8/22/22, 10:12 PM Is Non-Payment of Advance on Costs a Waiver of an Agreement to Arbitrate in the UAE?

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Is Non-Payment of Advance on Costs a Waiver of an Agreement to

Arbitrate in the UAE?
(http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2022/04/01/is-non-
payment-of-advance-on-costs-a-waiver-of-an-agreement-to-
arbitrate-in-the-uae-2/)
Nayiri Boghossian (http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/author/nayirib/) (Al Owais Advocates & Legal
Consultants (http://www.alowaislegal.com/our-team/nayiri-boghossian/)) / April 1, 2022
(http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2022/04/01/is-non-payment-of-advance-on-costs-a-waiver-of-an-
agreement-to-arbitrate-in-the-uae-2/) / 1 Comment (http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2022/04/01/is-
non-payment-of-advance-on-costs-a-waiver-of-an-agreement-to-arbitrate-in-the-uae-2/#comments)

A topic that has been hugely debated in the arbitration world is whether non-payment of the advance on arbitration costs constitutes
waiver of the arbitration clause. The answer to this debate does not only differ from one jurisdiction to another but may differ in the
same jurisdiction (http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2014/07/31/failing-to-pay-the-advance-on-costs-and-the-risk-of-
inoperability-of-the-arbitration-clause-remedy/). This blog post examines how the courts in the United Arab Emirates (“UAE”) treat
non-payment of the advance on arbitration costs.

The Problem

Non-payment by respondents of the advance costs and expenses in arbitrations is not an infrequent occurrence and often leaves
claimants in arbitration proceedings in a difficult situation. One way to deal with such an occurrence would be for the claimant to pay the
respondent’s share of the advance on costs so that the arbitration can proceed. When the claimant choses this path, it is likely to find
itself in a situation that is financially cumbersome. The claimant may, on the contrary, decide not to pay the advance on costs and
instead bring the claim before the courts. Doing so raises other issues for the claimant, such as finding itself litigating before courts
although it had intended to avoid their jurisdiction by agreeing to arbitration. Equally problematic for the claimant would be the case
where the courts have already decided that they have no jurisdiction on the basis of the arbitration clause in which case, the claimant is
left with no forum to hear its claim.

What is the Position in the UAE?

There are very few decisions issued by UAE courts, which shed light on this question. One such decision is by the Dubai Court of
Cassation (“Court of Cassation”) No. 215/2019 (Commercial) (https://www.dc.gov.ae/PublicServices/VerdictPreview.aspx?
OpenedCaseMainType=7&OpenedLitigationStage=5&CaseYear=2019&CaseSerialNumber=215&CaseSubtypeCode=445&Keyword
In this case, the Court of Cassation dealt with a claim that was initially filed before the Dubai International Arbitration Center (“DIAC”).
The respondent had also filed a counterclaim in this case. Neither party paid the advance on costs for their respective claim and
counterclaim. As a result, the DIAC closed the casefile and considered both parties’ claims as withdrawn. When the case was filed
before the courts, the Court of Cassation decided that the arbitration clause was considered as non-existent and therefore, the claimant
could only have recourse to the courts as they have the “original jurisdiction” to hear disputes.

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8/22/22, 10:12 PM Is Non-Payment of Advance on Costs a Waiver of an Agreement to Arbitrate in the UAE? - Kluwer Arbitration Blog

The term “original jurisdiction”, that is often used by the courts in the UAE, reflects the courts’ view that they are the default forum for
hearing disputes and that arbitration is a deviation from the norm. Other routes of resolving disputes, such as arbitration, are considered
to be exceptional and therefore when arbitrating a dispute is no longer possible, the jurisdiction of the courts to hear the dispute is
automatically restored.
In its reasoning, the Court of Cassation took into consideration that after the closure of the casefile by the DIAC, the respondent had not
objected to the decision that the case was considered as withdrawn and there was also no action taken by the claimant to resubmit the
case to arbitration in line with the applicable rules (i.e., the DIAC 2007 Rules Appendix Cost of Arbitration
(http://www.diac.ae/idias/rules/Arb.Rules%202007/Cost/)). The Court of Cassation concluded that, as a result, it was not possible to
hear the claim that was previously the subject of the arbitration proceeding.

