OET READING POST TEST 1

CANDIDATE NUMBER:

LAST NAME:

FIRST NAME:

OTHER NAMES:

PROFESSION:

VENUE:

TEST DATE:

Student’s Signature: __________________

 SARS outbreak 2002-03: Texts

TEXT A

TEXT B
TEXT C

TEXT D
TIME: 15 MINUTES
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:
DO NOT open this Question Paper or the Text Booklet
until you are told to do so.

Write your answers on the spaces provided on this

Question Paper.

You must answer the questions within the 15-minute time

limit.

One mark will be granted for each correct answer.

Answer ALL questions. Marks are NOT deducted for

incorrect answers.

At the end of the 15 minutes, hand in this Question Paper

and the Text Booklet.

DO NOT remove OET material from the test room.

Part A

TIME: 15 minutes

• Look at the four texts, A-D, in the separate Text Booklet.

• For each question, 1-20, look through the texts, A-D, to find the relevant information.
• Write your answers on the spaces provided in this Question Paper.
• Answer all the questions within the 15-minute time limit.
• Your answers should be correctly spelt.

SARS outbreak 2002-2003: Questions

Questions 1-7

For each question, 1-7, decide which text (A, B, C or D) the information comes from. You may
use
any letter more than once.

In which text can you find information about

1 Importance of data collections in epidemics?

2 Case fatality ratios in each region?
3 Adjusted odds ratio of case fatalities?
4 Psychological symptoms following SARS treatment?
5 Symptoms associated with the infection?
6 Hong Kong being the second highest regarding number of cases?
7 Modes of spread of the virus?

Questions 8-14

Answer each of the questions, 8-14, with a word or short phrase from one of the texts. Each
answer may
include words, numbers or both.

8 What are the two factors that make an infected person more likely to die?
9 What is the percentage of health-care workers who were infected in Singapore?
10 How do coronaviruses look like under the microscope?
How many people have died around the world in the 2002-2003 SARS outbreak?

12 What is the percentage of people who were below average for measures of general
health in 2004 according to the study that took place in Canada ?

13 What variables does the abstract explore the influence of on the CFRs between the
three regions?

14 How was the proportion of fatalities to cases in Hong Kong when compared to
China?

Questions 15-20

Complete each of the sentences, 15-20, with a word or short phrase from one of the
texts. Each answer may include words, numbers or both.

15. Researchers in Canada investigated the psychological and ....................................

health of 40 people who had been infected with SARS.

16. SARS which stands for ............................................................syndrome started to

affect humans in late 2002 and the first half of 2003.

17. The reasons for the variation in the .............................................. among the three
areas were explored.

18. The ............................................... of an infected person may release droplets

containing the virus into
the air.

19. There were .............................. ....... cases in total worldwide who got infected by the
organism.

20. Symptoms of the disease include headache, ......................................., cough and

shortness of breath.

END OF PART A
THIS QUESTION PAPER WILL BE COLLECTED.
You cannot go back to answer if you have missed some items.
Part B
In this part of the test, there are six short extracts relating to the work of
health professionals. For questions, 1-6, choose the answer (A, B or C)
which you think fits best according to the text.

1. According to the extract:

A- Overall responsibility of the patient is retained by the alternative health
practitioner when the medical practitioner who has performed the procedure
is not there.
B- The medical practitioner may formally refer the patient to another health
practitioner.
C- If the medical practitioner is not qualified, responsibility of the patient will
be automatically retained by the alternative practitioner.

The medical practitioner is responsible for ensuring that any other

person participating in the patient’s care has appropriate
qualifications, training and experience, and is adequately supervised
as required. When a medical practitioner is assisted by another
registered health practitioner or assigns an aspect of a procedure or
patient care to another registered health practitioner, the medical
practitioner retains overall responsibility for the patient. This does
not apply when the medical practitioner has formally referred the
patient to another registered health practitioner

2. What is the exact weight that should be entered if the two reading are 70 Kg and 70.25 Kg?

A- 70 Kg.
B- 70.02 Kg.
C- 70.13 Kg.

