Paper 1 - Units 4, 5, 6

paper 1 - units 4, 5, 6 [79 marks]
1. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ1.12

The scattergraph shows the genome sizes of four Enterococcus species.
[Source: Lebreton, F., Manson, A.L., Saavedra, J.T., Straub, T.J., Earl, A.M. and Gilmore, M.S., 2017.
Tracing the Enterococci from Paleozoic Origins to the Hospital (Figure 1A).
Cell, [e-journal] 169(5), pp. 849–861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. cell.2017.04.027.]
What can be concluded about the genomes in Enterococcus?
A. E. pallens has the greatest number of genes.
B. E. faecalis and E. faecium have the same mean number of genes.
C. The total genetic information in Enterococcus is constant within each species.
D. E. columbae has more DNA than E. faecium.
. [1]
The pie chart shows the modes of nutrition of fungi in Huahu Lake wetland in China.
[Source: Fei Xie, Anzhou Ma, Hanchang Zhou, Yu Liang, Jun Yin, Ke Ma, Xuliang Zhuang and Guoqiang Zhuang,
2020.
Revealing Fungal Communities in Alpine Wetlands through Species Diversity, Functional Diversity and Ecological
Network Diversity. Microorganisms, 8, p. 632. Open Access.]
What is the most common mode of nutrition of fungi in this wetland?
A. Heterotrophic fungi that feed on living organisms by ingestion
B. Autotrophic fungi that obtain organic nutrients from detritus by internal digestion
C. Fungi that have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition
D. Heterotrophic fungi obtaining nutrients from dead organisms by external digestion [1]
The ability to digest lactose in adulthood appeared due to a mutation in the lactase
gene. The frequency of the lactase persistence allele was recorded as 0.8 in present-day
European populations and as 0.05 in fossils from populations of their prehistoric
ancestors.
What could have caused the change in the allele frequency?
A. Drinking more milk caused the mutation to occur.
B. There was a strong positive selection for the lactase persistence allele.
C. Lactase persistence was transferred to humans from cows.
D. Prehistoric milk did not contain lactose. [1]

The table compares ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences of two organisms from each of
the three domains by showing an association coefficient. The more similar the rRNA
sequences of the organisms, the larger the coefficient.
S. cerevisiae L. minor E. Coli B. firmus M. ruminantium M. barkeri
S. cerevisiae — 0.29 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.08
L. minor — 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.07
E. Coli — 0.25 0.12 0.12
B. firmus — 0.13 0.12
M. ruminantium — 0.24
M. barkeri —
[Source: Woese, C.R. and Fox, G.E., 1977. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain:
The primary kingdoms. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA, 74(11), pp. 5088–5090.]
What can be concluded from the data?
A. L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.
B. S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.
C. M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.
D. E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain. [1]

What is secreted by the pancreas for digestion in the small intestine?
A. Lipase to break bond between phosphate and fatty acid
B. Insulin to digest glycogen to glucose
C. Amylopectin to digest starch to maltose
D. Endopeptidase to digest proteins to peptides [1]

What happens during blood clotting?
A. A chain reaction causes platelets to release antibodies to avoid infections.
B. Thrombin is converted into fibrinogen after a series of chemical reactions.
C. Sealing of wounds by fibrinogen makes platelets release antibodies for clotting.
D. Chemical reactions cause wounds to seal after platelets release clotting factors. [1]

What is used in a pregnancy test kit?
A. Monoclonal antibodies against hybridoma cells
B. Antibodies against monoclonal hybridoma cells
C. HCG produced by plasma cells fused with tumour cells
D. Monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells against HCG [1]

What is contained in skeletal muscle?
A. Cross bridges between muscle fibres
B. Sarcomeres formed of contractile myofibrils
C. Myosin filaments forming cross bridges with troponin and tropomyosin
D. Multinucleate cells with numerous microfibrils made of contractile sarcomeres [1]

