BIOLOGY: Section II 8 Free-Response Questions ‘Time-80 Minutes Directions: Questions 1 and 2 are Tong fiee-response questions that should require about 20 minutes each to answer, Use blank sheets of notebook paper to write your answers. Questions 3 through 8 are short ree-response questions that should require about 6 minutes each te Ghower, Read cach question carefully and write your response in the space provided following each Gestion, Oly material writen inthe space will be seored. Answers must be written out, Outline form s et acceptable. It is important that you Tead each question completely before you begin to write }. Sexual reproduction is the primary mode of reproduction among eukaryotes, including humans. (@) Discuss THREE genetic and/or evolutionacy benefits of sexual reproduction, (8) Discuss TWO genetic and/or evolationary costs of sexual reproduction. (©) Among the approximately 23,000 genes in humans, sbout P ‘ smans, about 35 are found only in one sex. rong ete extmoecane hae we found on aed propor oc fe iae pros (@) During sexual reproduction, occasionally mutations occur that disrupt the normal development of an individual, Klinefelte’s syndrome Sg ial wi isa ¥ chromosome and two X chromosomes. Construct a drawing that shows how {his ansangement of sex chromosome oceurs daring meiosis. Be sue to explain your craving swith writen text , 1 i: 3 gz = 3 & & 400 500 600 700 400 500 600 70 7 oe Color Wavelength (nm) Yellow 570-590 So 2. An absorption spectrum indicares the relative amount of light absorbed across & range of wavelengths, The {graphs above represent the absorption spectra of individual pigments isolated from two different organisms. ‘One of the pigments is chlorophyll a, commonly found in green plants. The other pigment is bacteriorhodopsin, ‘commonly found in purple photosynthetic bactetia, The table above shows the approximate ranges of ‘wavelengths of different colors in the visible light spectrum, (a) [entity the pigment (chlorophyll a or bacteriortiodopsin) used to generate the absorption spectrum in each of the graphs above. Explain and justify your answer (b) Inan experiment, identical organisms containing the pigment from Graph Tf as the predominant light- capturing pigment are separated into three groups. The organisms in each group are illuminated with light of a single wavelength (650 nm for the first group, 550 am for the second group, and 430 nm for the thied group). The three light sources are of equal intensity, and all organisms are illuminated for equal lengths of time, Prediet the relive rate of photosynthesis in each of the three groups. Justify your predictions, (©) Bacterioshodopsia has been found in aquatic organisms whose ancestors existed before the ancestors of plants evolved in the same environment, Propose a possible evolutionary history of plants that could have resulted in & predominant photosynthetic system that uses only some of the colors ofthe visible light spectrum. [non of ts pope esa GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.3, Engymes ate critical for life. Betow isa graph showing the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed biochemical reaction at 37°C, the degradation of HsOz by catalase. Amount of product o 30 60 90 Time (see) Redraw (below) the expected effects on the curve for each of the following environmental changes. Explain each graph in one or two sentences, (a) The environment is cooled 20°C before repeating the experiment. (b) After 30 seconds, a competitive inhibitor is added to the solution being tested in the ‘experiment. 364 @ () (© 2013 W. H. Freeman aud Company4. In higher eukaryotes, the chemical ouabain can impair the activity of the “sodium pump” (Na'/KC. ATPase). Impaired sodium pamping can, in turn impair cellar Sie sodium ions across te cell membrane. In lower doses, cardiac arrest. Explain why or why not the effects of ‘ouabain can have therapeutic effects following cells from a giant squid and from a mouse. ‘ouabain are expected to be the same for nerve 5 tn an experiment, rats averaging 300 g of body mass were tested several mes over a the month period For each individual rat, urine was collected over a three-hour pesiod aftr ingestion of 10 ra. of igud (water, 1% ethyl alcohol solution, or 5% ethy alcohol solution), The volume of urine was then measured, and the results ‘were averaged for all nividvals within each experimenial group, The dat are shown inthe table below. ‘THREE-HOUR URINE OUTPUT FOLLOWING FLUID INGESTION Fluid ingested (10 mL) | Water | 19% Ethyl Alcohol | 5% Ethyl Alcohol Average urine output (mL) | 3.8 a8 47 (@) Pose ONE scientific question tha the researchers were most Iikely investigating withthe experiment, () State a hypothesis that could be tested to address the question you posed in part (a). (©) Using the data in the table, deseribe the effect of ethyl alcohol on urine production, Practice Exam: Section 2 365 cellular processes that depend on a gradient of6. ‘The diagram to the right shows the relationship between the diversity of @ grassland area and the plant biomass produced over a three-year time span. (@) Briefly explain what biodiversity measures. (b) Summarize the main idea shown by the graph, (©) Propose an explanation as to why biomass is greater with a greater biodiversity. 3 3 Plant biomass (g/m?) oe 0 56 10 15 20 25 Number of species 3035 1. Plants and animals are influenced in many ways by cavironmental conditions, including seasonal and Tong-term temperature changes. Choose ONE plant and ONE animal, and, for EACH, des (a) How seasonal changes in temperature affect the phenotype. (b) ks likely responses to global climate warming. 366 Snes ET © 2013 W. H. Freeman and Company8. A population's ability to respond to changes in the environment is affected by its genetic diversity (a) Explain why genetic diversity is beneficial tothe long-term survival of a population. (©) Choose ONE of the examples below and discuss why that population is at risk for extinction, + Califomia condors + Black-footed ferrets + Prairie chickens + Tastnanian devils and infectious cancer | rrepcn STOP END OF EXAM Practice Exam: Section 2 alte .