Unit 9 Grammar. a) @ Conditionals: zero, first, second, third, mixed, inverted / unless, in case, as/so long as, provided (that) Zero conditional Form _if+ present simple, present simple Use Exampl General or scientificfacts and defnitions —_| Ifyou have faith in something, you believe in something you cannot prove. First conditional if+apresent tense, will + bare infinitive Use Example Real ortkely conditionsin the presen _ | !ieuhave abirthday arty, youl get loads of ool presents ‘orfuture and their results in the present | ifyou're working till half past six, we'll have dinner at about eight. and future Ifyou have revised propery, you won't have any problems in the test next week. We canalso use may, might, can, could, shall, should, ought to, haveto instead of will, depending on the meaning. Y Ifyou have a birthday party, you might get loads of cool presents! @ We can also use should + bare infinitive instead of present simple. This suggests the situation is. possible, but unlikely to happen. Y Ifyou should bump into Alex at the concert, youl be able toget a lifthome, © Wecanalsouse a form of the first concitional to give instructions about real or likely situations in the present or future. Thisis: if+ a present tense, imperative. Y Ifyoudecide to heve abirthday party, tell me! unless, in case, as/so long as, provided (that) Word or Meaning Example ibe thereat sicunless /get delayed. = exceptif| get delayed / if don't get delayed) incase ‘because he/she/it/etc might’ | Let's tcke our welliesin case its muddy.( = because it might be muddy) ‘for'only if ‘As long as!'m happy, my parents don'tcare what job | do. orem ‘Soong as'm happy, my parents don'tcare what job! do. unless ‘exceptif'or'if...not’ as/so long as provided (that) | ‘if'or’only if’ Provided (that) Im happy. my parents don't care what job | do_ Second conditional if past simple or past continuous, would + bare infinitive Use Example Impossible, unlikely or hypothetical conditions in the present or future and their results in the present or future Ifyou had a beard, you would look just ike Charles Dickens! ‘f you were flying to Rio, would you get there much quicker? ‘fl were you, | would think very carefully about my future. (more formal) flwas you, td have aparty at the weekend! (more informal), {@ We canalso use might or could instead of would, depending on the meaning. (Note: could here often means would be able t0,) If wewere older, we could go on holiday on our own. © We canalso use could in the ifclause. Here, it means was/were able to. ¥ Iflcoulddrive,td buy o car.Conditionals: zero, frst, second, third, mixed, inverted / unless, in case, as/so long 2s, provided (that) Unit 9 Third conditional if + past perfect (simple or continuous), would + have + past participle Use Example Ifyou had worn a fake beard, no one would have known who you werel| = You didn't wear a fake beard so people knew who youwere) If she'd been wearing her new glasses, would have noticed them. (= She wasn't wearing hernew glasses so I didn't notice them) Hypothetical conditions in the past and theirresults in the past © Ve can also use might, ould or should instead of would, depending on the meaning. teh out, ¥ Iflhad done some revision, | might / could /should have passed the exam. wi Mixed conditionals if-+ past perfect (simple or continuous), would + bare infinitive Example Hypothetical past condition | if! had listened to my parents, | wouldn't be in somuch troublenow, (=| didn't listen to and a present result my parents so I'm in lots of troublenow,) if-+ past simple or past continuous, would + have + past participle Use Example Hypothetical present ifthad a mobile, Would have called you fast night. =| don't have a mobile so | didn't condition anda past result _| callyoulastnight) Inverted conditionals Form Should /you/he/etc.... instead of If /you/he/etc should... Were /you/he/etc...instead of if /you/he/etc were... Had Wou/he/etc...instead of If\/you/he/etchad... Use Example More formal form of the first conditional | Should the situation worsen, the United Nations is prepared to send in a (with should) peacekeeping force.( = f the situation should worsen...) More formal form of the second Were the situation to worsen, the United Nations would be prepared tosend in conditional a peacekeeping force. (= Ifthe situation were to worsen...) Had the situation worsened, the United Nations would have been prepared to More formal form ofthe third conditional | sendin a peacekeeping force.( = Ifthe situation had worsened... © For allconditional sentences (first, second, third, mixed, inverted), when the condition comes before arch oO the result itis usually followed by a comma. When the result comes frst, no comma is necessary. ¥ Ifthada mebile,| would have called you last night. ¥ [would have called you fast night iff hada mobile. © Inconditional sentences, modals (will, would, could,etc) are sometimes followed by a continuous infinitive, Weld still be waiting if you hade’t tured up. S © With second and third conditionals in informal conversation, speakers of American English eae at sometimes use would or would havein the if clause. This is very unusual in British English. Vase US: How would you feel if this happened/ would happen to you? UK: How would you feel if this happened to you? Us: I would have felt avvulifthat had happened /would have happened tome. UK: | would have felt awful f thet had happened to me,