Merriam’s kangaroo rat (Dipodomys merriami) is a small mammal found in desert biomes in
the southwestern USA and Mexico. What would help these kangaroo rats to conserve
water in order to survive high temperatures in desert biomes?
A. Increased sweating
B. A long loop of Henle
C. Decreased secretion of ADH
D. Decreased reabsorption from the collecting duct [1]

What happens in the acrosome reaction?
A. Enzymes digest the zona pellucida around an ovum, allowing a sperm to enter.
B. Enzymes digest the binding proteins of the zona pellucida so that no more sperm
enter.
C. Acrosomes release binding proteins to the zona pellucida for sperm entrance.
D. Acrosomes react with the cortical granules to allow fertilization. [1]

Which statement applies to transfers in an ecosystem?
A. Green plants can transfer heat energy from the sun into chemical energy.
B. The greatest loss of energy occurs towards the end of a food chain.
C. Production of carbon dioxide by respiration results in loss of biomass in a food chain.
D. Both energy and nutrients are finite and must be recycled. [1]
Which is an example of evolution by selective breeding?
A. Selection of prey animals that can run faster than their predators
B. The variation in the size of different breeds of dogs
C. The tendency, during breeding, for birds to produce more offspring than will survive
D. Some female spiders only breeding with males which make the right signals [1]

Which statement best describes how evolution occurs?
A. Species which produce the most offspring are favoured by natural selection.
B. Mutations in somatic cells are passed on to offspring.
C. Natural selection decreases the frequency of unfavourable characteristics.
D. Changes in species lead towards greater complexity over time. [1]

What occurs during inspiration?
A. Internal intercostal muscles contract, increasing the pressure in the thorax.
B. Internal intercostal muscles contract, decreasing the pressure in the thorax.
C. External intercostal muscles contract, decreasing the pressure in the thorax.
D. External intercostal muscles contract, increasing the pressure in the thorax. [1]
The graphs show how the frequency (f ) of a trait within a population changes when
subjected to selection pressures. Which graph shows stabilizing selection?
[1]

At what stage of spermatogenesis does the first division of meiosis occur?
A. Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte
B. Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte
C. Secondary spermatocyte to spermatid
D. Spermatid to mature sperm cell [1]

Which statement applies to the placenta?
A. Carbon dioxide diffuses from fetus to mother across the placenta.
B. Maternal and fetal blood mix at the placenta.
C. If an ovum is not fertilized the placenta is lost during menstruation.
D. The umbilical cord connects the placenta to the mother’s abdomen. [1]
18. [Maximum mark: 1] 22N.1.HL.TZ0.16
The diagram shows part of the carbon cycle involving methane.
[Source: NASA GISS, n.d. Rough schematic of methane sources and sinks. [diagram online] Available at:
https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/features/200409_methane/ [Accessed 26 October
2021].]
Which conditions favour methane production in W, X and Y?
A. Presence of eubacteria and organic matter
B. Presence of archaeans and waterlogged soil
C. Presence of eubacteria and waterlogged soil
D. Presence of archaeans and oxygen [1]

The diagram shows a section through an alveolus.
[Source: Bergman, Ronald A., Ph.D., and D'Alessandro, Michael P., M.D. Pulmonary alveoli,
“Anatomy Atlases”. Available online: http://www.anatomyatlases.org/ [Accessed
02/01/2023].]
What are the functions of the following labelled structures?
[1]
Atropine drops are used by opticians to dilate the pupil, so that a thorough examination
of the retina can be performed. Atropine binds to acetylcholine receptors in synapses.
What is the effect of atropine binding in synapses?
A. Inhibits the binding of acetylcholine at the presynaptic membrane
B. Inhibits the release of acetylcholine from the presynaptic neuron
C. Prevents binding of acetylcholine at the postsynaptic membrane
D. Prevents transport of acetylcholine through the postsynaptic membrane [1]

