3. 2. (@)_ The table below shows some of the properties of the emissions from radioactive substances, ‘Type of Radiation Range in Air Penetration’ A Greater than 1m | Passes through thin sheet of lead B 6em ‘Stopped by sheet of paper C 70em ‘Stopped by sheet of aluminium 3 mm thick| Identify A, B and C. ( 3marks) (0) The diagram below shows a method that is used in some factories to check on the thickness of the polythene being produced. The Geiger-Muller tube is about 15 cm from. the radioactive source, and is used to detect radiation that has passed through the polythene. Ratemeter Long radioactive \Roll of polythene State, giving TWO reasons, which type of radiation would be most suitable for this purpose. (2 marks) Gi) State andexplain the effects on the ratemeter reading of variation in the thickness of the polythene, (2 marks) (©) Amagnesium (Mg) nucleus contains 15 neutrons and 12 protons. Itemits a beta-particle and becomes a nucleus of aluminium (AD), (Write an equation for this decay. (3 marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002493/F 97(i) In the Iaboratory, a scientist attempts to find the half-life of this isotope of magnesium. The source is placed near a detector and the count rate recorded every five minutes. Her results are shown below. Time/min 0 50 100 15.0 20.0 25.0 300 35.0 Count rate/min-+ «460«-267, «156 10460 50324 In the absence of the radioactive source, the ratemeter records 20 counts per minute. — Why is it necessary to find the count rate without the source being present? (1 mark ) = Plot a graph of corrected count rate against time and use it to find the average value of the half-life. (8 marks) — Explain why the graph does not necessarily pass through all the plotted points. (Amark ) Total 20 marks 3. @_—@)_Explain, with the aid of a diagram, what is meant by the moment of a force. Gi) What do you understand by the term “centre of gravity"? Explain why, in the absence of other forces, an object may be balanced at its centre of gravity. (4 marks) (b) The diagram below represents a wheelbarrow containing a load of sand. 1 e—— = Es : —Handkes, p05 m4 ‘The container and load are pivoted at P and have a mass of 40.0 kg. Their centre of gravity, G, is 0.5 m from P and the handles of the wheelbarrow are 1.4m from P, The handles are being held so that the wheelbarrow is in equilibrium as shown in the diagram above. (Name the principle that must be satisfied for the wheelbarrow to be balanced, Explain how this principle applies in this case. ( 2marks) (ii) Calculate the upward force which is being provided at the handles. (3 marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002493/F 97-10- 4. (@)_ Radioactive tracers are sometimes used in medicine, Describe how aradioactive isotope is used as a tracer in the human body. (2 marks) (&) Nuclei which emit only o - particles are NOT normally used as radioactive tracers in the human body. Give TWO reasons why this is so. (2 marks) (©) The radioactive isotope of iodine,'s; I, is used to study blood circulation, This isotope has a half-life of 8 days. @ Explain what is meant by the HALF-LIFE of the isotope. ( Limark ) Gi) Give the symbol for another possible isotope of iodine. ( 2 marks) Gil) Other isotopes are available with half-lives of 20 seconds and 2 years, Explain why 8 days is a suitable half-life for medical uses. C2marks) GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002492/F 98“ue (iv) Assample of "3, I is introduced into a person’s body. Afier how many days will] of the sample have decayed? (C3 marks) (d)_— Whenanucleus of "S31 decays, itemits a 8 - particle and Y- radiation and becomes xenon, for which the symbol is Xe. Write an equation for a nuclear reaction to represent this decay. (2 marks) Total 14 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE (002492/F 98(2) Radioactive sages nave heen sed in he follwing ass (Medicine iy tus an Agriculture Descrite tie ly, TWO vsefal applications ty EACH of areas ) and (i). Give an ‘samp to the olope or pe ation it EACH of your fou aatcaions C8arks) 1) Gi Repwesgae EACH of he following masts reactions Hb che sandal fore 8) sgn i) ih masse of 217 al a atomic mer of 83 stration to fore allun 11 wth ae ous oF 208 ad an ‘Sone nummer of 1 Csxhon (C} wit ganas er of ts andan omic mmberof@ emis Easton o fry Nite vith mas ber ot [ar aoe 5) Mocumile Technion (*Fet sua mass a 9 alan atomic mass of 5 eats radiation wa orm moze sable Techs (Te) with same noes anatomic nears (0 Detrnine the numberof peotons in Bismth and calculate rhe numberof oatons an that same eben (i) Clout he leases energy in the ise nuclear eeston 32) Element Atomic mass unit a 207 98201 Hetiua on & a= 140810 Tee = 30xu0tms! urgse03F 