Excretion in Humans 3 QP-merged PDF

1 (a) Define the term excretion.
[3]
Fig. 2.1 shows a dialysis machine for treating people who have kidney failure. The dialysate
(dialysis fluid) is a solution of glucose and salts.
blood
vessels
dialysis membrane
blood out
blood in
dialysate dialysate
out in
Fig. 2.1
(b) Explain how, when the patient is receiving dialysis treatment
(i) the loss of plasma proteins and red blood cells is prevented,
[1]
PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com
(ii) the normal glucose concentration of the blood is maintained.
[2]
(c) A person with kidney failure received regular dialysis treatment for 17 days.
Fig. 2.2 shows how the concentration of urea in the blood changed over the 17 days.
Fig. 2.2
(i) State how many times the person received dialysis treatment.
[1]
(ii) Calculate the decrease in the concentration of urea in the blood from the beginning
of dialysis until the end of the treatment.
[1]
(iii) Describe the changes that occur in the urea concentration in the blood over the
period shown in Fig. 2.2. You will gain credit for using the data in Fig. 2.2 in your
answer.
[3]
(iv) Explain the changes in urea concentration in the blood as shown in Fig. 2.2.
[4]
[Total: 15]
2 To stay healthy we need a balanced diet.
(a) Define the term balanced diet.
[2]
Protein is one nutrient present in a balanced diet. The body cannot store protein, so any
excess amino acids are broken down in the process of deamination, as shown in Fig. 5.1.
excess
amino acid
non-nitrogen nitrogen
compound compound
X urea
respiration
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
Fig. 5.1
(b)
b) Name the organ where deamination takes place.
[1]
(ii) Compound X is used as an energy source in respiration.
Suggest the name of compound X.
[1]
(iii) State the type of respiration shown in Fig. 5.1.
Explain your answer.
type of respiration
explanation
[2]
(c) The urea produced is transported to the kidney, where it is excreted.
Describe how urea is transported in the blood to the kidney.
[2]
Fig. 5.2 shows a kidney tubule (nephron) and its associated blood vessels.
A
B
Fig. 5.2
(d) Complete the table by naming the parts labelled A to D and stating one function for
each.
name of part function
[8]
(e) The volume of blood filtered by the kidneys is 1.18 dm3 min 1.
(i) Calculate the total volume of blood filtered in 24 hours.
Show your working.
volume = [2]
(ii) If the total volume of urine produced in 24 hours is 1.7 dm3, calculate the
percentage volume of the filtered blood excreted as urine in 24 hours.
Show your working.
% volume = [2]
[Total: 20]
[3]
(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a section through a kidney.
Fig. 3.1
(i) Using label lines and the letters given, label the following on Fig. 3.1.
F where filtration occurs,
R the renal artery,
U where urine passes to the bladder. [3]
(ii) Describe the process of filtration in the kidney.
[3]
(iii) Name the processes resulting in the reabsorption of
1.. glucos
2.. wate [3]
[Total: 12]
1 Which diet will cause the liver to produce the most urea?
A high carbohydrate, low fat

B high fat, high fibre
C high fat, low protein
D high protein, low carbohydrate
2 What is an example of excretion in mammals?
A the release of hormones from glands

B the release of saliva into the mouth
C the removal of undigested food through the anus
D the removal of urea by the kidneys
3 Where is urea formed?
A kidneys
B liver
C muscles
D small intestine
4 Which substance is lost from the body of a healthy person by the kidneys, but not by the lungs?
A carbon dioxide
B glucose
C urea
D water
5 The diagram shows some organs in which urea is found.
Which organ makes urea, and which organ removes it from the blood?
6 What is a function of the kidneys of a healthy person?
A break down toxins

B eliminate all salts
C reabsorb all glucose
D retain all water
7 Where are hormones removed from the blood and broken down in the human body?
A gall bladder
B kidneys
C liver
D stomach
8 Where is urea produced in the human body and from which chemicals is it produced?
produced chemical
A intestine proteins
B kidneys amino acids
C kidneys fatty acids
D liver amino acids
9 The table shows the composition of a liquid found in the human body.
In a healthy person, which structure contains this liquid?
B C
10 Which function does not occur in the kidneys?
A breakdown of alcohol
B removal of excess salts from the blood
C removal of excess water from the blood
D removal of urea from the blood
11 Which two substances are both reabsorbed in the kidneys?
A glucose and salts

