton | | | In & acl where, Yu = unit weight of water n= vswsiny oF wat Re | it absolute Pentel luni a }—|— ate Henin of, tyotrautic: | tivity | | é | ae ¢ é | — pical arrangement oF the oni- tant 7! ia aioe aut In ahs type, op laboratory fetup ae water ply i he inled is ad) wsteal in such a way that the dlirrerent © oF head het- Had indet and the outlet remains constant olunng| the tat penod: afiey a wnstant rw vole if ‘sto’ blisheal , water 1) aallected ina graduated ‘ploltk pov a known curation | mt Hetotat volume oF water ret | ‘ may be expresed a) | ; 4 ar fave AUEIE | | Q= velume F bate toll cated | ‘ [n> avea oF cwoit section) of | | sil ypecimen | 4 | +4 durahon of nate collection where 5 overheat tank | Tov — || inp | arte | Hr Fan ee wherds ||| lavah fey tength ire Spex imen Aral, a Hert ih nied Sample ration 7 water onetin > | [ae | 95 water oF allected volume area, OF crots-Kechional ir the comple 1 At a> Water Frew the dandpipe plows though — $e sil, The initial head dipperence hat time teh 10 TK rewrded sand water ii allowed 1 flow pte iy Alot though he soil specimen such that the final eT ToL head dliprerence attime tte ith» big pe ki r 9 nuh | ovtervation ‘ , welt carvan 4 Zo al \ + 4 ' ' oat where, @> avst- sectional area oF Sandpipe | Ar crnt~sectional area of the sil specimen’ Le length of the. soil Specimen +> duration of water collection hi? inifial head op waterin the Handpip & ha= Final head of watw in the Sandpi pe observation wells Equivalent wep ficient oF permeability® al | Examples: 1) For the te arrangement shown inthe Figure, Calculate the volume liters) of wader discharged in minules. The cioss “iecfonal area oF the Soil if 4000 frm and KF4.Omm lr. Kh t kehe t koh tot kh, hit ba dhs Keg *| 2) dephit op caaesinley _| bp bx om 1s asa del —impenviow) teege él deiven into ahis olepasit +) the wall etehd bopwe, she and a 2.5m depth oF Wal Determine the seepage, ques ity ps length! oF the wall Cer leis leelae nash I | Irnpenions souion 5 LET From the pormula® | ™ ay} | QrtH te (x10? 2) (25m Qe 2.424 ons || | | | "Ina pailing head permeability Causing Flow wal initially Sum Lem in 5 rmimaits. How much time (min vequired por-tne head to all to. Sem? Solution ® ke nf) Deh ahi x } By falling head permeability tot | | | Hot, hl id 4 | | | i ssollin i fea thene equation S* jn A) |e n (#) \_la | | fob atts) | 4 woh} I \ sinfts) | [oq mina @ Lt tah = [94.4 miner |_| inf) | fale) r tt pat ‘ fit} | fi} by. tt camitat-head. parmeatility 4at © rangement 4 gd ape ae jt a | Pub agen! | iat [| tak area be phe sped men = T71 em I tostant head dipperanct » n> 90% wie tion sata med oF Sin? 3 4 { aye pring impr: at Ll @ aa [| lawk | | | nate | g)e cm | jess Ls 3) um | Ae aie 5) farla. pating| Cc tem slit test the _flvaluel are given’ LT Cla 's Uength br 3 } * dvea of oll speci * drea ot|standpi kad digperente * Head diprérence dermine thoa | BREE | aS +4 Litakset 2 it erret hve strels ips "3 (ya " Wal MODULE ©: STRESSES Mn p rth unit weight is constant gr y2) | rc | where, 0-* total vertical ches) : Y= unit weight oF Soll 27 depth under wnjide | fe che oppec dn is empated value! of Hh ney ov erpegtiet apa tt : » AF the soit iy stratiita | with ia weights For each ‘teat » Oy ma conveniently by dummatiah| , dase oF, upward | tre [of patna there » i cen sheen | ‘ng onli ifthe will ‘ohare HEC eet ie’ eee i : ba a te | < z §. ill be equal rye a H wale sale. Jel | the value of ley vanes fh hn average. op ' == + the eave has i Vive wid yoho of {he soil a shtov strength, ile the ¢ hove any inpl let ¢ pn ithe vad |ranio | tve_in wot the hee ut Se oe ce as follows * + The eppechve fin the pore pressure! +l | | yp * The erective shel} onbals feriain aspect |oF | cbt | hi pehavisr, notably ompresivility and shea) y strength: | LJ thus the Eprechy ree eae ig equal ieh — bike hy — | che | tebe LT Teaeel |_| [ lt f Felt | Dnt on pee [eal] ) Fer a sifuabon where the water fable is at the ground | bee ida | bel sus, Ane anton of ses at dei Tam 4 roe ma a Frm (Oty | | | 1 In) V surrace will be af pelos: 4 fetta slThe pore water presitre int } ated we | | | +-(S Nain] 1 | ' (is) ie Al | where, 6+ degree of Saturation i ppc | Healer | se) PeeC | | Sompig Mo hen nat [tL IT | oy] 9 layer of caturated clay Mah thick if overlain by Sand Sm deep, the water table | being 3m below : ele weight of Ake olay aval anol ore 18 andl ol, Yerpectively above the water table fhe ory unit wuight of the cond if 1 kwlm™ Find the ‘etal SHED), pore, woter presure, and eppective they atthe bottom of the clay, layer, tt aS Solution | fonds + ; FT 4 Tota Stes a Ake bottom of 7m J NOI | clay layer + Lee AIT 6= Mila) 4a edt 1a) — 2m ——— O= WT HPA t—— iat Clay? . th y Le Pore water Stresf at the tam "Yaa Yl? bottom 6F clay layer * tT Ue (9.6102 4-814 O86 ea UF SB-8U kPa 4: Eppective Hes) at the bottom oF clay layer * O's 1) 4 (no~ 9.8102 $0 14- 9.2104 O's 108.14 kPa alieynate Solu Hon* “UF IGT BY. 8 oF 16g. kha Sample. trblem no L tensider the upward flum oF water dhrugh a loyer of fond ing Mantas shown inthe figure. far tht 10nd» the FF. are given’ void ratiole)* 0.62. nd spe fit Qrauty FF solids = t.67. Caloataye the epreciive sre at pointy A and Bb. Mat il the Uphard seepage yorce por unit volume of soil? Solution’ 4 Eppective strest af point A * Oo ngyo.n) 4 (H. 591) 2 4 4 : 4 Lash valve Capen) plow a Bsard fol he height of water at pint A? 4 nl ips ot yl LE ag Cope ( jf Ur aa} (60.742) +h} 4 aT wenatLoarns (LE )uD) | . q _ ye 24,03 kha oF 6-u ( 0% 27.4y- 2H=05-——— -O'>-3145 EO 4 { + 4 | 2h, Eppective tires at point _B ( | gs (-g1nc0t)+ C20.s9002) 1b 05 Epa 4 ine 48/ [(0-72) 41.6] ‘ U= Ul. w kPa o'= 6-4 ( O'= 4g.0$- 41.2 = 6.86 kya ‘ 3 Upward Seepage fone per unit volume q op fbil® Hoya tt Eee ' oe 14 ost le # 10 1 ie BS \ 1 woo L* 0.15 Since the hydraulic. gradient if net onthe Htical level, use 1 0.26, Tyw? 09604. Tyw* 7:36 ENIm? get