DP1 BioSL - Topic 1 - Revision

Worksheet [67 marks]

1. A cell contains chloroplasts, plasma membrane and 80S ribosomes. What [1 mark]
type of cell could it be?
A. Bryophyte
B. Lymphocyte
C. Prokaryote
D. Neuron

2. More than 90 % of cellular cholesterol is located in the cell’s plasma [1 mark]

membrane. What is the main role of cholesterol in the plasma
membranes of mammalian cells?
A. To regulate membrane fluidity
B. To increase membrane solubility
C. To increase membrane permeability
D. To regulate membrane temperature

3. What is/are required for facilitated diffusion? [1 mark]

I. A concentration gradient
II. ATP
III. A channel protein
A. I only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

4. Which cell component arose first during the formation of the earliest [1 mark]
cells?
A. Chloroplast
B. Plasma membrane
C. Mitochondria
D. Cell wall
5. In the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), the haploid number of chromosomes[1 mark]
is 24. How many sister chromatids are present in the G2 phase of a
somatic cell, such as a cell in the bone marrow of the chimpanzee?
A. 12
B. 24
C. 48
D. 96

6. In mammals, mature red blood cells are specialized in that they lack [1 mark]
nuclei, mitochondria or ribosomes. Which statement applies to red blood
cells?
A. No chemical reactions take place within their cytoplasm.
B. They cannot produce new enzymes.
C. Materials cannot enter red blood cells.
D. Materials cannot exit red blood cells.

7. What do chloroplasts and mitochondria have in common? [1 mark]

A. Both are found in the cells of Filicinophyta.
B. Both contain grana.
C. Both occur in all eukaryotic cells.
D. Both are found in a Paramecium.
8. The Davson–Danielli model of membrane structure proposed that [1 mark]
membranes were composed of a phospholipid bilayer that lies between
two layers of globular proteins, as shown in this diagram.

[Source: Cornell, B. 2016. https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-1-cell-

biology/13-membrane-structure/membrane-models.html]
What evidence supported this model?
A. An electron micrograph that showed two dark lines with a lighter band in
between
B. Freeze-fracture electron microscopy
C. Evidence that all membranes are identical
D. The hydrophobic regions of protein would be in contact with water

9. A human organ is being prepared for transplant. In what type of solution [1 mark]
must it be bathed?
A. A hypertonic solution
B. A hypotonic solution
C. Pure water containing no solutes
D. A solution with the same osmolarity as the organ tissue

10. Which living structure is an exception to the cell theory? [1 mark]

A. Striated muscle fibres
B. A single-celled alga carrying out all of the functions of life
C. The artificial synthesis of the organic molecule urea
D. A multicellular organism with cells undertaking specialized roles
11. Which statement applies to cholesterol? [1 mark]
A. It is hydrophobic and found on the outside of the phospholipid bilayer.
B. It is hydrophilic and found inside the phospholipid bilayer.
C. It impacts membrane fluidity.
D. It is transported in association with glucose in the blood.

12. A tissue sample was examined under the microscope in order to [1 mark]
determine a mitotic index. The number of cells in each stage of the cell
cycle was determined and the data were entered into a table.

What is the mitotic index?

A. 0.125
B. 0.25
C. 0.75
D. 1.00

13. Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio [1 mark]
with increasing cell diameter?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

14. The image shows an electron micrograph of part of a cell. [1 mark]

[Source: Dr. Eldon Newcomb – Emeritis Professor at The University of Wisconsin –

Madison.]

Which features do the two structures labelled X and Y have in common?

A. They are surrounded by a double membrane.
B. They contain 70S ribosomes.
C. They contain naked DNA.
D. They are only found in leaf cells.
15. The images show a sequence of changes in an organism. [1 mark]

[Source: Copyright (2007) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 'A comparative

analysis of frog early development'.
Eugenia M. del Pino, Michael Venegas-Ferrín, Andrés Romero-Carvajal, Paola
Montenegro-Larrea, Natalia
Sáenz-Ponce, Iván M. Moya, Ingrid Alarcón, Norihiro Sudou, Shinji Yamamoto, and
Masanori Taira,
PNAS July 17, 2007 104 (29) 11882–11888;
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705092104]

What is the change and which process is necessary for it to occur?