B glucose and starch
C glycogen and salts
D glycogen and starch
12 What is the function of the kidney?
A making glucose and reabsorbing urea

B making urea and removing salts
C removing glucose and reabsorbing salts
D removing urea and reabsorbing glucose
13 How is urea removed from the body?
A as insoluble waste
B by being destroyed in the liver
C in expired air
D in solution
14 How does blood change as it passes through a kidney?
A It gains glucose.
B It gains salts.
C It loses protein.
D It loses urea.
15 The table shows the percentage composition of some chemicals found in blood entering the
kidney of a healthy person.
What is the percentage composition of the same chemicals in the urine of a healthy person?
16 Which organs remove excretory products from the blood?
A bladder and liver

B bladder and lungs
C kidneys and bladder
D lungs and kidneys
17 The diagram shows the human urinary system.
What is the part labelled X?
A renal artery
B renal vein
C ureter
D urethra
18 A person has a high-protein diet.
What describes the level of urea in the blood leaving the liver and in the urine leaving the
kidneys?
19 Which food type, when eaten in excess, will cause a rise in the urea content of urine?
A carbohydrate
B fat
C mineral salts
D protein
20 A healthy person eats a very high-protein diet.
What effect will this have on their urine?
A It will contain amino acids.

B It will contain glucose.
C It will contain more urea.
D It will contain more water.
21 The graph shows the rates of sweat production and urine production at different environmental
temperatures.
150 sweat
100
rate of
production
/ cm3 per hour
50
urine
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
environmental
temperature / °C
Which statement is correct?
A As the temperature increases, the rate of sweat production decreases.
B At 22 °C the rates of sweat and urine production are the same.

C Urine and sweat production are directly proportional to environmental temperature.
D When the urine production decreases, the sweat production decreases.
renal vein
renal artery
ureter
bladder
Which row shows substances that are present in each of these structures in a healthy person?
23 Which set of conditions would make the percentage of water in urine decrease the most?
Which substance is not found in the liquid at X in a healthy person?
A glucose
B salt
C toxins
D urea
25 In which order does urea pass through structures in the body?
A kidney → ureter → liver → urethra
B kidney → urethra → liver → ureter
C liver → kidney → ureter → urethra
D liver → urethra → kidney → ureter
26 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?
27 Which substance is lost from the body by the kidneys, lungs and skin?
A carbon dioxide
B excess ions
C urea
D water
28 Which organ produces urea?
A bladder
B kidney
C liver
D pancreas
29 Blood passes through the kidney and some substances leave the blood as filtered liquid. From
this liquid certain substances are reabsorbed back into the blood.
The table shows the percentage of four substances in the blood plasma, the filtered liquid and
urine.
Which substances are reabsorbed from the filtered liquid?
A glucose and water

B protein and glucose
C urea and protein
D water and urea
30 The diagram shows a kidney and its blood vessels.
artery
vein
ureter
In a healthy person, which structures transport glucose?
A artery only
B artery and ureter
C artery and vein
D ureter and vein
31 The diagram shows the human excretory system and its main associated blood vessels.
Which labelled structure contains urine?
32 The table shows the amount of water and salt lost from the kidneys and skin on a hot day and on
a cold day. Food and drink intake are the same on both days.
water lost from water lost from salt lost from salt lost from
kidneys / dm3 skin / dm3 kidney / g skin / g
cold day 1.8 0.0 20.2 0.0

hot day 0.4 2.3 14.4 5.8
What do these results show?
A Less water is lost from the kidneys on a cold day than on a hot day.
B More salt is lost from the kidneys on a hot day than on a cold day.
C The total amount of salt lost each day is the same.
D Water is not lost from the kidneys on hot days.
33 Blood is filtered in the kidneys. After this filtration, some substances are reabsorbed into the
blood and other substances pass out of the body in the urine.
Which line shows the correct movement of substances in a healthy person?
substances reabsorbed into the substances passed out of the

blood body in the urine
A glucose, some salts, urea glucose, some salts, some water