The SECA model 815 floor scale is used to measure weight in this
component. It has a digital display indicator head fitted at the back
of the platform with the connecting cable stored in the compartment
underneath the head. The scale is a load cell model with a weighing
range of 0-136 kilograms (kg). It operates with a standard 9 V alkaline
battery. In order to open the battery compartment, open the battery
lid underneath the head. Connect the battery terminals, then insert
the battery and close the cover. The reading of the scale is accurate
to 0.25 kg over the entire weighing range. If two values are displayed
alternately in the 0.25 kg. range, then the exact weight is between
the two values and the intermediate weight should be entered.

3. Based on this extract:

A- Effective post-exposure prophylaxis needs to be accessible when needed.
B- OSHA requires that all employees must be vaccinated against rubella.
C- Some agencies require that health care employers must be immunized
against measles.

A variety of measures is needed for optimal infection control among

employees, both before and during the period of employment. OSHA
mandates that all employees should be immunized against HBV, although the
risk of HBV infection to endoscopy unit personnel is small. Other agencies and
medical societies have gone further and recommended that health care
personnel should have documented immunity or be immunized against a
number of other vaccine-preventable diseases. Such vaccinations include
annual influenza immunizations, measles/ mumps/rubella, varicella (if the
individual has not had chickenpox in the past), tetanus/diphtheria/pertussis,
and meningococcus. Additionally, a majority of states have immunization laws
for health care workers with which institutions must comply. Last, an effective
and readily accessible employee health service may play a critical role in the
management of after-exposure prophylaxis.

4. According to the extract:

A- The hospital must provide the employees with the cost of coffee.
B- Employees get 90 mins of unpaid breaks every day.
C- Some of the employees may leave the hospital after 5 PM.

The Medical Clinic is open 0900h to 1700h, Monday through Friday. Employees
are expected to be at their work stations logged into their computers when the
doors open at 0900h. During the 8 hour work day, employees are allowed a
one hour unpaid lunch break and two paid fifteen minute coffee breaks time
permitting each day. As staff are being paid for their coffee breaks we ask that
they remain in the clinic and available to help doctors and patients when
required. Scheduling of breaks will be done such as to ensure continuous
service to our patients throughout the day. In the event there are still patients
in the clinic after 1700h, at least one employee will be required to remain in
the building until all patients have left.
5. According to the extract:
A- Probation period may take up to three or even four months.
B- Employee get to evaluate his physician lead during his probation period.
C- After the probation period, the employee is permanently employed.

A new employee is considered to be on probation during the first three

months of employment. During this time, the employee will be able to
evaluate the job and work environment, and the Clinic Manager(s) and
Physician Lead(s) (Personnel) will evaluate the suitability of the employee for
the job. At the end of the probation period if mutually agreeable, permanent
employment will be offered. At the discretion of the Managers this period may
be extended.

6. The contents of the INS published guidelines include:

A- Inconsistent process measures of quality based on guidelines are sometimes
non-beneficial.
B- Neurosurgical guidelines can be applied in a meaningful way to the majority
of neurosurgical practices.
C- The quality of research determines the evidence base on which guidelines
rest.

The evidence base on which clinical guidelines rest is determined by the quality
and applicability of the clinical trials. Because of the profound limitations of
many prospective, randomized trials in neurosurgery (non-representative
patient and surgeon selection, cross-overs and non-blinded evaluation of
unclear endpoints) I question whether any neurosurgical guidelines can be
applied in a meaningful way to the majority of neurosurgical practices. Using
clinical guidelines recommendations as quality indicators and holding
physicians accountable for many, sometimes contradictory, process measures
of quality based on these guidelines is unlikely to benefit anyone. I believe that
the emphasis on such measures will divert attention from more clinically
relevant issues, increase the cost and complexities of care, and decrease the
quality of life for our patients.
Part C
In this part of the test, there are two texts about different aspects of
healthcare. For questions, 7-22, choose the answer (A, B, C or D)
which you think fits best according to the text.

