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VALUE ADDITION IN CITRUS: PRODUCTS AND USES

Conference Paper · June 2006

DOI: 10.13140/2.1.5053.1841

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 VALUE ADDITION IN CITRUS: PRODUCTS AND USES
Nadeem Akhtar Abbasi, Touqeer Ahmad, Mehdi Maqbool,
Ishfaq Ahmad Hafiz and Abdul Ahad Qureshi
Department of Horticulture, University of Arid Agriculture, Rawalpindi

ABSTRACT
Pakistan ranks among top ten citrus producing and exporting countries of the world with an annual
production of 1.7 million tonnes from an area of 651.8 thousand hectares. Out of total production 95% is
contributed from a single province i.e. Punjab and Sargodha division is sharing almost 25%. The major part
of our produce is exported after waxing as fresh commodity for dessert purpose and only a very limited
quantity is processed in the form of fresh juice and other valuable products. There is a lot of potential to
generate diversified high value products from the Kinnow mandarin and waste material produced after
juice extraction. In this paper a large number of citrus products are suggested for possible use of the kinnow
fruit to produce high value products for good returns to the farming community as well as sustainability of
citrus industry of Pakistan.

INTRODUCTION
Kinnow, an Easy Peel citrus has assumed special economic importance and export demand being
acknowledged for its high juice contents, special flavor, delicious taste and being a rich source of vitamin
C. It is widely used for juices, squashes, jams, jellies and marmalade. It also provides some micronutrients
such as calcium, phosphorus and iron. It prevents liver, lungs and skin cancers, heart diseases and birth
defects as well as contributes to a balanced and healthy life style (Sawamura, 2000).
In Pakistan citrus industry, Kinnow has become dominant cultivar. From an area of about two
million hectares under citrus plantation, over two million tonnes of citrus fruits are produced annually. The
area under total fruits is 651.8 thousand hectares with a total production and export of 5741.7 thousand
tonnes worth 6403.2 million rupees. Of the total area under fruits, 29.55% is under citrus and 60% of it is
under kinnow with more than 95% production in Punjab because of its favorable growing conditions and
adequate water. Pakistan ranks among top ten citrus producing and exporting countries of the world (Sharif
and Ahmad, 2005). Other prominent citrus producing countries are; Brazil, China, Spain, America and
Morocco.
Kinnow is our major export commodity among all citrus fruits and means of export earning.
Pakistan is exporting kinnow in Far East countries, Europe and Middle East. Last year Pakistani Kinnow
was also exported to Russia (31882 tons), UAE (34539 tons), Philippine (17271 tons) and Saudi Arabia
(6893 tons). Here it is necessary to mention that after 25 years Iran imported about 21319 tons Kinnow
fruits from Pakistan (Anonymous, 2007).
To increase the production of citrus, it is necessary to provide quality processing procedures.
During previous years processing techniques are getting importance especially for kinnow. Therefore, in
major Kinnow producing areas like Sargodha and Bhalwal, there are near about 100 factories in working
conditions. But still there is a need to introduce latest knowledge about the Kinnow products which are
being used in the developing countries. A number of citrus products and by products other than Kinnow are
in use in different parts of the world. These products can also be developed from Kinnow which will reduce
the wastage of fruit and will increase the income of stakeholders.
CITRUS PRODUCTS AND THEIR USES
a. Fruit: All species are extremely important for their fruit that is eaten fresh or processed in numerous
ways.
b. Seed: An industrial extract of grapefruit seeds and pulp is used to produce antibacterial and fungicidal
agent.
c. Beverage/drink/tea: Fruit juices of all species can be used in beverages. Leaves of lemon and sweet
orange are boiled to make tea. In Egypt and elsewhere, sour orange juice has been fermented to make wine.
d. Flavoring/spices: Most of the citrus specie has flavoring agents. For example, lime and lemon are
commonly used to marinate raw fish and to flavor food. Whole limes are also pickled as a relish (Achar).
e. Citrus essential oils: essential oils are volatile oils obtained from the citrus fruits peel’s sacks. They are
used by the food industry to give flavor to drinks and foods. They are also a component for the
pharmaceutical industry for the preparation of medicines and soaps, perfumes and other cosmetics, as well
as for home cleaning products.
f. D-limonene: D-limonene is a major component of the oil extracted from lemon and orange rinds or
solids. It is considered as one of the purest sources of monocyclic terpene. It is used for industrial solvents
and as an element for the synthesis of other chemical materials. It is also used as a flavor and aromatic
component.
g. Citrus pulp pellets: citrus pulp pellets are the result of the conversion of peels and pulps that have been
left behind once the juice has been extracted. They are used for animal feeding.