B glucose, some salts, some water some salts, some water, urea
C some salts, some water, urea glucose, some water, urea
D some salts, some water, urea glucose, some salts, some water
34 Four urine samples were collected on different days from a person whose exercise and water
intake was the same each day.
Which sample was collected on a cold day?
35 The table shows an analysis of urine and of blood after filtration in the kidney.
Which substance is completely reabsorbed by the kidney?
A glucose
B salts
C urea
D water
36 What describes the excretion of urea?
removal of removal of removal of

removal of
undigested metabolic substances
toxic products
food wastes in excess
A key
B true
C not true
D
37 The average percentage of water in human urine is 96 %. This percentage changes when
conditions change.
Which set of conditions will make the percentage of water in the urine decrease most?
1 The lungs and the kidneys are excretory organs of the human body.
(a) (i) Define the term excretion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(ii) State an excretory product that is passed out through the lungs.
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) Outline the role of the liver in excretion.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[3]
(b) Fig. 4.1 is a vertical section of the kidney.
P L
Fig. 4.1
Table 4.1 shows the functions of parts of the kidney.
Complete the table by:
• naming the part of the kidney that carries out each function
• using letters from Fig. 4.1 to identify the part of the kidney named.
One row has been completed for you.
Table 4.1
function name of part letter from Fig. 4.1
blood is filtered
concentration of urine is
medulla L
determined
urine flows to the
bladder
blood is carried into the
kidney
blood flows out of the
kidney
[4]
(c) People with kidney disease are often treated in renal dialysis clinics. Their blood passes
through tubes lined with a special membrane for about three hours.
(i) State two waste substances that are removed from the blood by dialysis.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]
(ii) Kidney patients may be given a kidney transplant. State one advantage and one
disadvantage of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.
advantage ..........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
disadvantage .....................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
[2]
[Total: 15]
2 Fig. 5.1 shows a cross-section of a kidney.
F
G
Fig. 5.1
(a) Name the structures labelled, E, F and G as shown in Fig. 5.1.
E .....................................................................................
F ......................................................................................
G .....................................................................................
[3]
(b) Explain the function of the renal capsule in the kidney.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(c) Glucose is reabsorbed, back into the blood, by active transport.
Define active transport.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[2]
(d) Give one example, other than glucose, of a substance that is reabsorbed into the blood from
the renal tubule.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
(e) Dialysis is a treatment for kidney disease.
Fig. 5.2 shows a dialysis machine.
dialysis machine
blood pump
arm used dialysis

fluid
fresh dialysis
fluid
Fig. 5.2
(i) The composition of the dialysis fluid changes as it passes through the dialysis machine.
Complete Table 5.1 using the words ‘low’, ‘high’, ‘same’ or ‘none’ to show how the
concentration of each substance changes in the dialysis fluid.
The last one has been done for you.
Table 5.1
concentration of substance in:
blood before
substance used dialysis fluid fresh dialysis fluid
dialysis
glucose normal
salts high
urea high
toxins high high low

