Booklet 2 Topic 1

Student’s name: ______________________________ Subject: Biology
Class: 11 IB Teachers’ names: Hala & Rakan
Booklet (2): Topic 1: Cell biology
1. [1 mark]
The electron micrograph shows a thin section through a plant mesophyll cell.
[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euglena_sp.jpg, by Deuterostome

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/legalcode]

What is the magnification of the image?
A. × 75
B. × 300
C. × 3000
D. × 7500
IB Questionbank Biology
1
2. [1 mark]
By which process do potassium ions move through potassium channels in axons?
A. Active transport
B. Exocytosis
C. Facilitated diffusion
D. Simple diffusion
3. [1 mark]
Which statement provides evidence for endosymbiosis?
A. Early prokaryotes contributed to a large increase in oxygen in the atmosphere.
B. Eukaryotic mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA.
C. Certain groups of ancient prokaryotes developed mechanisms to carry out aerobic respiration.
D. Experiments by Miller and Urey produced simple organic molecules in abiotic conditions.
4. [1 mark]
In the micrograph, which letter points to a cell in anaphase?
[Source: Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library,

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitotic_Stages_in_Apical_Meristem_of_Allium_Root_Tip_(36762516673).jpg,licens
ed under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 Universal Public Domain Dedication]
2
5. [1 mark]
Students examined micrographs and counted cells in the different stages of mitosis as well as those cells
with no visible chromosomes. The table shows their results.
What is the mitotic index?

A. 0.2
B. 0.4
C. 0.6
D. 0.7
6. [1 mark]
Stargardt’s disease, a genetic disorder that causes vision loss, is being treated using retinal cells derived
from human embryonic stem cells. Why are embryonic stem cells used?
A. They are already specialized for this function.
B. They are able to differentiate into the required cell type.
C. They retain stem cell properties after specialization.
D. There are no ethical issues concerning their use.
7a. [2 marks]
Outline the cell theory.
3
7b. [2 marks]
State two functions of life.
7c. [3 marks]
List three characteristics of eukaryotic homologous chromosomes.
4
7d. [3 marks]
Using the following table, compare and contrast anaerobic cell respiration in yeasts and in humans. The
first row has been completed as an example.
8a. [1 mark]
State the property of amphipathic phospholipids that enables them to form a bilayer.
8b. [1 mark]
State the reason cis and trans fatty acids are said to be unsaturated.
8c. [1 mark]
During photosynthesis plants use water in the conversion of light energy to chemical energy.
State the name of this process.
5
8d. [3 marks]
Explain how water is used in photosynthesis.
9a. [2 marks]
An experiment was carried out on osmosis in carrot (Daucus carota) root tissue and potato (Solanum
tuberosum) tuber tissue. Similar sized pieces of tissue were cut and soaked in different sucrose solutions
for 24 hours. The results are shown in the graph below.
6
Using the graph, estimate isotonic sucrose solutions for potato tissue and carrot tissue.
Potato:
Carrot:
9b. [1 mark]
Suggest a reason for the difference in the isotonic points for the potato and the carrot tissues.
9c. [2 marks]
From the evidence provided by the graph, evaluate the reliability of these data.
9d. [2 marks]
Explain one reason for calculating the percentage change in mass.
7
10a. [1 mark]
An experiment was carried out to study osmosis in plant cells. Small cylinders of zucchini (Cucurbita
pepo) were cut and placed in different sucrose solutions at 25 °C. The figure shows the percentage
changes in mass after 24 hours.
Estimate the solute concentration of the zucchini cells.
10b. [1 mark]
If a zucchini is allowed to dry in the open air, predict how the osmolarity of the zucchini cells would
change.
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10c. [2 marks]
Explain one reason for calculating the percentage changes in mass.
10d. [1 mark]
Predict what would happen to a red blood cell placed in distilled water.
11. [1 mark]
Which graph represents the change in cell surface area to volume ratio with increasing cell diameter?
[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
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12. [1 mark]
The image shows an electron micrograph of part of a cell.
[Source: Dr. Eldon Newcomb – Emeritis Professor at The University of Wisconsin – Madison.]

Which features do the two structures labelled X and Y have in common?
A. They are surrounded by a double membrane.
B. They contain 70S ribosomes.
C. They contain naked DNA.
D. They are only found in leaf cells.
10
13. [1 mark]
The images show a sequence of changes in an organism.
[Source: Copyright (2007) National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A. 'A comparative analysis of frog early development'.
Eugenia M. del Pino, Michael Venegas-Ferrín, Andrés Romero-Carvajal, Paola Montenegro-Larrea, Natalia
Sáenz-Ponce, Iván M. Moya, Ingrid Alarcón, Norihiro Sudou, Shinji Yamamoto, and Masanori Taira,
PNAS July 17, 2007 104 (29) 11882–11888; https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0705092104]
What is the change and which process is necessary for it to occur?
14. [1 mark]
Which process(es) occur(s) by osmosis?
I. Uptake of water by cells in the wall of the intestine
II. Loss of water from a plant cell in a hypertonic environment
III. Evaporation of water from sweat on the skin surface
A. I only
B. I and II only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III

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15. [1 mark]
The table shows the number of cells in various stages of the cell cycle in four samples of ovarian tissue
from different patients. Which tissue sample A, B, C or D has the highest mitotic index?

