NCERT Exemplar Solutions for Class 9

Science (Biology)
Chapter 5 - The Fundamental Unit of Life

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following can be made into crystal?

(a) A Bacterium

(b) An Amoeba

(c) A Virus

(d) A Sperm

Ans: (c) A Virus

Explanation: Virus does not have a cell. They act as an intermediate between living
and nonliving organisms. Virus is composed of nuclear material enclosed in a
protein coat. They need a host to metabolize. Due to this, it can be made into crystal.

2. A cell will swell up if

(a) The concentration of water molecules in the cell is higher than the
concentration of water molecules in surrounding medium

(b) The concentration of water molecules in surrounding medium is higher than

water molecules concentration in the cell

(c) The concentration of water molecules is same in the cell and in the
surrounding medium

(d) Concentration of water molecules does not matter

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Ans: (b) The concentration of water molecules in the surrounding medium is higher
than the concentration of water molecules in the cell.

Explanation: If concentration of water molecules in the surrounding medium is

higher than water molecules concentration in the cell, it will result in movement of
water into the cell. This is a type of hypotonic solution and the process is known as
osmosis. This will result in the cell getting swelled up.

3. Chromosomes are made up of

(a) DNA

(b) protein

(c) DNA and protein

(d) RNA

Ans: (c) DNA and protein

Explanation: Chromosomes are made up of tightly coiled DNA around the protein.
These proteins are called histones, and they also support the structure.

4. Which of these options are not a function of Ribosomes?

(i) It helps in manufacture of protein molecules

(ii) It helps in manufacture of enzymes

(iii) It helps in manufacture of hormones

(iv) It helps in manufacture of starch molecules

(a) (i) and (ii)

(b) (ii) and (iii)

(c) (iii) and (iv)

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(d) (iv) and (i)

Ans: (c) (iii) and (iv)

Explanation: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis. Enzymes are

composed of protein. Therefore, Ribosomes help in the manufacture of both protein
and enzymes. Hence, options (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.

5. Which of these is not related to endoplasmic reticulum?

(a) It behaves as transport channel for proteins between nucleus and cytoplasm

(b) It transports materials between various regions in cytoplasm

(c) It can be the site of energy generation

(d) It can be the site for some biochemical activities of the cell

Ans: (c) It can be the site of energy generation

Explanation: Energy generation is the function of mitochondria. ER forms a network

between nucleus and cytoplasm to transport proteins. It also facilitates transport of
material from one cell to another.

6. Following are a few definitions of osmosis Read carefully and select the
correct definition

(a)Movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a

region of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane

(b)Movement of solvent molecules from its higher concentration to lower

concentration

(c)Movement of solvent molecules from higher concentration to lower

concentration of solution through a permeable membrane

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(d)Movement of solute molecules from lower concentration to higher
concentration of solution through a semipermeable membrane

Ans: (a) Movement of water molecules from a region of higher concentration to a

region of lower concentration through a semipermeable membrane.

Explanation – Osmosis is passive movement of any kind of solvent through a

semipermeable membrane from the higher concentration to the lower concentration.
If the semipermeable membrane is not present, then the process is known as
diffusion.

7. Plasmolysis in a plant cell is defined as

(a) break down (lysis) of plasma membrane in hypotonic medium

(b) shrinkage of cytoplasm in hypertonic medium

(c) shrinkage of nucleoplasm

(d) none of them

Ans: (b) shrinkage of cytoplasm in hypertonic medium.

Explanation: When a cell is kept in hypertonic solution, most of the fluid goes out
of the cell, resulting in shrinkage of protoplasm of a plant because of water loss. It
happens in extreme conditions as a result of osmosis.

8. Which of the following are covered by a single membrane?

(a) Mitochondria

(b) Vacuole

(c) Lysosome

(d) Plastid

Ans: (b) and (c) Vacuole and lysosome

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Explanation: Other organelles in the options are double – membrane structures.

9. Find out the false sentences

(a) Golgi apparatus is involved with the formation of lysosomes

(b)Nucleus, mitochondria, and plastid have DNA; hence they can make their
own structural proteins

(c) Mitochondria is said to be the powerhouse of the cell as ATP is generated in

them.