MEDICINAL USES OF CITRUS

 A leaf infusion made from sweet orange is used against mouth sores in infants.
 Citron leaves are used together with other plant parts to make infusion for treating stomach and
skin ailments.
 In Tahiti, citrus leaves are used for internal ailments and fractures.
 In Fiji, the scraped root of pummelo is used to treat hemorrhoids.
 In the United States, citrus is suggested as part of a healthy diet because of its high vitamin C
content and its flavonoids, which are known to reduce breast cancer risk, reduce viral effects.
 Recent research has focused on the biological activity of compounds found in citrus species,
including compounds called flavanoids, carotenoids and limonoids, especially in terms of their
effects on citrus palatability and anti-cancer activity.
 Citrus flavonoids have potential antioxidant (prevents aging), anti-cancer, antiviral, anti-
inflammatory activities, effects on capillarity, and cholesterol-lowering ability.
 The principal carotenoids in pink grapefruit are lycopene and beta-carotene.
 Lycopene-containing fruits and vegetables have been shown to contribute to a significant
reduction in prostate and mammary cancer risk.
 Recent studies have further shown that limonoids inhibit the development of cancer in laboratory
animals and in human breast cancer cells as well as reducing cholesterol.
 Researchers have also suggested that, if ingested, limonoids may not be absorbed in the large
intestine, and therefore could be distributed throughout the body, with beneficial effects.
 Since some limonoids compounds, called limonoids glycosides, are stable at high temperatures,
new products incorporating these compounds could include juices, cosmetics, gums, breads, and
cookies.
 Since mixed limonoids glucosides can be isolated in large quantities from citrus molasses, seeds,
and other by-products from citrus processing plants, a supply of these compounds is readily
available.

A. MANDARIN PRODUCTS

1. Aloe & Mandarin Juice

Description
 Rich & juicy healthful beverages of Korean Mandarin and healthful aloe mixed
 100% Aloe & Mandarin Juice (Aloe Vera juice 70%), oligosaccharides
 Helpful to the health of stomach and intestines
 No preservatives, no color agent, no sugar
Packing details:
 Gift packing, portable (handle attached on the top of set box)
 Buffer sheet covered for the prevention of product damage.
 Pouch cutter 1 piece , straw 30 pcs included
Instruction
 Shake well before opened. 1~3times a day.( normal adult standard)
 Juice amount should be controlled according to age or body condition of people in use.
 No direct light, keep in cool place, drink within 1~2days after opening.
 No harm with some sediments possibly appear in this product as they are natural ingredient
 No heat by Micro-wave without opening
2. Bittersweet Mandarin Rind (Burn)
 Made from Mandarin Rind, Pummelo, Yuzu, Red Currant, Pomegranate, Tangelo and Musk.
  This candle has been blended to be burned solo or in combination with other 'Burn' candles to
create personal 'signature' scents that are distinctive to our own personalities.
 Available in 12 exotic scents these candles burn for more than 100 hours.

3. Mandarin Orange in Syrup

4. Canned Mandarin Orange

5. Canned Mandarin Orange Whole Segments

Description:
 Dole mandarin oranges are a convenient ready to eat product. Mandarin oranges are whole
segments of Japanese Satsuma oranges.
Nutritional Benefits:
 Naturally fat free
 Naturally saturated fat free
 Naturally cholesterol free
 A low sodium food
 Rich in vitamin C
Usage Tips:
 Mandarin oranges can add a refreshing sweet taste to cottage cheese or yogurt, green salads or
gelatin salads.