16. [1 mark]
Which structures are found only in prokaryotic cells?
A. Ribosomes
B. Pili
C. Cell walls
D. Flagella
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17. [1 mark]
The magnification of the micrograph is 2000×.
[Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/HeLa_cells_stained_with_Hoechst_33258.jpg
by TenOfAllTrades.]

What is the maximum diameter of the nucleus in the cell labelled X?
A. 10 μm
B. 10 nm
C. 20 μm
D. 20 nm
13
18. [1 mark]
The image shows a micrograph of a cell.
[Source: © 2014,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mitosis_(261_13)_Pressed;_root_meristem_of_onion_(cells_
in_prophase,_metaphase,_anaphase,_telophase).jpg by Doc. RNDr. Josef Reischig, CSc.]

What explains the appearance of the cell in the micrograph?
A. The cell is dying.
B. The DNA is replicating.
C. The cell is in metaphase.
D. The cell is in telophase.
19. [1 mark]
Which processes are involved in the development of cancer?
I. Mutations occur in oncogenes.
II. Oncogenes prevent cancer.
III. Oncogenes affect cell cycle regulatory proteins.
A. I and II only
B. I and III only
C. II and III only
D. I, II and III
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20. [1 mark]
The table shows concentrations of potassium ions and sodium ions inside and outside human cells.

What explains these concentrations?
A. Potassium ions diffuse in and sodium ions diffuse out.
B. Sodium ions diffuse in and potassium ions diffuse out.
C. Active transport pumps sodium ions in and potassium ions out.
D. Active transport pumps sodium ions out and potassium ions in.
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21. [1 mark]
The image shows a phagocytic white blood cell as seen with a transmission electron microscope.
[Source: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Monocyte_TEM_0002.jpg, by Cafer Zorkun is licensed

under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License]

Which features can be found both within this cell and in a photosynthetic bacterium?
A. Chloroplasts
B. Multiple nuclei
C. 70S ribosomes
D. Lysosomes
16
22. [1 mark]
Which is an essential feature of the Davson–Danielli model of membrane structure?
A. A phospholipid monolayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
B. A layer of protein sandwiched between two layers of lipid
C. A phospholipid bilayer with intrinsic and extrinsic proteins
D. A layer of lipid sandwiched between two layers of protein
23. [1 mark]
The diagram shows a stage in cell division.

What is the stage shown?
A. Anaphase I of mitosis
B. Anaphase II of mitosis
C. Anaphase I of meiosis
D. Anaphase II of meiosis

17
24a. [1 mark]
Identify which electron micrograph shows a mitochondrion, providing one observation to support your
choice.
18
24b. [3 marks]
Discuss the evidence for the theory that mitochondria may have evolved from free-living prokaryotes by
endosymbiosis.
25a. [4 marks]
Outline four types of membrane transport, including their use of energy.
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25b. [3 marks]
Draw the structure of a dipeptide.
20
26a. [4 marks]
The electron micrographs show a typical prokaryote and a mitochondrion.
Compare and contrast the structure of a typical prokaryotic cell with that of a mitochondrion.
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26b. [2 marks]
Explain how mitochondria could have been formed from free living prokaryotes.
27a. [3 marks] Outline the functions of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.
22
27b. [5 marks]
Outline the control of metabolism by end-product inhibition.
27c. [7 marks]
Explain how hydrophobic and hydrophilic properties contribute to the arrangement of molecules in a
membrane.
23
28a. [1 mark]
Identify the stage of mitosis labelled X in the image, giving a reason.
[Source: Copyright 2002, The Trustees of Indiana University]
28b. [2 marks]
Outline what is indicated by the mitotic index of tissue taken from a tumour.
24
28c. [2 marks]
DNA has regions that do not code for proteins. State two functions of these regions.
1.
2.

28d. [2 marks]
DNA methylation has a critical role in gene regulation by affecting transcription. Samples were taken
from two colon cancer tumours (T1 and T2) and two normal colon samples (N1 and N2). A particular
gene was implicated as a possible cause of cancer. The promoter of this gene was cloned (A–J). The data
show the DNA methylation patterns from these samples. The numbers (32–269) represent different
markers in the promoter.
25
[Source: Philipp Schatz, Dimo Dietrich & Matthias Schuster. Rapid analysis of CpG methylation patterns
using RNase T1
cleavage and MALDI-TOF. Nucleic Acids Research (2004) 32 (21): e167, doi:10.1093/nar/gnh165.
Reproduced by permission of Oxford University Press]
Outline the difference in methylation pattern between tumorous and normal tissue samples.

