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Daniel Raymer
Conceptual Research Corp.
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All content following this page was uploaded by Daniel Raymer on 26 January 2019.
This book is copyright and is not legally available in electronic format on this or any other
internet site.
Please do not download pirate copies – it is immoral and it contributes to a world in which
authors have little reason to spend thousands of unpaid hours trying to create the high-
quality content that you desire.
The book is available for purchase at most online bookstores including Amazon, and can
also be purchased directly from the publisher, at these links.
http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/1624104908/danraymesaircrde
https://arc.aiaa.org/doi/book/10.2514/4.104909
Below is the full Table of Contents followed by the Preface, which introduces the book.
For more information about this book, aircraft design short courses, the RDS win design
software, and free downloads of other publications by the author, see the author’s website:
www.aircraftdesign.com
CONTENTS
Preface
Author's Note Concerning Use of Metric Weight Units
Nomenclature
Chapter 1 Design—A Separate Discipline
2.1 Requirements
2.2 Phases of Aircraft Design
2.3 Aircraft Conceptual Design Process
2.4 Integrated Product Development and Aircraft Design
Chapter 3 Sizing from a Conceptual Sketch
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Takeoff-Weight Buildup
3.3 Empty-Weight Estimation
3.4 Fuel-Fraction Estimation
3.5 Takeoff-Weight Calculation
3.6 Design Example: ASW Aircraft
Chapter 4 Airfoil and Wing/Tail Geometry Selection
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Airfoil Selection
4.3 Wing Geometry
4.4 Biplane Wings
4.5 Tail Geometry and Arrangement
7.1 Introduction
7.2 End Products of Configuration Layout
7.3 Conic Lofting
7.4 Conic Fuselage Development
7.5 Flat-Wrap Fuselage Lofting
7.6 Circle-to-Square Adapter
7.7 Loft Verification via Buttock-Plane Cuts
7.8 Wing/Tail Layout and Loft
7.9 Wetted-Area Determination
7.10 Volume Determination
7.11 Use of Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
in Conceptual Design
Chapter 8 Special Considerations in Configuration Layout
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Aerodynamic Considerations
8.3 Structural Considerations
8.4 Radar Detectability
8.5 Infrared Detectability
8.6 Visual Detectability
8.7 Aural Signature
8.8 Vulnerability Considerations
8.9 Crashworthiness Considerations
8.10 Producibility Considerations
8.11 Maintainability Considerations
Appendix C Airspeed
Questions
References
Index
Supporting Materials
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PREFACE
Aircraft Design is a challenging, rewarding, and fun career. There are dozens of
different activities involved in creating a new air vehicle concept, different specialties
ranging from initial configuration layout to system optimization and cost estimation.
These activities can be grouped into two equally important aspects of aircraft design:
design layout and design analysis. While some people do both, in most cases these
differing aspects attract different types of people. Certain people love playing with
numbers and computers, whereas others can't stop doodling on every piece of paper
within reach.
This book offers a balanced overview of these two aspects of design, integrated
together and presented in the manner typically seen in an aircraft design project at a
major aerospace company. Whichever aspect you may lean towards, the book should help
get you started and will provide a resource of material throughout your career.
Aircraft design depends on the reliable calculation of numbers but in the end, the
only thing that actually gets built is the configuration concept shown on the drawing or
CAD file. Its creation is not a trivial task of drafting based upon the analysis results, but
rather it is a key element of the overall design process and ultimately determines the
performance, weight, and cost of the aircraft. Bluntly stated, if you don't have a good
drawing, you don't have an aircraft design. The “Conceptual Approach” mentioned in the
book’s title refers to a design process centered around a realistic concept layout.
It is difficult to visualize and draw a new aircraft that has a streamlined
aerodynamic shape and an efficient internal layout and yet satisfies an incredible number
of real-world constraints and design specifications. Aircraft conceptual design layout is a
rare talent that takes years to cultivate. Although to some extent good designers are
“born, not made,” the proven methods and best practices of aircraft configuration layout
can be taught and are covered here in the first half of this book. These apply equally to
traditional drafting table drawings and to modern computer-aided design.
It is also true that a nice aircraft drawing is nothing without the analytical results
to support it, and it will be a much better design if clever optimization methods are
employed. So, a good designer or design team must find an appropriate balance between
design layout and design analysis. The second half of this book covers analysis and
optimization methods that will tell you if the design works, if it meets its design
requirements, and how you can make it better in the next drawing.
Writing – and rewriting - this book has been an educating and humbling
experience. It is my sincere wish that it helps aspiring aircraft designers to “learn the
ropes” more quickly. My greatest pride in the previous editions has been the thanks from
the students who've used the book in their design classes, and the designers of built-and-
flown airplanes who've told me that they made extensive use of my book. Thanks—that
means a lot.
Daniel P. Raymer
Los Angeles, California
June 2018