6. Frozen Mandarin Orange

7. Frozen Mandarin Orange Segments

8. Jeju Mandarin Kimchi Sauce

Characteristics of Mandarin Kimchi Sauce
 Jeju Mandarin Kimchi Sauce is a Kimchi Sauce with fresh Kimchi condiments (without adding
red pepper powder and sea food brine) and nutrition of mandarin made for fresh eating only by
pouring on salted vegetable anywhere at any time.
 Since Mandarin Kimchi sauce is shipped with basic condiments, it provides custom-tailored
Kimchi that could approach all the more to the desire of diversified consumers with separate
additional condiments base at each family or factory.
Market competitiveness:
 Cabbage (other vegetables such as radish, etc.) Kimchi through adjustment of sweetness and color
of mandarin has coloring of orange and the unique taste of our Kimchi, and is very high class
Kimchi that cannot be compared with any other existing fruit added Kimchi in its quality.
 As the market where salted cabbage can be bought easily is formed recently, the market for
Mandarin Kimchi Sauce shall become competitive at restaurant or eateries for meat as well as
families (Matches well with meats).
 Since mandarin Kimchi may be produced at the same price with existing Kimchi, it may greatly
look over existing Kimchi market on the level of entering and marketing into the market.

9. Jeju Godgamaguul (A Mandarin Drink)

Features:
 Beverages, jam and tea made from Tangerines like Hallabong, Organic Tangerines Extracts from
chemical-free and organically grown tangerines such as Hallabong of Jeju are made into alkaline
health food.
 The extracts contain beat carotene and different functional ingredients which help facilitate
metabolism and have great effects on skin care and recovery from fatigue.

10. Mandarin oil, Lemongrass oil

Detailed information about mandarin oil:
  Mandarin essential oil is considered to be a safe children’s remedy for indigestion, hiccoughs, etc.
and also used by elderly to help strengthen the digestive function and liver.
 Mandarin oil is used in soaps, cosmetics and perfumes especially colognes.
 It is employed as a flavoring agent especially in confectionary, soft drinks and liqueurs.
 Reported properties of mandarin oil include: antiseptic, antispasmodic, carminative, digestive,
diuretic, sedative, stimulant and tonic.
 Mandarin blends well with other citrus oils and spice oils such as nutmeg, cinnamon and clove.

11. Soft Pack Canned Mandarin Oranges

B. CONCENTRATED ORANGE JUICE

1. Concentrated orange juice
2. Concentrated orange juice with calcium
3. Concentrated orange juice with preservative
4. Concentrated orange juice with preservative, low pulp
5. Concentrated orange juice. Brand profile
6. Concentrated orange juice, dairy premium
7. Concentrated orange juice, early-mid
8. Concentrated orange juice, low pulp
9. Concentrated orange juice, low viscosity
10. Concentrated orange juice, reduced acid
11. Concentrated orange juice, Valencia

C. ESSENTIAL ORANGE OILS

1. Orange oil, cold pressed, early mid
2. Orange oil. Cold pressed, Valencia

D. FOOD GRADE ORANGE D-LIMONENE

1. d-limonene, food grade

E. ORANGE ESSENCES
1. Orange oil phase essence
2. Orange water phase essence

F. ORANGE JUICE, NOT FROM CONCENTRATE (NFC)

1. Orange juice, not from concentrate with calcium
2. Orange juice, not from concentrate, premium
3. Orange juice, not from concentrate, early mid
4. Orange juice, not from concentrate, Valencia

G. ORANGE PULP CELLS

1. Orange pulp cells, frozen
2. Orange pulp cells, aseptic

CITRUS BY-PRODUCTS

1. Super Orange Degreaser

Super Orange Degreaser has the unique ability to powerfully liquefy tar, oil, and grease for easy
removal, all the while being completely safe and user friendly. What is left behind is the pleasant smell of
natural orange citrus.
There is no better product for:
 Tar and asphalt removal
 Cleaning concrete and wood floors-even removal of rubber carpet backing on floors
 Liquefying grease and oil deposits
 Cleaning and deodorizing of dumpsters and garbage cans
Formulation:
 93% pure d 'Limonene (citrus extract) and 7% emulsifiers.
Features:
 Safe and biodegradable
 Contains all natural citrus extracts
 Non-corrosive/safe for all metal surfaces
 Strong and versatile
 Pleasant citrus odor