26
28e. [1 mark]
Suggest a way methylation may affect tumour cell genes.
29a. [2 marks]
Membrane structure can be investigated using a technique known as freeze fracture.
Cells are frozen and then split. Fracturing often occurs between the two phospholipid layers of
membranes in the cell. An electron micrograph of such a fractured membrane is shown.
27
[Source: © Science Photo Library]
Using the scale bar, calculate the magnification of the image.
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29b. [2 marks]
Explain how electron micrographs such as this helped to falsify the Davson–Danielli model of membrane
structure.
29c. [2 marks]
Explain how the amphipathic nature of phospholipids allows them to form bilayers.
29
30a. [1 mark]
Two models of plasma membrane structure are shown.
[Source: diagram from article published in The American Journal of Pathology, 65, J Singer and G
Nicolson,
The structure and chemistry of mammalian cell membranes, 427–437, Copyright Elsevier (1971)]
State the scientists who proposed model A.
30b. [1 mark]
Label the model A diagram to show a region of protein.
30c. [1 mark]
Label the model B diagram to show a phospholipid.
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30d. [1 mark]
Phospholipase C is an enzyme that digests the polar heads of phospholipids. Scientists used
phospholipase C to test these models of membrane structure. They found that the enzyme could digest
the heads of phospholipids in the plasma membranes of red blood cells.
Deduce one conclusion about the structure of the plasma membrane reached by the scientists from their
results.
30e. [2 marks]
Suggest one reason for maintaining a pH of 7.5 throughout the experiment.
30f. [1 mark]
State one technological improvement, other than enzymatic digestion, that led to the falsification of
previous models to determine the current model of membrane structure.
31
31. [1 mark]
If cells of a multicellular organism have the same genes, how can there be many different cell types in a
body?
A. Some genes but not others are expressed in each cell type.
B. Cells lose some genes as development occurs.
C. Genes do not determine the structure of a cell.
D. Cells must practice division of labour in order to survive.
32. [1 mark]
The diagram represents the nucleus of a cell 2 n = 8 in late prophase of mitosis.
Which diagram represents a cell from the same species in anaphase II of meiosis?
32
33. [1 mark]
The electron micrograph shows part of a cell. Which organelle is the site of aerobic respiration?
33
34. [1 mark]
The images are microscopic views of two similar cells.
What is a reason for the differences between the two micrographs?

A. The lower image has a higher magnification.
B. The lower image has greater resolution.
C. A nucleus can only be seen in the upper image.
D. The upper image is an electron micrograph.
35. [1 mark]
What part of the plasma membrane is fluid, allowing the movement of proteins in accordance with the
fluid mosaic model?
34
36. [1 mark]
In a copy of Louis Pasteur’s famous experiment, broth was put into flasks as shown in the diagrams.
What results would be expected with no spontaneous generation of life?

A. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flask W.
B. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W and X.
C. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W, X and Y.
D. Decomposition of broth by microbes occurred only in Flasks W, X and Z.
35
37a. [4 marks]
The structure of prokaryotic cells has been investigated using electron microscopy. Draw a labelled
diagram to show prokaryotic cell structure.
37b. [4 marks]
Outline the reasons for differences between the proteomes of cells within a multicellular organism.
36
37c. [7 marks]
Discuss the cell theory and its limitations.
37
38a. [2 marks]
The micrograph shows mitosis in a cell of an onion (Allium cepa) root tip.
Deduce, with a reason, which stage of mitosis is shown.
38b. [1 mark]
The cells visible in the onion root tip were classified and counted.
38
Calculate the mitotic index.
39. [1 mark]
Where could genes be located in a prokaryotic cell?
40. [1 mark]
Which organelle provides evidence that eukaryotic cells originated when large prokaryotes engulfed
small free-living prokaryotes?
A. Chloroplast
B. Nucleoid
C. 80S ribosome
D. Vacuole
39
41. [1 mark]
The concentrations of cyclins rise and fall in cells at certain times.
[Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclin#/media/File:Cyclin_Expression.svg]
What times are these?
A. Day and night
B. Seasons of the year
C. Stages of mitosis and interphase
D. Developmental stages in the life cycle
42. [1 mark]
When compared to other body cells, which characteristic of stem cells is the most important for
therapeutic uses?
A. Less differentiation
B. Less excretion
C. Lower rate of reproduction
D. Lower rate of metabolism
43. [1 mark]
Which molecule regulates the fluidity of cell membranes?
A. Phospholipid
B. Cholesterol
C. Glycoprotein
D. Peripheral protein
40
44. [1 mark]
Pasteur carried out a series of experiments that provided strong evidence against a widely supported
theory. What was this theory?
A. Endosymbiosis
B. Spontaneous generation
C. Conservative replication of DNA
D. Evolution
45. [1 mark]
The image shows cells in the different stages of mitosis. Which cell is in telophase?
[Source: © The Trustees of Indiana University]