(d) Cytoplasm is called as protoplasm

Ans: (a) Golgi apparatus is involved with the formation of lysosomes

Explanation: Golgi apparatus is involved in synthesis and storage of certain

biomolecules; it receives proteins from ER and further processes it. It has no role to
play in the formation of lysosomes.

10. Find out the correct sentence

(a) Enzymes packed in Lysosomes are made through RER (rough endoplasmic
reticulum)

(b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum and smooth endoplasmic reticulum produce

lipid and protein respectively

(c) Endoplasmic reticulum is related with the destruction of plasma membrane

(d) Nucleoid is present inside the nucleoplasm of eukaryotic nucleus

Ans: (a) Enzymes packed in Lysosomes are made through RER (rough endoplasmic
reticulum)

Explanation: RES has ribosomes on the surface and ribosomes are responsible for
protein synthesis and thus for enzymes synthesis as well. Hence, option ‘a’ is correct

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and option ‘b’ is incorrect. ER has no role to play in the destruction of plasma
membranes. The undefined nuclear region in prokaryotes is called nucleoid.

11. Which cell organelle plays a crucial role in detoxifying many poisons and
drugs in a cell?

(a) Golgi apparatus

(b) Lysosomes

(c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(d) Vacuoles

Ans: (c) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation: In the liver cells of vertebrates, SER plays an important role in

detoxifying many poisons and drugs like DDT, petroleum products and pollutants.
It converts them into water soluble products.

12. The proteins and lipids, essential for building the cell membrane, are
manufactured by

(a) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(b) Golgi apparatus

(c) Plasma membrane

(d) Mitochondria

Ans: (a) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Explanation: There are two types of ER, Rough ER which contains ribosomes on its
surface and SER which doesn’t have ribosomes attached to it. Endoplasmic
reticulum synthesizes both lipids and proteins. However, RER mainly synthesizes
proteins and SER mainly synthesizes lipids.

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13. The undefined nuclear region of prokaryotes are also known as

(a) nucleus

(b) nucleolus

(c) nucleic acid

(d) nucleoid

Ans: (d) nucleoid

Explanation: Prokaryotes have disorganized nucleus, and it is called nucleoid. It is

present naked in the cytoplasm and contains all the genetic material.

14. The cell organelle involved in forming complex sugars from simple sugars
are

(a) Endoplasmic Reticulum

(b) Ribosomes

(c) Plastids

(d) Golgi apparatus

Ans: (d) Golgi apparatus

Explanation: Golgi apparatus is a packaging organelle. It is involved in repackaging

of many simple biomolecules and combining them to make complex molecules.
These big molecules are then packaged further.

15. Which out of the following is not a function of vacuole?

(a) Storage

(b) Providing turgidity and rigidity to the cell

(c) Waste excretion

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(d) Locomotion

Ans: (d) Locomotion

Explanation: Locomotion is carried out by specialized structures which are outside

the cell. These structures are known as cilia and flagella and are present in
eukaryotes. Vacuoles are present inside the cell and do not help in locomotion.

16. Amoeba acquires its food through a process, termed

(a) Exocytosis

(b) Endocytosis

(c) Plasmolysis

(d) Exocytosis and endocytosis both

Ans: (b) endocytosis

Explanation: The Term endocytosis is composed of two terms, i.e., ‘endo’ means
towards the inside and ‘cytosis’ means movement related to the cell. In this process
the food is engulfed into the cell. The food is ingested and digested internally. This
process is carried out with the help of formation of false feet by the amoeba which
helps in engulfing the food and a food vacuole is formed which helps in digestion.

17. Cell wall of which one of these is not made up of cellulose?

(a) Bacteria

(b) Hydrilla

(c) Mango tree

(d) Cactus

Ans: (a) Bacteria

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Explanation: Other options show plants in which the cell wall is made of cellulose.
But the cell wall of bacteria is made of peptidoglycan. Cell walls in plants help in
resisting the loss of water from the plant body.

