The blood circulatory system

I. The blood circulatory system

The blood circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels,
and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.It
includes the cardiovascular system, or vascular system, that consists of the heart and blood
vessels (from Greek kardia meaning heart, and from Latin vascula meaning vessels). The
circulatory system has two divisions, a systemic circulation or circuit, and a pulmonary
circulation or circuit Some sources use the terms cardiovascular system and vascular
system interchangeably with the circulatory system.

II. Functions of blood and circulation:

 Circulates OXYGEN and removes Carbon Dioxide.
 Provides cells with NUTRIENTS.
 Removes the waste products of metabolism to the excretory organs for disposal.
 Protects the body against disease and infection.
 Clotting stops bleeding after injury.
III. The parts of your circulatory system are your:

Heart, a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout your body.Bloodvessels, which include
your arteries, veins and capillaries.Blood, made up of red and white blood cells, plasma and
platelets. organs of the circulatory system Your circulatory system, also known as your
cardiovascular system, is made up of your heart and blood vessels.

 Cardiac fat.
 Chambers of heart.
 Left atrium and auricle. ...Valves of heart.
 Tricuspid valve. ...Aorta.
 Ligamentumarteriosum.
 Pulmonary trunk.
 Coronary vessels.

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 IV. What causes poor blood circulation?

Poor circulation isn't a condition in itself but can result from various conditions. The most
common causes include obesity, diabetes, heart conditions, and arterial issues. If you have
signs and symptoms of poor circulation, it's essential to treat the underlying causes rather
than just the symptoms

V. What happens if blood circulation is poor?

Poor circulation can cause fluid to accumulate in certain areas of the body. This is called
edema, and it often occurs in the legs, ankles, and feet. Edema may also be a sign of heart
failure. It can occur when the heart is unable to circulate an adequate supply of blood
throughout the body.

VI. Kinds of Circulation:

 Systemic circulation.
 Coronary circulation.
 Pulmonary circulation
VII. Circulatory system

The human circulatory system (simplified). Red indicates oxygenated blood carried
in arteries. Blue indicates deoxygenated blood carried in veins.

The network of blood vessels are the great vessels of the heart including large elastic arteries,
and large veins; other arteries, smaller arterioles, capillaries that join with venules (small
veins), and other veins. The circulatory system is closed in vertebrates, which means that the
blood never leaves the network of blood vessels. Some invertebrates such as arthropods have
an open circulatory system. Diploblasts such as sponges, and comb jellies lack a circulatory
system.

VIII. Blood

Blood is a fluid consisting of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets that is
circulated around the body carrying oxygen and nutrients to the tissues, and waste
materials away. Circulated nutrients include proteins and minerals, other components
transported are gases such as oxygen, and carbon dioxide, hormones, and hemoglobin;

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providing nourishment, help in the immune system to fight diseases, and in
maintaining homeostasis by stabilizing temperature and natural pH.

In vertebrates, complementary to the circulatory system is the lymphatic system. This system
carries excess plasma filtered from the capillaries as interstitial fluid between cells, away
from the body tissues in an accessory route to return the excess fluid back to the blood
circulation as lymph. The passage of lymph takes much longer than that of blood.

The lymphatic system is a subsystem that is essential for the functioning of the blood
circulatory system; without it the blood would become depleted of fluid. The lymphatic
system works together with the immune system.

Unlike the closed circulatory system, the lymphatic system is an open system. Some sources
describe it as a secondary circulatory system.

The circulatory system can be affected by many cardiovascular diseases. Cardiologists are
medical professionals whichspecialise in the heart, and cardiothoracic surgeons specialise in
operating on the heart and its surrounding areas. Vascular surgeons focus on disorders of the
blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

IX. Blood Basics

 transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues.
 forming blood clots to prevent excess blood loss.
 carrying cells and antibodies that fight infection.
 bringing waste products to the kidneys and liver, which filter and clean the blood.
 regulating body temperature.
X. Systemic circulation

The systemic circulation is a circuit loop that delivers oxygenated blood from the left heart to
the rest of the body through the aorta. Deoxygenated blood is returned in the systemic
circulation to the right heart via two large veins, the inferior vena cava and superior vena
cava, where it is pumped from the right atrium into the pulmonary circulation for
oxygenation. The systemic circulation can also be defined as having two parts – a
macrocirculation and a microcirculation.

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 XI. Pulmonary circulation

The pulmonary circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen-
depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and
returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

Oxygen-deprived blood from the superior and inferior vena cava enters the right atrium of the
heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right
ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the
pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO2 is released
from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich
blood to the left atrium.

A separate system known as the bronchial circulation supplies blood to the tissue of the larger
airways of the lung

XII. Blood vessels

The blood vessels of the circulatory system are the arteries, veins, and capillaries. The large
arteries and veins that take blood to, and away from the heart are known as the great vessels

What are 4 organs in the circulatory system?

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries. These
components make up two circulatory systems: the systemic and pulmonary circulatory
systems

XIII. Artery

An artery (plural arteries) (from Greek ἀρτηρία (artēríā) 'windpipe, artery') is a blood
vessel in humans and most animals that takes blood away from the heart to one or more parts
of the body (tissues, lungs, brain etc.). Most arteries carry oxygenated blood; the two
exceptions are the pulmonary and the umbilical arteries, which carry deoxygenated blood to
the organs that oxygenate it (lungs and placenta, respectively). The effective arterial blood
volume is that extracellular fluid which fills the arterial system.