Text1: Why getting motivated is hard

As a trainer, I consider it a personal failure if I am unable to motivate a client to make

important health and lifestyle changes. Sure, there are people who just do not care,
but I can spot them from 100 meters away. I am not talking about them. I am
referring to the clients who really want to lose the weight. They actually do care, but
it just does not happen. They struggle to muster even half the motivation required to
do the work, self-sabotage and eventually feel so defeated that they quit. It hurts to
watch. On the flipside, other clients get in and get the job done. Their sights are set
and they just plough ahead until mission accomplished. By this point, exercise and
eating healthily are non-negotiable parts of their lifestyle. It is who they have
become.
So, what separates my clients who achieve their weight loss goals from those who
do not? Is it a difference in brain chemistry? The answer is yes … and no. "There is
a system in your brain that impacts your levels of motivation called the reward
network" explains Fiona Kumfor, senior research fellow at the University of Sydney's
Brain and Mind Centre. "That involves two regions: the ventral striatum and parts of
the pre-frontal cortex," Dr Kumfor says. "Together they're involved in our willingness
to work, our motivation to engage in behaviors, and our willingness to persist in that
effort over time. "Really importantly, it influences our decisions on what's working for
us and what's not." Dopamine, a chemical messenger, is the star quarterback in this
reward network — it is released during pleasurable situations, and the ventral
striatum and pre-frontal cortex have receptors that are sensitive to it. An increase in
our dopamine levels to those areas is what gives you that sense of reward,
regardless of whether the stimulus is food, sex, exercise, fat loss or winning at Mario
Kart. This dopamine boost is what encourages you to repeat the activity that got you
the reward, so you get can it again. However, here is the kicker: you do not get that
reward rush until after you engage in the behavior.
Getting someone to engage in the behaviour for long enough to value that dopamine
rush in the first place is where I and many other well-meaning health professionals
get stuck. What makes one person see getting healthy as achievable and another
person see it as insurmountable is the Nobel Prize-winning question, Dr Kumfor
says, and unfortunately science isn't quite there yet. "But what we do know is that
humans are bad at focusing on distant future and less tangible rewards," she
explains. For example, studies have shown that given the choice between getting
$10 right now and $100 next month, most of us will go for the instant gratification.
That makes sense when you think of it in terms of making massive lifestyle changes:
substantial weight loss seems ages away and might not happen, whereas that
schnitzel and six schooners is tonight and guaranteed delicious

We're probably better off with setting short-term rewards along the way to the big
one, rather than just focusing on the far off and hard-to-imagine pot of gold at the
end of the rainbow. Maintaining goal-directed motivation behaviour is hard. Instead,
focus on creating habits that will help you along the way, suggests Dr Kumfor. "If
there's a way to harness habit, rather than forcing ourselves to be goal-directed,
that's undoubtedly going to be easier. "So, break it all down into small, manageable,
bite-sized parts." For example, if you are trying to lose weight, have your ducks in a
row well in advance. Schedule in regular times, pre-book and pay for classes, prepack
workout gear and have it on-hand if you are exercising after work. Do not go
home first. Train yourself to operate on autopilot so your brain does not get involved.
Otherwise, you will be veering straight onto instant gratification highway, without
stopping off in exercise city.
At the end of the day, in order to do any of that you need to decide whether your goal
is actually worth the effort. There is a complex relationship between how meaningful
a reward is and the amount of effort required to achieve it. You will only make the
sacrifices if your goal is truly important to you. Think of motivation as a spectrum.
Within that, some people will be highly motivated, some moderately and others will
find it really challenging. In addition, motivation can change depending on the person
and situation. That is partly due to differences in the way our brains work. Take me
for example, while I do not (usually) have trouble being motivated to exercise, I had
much rather clean the oven than start my statistics assignment that's due in three
days. This is where intrinsic (internal) motivation can help. Intrinsic motivation is
when you are driven to do something purely because you find it enjoyable; it does
not matter if there is a pot of gold at the end. You are choosing to do it, rather than of
out of obligation. Extrinsic motivation (external), on the other hand, is when you're
driven to do an activity because you're avoiding pain or punishment, you're doing it
for someone else, or feel like it's being forced on you. Sure, it might get you started,
but it will not keep you on the wagon for long. "People who are more intrinsically
motivated tend to work at a higher intensity and are more consistent with their
exercise routine," explains exercise physiologist Alex Budlevskis.
Text 2: How to eat more green vegetables