18. Silver nitrate solution is used to study

(a) endoplasmic reticulum

(b) Golgi apparatus

(c) nucleus

(d) mitochondria

Ans: (b) Golgi apparatus

Explanation: Camillo Golgi carried out a ‘black reaction’ which involved use of
silver nitrate. When 2% of silver nitrate is used it is impregnated and distinguishes
the morphology. This helped him in staining individual nerve and cell structures.

19. Organelle other than nucleus, containing DNA is

(a) endoplasmic reticulum

(b) Golgi apparatus

(c) mitochondria

(d) lysosome

Ans: (c) mitochondria

Explanation: Apart from DNA, mitochondria contain DNA. The mitochondrial

DNA incorporates the nucleic material. It is present in contrast to chromosomal
DNA.

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20. Kitchen of the cell is

(a) mitochondria

(b) endoplasmic reticulum

(c) chloroplast

(d) Golgi apparatus

Ans: (c) chloroplast

Explanation: Food is produced in plants inside chloroplasts. Chloroplast contains

chlorophyll which helps in the process of photosynthesis, the process which helps
plants to make their own food. Hence, chloroplast is called the kitchen of the cell.

21. Lipid molecules in the cell are synthesized by

(a) Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

(b) Rough endoplasmic reticulum

(c) Golgi apparatus

(d) Plastids

Ans: (a) smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)

Explanation: SER synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids and has several
metabolic processes.

22. Cell arises from pre-existing cell was stated by

(a) Haeckel

(b) Virchow

(c) Hooke

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(d) Schleiden

Ans: (b) Virchow

Explanation: This postulation of Virchow made an addition to the earlier cell theory.

23. Cell theory was given by

(a) Schleiden and Schwann

(b) Virchow

(c) Hooke

(d) Haeckel

Ans: (a) Schleiden and Schwann

Explanation: They were the first to propose the cell theory which stated that all plants
and animals are made up of cells and the cell is the basic unit of life.

24. The only cell organelle seen in prokaryotic cell is

(a) Mitochondria

(b) Ribosomes

(c) Plastids

(d) Lysosomes

Ans: (b) ribosomes

Explanation: Other cell organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells and are present in
Eukaryotic cells.

25. Organelle without a cell membrane is

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(a) Ribosome

(b) Golgi apparatus

(c) Chloroplast

(d) Nucleus

Ans: (a) ribosome

Explanation: Ribosomes act as free structures without any cell membrane. It helps
them to pick RNA from the nucleus and to further produce protein. Other cell
organelles are membrane – bound.

26. 1 μm is

(a) 10–6 m

(b) 10–9 m

(c) 10–10 m

(d) 10–3 m

Ans: (a) 10 – 6 m

27. Lysosome arises from

(a) Endoplasmic reticulum

(b) Golgi apparatus

(c) Nucleus

(d) Mitochondria

Ans: (b) Golgi apparatus

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Explanation – Lysosomes are known as the suicidal bags of the cell as they help in
removal of cell debris. They are formed by the vesicle present in the Golgi apparatus.

28. Living cells were discovered by

(a) Robert Hooke

(b) Purkinje

(c) Leeuwenhoek

(d) Robert Brown

Ans: (c) Leeuwenhoek

Explanation: Robert Hooke was the first to observe cells, but he observed dead cells
of cork. It was Leeuwenhoek who was the first to observe living cells.

29. Select the odd one out

(a) The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane is affected by

the number of substances dissolved in it.

(b) Membranes are made of organic molecules like proteins and lipids

(c) Molecules soluble in organic solvents can easily pass through the membrane.

(d) Plasma membranes contain chitin sugar in plants

Ans: (d) Plasma membranes contain chitin sugar in plants

Explanation: This is a wrong statement, while others are correct. Chitin is present in
the cell wall of fungi. Cell membranes of plants do not contain chitin sugar. Sugar
or carbohydrates are present in the exterior of the cell membrane.

Short Answer Questions

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30. Why are lysosomes known as ‘suicide-bags’ of a cell?

Ans: Lysosomes are known as ‘suicide-bags’ because when cell gets damaged
during the disturbance in cellular metabolism, lysosomes may burst and cause lysis
of the cell. The digestive enzymes thus released digest their own cell causing the
death of the cell.