Melatonin controls circadian rhythms and is involved in the sleep-wake cycle. The pineal
gland, which secretes melatonin, is inhibited by light. The graph shows a normal cycle
where bedtime is around 10pm.
Using data from the graph, what might be the effect(s) of screen light from a laptop,
tablet or phone at bedtime?
I. Delay in melatonin production
II. Lower peak concentration of melatonin
III. Peak of melatonin earlier in the evening
A. I only
B. III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III [1]

What is a potential consequence of the rise in global temperatures?
A. Increased exposure to UV light due to ozone depletion
B. Increase in ocean pH threatening the survival of marine organisms that require

calcium carbonate
C. Decrease in the number and severity of storms due to the increased evaporation
D. Changes to circulating ocean currents [1]

What could be used as evidence for evolution?
I. Selective breeding of domesticated animals
II. The fossil record
III. Homologous structures
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only

Where in the digestive system are lipids broken down?
[Source: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National
Institutes of Health. The Digestive System
[online] Available at: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/news/media-library/11172. Source
adapted.] [1]
The image shows the changes in heart rate of an athlete during exercise.
[Source: Liddle, P.F., 2010. Heart Rate Variability (HRV) during exercise. [online] Available
at: https://canute1.wordpress.com/2010/07/ [Accessed 1 August 2019].]
What is likely to have occurred between 0 and 4 minutes and between 24 and 28
minutes?
[1]
Blood clotting involves a cascade of reactions. Which statement describes the blood-
clotting process?
A. Red blood cells release clotting factors that result in the production of fibrin.
B. Clotting factors trigger the conversion of the inactive thrombin to prothrombin.
C. Insoluble fibrinogen is converted into soluble fibrin.
D. Fibrin forms a mesh that traps platelets and blood cells. [1]

Which process contributes to the formation of limestone?
A. Partial decomposition of biomass in waterlogged soils
B. Fossilization of biomass in anaerobic conditions in waterlogged soils
C. Decomposition of soft tissues of marine animals in sea beds
D. Fossilization of hard parts from marine animals in sea beds [1]

The table shows features of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
According to the data in the table, which greenhouse gas contributes the most to climate
change?
A. Carbon dioxide because it is the most abundant greenhouse gas
B. Methane because it has the shortest lifespan
C. Nitrous oxides because they absorb the greatest amount of shortwave radiation
D. CFCs because they destroy the ozone layer [1]

Some strains of the pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus have developed mechanisms
that protect them against foreign DNA. What effect does this have on the evolution of
antibiotic resistance in these strains of S. aureus?
A. Slower evolution, as bacteria with the antibiotic resistance gene will not reproduce
B. Slower evolution, as the antibiotic resistance gene from other species will not be
accepted
C. Faster evolution, as mutations within a population are less likely to occur
D. Faster evolution, as antibiotic resistance genes can only be passed to individuals of the
same species [1]
Many blood-feeding insects inject an anticoagulant into their host in order to prevent
blood from clotting. Female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles inject the anticoagulant
anophelin, which inhibits the action of the enzyme thrombin. Which statement explains
how anophelin prevents blood clotting?
A. Platelets are no longer produced.
B. Platelets cannot produce fibrin.
C. Fibrinogen is not converted to fibrin.
D. Prothrombin is not converted to thrombin. [1]

The diagram shows the carbon flux in gigatonnes per year between some of the Earth’s
global reservoirs.
[Source: Figure 7.3 and Table 7.1 from Denman, K.L., G. Brasseur, A. Chidthaisong, P. Ciais,
P.M. Cox, R.E. Dickinson, D.
Hauglustaine, C. Heinze, E. Holland, D. Jacob, U. Lohmann, S Ramachandran, P.L. da Silva
Dias, S.C. Wofsy and
X. Zhang, 2007: Couplings Between Changes in the Climate System and Biogeochemistry.
In: Climate Change
2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment
Report of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen,
M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt,
M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom
and New York, NY, USA.]
What can be deduced from the information in the diagram?
A. Arrows S are mainly due to respiration of marine plants and animals.
B. Photosynthesis is a component of both arrows Q and S.
C. Every day, more carbon is removed from the ocean than is added.
D. Ocean carbon is stored as dissolved calcium carbonate. [1]