XIV. Heart

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 The heart pumps blood to all parts of the body providing nutrients and oxygen to every cell,
and removing waste products. The left heart pumps oxygenated blood returned from the lungs
to the rest of the body in the systemic circulation. The right heart pumps deoxygenated blood
to the lungs in the pulmonary circulation. In the human heart there is one atrium and
one ventricle for each circulation, and with both a systemic and a pulmonary circulation there
are four chambers in total: left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium and right ventricle. The right
atrium is the upper chamber of the right side of the heart. The blood that is returned to the
right atrium is deoxygenated (poor in oxygen) and passed into the right ventricle to be
pumped through the pulmonary artery to the lungs for re-oxygenation and removal of carbon
dioxide. The left atrium receives newly oxygenated blood from the lungs as well as the
pulmonary vein which is passed into the strong left ventricle to be pumped through the aorta
to the different organs of the body.

XV. chest cavity

The heart and lungs are located in the thorax, or chest cavity. The heart pumps blood from the
body to the lungs, where the blood is oxygenated. It then returns the blood to the heart, which
pumps the freshly oxygenated blood to the rest of the body.

XVI. Capillaries

Arteries branch into small passages called arterioles and then into the capillaries.[19] The
capillaries merge to bring blood into the venous system.

XVII. Veins

Capillaries merge into venules, which merge into veins. The venous system feeds into the two
major veins: the superior vena cava – which mainly drains tissues above the heart – and the
inferior vena cava – which mainly drains tissues below the heart. These two large veins
empty into the right atrium of the heart.

XVIII. Portal veins

The general rule is that arteries from the heart branch out into capillaries, which collect into
veins leading back to the heart. Portal veins are a slight exception to this. In humans the only
significant example is the hepatic portal vein which combines from capillaries around
the gastrointestinal tract where the blood absorbs the various products of digestion; rather

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 than leading directly back to the heart, the hepatic portal vein branches into a second capillary
system in the liver.

XIX. Coronary circulation

The heart itself is supplied with oxygen and nutrients through a small "loop" of the systemic
circulation and derives very little from the blood contained within the four chambers. The
coronary circulation system provides a blood supply to the heart muscle itself. The coronary
circulation begins near the origin of the aorta by two coronary arteries: the right coronary
artery and the left coronary artery. After nourishing the heart muscle, blood returns through
the coronary veins into the coronary sinus and from this one into the right atrium. Backflow
of blood through its opening during atrial systole is prevented by the Thebesian valve.
The smallest cardiac veins drain directly into the heart chambers.

XX. Cerebral circulation

The brain has a dual blood supply, an anterior and a posterior circulation from arteries at its
front and back. The anterior circulation arises from the internal carotid arteries to supply the
front of the brain.

The posterior circulation arises from the vertebral arteries, to supply the back of the brain
and brainstem. The circulation from the front and the back join (anatomise) at the circle of
Willis.

XXI. Renal circulation

The renal circulation is the blood supply to the kidneys, contains many specialized blood
vessels and receives around 20% of the cardiac output. It branches from the abdominal
aorta and returns blood to the ascending vena cava.

XXII. History

Among the Ancient Greeks before Hippocrates, The word arterial then referred to
the windpipe. Herophilos was the first to describe anatomical differences between the two
types of blood vessel. While Empedocles believed that the blood moved to and fro through
the blood vessels, there was no concept of the capillary vessels that join arteries and veins,
and there was no notion of circulation.

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 Diogenes of Apollonia developed the theory of pneuma, originally meaning just air but soon
identified with the soul itself, and thought to co-exist with the blood in the blood vessels.

The arteries were thought to be responsible for the transport of air to the tissues and to be
connected to the trachea.

This was as a result of finding the arteries of cadavers devoid of blood.

In medieval times, it was supposed that arteries carried a fluid, called "spiritual blood" or
"vital spirits", considered to be different from the contents of the veins. This theory went
back to Galen. In the late medieval period, the trachea, and ligaments were also called
"arteries"

William Harvey described and popularized the modern concept of the circulatory system and
the roles of arteries and veins in the 17th century. Previously,

Alexis Carrel at the beginning of the 20th century first described the technique for vascular
suturing and anastomosis and successfully performed many organ transplantations in animals;
he thus actually opened the way to modern vascular surgery that was previously limited to
vessels’ permanent ligation.

XXIII. steps of the circulatory system

Blood flows through the heart in the following order:

 body
 inferior/superior vena cava
 right atrium
 tricuspid valve
 right ventricle
 pulmonary arteries
 lungs
 pulmonary veins
 left atrium
 mitral or bicuspid valve
 left ventricle
 aortic valve

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XXIV. You can improve your poor circulation symptoms in these ways:
 Exercise.
 Eat a healthy diet.
 Quit smoking.
 Lose weight.
 Control your stress.
 Wear compression gloves or stockings.
XXV. What vitamin helps your blood circulation?
Vitamin K works to keep your blood flowing properly on a regular basis, but also post-
injury. In addition, vitamin K helps to strengthen your capillaries (the walls of your blood
vessels), and ensures that they do not break or bulge (as they tend to do when your veins
have issues)
XXVI. Is vitamin B12 good for blood circulation?
Which B vitamins can help circulation? Vitamin B12 is most beneficial for circulation as it
helps to keep nerve and blood cells working well. Without enough vitamin B12, the body
may not be able to create enough red blood cells to transport oxygen around the body.
XXVII. Which juice is best for blood circulation?
Citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, and grapefruit are packed with antioxidants, including
flavonoids. Consuming flavonoid-rich citrus fruits may decrease inflammation in your body,
which can reduce blood pressure and stiffness in your arteries while improving blood flow
and nitric oxide production
One of the best supplements for circulation is omega-3 fatty acids. These essential fats—
which few Americans get enough of in their diet—address several key aspects of blood
flow. Omega-3s have been shown to: Counter inflammation, which protects the endothelium
and keeps the blood vessels healthy

REFERENCE:

- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circulatory_system

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