31. Do you agree that “A cell is a building unit of an organism”. If yes, explain
why?

Ans: I agree with the statement that “A cell is a building block of an organism”. This
is true because all living beings are made up of cells and the cell is the smallest
independent unit of living beings. Cells also perform all the important functions for
sustaining life. It also provides structure and nutrients.

32. Why does the skin of your finger shrink when you wash clothes for a long
time?

Ans: Soap solution is very concentrated, and it is a type of hypertonic solution,

because of which water moves out of our finger cells, as the concentration of water
in our cell is more. Our skin acts as a semi permeable membrane. This process is
also known as exosmosis, and cells become flaccid.

33. Why is endocytosis found in animals only?

Ans: Endocytosis is a process in which substances outside the cell are internalized
by the cell membrane. Cell walls are absent in animals. Due to this, movement of
substances inside the cells is easier in animals than in plants. Since plants contain
cell wall they have an extra layer of protection and hence movement of substances
is not easy. Due to this, endocytosis is found in animals only.

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34. A person takes concentrated solution of salt, after some time, he starts
vomiting. What is the phenomenon responsible for such situation? Explain.

Ans: Swallowing a concentration solution of salt results in exosmosis from cells of

the alimentary canal. Concentrated salt solution is hypertonic solution, which means
the water content is less. Because of which there is an outward movement of water.
Due to this, dehydration occurs in the person. As a result, the person starts vomiting.

35. Name any cell organelle which is non-membranous.

Ans: Ribosomes act as free structures without any cell membrane. It helps them to
pick RNA from the nucleus and to further produce protein. Other cell organelles are
membrane – bound.

36. We eat food composed of all the nutrients like carbohydrates, proteins, fats,
vitamins, minerals, and water. After digestion, these are absorbed in the form
of glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol etc. What mechanisms are involved
in absorption of digested food and water?

Ans: Diffusion and osmosis respectively. Diffusion is a process in which the

molecules move from higher concentration to lower concentration. In the process of
Osmosis, the water molecules move from lower solute concentration to higher solute
concentration but through a semipermeable membrane. Digested food passes into
the blood vessels by the process of diffusion whereas the water is absorbed by the
process of osmosis.

37. If you are provided with some vegetables to cook. You generally add salt
into the vegetables during cooking process. After adding salt, vegetables release
water. What mechanism is responsible for this?

Ans: Exosmosis. Salt water has less water concentration as compared to that of the
cell present in the vegetables. Therefore, water moves out of the cell into the salt
water which causes vegetables to shrink and finally vegetables are cooked.

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38. If cells of onion peel and RBC are separately kept in hypotonic solution,
what among the following will take place? Explain the reason for your answer.

(a) Both the cells will swell.

(b) RBC will burst easily while cells of onion peel will resist the bursting to some
extent.

(c) a and b both are correct.

(d) RBC and onion peel cells will behave similarly.

Ans: (c) a and b both are correct.

Explanation - When the surrounding medium is hypotonic, water moves into the
cells. This will result in swelling of cells. RBCs do not have cell walls and hence
they will easily burst. Presence of cell walls in the cells of onion peel will prevent
their bursting. Hypotonic solution is a solution which has higher water
concentration. Since, the water concentration outside the cell is greater, the water
will move inside the cells and will cause cells to swell.

39. Bacteria do not have chloroplast, but some bacteria are photoautotrophic
in nature and perform photosynthesis. Which part of bacterial cell performs
this?

Ans: Small vesicles which are associated with plasma membranes are present in
such bacteria which contain pigments which can trap solar energy to produce food.
These reaction centers exist in the form of sacs or tubes and are present in cell
membranes.

40. Match the following A and B

Column A Column B
(a) Smooth Endoplasmic
(i) Amoeba
Reticulum

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 (b) Lysosome (ii) Nucleus
(c) Nucleoid (iii) Bacteria
(d) Food Vacuoles (iv) Detoxification
(e) Chromatin material and
(v) Suicidal bag
nucleolus
Ans:

Column A Column B
(a) Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (iv) Detoxification
(b) Lysosome (v) Suicidal bag
(c) Nucleoid (iii) Bacteria
(d) Food Vacuoles (i) Amoeba
(e) Chromatin material and (ii) Nucleus
nucleolus

a—(iv) Liver cell contains SER for detoxification.

b—(v) Lysosome causes cell lysis when the cell is in danger.

c—(iii) Bacteria contain nuclei in cytoplasm.

d—(i) Amoeba has a holozoic mode of nutrient which is carried out by food vacuole.

e—(ii)Eukaryotic cell contains chromatin and nucleolus.