20063. (a) Answerthe oloning questions using ie Kinetic theory of mater. Explain why thermal eneray has tobe supated ta gu listing point to be ‘angen gas thou ny change in ernest, hy he volume he as produced smh guests thannecrgia volume of gid, Sate tieenesy ‘ange da oeurs during te phase change fom Liga ops, Gy Agasotens apresure onthe walls oft container, Waat cause this pressure? If tne temperatre of gas acontiner sresiced, he pressiein the cosine falls Why des tisnccur? Csr) 1) Atstandad temperature and presse thats, 0°Cand LO1 «10° Papaessure he density ‘Oxygen is stored ina container of volume 387 vata presse of 2422 10 Pa and at temperate: 25°C. Gy What volume would ihe sane mass ofoxyge occupy at standadtenperstre and pressor’? Calelae the mis of oxy the consis 10) The contoinorie mo heated oS °C What wil he the new presae? Assume the contsner doce mit expand. (ii) Sketeh raph pressure agains KELVIN empertuc forthe gas, Ineae onthe raph he ocgialeonperatie ad pressure. 2 marks) Total 20 marie 4.6) Desert the poceaire weed in the experiment ao Marsden npn. Slate the ests of fhe ire wha hese es sggeste ote rite some Ose rhs) hy) The common stop of san, Na stale wl the shar stops, wih mas somber of 24, sodiun23, is radioactive, Sodiva24 decays into aa ote of ‘apnesiom (Mg) Hythe crissnn of 3 epartisle and i protons ae inte nucleus of magnesium whichis formed and now many clectons sre there ane som of mae Cémarks) 2) radioactive sone is fount be emising. on acrage S80 pass persecans the fmsoneate becomes 110 per second? [Eaplain why the measured cmt rate none sevens ie toe exactly 10. What wl be the effect on tke coust rte of (gest heating the eadoastive sep and {i beating the sale toa very ih teresa? Cémarks) otal 20 marks GOON 10 THENEXT PAGE 1238050 2007(iy Boerne she slam of wake the po, phen tat 20 mete we (Cael the mass of water ne pl nsity of ater = 1090 kg 1) (Smarts Sa) The THREE MAIN particles in an ator te {hy The comsponsing ncotion af PACH a those paces Bo (marks) Ge) Ths pamcte with NO garg i calles o1z38nam 20081) Mow ray haives would ake fore smple of Cabo 18 9 be veces 0 & of is C2 marist (e) Given tha Chon has a hale of 57009 iis reduction Ww occur us, deternine how Hog it woul ake fo ()—Cartow dating tn.lves the use of Cabos 14 ca determine the age of ancient oes Explain how this s accomplished (Amari Total 1S mack GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 2380200" 2008SECTION A Answer ALL questions. ‘You MUST write your answers In the spaces provided Im thls booklet. 1. In determining the half-life of an alpha-emitting radioactive source, a student recorded the following data in Table 1. TABLE 1 ‘Time, ts Count rate, R/S o 100 50 16 100 62 150 47 200 37 250 29 (a) Plot on page 3, a graph of count rate (R) versus time (t). (Tmarks) (6) What is meant by the ‘half-life’ of a radioactive sample? (Cimark ) (©) Describe the procedure a student would use to obtain the results in Table 1. Stare ONE, precaution. (3marks) 01238020/F 2009 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGESEE Hee 17S 200 225 250 275 300 25 507510025150 0 us GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/F 2009@ ©) (From the graph, make TWO calculations of the half-life of the sample. (6 marks) (ii) From your results in (4) (), ealenlate the mean (average) half-life (2 marks) Estimate the count rate of the sample after @ 4258 (i) 4 halt-ife perioas. (6 marks) Total 25 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/F 2009Si @ (b) © Explain what is meant by the term ‘radioactive decay’ (2 marks) State the name and nature of THREE types of radioactive emissions. (marks) During a nuclear fission reaction, the uranium isotope, 75) U is struck by a neutron and splits into barium (Ba), krypton (Kr) and two neutrons. Table 1 gives the masses of the particles involved in the nuclear reaction. TABLE 1 Particles Mass/Kg Neutron 1.675 x 107 ‘Uranium nucleus 390.989 x 10” Barium 238.893 x 1077 Krypton 149.241 x 1027 [The speed of light, c= 3.0 x 10° ms"), a Gi) ww) Represent this reaction in the standard form of a nuclear equation, given that the atomic mass of barium is 144 and the atomic number of krypton is 36. Calculate a) the total mass of the starting products: uranium nucleus and the neutron b) _ the total mass of the final reaction products: the barium and krypton nuclei and the two neutrons. Explain why the answers to (c) (ii) a) and (c) (ii) b) are different. Calculate the energy released in this reaction and deduce the form in which this energy will appear. (2 marks) ‘Total 20 marks END OF TEST 01238030/JANUARY/F 20086 @) () © = 16 - Itis suspected that a certain radioactive source emits alpha, beta and gamma radiation: With the aid of a diagram, describe how the presence of any TWO of the three types of radiation in such sample could be confirmed, (6 marks) Radioactive carbon ("« C)) loses a beta particle to become Nitrogen (N). Write a nuclear equation to represent this nuclear reaction. (3 marks) Calculate the energy released in the solar fusion of deuterium represented by tH 47H —> tHe + energy Assume u = 1.66 x 10° kg 211 has an atomic mass of 2.0140 u {He has an atomic mass of 4.0026 u ( 6 marks) Total 15 marks Write your answer to Question 6 here. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/JANUARY/F 2010() -18- You were asked to present to your class, a comparison of alpha (a) with gamma @) radiation. Compare these two types of radiation in terms of their () range in air (ii) behaviour in an electric field (il) type of track in a cloud chamber. (6 marks) A nuclear scientist proposed the following nuclear reaction based on an artificial radioac- tive decay process to produce energy. = MBxe + %s + 3¢ 1) + Energy 54 38 0 ‘Table 2 below gives the atomic mass for each nuclide. (u = 1.66 x 10° Kg.) Table 2 ‘Nuclide Atomic Mass /u In 1.00867 0 235 y 235.04393 92 143 Xe 142,93489 54 90 sr 89.90730 38 (Calculate the number of neutrons in Xenon (Xe). (2 marks) (i) Determine the energy released in the proposed nuclear reaction. (4 marks) (iil) If the energy released in an alternative, natural decay reaction is 9.98 x 10""J, which would be the preferred method for the production of a nuclear power station? Justify your choice. (2 marks) (iv) Give the reason for your decision in (ii). (mark) [c= 3.0.x 10" ms] Total 1S marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/F 2010Write your answer to Question 6 here. Complete the table to answer 6 (a) - 16 - @ @ (i) Range in air Behaviour in an electric | Track in a cloud chamber field ‘Alpha 8 Gamma 8 01238020/F 2010 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE() © -14- Some great scientists contributed to the modern-day view of the model of the atom. ‘Two of these were J. J. Thompson and Emest Rutherford. For EACH of these scientists, describe briefly TWO main ideas they put forward concerning the nature of the atom, including the name of EACH of their models. (6 marks) In final revision for your CSEC Physics examinations, your teacher gave you the following, data on some unknown elements: op BO, Hp By 3» pP; QTR: aX BY You are required to determine: (which nuclides have the identieal mass number (ii) how many neutrons are in the heaviest nuclide (iii) which nuclides are isotopes. ( S marks) Ina half-life experiment, the data shown in Table 4 were obtained. TABLE 4 Count rate / minute ‘Time / second 4000 0.0 1000 55.0 500 80.0 Use the data to determine: @ TWO different values of the half-life of the element (ii) The average half-life of the element (4 marks) Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/JANUARY/E 20116 @ @& di) o (i) = 16 - Outline THREE uses of radioisotopes in medicine. (3 marks) State THREE safety precautions to be taken when using radioactive substances, (3 marks) A gram of living plant material with Carbon —14, decays at a rate of about 16 disintegrations per minute. When the plant dies, the Carbon 14 decays, with a half-life of 5 600 years. A gram of the dead plant is found to decay at about 1 disintegration per minute. Calculate the probable age of the plant. (4 marks) ‘The mass of the sun is lost at the rate of 2.0 x 10° kg s*. Ifthe speed of light in a vacuum is 3.0 x 10m s“, calculate the power output of the sun in kilowatts. (5 marks) Total 15 marks Write your answer to Question 6 here. 01238020/F 2011 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE(b) ® @ © -14- Explain the meaning of EACH of the following terms: (i) Atomic number Gi) Mass number iii) Neutron number ( 3marks) With reference to the symbol $X, write the formula that links the neutron number to the atomic number and the mass number. (1 mark ) G) Describe the relationship between the chell model of the atom and the periodic table. Gi) Explain the meaning of the term ‘isotope’ ( 2 marks) One gram of a living plant containing Carbon-14, decays at about 16 disintegrations per minute. It is found that one gram of a dead plant decays at I disintegration per minute. ‘The half-life of Carbon-14 is about 5500 years. Calculate the probable age of the plant. ( Smarks) Radioactive Lead decays in three stages to form stable Lead, 213 212; Stage 1 “EPb = 7B Stage I 23Bi > 7}2P0 Stage 1 212p9 > pH (Copy the three stages above and complete EACH equation. Gi) Explain why lead is used when handling radioisotopes. (4 marks) Total 15 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 01238020/ANUARY/F 2009