To which phylum does the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus belong?
[Source: Casselmann, H., 2011. Lumbricus rubellus HC1. [image online] Available at:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Lumbricus_rubellus_HC1.jpg (CC BY-SA 3.0)
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en [Accessed 23 March 2020].]
A. Annelida
B. Cnidaria
C. Platyhelmintha
D. Arthropoda [1]
The diagram shows a cross section through the small intestine of a mammal. Which label
points to the mucosa?
[Source: JOSE LUIS CALVO MARTIN & JOSE ENRIQUE GARCIA-MAURIÑO MUZQUIZ /
www.istockphoto.com.] [1]
The image shows the four chambers of the mammalian heart viewed from the ventral
side. The sinoatrial node is located in the wall of one of these chambers. Which chamber
is it?
[Source: Anatomy Corner, n.d. [Elk heart]. [image online] Available at:
http://anatomycorner.com/main/image-gallery/elk-heart/
[Accessed 23 March 2020].] [1]
Leptin is a hormone which initiates the process to reduce food intake. What is the
location of the glands that produce leptin and where are its target cells found?
[1]
The graph shows atmospheric oxygen levels over time.
About 2.5 billion years ago, a significant rise in atmospheric oxygen occurred. What was
the cause of this rise?
A. Photosynthesis by non-vascular land plants
B. Photosynthesis by vascular land plants
C. Oxygen produced by photosynthetic bacteria being released from the ocean into the
atmosphere
D. Volcanic activity [1]

What are the evolutionary origins and functions of homologous structures?
[1]

A fluid sample is taken from the digestive tract of a mammal. The sample is basic
(alkaline) and able to digest starch and proteins. From which part of the digestive tract
was the fluid taken?
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Small intestine
D. Gall bladder [1]

An individual was presented with a stimulus resulting in the release of epinephrine.
What was the most likely nature of the stimulus?
A. Sunset and the onset of darkness
B. An image of a close friend
C. The intake of glucose
D. A coach shouting to begin physical activity [1]

Which process results in the exchange of gases across the membrane of pneumocytes?
A. Active transport
B. Simple diffusion
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Mass flow [1]

Which statement applies to an axon at rest?
A. There is no electric potential difference between the external and internal surfaces of
the plasma membrane.
B. The external surface of the plasma membrane is positive relative to the internal
surface.
C. The external surface of the plasma membrane is negative relative to the internal
surface.
D. The internal surface of the plasma membrane has a much higher concentration of
sodium ions. [1]

Which structural feature enables saltatory conduction?
A. Nodes of Ranvier between Schwann cells
B. Na+ channels under Schwann cells
C. K+ channels under Schwann cells
D. Sodium–potassium pumps under Schwann cells [1]

The graph showing blood levels of hormones associated with the menstrual cycle.
[Source: By OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web

site. http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013, CC BY 3.0
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/), https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
curid=30148641.]
What event occurs approximately at the time of the dotted line (time X)?
A. Menstruation
B. Ovulation
C. Development of the primary follicle
D. Implantation [1]

What is the role of antibiotics produced by fungi?
A. Destruction of viral particles
B. Inhibition of the growth of prokaryotes
C. Digestion of food molecules
D. Stimulation of antibody production [1]

The electron micrograph shows a transverse section through a myelinated neuron.
[Source: Transmission electron micrograph of a myelinated axon.