41. Write the name of different plant parts in which chromoplast, chloroplast
and leucoplast are present.

Ans: Flower and Fruit— Chromoplast

Leaves of the plant— Chloroplast

Root of the plant— Leucoplast

42. Name the organelles which show the analogy written as under

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(a) Transporting channels of the cell __________

Ans: Endoplasmic reticulum, it helps in connecting cell membrane and nuclear

membrane.

(b) Powerhouse of the cell __________

Ans: Mitochondria, it helps in energy generation for the cell in the form of ATP. It
is known as the powerhouse of the cell.

(c) Packaging and dispatching unit of the cell __________

Ans: Golgi body helps in packaging and transporting of proteins and lipids to the
desired destination.

(d) Digestive bag of the cell __________

Ans: Lysosome, it causes cell lysis by the release of enzymes when a cell is in
danger. It is known as the “suicidal bag” of the cell.

(e) Storage sacs of the cell __________

Ans: Vacuole, it helps in storage of food.

(f) Kitchen of the cell __________

Ans: Chloroplast, it contains chlorophyll which helps in capturing light and helps in
the process of photosynthesis.

(g) Control room of the cell __________

Ans: Nucleus, nucleus controls all the functions of cell growth and functioning.

43. How is a bacterial cell different from an onion peel cell?

Ans:

Bacterial Cell Onion Peel Cell

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 Bacterial cells are made up of Cell wall of onion peel is made up of
peptidoglycan. cellulose
Nucleus is absent Nucleus is present
Bacterial cells are prokaryotic cells. Onion Peel cells are eukaryotic cells.
Vacuole is absent. Vacuole is present.

44. How do substances like carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) move in and
out of the cell?

Ans: The substances such as carbon dioxide and water move in and out of a cell
by processes of, diffusion, and osmosis respectively. Diffusion is a process in which
there is movement of substances from higher concentration to lower concentration,
but no semi permeable membrane is involved. This is how carbon dioxide moves in
and out of the cell. Whereas osmosis is movement of substance from higher
concentration to lower concentration via a semipermeable membrane, this is how
water moves in and out of the cell.

45. How does amoeba obtain its food?

Ans: Amoeba makes pseudopodia which is also known as false feet to surround a
food particle present nearby. It then ingests the food particles by engulfing it and
then forms food vacuole. This process of obtaining food by Amoeba is called
endocytosis.

46. Name the two organelles in a plant cell that contain their own genetic
material and ribosomes.

Ans: Mitochondria and plastids. Mitochondria are known as powerhouse of the cell.
They produce energy in the form of ATP. Mitochondria and Plastids both have their
own DNA which possess genes to produce specific proteins for their functioning.
These proteins are otherwise not produced by nuclear DNA.

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47. Why are lysosomes also known as “scavengers of the cells”?

Ans: Lysosomes contain enzymes which are used for destroying worn out parts of
the cell and causing lysis of the cell. Lysosomes also destroy waste materials. Due
to this, lysosomes are also known as ‘scavengers of the cells or also the “Suicidal
bag of cell”

48. Which cell organelle controls most of the activities of the cell?

Ans: Nucleus. Nucleus controls major cell activities of growth and metabolism.
Without the presence of a nucleus life of a cell is not possible. It also controls the
enzymes required for cellular processes.

49. Which kind of plastid is more common in

(a) roots of the plant

Ans: Leucoplast

(b) leaves of the plant

Ans: Chloroplast

(c) flowers and fruits

Ans: Chromoplast

50. Why do plant cells possess large sized vacuole?

Ans: Vacuoles not only store many important substances, but they also contain cell
sap that give turgidity to cell. As, plants need to store the food and water they need
these vacuoles. Vacuoles occupy 90 percent of plant volume.