Although the Court of Cassation did not provide an analysis of whether there had been a waiver of the arbitration clause by the parties,
it is possible to conclude that there had indeed been such a waiver on the basis that each party declined to pay the advance on costs
with respect to its own claims and none of the parties had objected to the decision of the DIAC to close the casefile and consider the
claims and counterclaims withdrawn.

In a recent case which ended up before the Dubai courts, a sub-contractor had filed arbitration proceedings against the contractor but
had not paid its share of the advance on costs due to lack of funding. The respondent (contractor) was invited to pay the share of both
parties but declined to do so. As a result, the tribunal issued a decision declaring the proceedings as terminated. The sub-contractor
then filed proceedings before the Dubai Court of First Instance (“CFI”) (See Case No 678/2020 (Commercial)
(https://www.dc.gov.ae/PublicServices/VerdictPreview.aspx?
OpenedCaseMainType=7&OpenedLitigationStage=1&CaseYear=2020&CaseSerialNumber=678&CaseSubtypeCode=20&Keyword=
The contractor challenged the jurisdiction of the courts on the basis of the arbitration clause but its challenge was rejected. The CFI
explained that when the arbitration clause is not capable of being performed for whatsoever reasons and grounds, the jurisdiction goes
back to the court as the judiciary has “general jurisdiction” to decide disputes. It further explained that when the arbitral award is
invalidated1) or the arbitration clause is no longer applicable, the purpose behind arbitration is extinguished. As a result, either party
may approach the courts and is under no obligation to refer the case to arbitration unless there is a new arbitration agreement.
According to the CFI, the arbitral tribunal had decided to end the arbitral proceedings for non-payment of the arbitration fees and as a
result, the arbitration clause became inoperable. . The case was then heard by the Court of Appeal, which upheld the decision of the
CFI. Subsequently, the case was appealed to the Court of Cassation which upheld the decision of the lower courts and adopted the
same analysis. In this case as well, the claimant had failed to pay the advance on costs. Although the court did not mention that the
claimant had waived the arbitration, one could conclude that waiver has taken place on the basis that the claimant did not pay the
advance on costs, which it is responsible to.

Contrary to the above two decisions, in Dubai Court of Cassation 379/2013 (Real Estate)
(https://www.dc.gov.ae/PublicServices/VerdictPreview.aspx?
OpenedCaseMainType=6&OpenedLitigationStage=5&CaseYear=2013&CaseSerialNumber=379&CaseSubtypeCode=458&Keyword
it was not the claimant who had not paid the advance on costs, but the respondent, which prompted the DIAC to declare the casefile as
closed. The claimant then brought its claims to the courts. The Court of Cassation, again, relied on the basis that when the arbitration
agreement is not possible of being executed, the jurisdiction goes back to the courts as they have the “general jurisdiction”. It further
explained that the DIAC’s decision to close the casefile renders the arbitration clause non-existent as the purpose behind arbitration is
extinguished given that it has not been possible to proceed with the arbitration. This then gives the claimant the right to file its claim
before the courts. The court added that the claimant is not under an obligation to pay the respondent’s fees as Article 2(4) of the
Appendix-Cost of Arbitration of DIAC’s 2007 Rules states that the advance is to be paid equally. The reference in the decision to Article
2(4) raises the question of whether the Court of Cassation would have reached a different conclusion if there was no such provision
under the DIAC 2007 Rules. On the one hand, it may not be wise to reach any conclusion on this point in the absence of sufficient court
decisions which would provide insight on this point. On the other hand, given the well-established concept that the UAE courts have
general jurisdiction and that arbitration is an exceptional route, it is likely that the Court of Cassation’s conclusion would not have been
any different in the absence of Article 2(4).

Final Observations

One may conclude from the above decisions that when the parties’ conduct can be interpreted as waiver of the arbitration clause, the
UAE courts would exercise jurisdiction if and when the claim is filed before them. Doing so does not raise any concerns because it is
only legitimate for the dispute to be resolved through the courts when the parties no longer wish to resolve it through arbitration. Parties
are at liberty to opt for arbitration and are equally at liberty to opt out of arbitration.