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myelinated_neuron.jpg. This file is licensed
under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en).]
What process is facilitated by the presence of the structure labelled X?
A. Repolarization of the nerve cell membrane
B. Generation of an action potential
C. Saltatory conduction
D. Synaptic transmission [1]

Plankton are major producers in marine ecosystems. Only a small proportion of the
energy harvested by plankton is passed to the primary consumers. Which process in
phytoplankton results in the largest loss of energy that could otherwise be utilized by
consumers?
A. Reproduction
B. Homeostasis
C. Excretion
D. Respiration [1]
What happens in the heart when epinephrine is secreted into the blood?
I. Pressure in the heart falls.
II. The pulmonary artery transports oxygenated blood at a faster rate.
III. The sinoatrial node increases the rate of electrical signals.
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. III only [1]

In 1940, Florey and Chain tested penicillin on bacterial infections in eight mice, before
treating a sick patient. Currently, what is the correct order for testing the effectiveness of
an antibiotic or other drug?
A. Affected patients, animals, healthy people
B. Animals, healthy people, affected patients
C. Healthy people, animals, affected patients
D. Animals, affected patients, healthy people [1]

The graph shows the changing membrane potential during a nerve impulse. Which letter
indicates when the potassium channels open?
[1]

Hummingbirds eat flower nectar and small insects. To which nutritional group do they
belong?
A. Autotrophs
B. Consumers
C. Detritivores
D. Saprotrophs [1]

How does HIV affect the immune system adversely?
A. Progressive reduction in number of active lymphocytes
B. Continuous overproduction of antibodies
C. Rapid production of clone of plasma cells
D. Immediate development of AIDS [1]

Which factors could cause emphysema?
I. Air pollution
II. Genetic predisposition
III. Tobacco smoke
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only

The diagram shows the food web for an aquatic ecosystem in which letters R–Z
represent individual species.
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
Which organism is a tertiary consumer?
A. Organism T
B. Organism U
C. Organism W
D. Organism Y [1]
Deforestation and agricultural activities including the production of crops and livestock
are thought to play a major role in the greenhouse effect. The graph shows annual trends
in rates of deforestation and the production of soybeans and cattle in the state of Mato
Grosso in Brazil in the period from 2001 to 2010.
[Source: 'Decoupling of deforestation and soy production in the southern Amazon

during the late 2000s.'
Marcia N. Macedo, Ruth S. DeFries, Douglas C. Morton, Claudia M. Stickler, Gillian L.
Galford, and Yosio E.
Shimabukuro PNAS January 24, 2012, 109 (4) 1341–1346;
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1111374109,
used with permission]
What conclusion can be drawn from the information in this graph?
A. The decline in rates of deforestation led to an increase in production of CO2.
B. Soybean production accounted for a greater proportion of deforestation than cattle

production.
C. Forest habitats declined during the first few years of the study.
D. The decline in rates of deforestation is due to an increase in soybean production. [1]

Which diagram represents blood flow through the mammalian heart?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019] [1]

What is produced by type II pneumocytes?
A. Epinephrine
B. Elastase
C. Pulmonary surfactant
D. Alpha 1-antitrypsin [1]

The diagram shows a neural synapse in the central nervous system of a honey bee (Apis
mellifera).
How do neonicotinoid pesticides cause paralysis and death of honey bees?
A. They destroy I.
B. They bind to II.
C. They inhibit the release of III.
D. They block the activity of IV. [1]

The global carbon cycle involves sinks where carbon is stored, and fluxes where carbon is
transferred. What are the largest sink and flux?
[1]
The cladogram shows some major orders of placental mammals and is based on
biochemical evidence.
Which conclusion can be drawn from evidence in the cladogram?
A. Primates and Sirenia have not evolved from a common ancestor.
B. Primates and Cetacea do not form part of any clade.
C. Cetacea are less closely related to Sirenia than to Primates.
D. Xenarthra have not been changed by evolution for longer than other clades. [1]
Which is the hierarchy of taxa in order of increasing numbers of species?
A. genus, family, order, class
B. class, order, genus, family
C. genus, family, class, order
D. class, order, family, genus [1]

What observation did William Harvey use as evidence for the circulation of blood?
A. The ventricles of the heart pump blood out into arteries.
B. Valves ensure unidirectional flow of blood.
C. Capillaries carry blood from arteries to veins.
D. All organs of the body have a separate blood supply. [1]