46. [1 mark]
Which type of transportation happens in the sodium–potassium pump?
A. Facilitated diffusion
B. Osmosis
C. Simple diffusion
D. Active transport
41
47a. [2 marks]
Data was collected on rabbit red blood cells that were exposed to sodium chloride (NaCl) and scorpion
venom. Under some osmotic conditions red blood cells swell and burst, releasing hemoglobin
(hemolysis). The graph shows the response of red blood cells to different concentrations of sodium
chloride, with and without scorpion venom.
[Source: Adapted from Mirakabadi A Z, et al., (2006), J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., 12 (1), pages
67–77 (London: BioMed Central)]
Outline the effect of the venom on the hemolysis of red blood cells.
47b. [3 marks]
Describe how the variables would be controlled in an experiment to estimate the osmolarity of plant
tissue.
42
48. [1 mark]
The image is of a Paramecium
[Source: Adapted from www.biology-resources.com. Copyright 2004-2017 D G Mackean & Ian Mackean.
All rights reserved.]
Which function is accomplished by structures X and Y in the Paramecium?
49. [1 mark]
The salt concentration inside an animal cell is 1.8 %. The salt concentration in the surrounding medium
becomes 5 %. What will be the likely response?
A. The cell will gain water from the medium.
B. The cell will lose salt to the medium.
C. The cell will remain unchanged.
D. The cell will shrink from loss of water.
43
50. [1 mark]
A diagram of a membrane

In the diagram, which structure is an intrinsic or integral protein?
51. [1 mark]
What occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?
A. Spindles are formed from microtubules.
B. Chromosome number is conserved.
C. Homologous chromosomes pair up.
D. Centromeres split.
44
52. [1 mark]
[Source: Adapted from www.biology-resources.com. Copyright 2004–2017 D G Mackean & Ian Mackean.
All rights reserved.]
Which function is accomplished by structures X and Y in the Paramecium?
45
Booklet 2 answers
1. [1 mark]
C
2. [1 mark]
C
3. [1 mark]
B
4. [1 mark]
B
5. [1 mark]
B
6. [1 mark]
B
7a. [2 marks]
a. cells can only arise from preexisting cells ✔
b. living organisms are composed of cells/smallest unit of life ✔

c. organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell/cells perform life
functions «at some point in their existence» ✔
d. although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions ✔

7b. [2 marks]
a. nutrition ✔
b. metabolism/respiration ✔
c. growth ✔
d. response/irritability ✔
e. excretion ✔
f. homeostasis ✔
g. reproduction ✔
Do not allow “feeding”, plants do not “feed”.
46
Mark the first two answers only.
7c. [3 marks]
a. linear DNA molecules
OR
DNA associated with histone «proteins» ✔
b. carry the same sequence of genes ✔
c. «but» not necessarily the same alleles «of those genes» ✔
d. both are present when nucleus is in diploid state ✔

OR
occur in pairs ✔
e. have same size/length/banding patterns ✔
f. centromeres are in the same position ✔

7d. [3 marks]
Award [1] per correct row.

8a. [1 mark]
have both a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region
OR
have both a polar and a non-polar region ✔
8b. [1 mark]
they have a double bond between carbon/C «atoms»
OR
they could hold more hydrogen ✔
Accept clearly annotated diagrams to that effect.
Do not accept double bonds between C and any other atom
47
8c. [1 mark]
photolysis / light-dependent «reactions/stages» / photophosphorylation ✔

8d. [3 marks]
a. water is split/broken «up»/lysed/undergoes photolysis ✔ For mpa, reject “water is cut in half”.
For mpa, accept photolysis only if the context shows that water is being split.
b. producing/providing electrons ✔
c. replaces electrons lost by Photosystem II / PSII / P680 / chlorophyll a ✔ For mpc, do not accept
just chlorophyll.
d. allows electrons «to continue» to pass along the electron transport chain ✔
e. provides protons/H+ «inside thylakoid» to help generate a «proton» gradient/maintain high
concentration inside thylakoid ✔ For mpe, reject pumping of protons into the thylakoid as photolysis
produces them inside the thylakoid.
9a. [2 marks]
potato: 0.26 mol dm–3 ✔ Allow a range of 0.22–0.32

carrot: 0.50 mol dm–3 ✔ Allow a range of 0.45–0.55 (Allow 1 max if no units or either unit is omitted)
9b. [1 mark]
different dissolved solutes/sugars/sucrose/salts/molarities ✔