In Australia, less than one in 10 people eat enough vegetables. This is tragic, given high
vegetables intakes are associated with better health, including a lower risk of heart
disease, some cancers, and type 2 diabetes. For every extra 200 grams of vegetables
and fruit eaten each day, there's an 8 per cent reduction in the risk for heart disease, a
16 per cent risk reduction for stroke and a 10 per cent reduction in risk of dying from any
cause, according to research using data from 95 individual studies. When the
researchers drilled deeper into some types of vegetables and fruit, they found that
eating more apples and pears, citrus fruits, cruciferous vegetables (like bok choy,
broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cauliflower, radish, swede, turnip, and watercress), green
leafy vegetables and salads were all associated with a lower risk for heart disease and
death. They also found a lower risk of getting any type of cancer among those with the
highest intakes of green-yellow vegetables such as carrots, corn, pumpkin, zucchini,
green beans and cruciferous vegetables.
Across the globe, about 7.8 million deaths are attributed to low intakes of vegetables
and fruit. But in a country like Australia, you'd think it would be easy to eat your greens,
as well as a range of other vegetables. Reasons for not eating them include not liking
the taste, a perceived lack of time or cooking skills, and lack of access to fresh produce.
These are all barriers to boosting our vegetable intakes — so let's check them out in
more detail.
If you hate vegetables, it could be because you have inherited "super-taster" genes.
About 20 per cent of the population are supertasters and rate cruciferous vegetables as
tasting up to 60 per cent more bitter compared to non-tasters, who make up about 30
per cent of the population. What they are "tasting" is a naturally occurring chemical
called glucosinolate that is released more when vegetables are cut, cooked or chewed.
Being a super-taster probably offered a survival advantage in ancient times, because it
would have meant you were better able to detect poisonous substances (which tend to
be bitter), and work out which plants were safer to eat and which to avoid. The good
news is that repeated exposure to these bitter tastes means you do learn to like them
over time. If you hang around with others eating lots of vegetables, or if your parents and
household members eat a lot of vegetables, then you will end up eating more too. True
supertasters will like vegetables that are not bitter more, including beans, beetroot,
carrots, corn, eggplant, lettuce, onion, peas, pumpkin and sweet potato.
If vegetables are off your menu because of how they taste, it is worth a rethink on the
way you're preparing them. How you cook vegetables can improve their taste and for
super tasters, can mask the bitterness. Try some of these fast and easy tricks at home:
Add a "decoy" flavor. Piperine is the 'hot' taste in black pepper. Adding it, or chilli or
other spices, distracts your taste buds from noticing the bitter taste of vegetables. Mask
the taste by using cheese sauce. Make it fast by dissolving a heaped teaspoon of
cornflour into a half cup of reduced fat milk in a microwave-proof jug. Cook on high for
30 seconds, stir and add a cheese slice broken into pieces, and cook for another 30
seconds. Stir again, cook for another 30 seconds, then stir until the melted cheese is
fully dissolved and the sauce thickens. Cook briefly by stir-frying, microwaving or
steaming, so they're still a bit crunchy.
Page 38 of 121
In some regions of Australia, getting good quality fresh vegetables at a reasonable cost
is a major challenge. Prices of vegetables can be more than double the cost of
supermarkets in cities. This is where modular farms — small indoor farms the size of a
shipping container — could potentially help in terms of access and freshness. A modular
farm can be placed just about anywhere from a busy city to a rural community, with the
caveat that these farms still need water, although the amount is conservative. However,
the power usage is high because they need to run lights 24 hours a day. Another way to
improve your access to a regular supply of vegetables, if distance or affordability is a
concern, is by using canned and frozen varieties. For canned vegetables, choose the
salt-reduced varieties where possible. Frozen vegetables on the other hand, are frozen
within hours of being harvested and can be even "fresher" that what you buy at the
supermarket.