[3]
(ii) Explain how a dialysis machine filters blood.
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................[4]
(f) Kidney transplants are the most common organ transplants.
Describe the advantages of a kidney transplant compared with dialysis.
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
(g) Before a kidney is transplanted, it is important to match the tissue type of the donor with the
tissue type of the recipient.
State why this is necessary.
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 20]
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
...............................................................................................................................................[3]
Fig. 2.1 is a diagram of a kidney tubule and its blood supply.
blood
2
blood
Fig. 2.1
(b) The concentrations of solutes in the fluids at regions 1, 2, 3 and 4 were determined. The
results are shown in Table 2.1.
Table 2.1
concentration / g dm–3
substance
region 1 region 2 region 3 region 4
glucose 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.0
protein 82.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
salts 8.0 8.0 9.6 16.5
urea 0.2 0.2 0.2 20.0
State the substance or substances in Table 2.1 which:
(i) has molecules which are too large to be filtered;
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(ii) has molecules which are small enough to be filtered but is completely reabsorbed from
the fluid in the kidney tubule;
.......................................................................................................................................[1]
(iii) increases in concentration as fluid moves along the kidney tubule.
1 ........................................................................................................................................
2 ....................................................................................................................................[1]
(c) State three structures through which the fluid from region 4 passes as it leaves the body.
1 ................................................................................................................................................
2 ................................................................................................................................................
3 ............................................................................................................................................[3]
(d) One role of the kidney is to maintain the concentration of the blood plasma.
Name the process of maintaining constant conditions within the body.
...............................................................................................................................................[1]
[Total: 10]
1 The kidneys remove metabolic waste from the liquid part of the blood.
Name:
(i) the liquid part of the blood;
[1]
(ii) the process that involves removing metabolic waste from the body.
[1]
Fig. 1.1 shows a kidney tubule and its associated blood vessels.
X
A
Fig. 1.1
(b) Describe the functions of the regions labelled A and B.
[4]
Table 1.1 shows the concentrations of some substances in the blood at X, the fluid at Y and
the urine at Z.
Table 1.1
(c) Name the substance shown in Table 1.1 that:
(i) has molecules that are too large to pass through the walls of capillaries;
[1]
(ii) is all reabsorbed in the kidney;
[1]
(iii) is a metabolic waste product.
[1]
(d) Explain why the concentrations of sodium ions and urea are greater at Z than at Y.
[2]
(e) People who have acute kidney failure are given dialysis treatment.
In dialysis machines, the blood flows through narrow tubes made from partially
permeable membranes, surrounded by dialysis fluid.
(i) Dialysis fluid contains sodium ions.
Use the information in Table 1.1 to suggest the concentration of sodium ions that
should be in the fluid and give a reason for your answer.
concentration g per 100 cm3
reason
[2]
(ii) State two components of blood that are not in dialysis fluid.
2 [2]
(f) Heparin is added to the blood before it returns to the body from the dialysis machine.
Heparin prevents a person’s blood from clotting.
Describe the process of blood clotting.
[3]
[Total: 18]
2 Fig. 3.1 shows a vertical section of a kidney.
E F
Fig. 3.1
(a) Name the parts E, F and G.
G [3]
(b) Substances move into and out of cells in kidney tubules.
Fig. 3.2 shows four processes, H, J, K and L, that occur in cells lining the kidney
tubule.
The net movement of substance is shown by an arrow, in each case.
H J K L
nucleus
kidney
tubule
cell
outside the cells

key
high concentration
low concentration
Fig. 3.2
(i) Complete Table 3.1 by stating the letter, H, J, K or L, which identifies each of the
processes. Give a reason for each answer.
Table 3.1
process
rocess reason
diffusion of oxygen
active uptake of sodium ions
[4]
(ii) Glucose is filtered from the blood. Usually all of it is reabsorbed by the kidney
tubules so that there is none present in the urine.
Name the part of the kidney where filtration occurs.
[1]
(iii) Use Fig. 3.2 to describe how kidney tubules reabsorb glucose from the filtrate.
[2]
(c) When plants are grown in a solution that includes a poison that prevents respiration,
the roots continue to absorb water, but do not absorb many ions.
Explain this result.
[3]
[Total: 13]
3 (a Define the term excretion.
[3]
Fig. 2.1 shows a kidney tubule and the blood vessels associated with it.
A
H
G D
Fig. 2.1
(b) Table 2.1 shows some processes that occur in a kidney.
In Table 2.1, write the letter of the part shown in Fig. 2.1 where each process occurs.
You must put one letter in each box. You may use the same letter more than once.
Table 2.1
process letter
filtration of blood
reabsorption of most of the solutes from the filtrate

water is absorbed by osmosis to determine the
concentration of urine
unfiltered blood returns to the renal vein
[4]
(c) Table 2.2 lists the components of blood, filtrate and urine.
Table 2.2
component
ompon filtrate urine
red blood cells