OR
may have been grown in different soils giving their tissues different contents ✔
OR
may have been stored under different conditions ✔
OR
may be more dehydrated / different water content ✔
OR
different types of tissue / different age ✔
Do not accept starch.
9c. [2 marks]
a. the data show clear trends
OR
a trend line could be drawn through these data
OR
there are no outliers ✔
b. the error bars/standard deviations shown
OR
the error bars/standard deviations vary with concentration ✔
48
c. sample size is unknown ✔
9d. [2 marks]
a. the change in mass indicates whether the tissue has gained/lost water ✔
b. the pieces of tissue will not be the same mass «at the beginning of the experiment» ✔
c. to compare the relative changes in mass ✔

10a. [1 mark]
0.36 mol dm-3/M ✔

Units required
Allow a range of 0.35–0.37 mol dm-3/M.
10b. [1 mark]
osmolarity will increase «because the cells become dehydrated»
OR
the cells become hypertonic ✔
Accept water potential of the tissue decreases.
Do not accept "change" instead of "increase".
10c. [2 marks]
a. the change in mass indicates whether the tissue has gained/lost water ✔
b. the pieces of tissue will not all be the same mass «at the beginning of the experiment» ✔
c. to compare the relative changes in mass ✔

10d. [1 mark]
a. water would move into the red blood cells ✔

b. it would lyse
OR
swell
OR
burst ✔
11. [1 mark]
B
12. [1 mark]
A
13. [1 mark]
B
49
14. [1 mark]
B
15. [1 mark]
C
16. [1 mark]
B
17. [1 mark]
A
18. [1 mark]
C
19. [1 mark]
B
20. [1 mark]
D
21. [1 mark]
C
22. [1 mark]
D
23. [1 mark]
D
24a. [1 mark]
«micrograph» C cristae/double membrane is visible/«folds of» membranes inside ✔

Must state observation
24b. [3 marks]
a. «double» membrane may have formed when engulfed ✔

b. replicate by binary fission like free-living prokaryotes
OR
reproduce separate from «host» cell replication ✔
c. they have their own «circular» DNA AND reproduce on their own ✔
50
d. they have «70s» ribosomes AND can manufacture «their own» proteins ✔
e. have organelle«s» similar to free-living prokaryotes ✔
f. similar in size to free-living prokaryotes ✔
g. mitochondrial inner membranes manufacture ATP like bacterial membranes ✔
h. currently there is no free-living prokaryote like a mitochondrion ✔

25a. [4 marks]
a. simple diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a concentration gradient ✔

b. facilitated diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a concentration gradient
through a protein channel «without use of energy» ✔
c. osmosis is the passage of water through a membrane from lower solute concentration to higher
✔ OWTTE
d. active transport is movement of molecules/ions against the concentration gradient«through
membrane pumps» with the use of ATP/energy ✔ Active transport requires mention of the use of
energy.
e. endocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to bring molecules into cell with
use of energy
OR
exocytosis is the infolding of membrane/formation of vesicles to release molecules from cell with
use of energy ✔
f. chemiosmosis occurs when protons diffuse through ATP synthase «in membrane» to produce ATP
✔
The description of each type of transport should include the name and brief description.
mpa, mpb and mpc require reference to concentration.

25b. [3 marks]
a. two amino acids, one with NH2/NH3+end and one with COOH/COO– end ✔
b. peptide bond between C=0 and N—H correctly drawn ✔
c. «chiral» C with H and R group on each amino acid ✔

d. peptide bond labelled/clearly indicated between C terminal of one amino acid and N terminal of
the second amino acid ✔
51
Labels not required for amino group and carboxyl group.
26a. [4 marks]
differences
a. prokaryote has cell wall but mitochondrion does not ✔

b. mitochondrion has double membrane whereas prokaryote has single membrane
OR
«Gram negative» bacteria have cell wall between two membranes whereas mitochondria has
intermembrane space between two membranes ✔
c. mitochondrion has cristae/invaginations of inner membrane but prokaryote does not
OR
prokaryote «may have» flagella/pili/«slime» capsule which mitochondria do not have ✔
similarities
d. 70S ribosomes in both ✔
e. DNA in both / loop of DNA in both / naked DNA in both ✔

f. shape similar/both rod shaped/OWTTE
OR
size of both is similar/both about 3 μm long ✔
g. both are membrane-bound/OWTTE ✔