The diagram shows the human male reproductive system.
[Source: logika600/Shutterstock]
Which numbers indicate a gland providing fluid for sperm and a tube that transports
sperm only?
[1]
The hormones insulin, glucagon, thyroxin and leptin can all affect energy storage in the
body. Which hormone increases the rate of energy release and use?
A. Insulin
B. Glucagon
C. Thyroxin
D. Leptin [1]
The blood of two men was tested and the results are shown. Anti-D refers to the rhesus
blood group. Clotting indicates that antigens associated with a particular factor or blood
group are present in a blood sample.
The man who tested positive for anti-D was then tested for ABO blood group. These
results were obtained.
What ABO blood group does the man testing positive for anti-D have?
A. A
B. B
C. AB
D. O [1]
The diagram shows an action potential moving along a neuron. Which part of the
diagram represents depolarization?
[1]

How are fats and cholesterol transported in the blood?
A. As groups of molecules inside vesicles
B. As individual molecules coated in phospholipids
C. As individual molecules bound to a protein
D. As groups of molecules in lipoprotein complexes [1]

The three-toed sloth, Bradypus variegatus, lives in tree tops where it feeds on leaves. It also
feeds on algae and fungi which live in its fur.
[Source: Image from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bradypus_variegatus.jpg.

Christian Mehlführer.
Licensed under CC by 2.5 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/deed.en]
In which trophic group should the three-toed sloth be classified?
A. Autotroph
B. Consumer
C. Detritivore
D. Saprotroph [1]

Bacteria from chicken feces can cause a loss of intestinal villi in small children who
happen to eat dirt in rural villages. Which effect could be expected from such a loss of
villi?
A. Insufficient absorption of starch
B. Failure to digest dietary fibre
C. Malnutrition
D. An increase in microvilli [1]

When intense physical activity is anticipated, which factor in the blood will increase the
frequency of sinoatrial signals to heart muscle?
A. pH
B. Oxygen level
C. Thyroxin
D. Epinephrine [1]

What releases leptin?
A. Thyroid gland
B. Hypothalamus
C. Pineal gland
D. Adipose tissue [1]

The micrograph shows part of a cell.
[Source: Louisa Howard/Katherine Connollly

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Microvilli.jpg]
Which principal function is this cell likely to have, as judged by its cell structure and
organelles?
A. High rate of protein processing
B. High rate of absorption
C. High rate of photosynthesis
D. High rate of movement [1]

Which processes occur in an ecosystem?
I. Biomass increases in each successive trophic level.
II. Inorganic nutrients are recycled.
III. Chemical energy is stored in carbon compounds.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only

Which of the adaptations of flowers would be most successful for the survival of a
species?
A. Spiny seeds for better wind dispersal
B. Different flowering times for better seed dispersal
C. Sticky pollen for better water dispersal
D. Specific odours for better insect pollination [1]

Prickly pear cactus plants are well adapted to desert conditions. The stems are the
flattened structures visible in the image and the leaves are reduced to spines. The white
spots in the image are groups of spines.
[Source: Stan Shebs/Wikimedia. File licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)]
Which characteristic describes the advantage of one of their adaptations?
A. Leaves are reduced to spines to lose less carbon dioxide.
B. Spines increase surface area for more photosynthesis.
C. Stems are flattened to allow more water to be stored between periods of rain.
D. Waxy cuticle on the stems is very thin to allow rapid absorption of rain.
[1]
The diagram shows the human digestive system. Where are lipids digested?
[Source: BruceBlaus/Wikimedia. File licensed under CC BY 3.0

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)]
[1]

Neurons transmit electrical impulses. Which statement describes part of this process?
A. K+ ions are pumped out of the cell to depolarize the membrane.
B. Ion channels let K+ diffuse into the cell to depolarize the membrane.
C. Na+ ions are pumped into the cell to repolarize the membrane.
D. Ion channels let Na+ diffuse into the cell to depolarize the membrane. [1]
Which type of cell is specialized to facilitate gas exchange?
A. Type I pneumocytes
B. Type II pneumocytes
C. Internal intercostal muscle fibres
D. External intercostal muscle fibres [1]