white blood

cells
plasma

proteins
glucose
urea
salts
water
Complete the table by using ticks () and crosses () to show whether or not each
component is present in filtrate and in urine of a healthy person. The first component
has been done for you. [2]
[Total: 9]
4 A healthy kidney controls the excretion of urea and other waste products of metabolism
from the blood.
After kidney failure there are two possible treatments: dialysis or a kidney transplant.
Fig. 4.1 shows how blood and dialysis fluid move through a dialysis machine.
blood
flow dialysis fluid
B
bubble
trap
pump
blood
patient’s
arm
Fig. 4.1
(a) Describe the changes that occur to the blood as it flows through the dialysis machine
from A to B.
[2]
(b) Discuss the advantages of kidney transplants compared with dialysis.
[3]
(c) Two brothers have to make a difficult decision.
One brother, with blood group AB, has kidney failure and is on dialysis.
The healthy brother has agreed to donate one of his kidneys to his brother. He has to
have a blood test.
Their father has blood group A and their mother has blood group B.
The brothers have a sister who has blood group O.
(i) Explain how this girl has blood group O when her parents have different blood
groups. You must use the space below for a genetic diagram to help your answer.
Use the symbols IA, IB and IO to represent the alleles involved in the inheritance of
blood groups.
parental phenotypes blood group A × blood group B
parental genotypes ................... × ...................
gametes ................... ................... + ................... ...................
girl’s genotype ...................
girl’s phenotype ...................
[4]
(ii) The healthy brother can only donate the kidney to his brother if they both have the
same blood group.
What is the probability that the healthy brother also has blood group AB?
[1]
[Total: 10]

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1 (a) Define the term excretion.

(b) Explain how, when the patient is receiving dialysis treatment

(a) Define the term balanced diet.

6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

(ii) Compound X is used as an energy source in respiration.

Suggest the name of compound X.

Explain your answer.

(c) The urea produced is transported to the kidney, where it is excreted.

Describe how urea is transported in the blood to the kidney.

name of part function

(i) Calculate the total volume of blood filtered in 24 hours.

Show your working.

Show your working.

(b) Fig. 3.1 shows a section through a kidney.

F where filtration occurs,

R the renal artery,

U where urine passes to the bladder. [3]

(iii) Name the processes resulting in the reabsorption of

2.. wate [3]

A high carbohydrate, low fat

2 What is an example of excretion in mammals?

A the release of hormones from glands

3 Where is urea formed?

6 What is a function of the kidneys of a healthy person?

A break down toxins

In a healthy person, which structure contains this liquid?

11 Which two substances are both reabsorbed in the kidneys?

A glucose and salts

12 What is the function of the kidney?

A making glucose and reabsorbing urea

13 How is urea removed from the body?

14 How does blood change as it passes through a kidney?

16 Which organs remove excretory products from the blood?

A bladder and liver

What is the part labelled X?

18 A person has a high-protein diet.

20 A healthy person eats a very high-protein diet.

What effect will this have on their urine?

A It will contain amino acids.

Which statement is correct?

A As the temperature increases, the rate of sweat production decreases.

B At 22 °C the rates of sweat and urine production are the same.

24 The diagram shows the human urinary system.

Which substance is not found in the liquid at X in a healthy person?

A kidney → ureter → liver → urethra

B kidney → urethra → liver → ureter

C liver → kidney → ureter → urethra

D liver → urethra → kidney → ureter

26 Which materials are excreted by kidneys and lungs?

28 Which organ produces urea?

Which substances are reabsorbed from the filtered liquid?

A glucose and water

30 The diagram shows a kidney and its blood vessels.

In a healthy person, which structures transport glucose?

Which labelled structure contains urine?

cold day 1.8 0.0 20.2 0.0

What do these results show?

Which line shows the correct movement of substances in a healthy person?

substances reabsorbed into the substances passed out of the

A glucose, some salts, urea glucose, some salts, some water

Which sample was collected on a cold day?

Which substance is completely reabsorbed by the kidney?

36 What describes the excretion of urea?