26b. [2 marks]
a. endocytosis/engulfing of prokaryote by a larger/another/anaerobic prokaryote/cell ✔

b. double membrane of the mitochondrion is the result of endocytosis
OR
inner membrane of mitochondrion from engulfed cell and outer from food vacuole ✔
c. «engulfed prokaryotic cell» was aerobic/respired aerobically/consumed oxygen
OR
«engulfed prokaryotic cell» provided energy/ATP ✔
52
d. «engulfed prokaryotic cell» not destroyed/not digested
OR
«endo»symbiotic/mutualistic relationship developed ✔
e. «engulfed prokaryotic cell» had its own DNA/own «70S» ribosomes ✔

Do not award mpc for “mitochondrion makes ATP”.
27a. [3 marks]
a. ribosomes on RER synthesize/produce polypeptides/proteins ✔
b. proteins from RER for secretion/export/use outside cell/for lysosomes ✔
c. Golgi alters/modifies proteins/example of modification ✔

d. vesicles budded off Golgi transport proteins «to plasma membrane»
OR
exocytosis/secretion of proteins in vesicles from the Golgi ✔
Accept “for use inside and outside the cell” for mpb.
27b. [5 marks]
a. metabolism is chains/web of enzyme-catalyzed reactions
OR
metabolic pathway is a chain of enzyme-catalyzed reactions ✔
b. end product/inhibitor is final product of chain/pathway ✔
c. inhibits/binds to/blocks the first enzyme in chain/pathway ✔
d. non-competitive inhibition ✔
e. end-product/inhibitor binds to an allosteric site/site away from the active site ✔
f. changes the shape of the active site/affinity of the active site «for the substrate» ✔
g. prevents intermediates from building up
OR
prevents formation of excess «end» product/stops production when there is enough
OR
whole metabolic pathway can be switched off ✔
h. negative feedback ✔
i. binding of the end product/inhibitor is reversible
OR
pathway restarts if end product/inhibitor detaches/if end product concentration is low ✔
j. isoleucine inhibits/slows «activity of first enzyme in» threonine to isoleucine pathway ✔
53
Allow mark points shown in clearly annotated diagrams.
To gain mpd, mpe and mpf the answer must be in the context of end-product inhibition, not enzyme
inhibition generally.
27c. [7 marks]
a. hydrophilic is attracted to/soluble in water and hydrophobic not attracted/insoluble ✔
b. hydrophilic phosphate/head and hydrophobic hydrocarbon/tail in phospholipids ✔
c. phospholipid bilayer in water/in membranes ✔
d. hydrophilic heads «of phospholipids» face outwards/are on surface ✔
e. hydrophobic tails «of phospholipids» face inwards/are inside/are in core ✔

f. cholesterol is «mainly» hydrophobic/amphipathic so is located among phospholipids/in
hydrophobic region of membrane ✔
g. some amino acids are hydrophilic and some are hydrophobic ✔
h. hydrophobic «amino acids/regions of» proteins in phospholipid bilayer «core» ✔
i. hydrophilic «amino acids/regions of» proteins are on the membrane surface ✔

j. integral proteins are embedded in membranes due to hydrophobic properties/region
OR
transmembrane proteins have a hydrophobic middle region and hydrophilic ends ✔
k. peripheral proteins on are on the membrane surface/among phosphate heads due to being
«entirely» hydrophilic
OR
«carbohydrate» part of glycoproteins is hydrophilic so is outside the membrane ✔
l. pore of channel proteins is hydrophilic ✔

Allow mark points shown in clearly annotated diagram.
In any part of the answer, accept polar instead of hydrophilic and non-polar or apolar instead of
hydrophobic.
28a. [1 mark]
telophase because the chromosomes/chromatids have reached the poles
OR
«late» anaphase as some chromosomes/chromatids are still moving/tails visible ✔
OWTTE
54
28b. [2 marks]
a. mitotic index is an indication of the ratio/percentage of cells undergoing mitosis/cell division ✔
b. cancer cells «generally» divide much more than normal «somatic» cells ✔
c. a high/elevated mitotic index in tumours / possible diagnosis of cancer /measure of how
aggressive/fast growing the tumour is ✔
28c. [2 marks]
a. promoters / operators / regulation of gene expression/transcription ✔
b. telomeres/give protection to the end of chromosomes «during cell division» ✔
c. genes for tRNA/rRNA production ✔
d. other valid function for non-coding sequence ✔

Do not accept stop codon, accept centromeres (connecting sister chromatids).
28d. [2 marks]
a. «overall» much more methylation in the colon tumour samples than normal ✔
b. tumour and normal samples the markers 258 and 269 similar degree of methylation/fewer
differences ✔
c. degree of methylation on certain markers may correlate with the presence of cancer / correct
example of a marker only methylated in tumour cells eg marker 32 ✔
28e. [1 mark]
a. «DNA» methylation may inhibit transcription of genes that would prevent cancer/tumor
formation ✔
b. «DNA» methylation may increase mitosis/cell division leading to tumor formation ✔