16. Which process(es) occur(s) by osmosis? [1 mark]

I. Uptake of water by cells in the wall of the intestine
II. Loss of water from a plant cell in a hypertonic environment
III. Evaporation of water from sweat on the skin surface
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
17. The table shows the number of cells in various stages of the cell cycle in [1 mark]
four samples of ovarian tissue from different patients. Which tissue
sample A, B, C or D has the highest mitotic index?

18. What feature of both striated muscle and aseptate fungal hyphae is [1 mark]
different from typical cell structure?
A. They have multiple nuclei within a structural unit.
B. They have a cell wall that is not made of cellulose.
C. They have plasmids.
D. They have an absence of cholesterol in the plasma membrane.

19. Where could genes be located in a prokaryotic cell? [1 mark]

20. Neural pathways in living brains can now be mapped by tracking the [1 mark]
movement of water molecules inside axons. What keeps water molecules
inside axons?
A. Plasma membrane
B. Hydrogen bonding
C. Pump proteins
D. Synapse
21. How does potassium move across the membrane of a neuron during [1 mark]
repolarization?
A. Simple diffusion
B. Facilitated diffusion
C. Endocytosis
D. Active transport

22. Which organelle provides evidence that eukaryotic cells originated when [1 mark]
large prokaryotes engulfed small free-living prokaryotes?
A. Chloroplast
B. Nucleoid
C. 80S ribosome
D. Vacuole

23. The concentrations of cyclins rise and fall in cells at certain times. [1 mark]

[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin#/media/File:Cyclin_Expression.svg]
What times are these?
A. Day and night
B. Seasons of the year
C. Stages of mitosis and interphase
D. Developmental stages in the life cycle

24. Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane? [1 mark]

A. Nucleus
B. Lysosome
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondrion
25. The following electron micrograph shows part of a palisade mesophyll [1 mark]
cell. Which of the labelled structures controls the exchange of substances
to and from the cell?
26. Cladograms can be created by comparing DNA or protein sequences. The [1 mark]
cladogram on the left is based on DNA sequences and the cladogram on
the right is based on comparing protein sequences.

What is the reason that cladograms based on DNA sequences are more reliable
predictors of the phylogenetic relationship of species than cladograms based on
protein sequences?
A. Amino acids are not as chemically stable as DNA nucleotides.
B. DNA mutates but amino acids do not.
C. Several different triplets of bases can code for the same amino acid.
D. There are 20 different amino acids but only 4 nucleotides.

27. Which organism has DNA located in three organelles? [1 mark]

A. A sponge
B. A fern
C. A flatworm
D. A bacterium
28. Which organelle is involved in generating vesicles destined for the cell [1 mark]
membrane?
A. Golgi apparatus
B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
D. Lysosome

29. When during the cell cycle does DNA replication take place? [1 mark]
 Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
infections. Zidovudine (ZDV) and nevirapine (NVP) are examples of antiretroviral
drugs. There are concerns that these drugs may be toxic to body cells in mitosis.
In a study using Allium cepa, root tips were exposed to the drugs for 96 hours at a
range of concentrations. The control treatment was a drug concentration of
0μmol. In the graph, root lengths after the 96-hour treatment period are
expressed as a percentage of the length of the control.

[Source: Onwuamah CK, Ekama SO, Audu RA, Ezechi OC, Poirier MC, Odeigah PGC
(2014) Exposure of Allium cepa Root Cells to Zidovudine or Nevirapine Induces
Cytogenotoxic Changes. PLOS ONE 9(3): e90296.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090296 (CC0 1.0 -
https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/).]

30a. Deduce the concentration of ZDV that would cause a 50 % reduction in [1 mark]
root growth compared to the control.

30b. Identify the root length, as a percentage of the control, resulting from a [1 mark]
ZDV concentration of 400 μmol.

30c. Compare and contrast the effect of ZDV and NVP on the growth of [2 marks]
Allium roots.
 Both ZDV and NVP are believed to have a damaging effect on the process of
mitosis but ZDV in particular is believed to block the formation of the spindle.