2. Super Orange Aerosol

This is a powerful degreaser aerosol with the same emulsifying capabilities as the Super Orange
Degreaser. This penetrating spray lifts off oil, grease, skid marks, and tar from concrete. It is also effective
in removing chewing gum from carpeting. This has the same potent formula as the Super Orange Degreaser
and it needs to be followed by a water rinse.
Features:
 Powerful pressurized spray creates tremendous cleaning action
 Provides mobility of an aerosol
 Safe and pleasant smelling
 Non-caustic

3. Super Orange Drain Cleaner

This product represents an environmentally responsive as well as extremely effective alternative to
caustic and acidic drain cleaners. This product cleans drains, grease traps and plumbing in one step.
Formulation:
 Blend of 50% d' Limonene grease stripping solvents and 50% emulsifying agents.
It gives it a unique ability to quickly dissolve grease, fats, oils, and other organic debris to keep drains free-
flowing and can be used to clean and deodorize grease traps, drains, septic systems, and other problem
areas.
Applications:
 To keep drains fast running and odor free, pour one pint to one quart directly into drain. Allow
Super Orange Drain Cleaner to act for 30 to 60 minutes then flush with hot water.
 Add one gallon directly to grease traps or through the nearest drain. Allow to act overnight then
flush with hot water.
 Use 1/2 to 1 gallon in septic tanks and drain field distribution boxes to keep septic systems free of
clogging grease and objectionable odors.
 Apply several gallons to lift stations, sewer laterals and mains, catch basins, etc., to degrease and
deodorize.
 Regular maintenance and deodorizing of drains, add four ounces to each drain once a week.
Features:
 Non corrosive and safe with the power of d' limonene
 Dissolves grease to keep drain free flowing as well as deodorize
 USDA food safe
 Excellent drain maintainer
 No acids or caustic ingredients

4. SUPER ORANGE GEL

Powerful Vertical Surface Degreaser

This product's thixotropic formula clings to vertical surfaces giving it extensive surface contact for
excellent cleaning for these types of applications.
Formulation:
 70% d' Limonene plus 30% thickeners, emulsifiers and special surfactants
Features:
 Thick bodies clinging gel provides maximum cleaning performance on vertical surfaces with no
waste or run off
  Safety and power of d' limonene
 Deodorizes as it cleans
 Non caustic, versatile, biodegradable

5. SUPER ORANGE AERO-GEL-AEROSOL

This aerosol version of the Super Orange Gel loosens grease and oil deposits while maintaining
the non-running formula to give extended cleaning time on vertical surfaces.
Formulation:
 70% d' Limonene with a blend of penetrants and emulsifiers
Features:
 Amazing clinging ability for vertical surface cleaning
 Convenient handling of aerosol
 Pinpoint accuracy and penetration of aerosol
 Safe/pleasant smelling

6. FLOATING LIFT STATION DEGRAESER

Petroleum free, natural way to dissolve grease and create an 'Odor Barrier.' Continuous action
cleaner and deodorizer for wet walls for floating station.
Formulation:
 100% natural d' Limonene
Features:
 Safe/no petroleum distillates
 Odor eliminator
 Does not disrupt bacterial action
 Excellent alternative to a solvent for no-rinse parts cleaning

7. CITRA WIPE

Multi-Surface Cleaner
CITRA WIPE multi-surface cleaner is a revolutionary breakthrough in cleaning technology. This
futuristic formula of detergents and solvents derived from renewable resources removes tough soils and
stains. The natural citrus extract d' Limonene replaces alkalis and butyl while also supplying a powerful
grease-cutting action to tackle the most difficult cleaning tasks.
Applications:
Use on all surfaces:
Plastic Metal Glass
Ceramic Chrome Stainless
Woodwork Paint Fiberglass
Fabrics Carpets Upholstery
Furniture Baths Kitchens
Tires Boats Shops
Powers out stains:
Pencil Ball Point Shoe Polish
Scuffs Smudges Stains
Adhesive Grime Smoke Film
Oil and Grease Rubber Crayon

Features:
 Citrus based blend penetrates, lifts stains and soils and leaves surface sparkling clean without rinse
-- simply wipe
 Instant cleaner
 Safe/biodegradable
  All natural multi-surface cleaner for heavy duty chores. Safe on all surfaces
 Non-toxic, non flammable, safe on all surfaces