51. How are chromatin, chromatid and chromosomes related to each other?

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Ans: Chromosomes are made up of chromatids and chromatids are made up of
chromatin. Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes; chromatin is made up of
mass of DNA and Protein. Chromosomes consist of 2 sister chromatids which are
joined together by centromere.

52. What are the consequences of the following conditions?

(a) A cell containing higher water concentration than the surrounding medium

Ans: Exosmosis will occur because cells will lose the water to the outside
environment. As, the concentration of water outside is less and inside is more.

(b) A cell having low water concentration than the surrounding medium.

Ans: Endosmosis will occur, as the water will move inside the cell because
concentration of water outside the cell is higher and inside the cell is lower.

(c) A cell having equal water concentration to its surrounding medium.

Ans: When concentration of water outside the cell and inside the cell is equal then
there is no movement of water inside or outside the cell. Hence, no effect will be
there.

Long Answer Questions

53. Draw a plant cell and label the parts which

(a) determines the function and development of the cell

Ans: Nucleus

(b) packages materials coming from the endoplasmic reticulum

Ans: Golgi apparatus

(c) provides resistance to microbes to withstand hypotonic external media

without bursting

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Ans: Cell wall

(d) is the site for many biochemical reactions necessary to sustain life.

Ans: Cytoplasm

(e) is a fluid contained inside the nucleus

Ans: Nucleoplasm.

54. Illustrate only a plant cell as seen under electron microscope. How is it
different from animal cell?

Ans:

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 Animal Cell Plant Cell
Cell wall is absent Cell Wall is present
Plastids are absent in animal cell. Plastids are present in plant cell.
Vacuole is absent and if present are
A large vacuole is present.
very small.
Cytoplasm is denser. Cytoplasm is not very dense.

55. Draw a neat, labelled diagram of an animal cell.

Ans:

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56. Draw a well labelled diagram of a eukaryotic nucleus. How is it different
from a nucleoid?

Ans:

Nucleus Nucleoid
Nucleus is bounded by nuclear Nucleoid do not have any outer
membrane. membrane.
It contains nucleolus Do not contain nucleolus

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 Nucleoid is present in Prokaryotic
Nucleus is present in Eukaryotic cells.
cells.
Contains Plastids Doesn’t contain Plastids

57. Differentiate between rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. How is

endoplasmic reticulum important for membrane biogenesis?

Ans: The ribosomes, which are present in all active cells, are the sites of protein
synthesis. Endoplasmic reticulum helps in transporting these proteins to various
places. The smooth endoplasmic reticulum helps in manufacture of fat and lipids
which along with proteins help in building the cell membrane.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

(SER)
SER do not contain any kind of
ribosomes on its surface. And hence it
is called Smooth endoplasmic
reticulum.
SER is responsible for the production
of lipids and fat molecules.
(RER)
RER contains ribosomes on its surface.
And hence it is called Rough smooth
endoplasmic reticulum.
Ribosomes present on RER are the main
site for protein synthesis.

58. In brief state what happens when

(a) dry apricots are left for some time in pure water and later transferred to
sugar solution?

Ans: First it swells due to endosmosis because pure water has more water
concentration and water will move inside. Sugar solution has less water
concentration than inside the cell, therefore exosmosis occurs because water will
move out of the cell.

(b) a Red Blood Cell is kept in concentrated saline solution.

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Ans: It will lose water and shrink. Because saline or salt solution is hypertonic
solution and has less water concentration, therefore exosmosis will occur and water
will move out of the cell.

(c) the Plasma-membrane of a cell breaks down.

Ans: The cell will die. Plasma membrane provides both protection and shape to the
cell, it keeps cellular organelle intact.

(d) rheo leaves are boiled in water first and then a drop of sugar syrup is put
on it?

Ans: The cell gets killed on boiling therefore no plasmolysis will occur. Addition of
sugar solution halts the process of osmosis.

(e) Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell.

Ans: Golgi apparatus is responsible for many functions, main function includes
packaging and transporting of proteins and lipids to the targeted destinations. If
Golgi apparatus is removed this transport will not happen.

59. Draw a neat diagram of plant cell and label any three parts which
differentiate it from animal cell.

Ans:

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