Hydrosphere

by- Akriti Singh Kushwaha

ABMGL21002
roll no.- 2142371
M.Sc Geology
 Index
Introduction
Compostion of Marine Water
Compostion of terrestrial water
Gain and Loss of the oceans
The Balance of dissolved matter
in sea water
History and evolution
Introduction
What Is Hydrosphere?
Role in Geochemical Cycle
Compostion of Marine Water
Chlorinity
Salinity-
averages about 35%, range between
32 and 37%, 4l% in the Red Sea and
the Persian Gulf.

Dittmar- Major constituents

(halides, sulfate, magnesium.
calcium, and potassium)
Minor and Trace Constituents-
1. Group A
2. Group B
3. Group C
 Fluction in Group B

Phosphate distribution

Solubility of gases
Composition of terrestrial water

Source- rain & magmatic

water

HCO3-, derived from CO2,

and Na+, Ca++, SO4--, Cl-
by cycled sea salts via
precipitation.

CaAl2Si208 + 2CO2 +
3H2O = Al2Si2O5(OH)4 +
Ca2+ + 2HCO3-
 Clarke's data
1. salinity up to 50 ppm- igneous
or metamorphic rocks
2. 50-200 ppm- sedimentary
rocks;

dissolved solids

Ground Water
1. limestone basins- ca
2. dolomite- ca and Mg
3. arid- Cl-, SO4--
GAINS AND LOSSES OF THE OCEAN
seawater Na > Mg > Ca
and Cl > SO4 > CO3-
river water Ca > Na > Mg
and CO3- > SO4-- > Cl-

Gain
1. cyclic salts
2. suspended solids
3. runoff Loss
1. Adsorption and base
exchange
2. ions react with sedimentary
material
3. Biological activity
The Balance of Dissolved
Matter In sea Water

residence time (T)= A/dA/dt

Na > (K, Ca, Mg) > Mn > (Si, Al)

The concentration of a given element in seawater is a function of

its rate of removal by chemical or physical means as well as its
rate of addition

Biological activity - Cu & Fe

 pH and Redox potential
Buffer System- carbonate-CO2 and silicate systems
The History and evolution of oceans
(constant volume-volcanic chloride hypothesis)
(constant volume constant chloride hypothesis)
(volcanic ocean-volcanic chloride hypothesis)
(volcanic ocean-constant chloride hypothesis)

Accepted theory- Magmatic water

Verhoogen (1946)- O.7% Of ocean can have been

added since the beginning of the Palaeozoic
Garrels and Mackenzie (1971)- three time periods
Thank you!