Do not accept discussion of histone methylation.
29a. [2 marks]
¯
scale length
✔
image ¿ ¿× 660 ¿
55
29b. [2 marks]
a. the Davson–Danielli model proposed two layers of protein on either side of a lipid bilayer ✔
OWTTE
b. micrographs illustrate proteins in and/or crossing the membrane ✔

29c. [2 marks]
a. amphipathic means that they are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ✔
b. the outside hydrophilic parts are exposed to water ✔
c. hydrophobic parts are away from water in the inside ✔

Water or lack of needs to be mentioned for mpb
30a. [1 mark]
Davson–Danielli ✔
30b. [1 mark]
Nicolson, The structure and chemistry of mammalian cell membranes, 427–437, Copyright Elsevier
(1971)]
Accept label to top protein.
56
30c. [1 mark]
Nicolson, The structure and chemistry of mammalian cell membranes, 427–437, Copyright Elsevier
(1971)]
Accept a label to any part of any phospholipid
Accept different form of labelling that clearly indicate the phospholipids.
30d. [1 mark]
a. phospholipids on outside/exposed ✔
b. impossibility of continuous protein layer «of Davson–Danielli/model A» ✔

c. supports idea of mosaic pattern of membrane
OR
supports model B ✔
Award any other valid conclusion.
Do not accept "membrane is made of phospholipids".
30e. [2 marks]
a. pH values away from optimum pH affect enzyme
OR
so enzyme can function properly
OR
pH 7.5 is the optimum pH for the enzyme ✔
b. sketch of enzyme activity versus pH ✔ Sketch of enzyme activity needs labels.

c. change in pH affects 3D structure of protein/active site
OR
change in pH denatures the enzyme / protein ✔
d. substrate does not fit in active site
OR
interaction of substrate and active site affected ✔
57
30f. [1 mark]
a. scanning electronmicrography / SEM ✔
b. freeze fracture/etching ✔
c. X-ray diffraction
OR
crystallography ✔
d. fluorescent antibody / marker tagging ✔

Do not accept electron microscope
Accept description of process
31. [1 mark]
A
32. [1 mark]
C
33. [1 mark]
C
34. [1 mark]
B
35. [1 mark]
B
36. [1 mark]
B
37a. [4 marks]
a. cell wall — a uniformly thick wall ✔

b. pili — hair-like structures connected to cell wall
OR
flagellum — at one end only, longer than pili ✔
c. plasma/cell membrane — represented by a continuous single line ✔

May be labelled as the innermost wall line
d. «70S» ribosomes — drawn as small discrete dots not circles ✔
e. naked DNA/nucleoid — region with DNA not enclosed in membrane ✔
f. cytoplasm — the non-structural material within the cell ✔
58

Award [1] for each structure clearly drawn and correctly labelled
Award [2 max] if any eukaryotic structure is drawn and labelled
37b. [4 marks]
a. all the genome is the same in all the cells of an organism ✔
b. the genome/DNA/genes instructs the production/expression of proteins/proteome ✔
c. the proteome is all the proteins produced by a cell ✔

d. the proteome varies with the function/location/cell differentiation/environmental conditions of
the cell ✔
e. specific genes are expressed/turned on/off in different cells ✔
f. «turning on/off» according to a required function ✔

Accept a specific example (eg: insulin only produced in pancreas)
37c. [7 marks]
cell theory:
a. cell theory is the accepted explanation of life ✔
b. organisms are composed of «one or more» cells ✔
c. cells are the basic/fundamental/smallest units of life ✔
d. cells can only come from pre-existing cells ✔
e. spontaneous generation of life has been disproven ✔
limitations:
f. striated muscle cells contain many nuclei «while most eukaryotic cells have one nucleus»
OR
red blood cells have no nucleus «while most eukaryotic cells have one nucleus» ✔
g. giant algae have complex single cell structure
OR
organisms as large as giant algae would be expected to be multicellular, but they have only one cell
with one nucleus ✔
h. aseptate fungal hyphae are tube-like structures that contain no cell membranes between the
many nuclei
OR
slime molds contain many nuclei ✔
i. viruses have some characteristics of living organisms but are not cells ✔
59
j. if all cells come from pre-existing cells, where did the first one come from? ✔
Allow description of Pasteur’s experiments
Do not accept a list of limitations without explanation
38a. [2 marks]
a. telophase ✔
b. chromatids/chromosomes have been pulled to the poles of the cell
OR
«2» new/daughter nuclei forming ✔
Do not accept cytokinesis
38b. [1 mark]
0.3 or 30 % ✔
39. [1 mark]
B
40. [1 mark]
A
41. [1 mark]
C
42. [1 mark]
A
43. [1 mark]
B
44. [1 mark]
B
45. [1 mark]
D
46. [1 mark]
D
60
47a. [2 marks]
a. in NaCl concentrations between 0.3 to 0.5 % venom increases the percentage of hemolysis/more
cells lyse
b. venom has no effect below 0.3% and above 0.55% NaCl
OR
Venom has no effect at very low or very high NaCl concentrations
47b. [3 marks]
a. weigh all pieces to ensure same amount of plant material/allow comparisons
b. control surface area by having same shape/ size
c. carry out experiment at same temperature e.g. using a water bath or constant room temperature
d. all samples in solution for same length of time
e. all samples from same plant (to minimize variability)
f. use a range of solutions of the same solute
g. constant method of removing excess fluid before weigh tissue samples
Do not accept just a list of controlled variables.
48. [1 mark]
B
49. [1 mark]
D
50. [1 mark]
B
51. [1 mark]
C
52. [1 mark]
A