When there is no indication that the parties have waived the arbitration clause and the claimant seizes the court’s jurisdiction as a result
of the respondent’s non-payment of the costs, it appears that the courts would consider the arbitration agreement as having become
inoperable and would exercise jurisdiction. Such approach ensures, on the one hand, that the claimant is not deprived of a forum and
not forced to shoulder the full advance on costs. On the other hand, this approach encourages frustration of the arbitration agreement
by respondents intending to hinder the arbitration process.

There are not yet enough decisions dealing with this question and given how rapidly the arbitration landscape is evolving in recent
years, it would be very interesting to see how UAE courts will deal with this thorny issue in the coming years.

 
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8/22/22, 10:12 PM Is Non-Payment of Advance on Costs a Waiver of an Agreement to Arbitrate in the UAE? - Kluwer Arbitration Blog

(The author of this Blog post has been involved in one of the cases reviewed as counsel for a defendant before the courts.)

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References

1 The CFI erred in its decision with respect to this specific point as under Article 54(4) of the UAE Federal Arbitration Law No. 6
of 2018 (https://elaws.moj.gov.ae/UAE-MOJ_LC-En/00_ARBITRATION%20AND%20RECONCILIATION/UAE-LC-En_2018-
05-03_00006_Kait.html?val=EL1), when an arbitral award is invalidated by the courts, the arbitration agreement remains in
force unless the parties agree otherwise and unless the invalidity is due to the non-existence of the arbitration agreement, its
lapse, its invalidity or it being incapable of execution. However, this error does not affect the CFI’s findings with respect to the
subject under examination.

(http://arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2022/04/01/is-non-payment-of-advance-on-costs-a-waiver-of-an-agreement-
to-arbitrate-in-the-uae-2/?output=pdf)

L I K E ? S H A R E W I T H YO U R F R I E N D S .

arbitrationblog.kluwerarbitration.com/2022/04/01/is-non-payment-of-advance-on-costs-a-waiver-of-an-agreement-to-arbitrate-in-the-uae-2/ 3/12
8/22/22, 10:12 PM Is Non-Payment of Advance on Costs a Waiver of an Agreement to Arbitrate in the UAE? - Kluwer Arbitration Blog

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One comment

Romain Dupeyre (https://dwfgroup.com/fr-fr/people/r/romain-dupeyre)

APRIL 6, 2022 AT 2:43 PM (HTTP://ARBITRATIONBLOG.KLUWERARBITRAT I ON . C OM/ 2 0 2 2 / 0 4 / 0 1 / I S-N ON -PAYMEN T-OF-AD VA N C E -ON -C OS T S -A -WA I V E R -OF -A N -A GR E E M E N T-TO-
ARBITRATE-IN- THE- UAE-2/#COMMENT-303925)

Dear Nayiri,

Very interesting indeed. The same issue was recently tackled by the International Chamber of the Paris Court of Appeal. In a judgement issued on 9
February 2022 (Tagli’apau, No 21-11.253), the court held that the respondent’s failure to pay its share of the advance on costs in the arbitration prevents it
from challenging the jurisdiction of national courts in a subsequent procedure.

According to the court, the parties are bound by a principle of loyalty in the conduct of the arbitration, as enshrined in article 1464 of the French Code of
Civil Procedure and are, therefore, deemed to have waived their right to claim the application of the arbitration agreement if they do not pay their share of
the advance on costs (this was an ICC case). The court further held that the fact that the claimant could have make up for the respondent’s failure to pay
the costs by advancing the costs itself was irrelevant in deciding on this issue.

The decision has been quite heavily criticized by one French scholar (Jeremy Jourdan Marques, Dalloz, 16 March 2022). On my side, I think it is quite fair
to decide that, except when the respondent has a specific reason to excuse non-payment (such as a genuine financial constraint), one should not be able
to take advantage of the cost of the arbitration to increase the cost burden of the procedure for tactical reasons. It makes sense to me to consider that
when the respondent does not pay its share of the arbitration costs, it should be consider in breach of its loyalty obligation and be deemed to have waived
the right to claim the benefit of the arbitration clause.

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