Text 1: Questions 7-14

7. What do we learn in the first paragraph?
Ⓐ Failure to lose weight is mostly due to lack of motivation
Ⓑ Too much care may hinder the ability to lose weight
Ⓒ Acting on your goals is the way to achieve them
Ⓓ Even if you work very hard, you may not achieve your goals for different reasons
8. In the second paragraph, the writer uses Fiona Kumfor's words to
Ⓐ illustrate the routine-reward system loop
Ⓑ Outline the role of dopamine in the brain
Ⓒ Prove that chemical transmitters in the brain are the ones responsible for motivation
Ⓓ Inform us that dopamine level is affected by your degree of motivation
9. In the second paragraph, the word The refers to
Ⓐ The brain
Ⓑ The reward network
Ⓒ Levels of motivation
Ⓓ The brain's chemistry
10. What is the main point that the writer wants to deliver by mentioning the study in the third
paragraph?
Ⓐ Long-term goals need bigger rewards
Ⓑ Science has not been able to come up with ways to increase dopamine levels in the
brain
Ⓒ Goals that are far in the future are unachievable
Ⓓ Perceptible outcomes drive a greater motivation
11. What advice is the writer giving in the fourth paragraph?
Ⓐ Break your goals down
Ⓑ Do not set long-term goals
Ⓒ Stop your bad habits
Ⓓ Do not set goals unless you are prepared
12. What idea is emphasized by the phrase 'have your ducks in a row well' in the fourth
paragraph?
Ⓐ Get motivated
Ⓑ Force yourself
Ⓒ Organize your thoughts
Ⓓ Be prepared
13. In the fifth paragraph, the writer suggests that intrinsic motivation produces an outcome
which is
Ⓐ Achievable
Ⓑ Durable
Ⓒ Enjoyable
Ⓓ Not forced on you to do
14. In the final paragraph, Within that refers to
Ⓐ Challenges
Ⓑ Motivation
Ⓒ People
Ⓓ Spectrum
Text 2: Questions 15-22
15. What do we learn about the consumption of vegetables in the first paragraph?
Ⓐ People who consume 200 grams of green vegetables daily are 0.16 less likely to
develop stroke.
Ⓑ Those whose intake of food involve more vegetables do not suffer from heart diseases.
Ⓒ 90% of people do not eat enough vegetables
Ⓓ High intake of carrots may help protect against cancer.
16. Drilled deeper in the first paragraph implies that scientists looked into the matter in a
more ……………………… manner.
Ⓐ Frequent
Ⓑ Specific
Ⓒ Sensational
Ⓓ Serious
17. According to the second paragraph, which of the following is mentioned as a reason for
people's decreased intake of vegetables?
Ⓐ Not being able to fit it into their schedule
Ⓑ Vegetables being unavailable in the market
Ⓒ Their bad taste
Ⓓ The lack of time to cook

18. Which of the following is mentioned in the third paragraph?

Ⓐ 6 out of 10 of the cruciferous vegetables have a bitter taste
Ⓑ 2 out of 10 people have stronger tasting abilities
Ⓒ 3 out of 10 people do not find cruciferous vegetables to be of a bitter taste
Ⓓ Vegetables which are cut produce more glucosinolate.
19. It in the third paragraph refers to
Ⓐ Being able to survive
Ⓑ Being a super-taster
Ⓒ Living in ancient times
Ⓓ Eating poisonous chemicals

20. In the third paragraph, what does the writer consider as a pleasant fact?
Ⓐ Increased tolerance is produced following more frequent exposure.
Ⓑ Having a family that eat a lot of vegetables
Ⓒ Eventually, everybody is going to like vegetables
Ⓓ Those with stronger tasting abilities tend to like certain types of vegetables
21. The main aim behind what the writer is saying in the fourth paragraph is
Ⓐ To teach us how to make cheese sauce
Ⓑ To illustrate the effects of spicy food on the taste buds
Ⓒ To question the effectiveness of certain food when used as a method to help people
tolerate the bitter taste of some vegetables
Ⓓ Provide solutions to a problem
22. In the final paragraph, This is where refers to certain
Ⓐ Time
Ⓑ Regions
Ⓒ Cities
Ⓓ Circumstances