8. CITRA WIPE ULTRA CONCENTRATE

This unique product, the result of the latest developments in ultra basic technology, is designed to
be easily blended into either a concentrated or ready-to-use cleaner degreaser.
Features:
 Obviously has all the same attributes as Citra Wipe. However, gives user flexibility to blend as
potent concentrate which can be further diluted for maximum performance and economy or as
ready-to-use Citra Wipe
 Maximum versatility and economy. Safe on all surfaces
 Safe, non-toxic, non-flammable

9. CITRA WIPE GEL

Vertical Multi-Surface Cleaner

This ready to use Citra Gel is uniquely formulated to address vertical surfaces. This product is
tremendously effective and again leaves behind the pleasant odor of citrus.

Features:
 Non-running formula - no waste
 Perfect for multi-surface vertical cleaning
 Potent cleaning, pleasant smell, and environmentally safe
 Non flammable, non toxic, biodegradable

10. CITRA SHINE AEROSOL

This product represents a revolutionary one step citrus based cleaner, polisher and protectant. This
product leaves behind no wax buildup. It sprays as a light quick breaking foam to provide easy wipe off
and rapid surface brilliance.
Features:
 One step cleaner, polisher, and protectant
 No wax builds up
 Brilliant finish
 Completely out performs furniture polishers
 Safe and pleasant citrus aroma

11. CITRA PUNCH AEROSOL

Heavy Duty Industrial Strength Foam Cleaner and Degreaser
A unique aerosol foam that enables simple and easy cleanup of tools, parts workbenches, vent
covers, machinery, coils, industrial equipment, concrete and more.

For use by For use on

Industrial Plants Lawn Equipment - Gutters
Chemical Plants - Refineries Air Conditioning Coils
Shipyards - Power Generating Plants Farm and Road Equipment
Steel Mills - Food and Bottling Plants Tanks - Piping - Ducts
Construction Industries Trucks - Trailers
Petroleum Industry Signs - Fans- Boats - Docks
General Maintenance Oil Rigs - Dairy Equipment
Features:
 Ultra fast super powerful grease dissolving action
 Thick clinging foam
 Non-flammable
  Biodegradable
 Pleasant citrus aroma
 Safe and powerful cleaning all in one

12. CITRUS FOAM AEROSOL-ALL PURPOSE CLEANER

Citrus Based Foam Cleaner Deodorizer

Heavy foam cleaner that sprays in any position and clings to vertical surfaces. Easily removes dirt,
grime, grease and soap scum from any hard surface not affected by water alone. Fresh citrus fragrance
deodorizes as it cleans.

For use by For use on

Restaurants - Nursing Homes Walls - Doors - Sinks
Hotels - Motels - Boaters - Airports Tubs - Tiles - Fiberglass
Schools - Office Buildings - Hospitals Vinyl Seating and Tops
Car Detailers - Furniture Stores Porcelain - Formica
Janitorial Services Molding - Metal - Painted Surfaces
Features:
 Deodorizes as it cleans
 Thick clinging foam holds on vertical surfaces
 Non flammable - level 1 storage rating
 Formulated with concern for the environment and human health

13. D'LIMONENE BUG KILLER SAFE, NON-TOXIC, TOXIC INSECT CONTROL

Made with the all-natural ingredient d' Limonene, d' Limonene Bug Killer is a non-toxic
insecticide that can be safely used around children as well as in food processing areas. From schools and
daycare centers to restaurant kitchens, and food processing plants, d' Limonene Bug Killer safely wipes out
unwanted insects without posing a threat to children or food.

Use it as a residual insecticide in a variety of places such as:

Cracks and Crevices Pantries Garbage Dumpsters
Cabinets Doorways Ant Hills
Window Frames Pet Bedding Behind Appliances
Around Buildings
Features:
 EPA approved, non-toxic formula safe for use around children and food
 Eliminates insects with all-natural ingredient d' limonene
 D’ limonene dissolves a protective layer of wax from the exoskeletons of insects causing them to
suffocate and die
 Use as contact insecticide for immediate kill
 Also provides residual action weeks after application

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