What happens when an action potential reaches motor end plates?
A. Calcium ions are absorbed by the muscle fibres.
B. The sarcomeres relax.
C. Neurotransmitter is released.
D. Action potential is passed to the neuron. [1]

The graph shows changes in an individual’s blood glucose concentration over time.
What hormones were secreted at J and K?
[1]
© International Baccalaureate Organization, 2024

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paper 1 - units 4, 5, 6 [79 marks]

1. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ1.12

What can be concluded about the genomes in Enterococcus?

A. E. pallens has the greatest number of genes.

B. E. faecalis and E. faecium have the same mean number of genes.

C. The total genetic information in Enterococcus is constant within each species.

D. E. columbae has more DNA than E. faecium.

What is the most common mode of nutrition of fungi in this wetland?

A. Heterotrophic fungi that feed on living organisms by ingestion

C. Fungi that have either an autotrophic or heterotrophic method of nutrition

What could have caused the change in the allele frequency?

A. Drinking more milk caused the mutation to occur.

C. Lactase persistence was transferred to humans from cows.

D. Prehistoric milk did not contain lactose. [1]

S. cerevisiae L. minor E. Coli B. firmus M. ruminantium M. barkeri

S. cerevisiae — 0.29 0.05 0.08 0.11 0.08

L. minor — 0.10 0.06 0.10 0.07

E. Coli — 0.25 0.12 0.12

B. firmus — 0.13 0.12

What can be concluded from the data?

A. L. minor and E. coli are both eubacteria.

B. S. cerevisiae and M. barkeri are in the same domain.

C. M. ruminantium is an archaean, therefore so is B. firmus.

D. E. coli and B. firmus are in the same domain. [1]

5. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ1.19

A. Lipase to break bond between phosphate and fatty acid

B. Insulin to digest glycogen to glucose

C. Amylopectin to digest starch to maltose

D. Endopeptidase to digest proteins to peptides [1]

A. A chain reaction causes platelets to release antibodies to avoid infections.

B. Thrombin is converted into fibrinogen after a series of chemical reactions.

C. Sealing of wounds by fibrinogen makes platelets release antibodies for clotting.

7. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ1.37

A. Monoclonal antibodies against hybridoma cells

B. Antibodies against monoclonal hybridoma cells

C. HCG produced by plasma cells fused with tumour cells

D. Monoclonal antibodies produced by hybridoma cells against HCG [1]

8. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ1.38

A. Cross bridges between muscle fibres

B. Sarcomeres formed of contractile myofibrils

C. Myosin filaments forming cross bridges with troponin and tropomyosin

D. Multinucleate cells with numerous microfibrils made of contractile sarcomeres [1]

B. A long loop of Henle

C. Decreased secretion of ADH

D. Decreased reabsorption from the collecting duct [1]

10. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ1.40

D. Acrosomes react with the cortical granules to allow fertilization. [1]

11. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ2.15

C. Production of carbon dioxide by respiration results in loss of biomass in a food chain.

B. The variation in the size of different breeds of dogs

13. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ2.18

B. Mutations in somatic cells are passed on to offspring.

C. Natural selection decreases the frequency of unfavourable characteristics.

D. Changes in species lead towards greater complexity over time. [1]

14. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ2.19

A. Internal intercostal muscles contract, increasing the pressure in the thorax.

B. Internal intercostal muscles contract, decreasing the pressure in the thorax.

C. External intercostal muscles contract, decreasing the pressure in the thorax.

16. [Maximum mark: 1] 23M.1.HL.TZ2.39

A. Spermatogonium to primary spermatocyte

B. Primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocyte

C. Secondary spermatocyte to spermatid

D. Spermatid to mature sperm cell [1]