61

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Booklet 2 Topic 1

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Student’s name: ______________________________ Subject: Biology

Class: 11 IB Teachers’ names: Hala & Rakan

Booklet (2): Topic 1: Cell biology

[Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Euglena_sp.jpg, by Deuterostome

[Source: Berkshire Community College Bioscience Image Library,

What is the mitotic index?

Estimate the solute concentration of the zucchini cells.

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

What is the change and which process is necessary for it to occur?

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

[Source: http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Monocyte_TEM_0002.jpg, by Cafer Zorkun is licensed

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]

[Source: Copyright 2002, The Trustees of Indiana University]

What is a reason for the differences between the two micrographs?

What results would be expected with no spontaneous generation of life?

Deduce, with a reason, which stage of mitosis is shown.

[Source: © The Trustees of Indiana University]

[Source: © International Baccalaureate Organization 2017]

a. cells can only arise from preexisting cells ✔

b. living organisms are composed of cells/smallest unit of life ✔

d. although most organisms conform to cell theory, there are exceptions ✔

b. carry the same sequence of genes ✔

c. «but» not necessarily the same alleles «of those genes» ✔

d. both are present when nucleus is in diploid state ✔

e. have same size/length/banding patterns ✔

f. centromeres are in the same position ✔

Award [1] per correct row.

photolysis / light-dependent «reactions/stages» / photophosphorylation ✔

potato: 0.26 mol dm–3 ✔ Allow a range of 0.22–0.32

different dissolved solutes/sugars/sucrose/salts/molarities ✔

c. to compare the relative changes in mass ✔

0.36 mol dm-3/M ✔

c. to compare the relative changes in mass ✔

a. water would move into the red blood cells ✔

«micrograph» C cristae/double membrane is visible/«folds of» membranes inside ✔

a. «double» membrane may have formed when engulfed ✔

e. have organelle«s» similar to free-living prokaryotes ✔

f. similar in size to free-living prokaryotes ✔

g. mitochondrial inner membranes manufacture ATP like bacterial membranes ✔

h. currently there is no free-living prokaryote like a mitochondrion ✔

a. simple diffusion is passive movement of molecules/ions along a concentration gradient ✔

b. peptide bond between C=0 and N—H correctly drawn ✔

c. «chiral» C with H and R group on each amino acid ✔

a. prokaryote has cell wall but mitochondrion does not ✔

d. 70S ribosomes in both ✔

e. DNA in both / loop of DNA in both / naked DNA in both ✔

g. both are membrane-bound/OWTTE ✔

a. endocytosis/engulfing of prokaryote by a larger/another/anaerobic prokaryote/cell ✔

e. «engulfed prokaryotic cell» had its own DNA/own «70S» ribosomes ✔

a. ribosomes on RER synthesize/produce polypeptides/proteins ✔

b. proteins from RER for secretion/export/use outside cell/for lysosomes ✔

c. Golgi alters/modifies proteins/example of modification ✔

b. end product/inhibitor is final product of chain/pathway ✔

c. inhibits/binds to/blocks the first enzyme in chain/pathway ✔

e. end-product/inhibitor binds to an allosteric site/site away from the active site ✔

j. isoleucine inhibits/slows «activity of first enzyme in» threonine to isoleucine pathway ✔

a. hydrophilic is attracted to/soluble in water and hydrophobic not attracted/insoluble ✔

b. hydrophilic phosphate/head and hydrophobic hydrocarbon/tail in phospholipids ✔

c. phospholipid bilayer in water/in membranes ✔

d. hydrophilic heads «of phospholipids» face outwards/are on surface ✔

e. hydrophobic tails «of phospholipids» face inwards/are inside/are in core ✔

g. some amino acids are hydrophilic and some are hydrophobic ✔

h. hydrophobic «amino acids/regions of» proteins in phospholipid bilayer «core» ✔

i. hydrophilic «amino acids/regions of» proteins are on the membrane surface ✔