[Source: Medical Images / Carolina Biological.]

30d. Based on the information, suggest with a reason which of the labelled [2 marks]
cell types will become more common in Allium root tips treated with
ZDV.

30e. Allium root tips continue to show some growth even at high [1 mark]
concentrations of NVP. Suggest a possible reason for the growth seen in
root tips with 800μmol NVP.

Mitosis plays an important role in tissue regeneration and can be an important

factor in recovery from surgery. The hormone leptin has been shown to promote
mitosis in certain circumstances. The bar chart shows the mitotic indices of liver
tissue exposed to leptin and control tissue during 72 hours after surgery.

[Source: Adapted from Cilekar M, Uysal O, Bal C, Turel S, Yılmaz S. Leptin

increases mitotic index and regeneration ratio in hepatectomized rats. Med Sci
Monit Basic Res. 2013 Nov 13;19:279-84. doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.889591]

30f. Deduce the change in mitotic index after 72 hours compared to the [1 mark]
control.
30g. Based on the data, evaluate the evidence for leptin promoting [3 marks]
regeneration of liver tissue.

30h. Outline the role of leptin in appetite control. [1 mark]

31a. Identify which electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion, providing [1 mark]

one observation to support your choice.

31b. Discuss the evidence for the theory that mitochondria may have [3 marks]
evolved from free-living prokaryotes by endosymbiosis.
 Native oyster populations are decreasing where rivers meet the ocean along the
northwest coast of North America. These oyster populations are being attacked by
a gastropod.

It is known that oysters and gastropods have hard parts composed of calcium
carbonate and that ocean acidification is increasing. Studies were carried out
using juvenile oysters and gastropods to investigate the effects of acidification on
the decrease in the population of oysters.
The first step was to raise oysters in two different mesocosms. One had seawater
at a normal concentration of CO 2 and the other had sea water with a high
concentration of CO2. Gastropods were raised in two further mesocosms with
normal and high CO2 concentrations respectively.

32a. Outline how acidified sea water could affect the shells of the oyster. [1 mark]
 A juvenile gastropod will attack a juvenile oyster by using its tongue-like structure
(radula) to drill a hole through the oyster shell. Once the hole has been drilled, the
gastropod sucks out the soft flesh. Researchers investigated the shell thickness at
the site of the drill hole in relation to the size of the oyster. The results are seen in
this graph.

32b. Outline the trends shown in the data in the graph. [2 marks]
 Equal numbers of oysters raised in seawater with a normal CO 2 concentration and
in seawater with a high CO2 concentration were then presented together to the
gastropod predators in seawater with a normal CO2 concentration. The same
numbers of oysters from the two groups were also presented together to the
gastropods in seawater with a high CO2 concentration. The bar charts show how
many of the oysters were drilled by the gastropods and the mean size of drilled
oysters.

32c. Estimate how much smaller drilled oysters raised in seawater at a high [1 mark]
CO2 concentration were than drilled oysters raised in seawater at a
normal CO2 concentration.
32d. Deduce from the data in the bar charts which factors were and were not[2 marks]
correlated significantly with the number of oysters drilled by the
gastropods.

32e. Suggest reasons for the differences in the numbers of oysters drilled, as [2 marks]
shown in the bar charts.

32f. The radula in a gastropod is hard but not made of calcium carbonate. [2 marks]
Outline how this statement is supported by the drilling success of the
gastropods in seawater with normal or high CO2 concentrations.

32g. Using all the data, evaluate how CO 2 concentrations affect the [2 marks]
development of oysters and their predation by gastropods.

33a. Pictured below are Louis Pasteur’s original drawings of swan-necked [3 marks]
flasks.

Describe how Pasteur’s experiments provided convincing evidence to falsify the

concept of spontaneous generation.

33b. State the function of life in Paramecium that is carried out by: [1 mark]
cilia.

33c. State the function of life in Paramecium that is carried out by: [1 mark]
the contractile vacuole.
 33d. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of adult stem [3 marks]
cells.

33e. Explain the role of decomposers in an ecosystem. [2 marks]

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