Studia Chaburensia

(StCh)

Edited by Hartmut W. Kühne

Editorial Board:
Peter M.M.G. Akkermans, Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum,
Florian Janoscha Kreppner, Karen Radner

Volume 6

2016
Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden
 Trajectories of Complexity
Socio-economic Dynamics in Upper Mesopotamia
in the Neolithic and Chalcolithic Periods

Edited by Marco Iamoni

2016
Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden
 Contents

Preface ............................................................................................................................... VII

Tim BOAZ BRUUN SKULDBØL and Carlo COLANTONI

Early urbanism on the margins of Upper Mesopotamia – Complex settlement
patterns and urban transformations on the Rania Plain in northeastern Iraq .................... 1

Simone MÜHL and Oliver P. NIEUWENHUYSE

Halaf and Ubaid period settlement: a view from the Central Zagros Piedmont ............. 27

Marco IAMONI
Larger site, better life? Site dimensions and the path to socio-economic
complexity in Upper Mesopotamia across the Halaf and Ubaid periods ........................ 57

Tatsundo KOIZUMI
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid
to Late Chalcolithic Periods in Upper Mesopotamia:
A Preliminary Study on Pottery from Salat Tepe, southeastern Turkey ......................... 85

Johnny Samuele BALDI

Regionalized patterns and paths to “complexity”:
UHнHFWLRQVDERXWFHUDPLFSURYLQFHVDQGRUJDQL]DWLRQDOPRGDOLWLHV
in the 6th-4th millennia Northern Mesopotamia ........................................................... 117

Daniela ARROYO-BARRANTES
Communities in transition: the development of mass production
and urban feasting in Northern Mesopotamia ............................................................... 139

Salam AL-QUNTAR
Craft Specialisation and the Process of Urban Growth in Northern
Mesopotamia in the Late Chalcolithic: A view from the Syrian Jazira ........................ 159

Marco RAMAZZOTTI
Back to the Future. Structuring an Analytical Model
for the Mesopotamian Urbanism: a view from the South ............................................. 183

Jill A. WEBER
Animals and Complexity: mapping urban land-use
through sex and size ................................................................................................................... 195

Marco IAMONI
Concluding remarks. The transformation of Upper Mesopotamia
from the Late Pottery Neolithic to the Chalcolithic: some suggestions ........................ 215
 TATSUNDO KOIZUMI
Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, The University of Tokyo

Pyrotechnological Development from the

Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods in
Upper Mesopotamia: A Preliminary Study on
Pottery from Salat Tepe, southeastern Turkey.

Abstract
This study presents methods used for and results of pyrotechnological analyses of pottery
from the West Asian urbanization in the Ubaid to Uruk periods1. I review the analytical
methods used to study the pyrotechnology of pottery manufacture by examining sun-dried
bricks and sherds from Salat Tepe in the Upper Tigris region, southeastern Turkey. Then I
discuss the results from XRF, XRD and EPMA analyses of the sun-dried brick and sherd
samples, and those of clinkers and reddish pigments as well.
7KHSUHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHVIRUSRWWHU\PD\EHJURXSHGDV
IROORZVFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\RIWKH/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGZDVмUHGDWMXVWDERYHFD
Ʋ&SDLQWHGSRWWHU\RIWKH8EDLGSHULRGDWWRƲ&+DODI8EDLG7UDQVLWLRQDOSDLQWHG
pottery and gray burnished pottery in the earlier stage of the Late Chalcolithic period, the
(DUO\8UXNUHODWHGSHULRGZHUHмUHGDWKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHVWKDQWKHFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\
DQGDOLWWOHORZHUWKDQWKH8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\DURXQGWRƲ&
Careful preparation of pigments during the manufacturing process might have involved
WKHмULQJDWFDWRƲ&RIDOXPSRIOHYLJDWHGFOD\PL[HGZLWKOLPHVWRQHDQGKH-
PDWLWHEHIRUHSDLQWLQJ,WKDVEHHQHVWLPDWHGWKDWWHPSHUDWXUHVRIUHGXFWLRQмULQJIRU*UD\
Burnished Ware and of the keyhole-shaped pottery kiln in the Late Chalcolithic period
FRXOGERWKKDYHEHHQORZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHSDLQWHGSRWWHU\DQGUHODWHGмULQJHTXLSPHQWLQ
the Ubaid period.

Introduction
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&KDOFROLWKLF$JHUHODWHGWRXUEDQL]DWLRQLQ:HVW$VLDWKHSRWWHU\мULQJFRQGLWLRQVKDYHEHHQ
found to undergo technological development. The Halaf-Ubaid Transitional (HUT), Ubaid
and Late Chalcolithic wares especially show typical development of pyrotechnology in pot-
WHU\SURGXFWLRQ7KHVFLHQWLмFDQDO\VLVRIWKHVHZDUHVLVWKHUHIRUHRIJUHDWLQWHUHVWLQRUGHU
to contribute to a fuller comprehension of pottery production during the urbanization periods.
Recently many aspects of pottery production during the Chalcolithic period have been

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Studia Chaburensia 6 (2016), pp. 885 – 115.

86 Tatsundo Koizumi

studied. Pottery kiln structures throughout West Asia and also parts of South Asia have been
V\VWHPDWLFDOO\ FODVVLмHG 'HOFURL[ DQG +XRW  SRWWHU\ SURGXFWLRQ LQ JHQHUDO WKURXJK
WLPH LQ WKH 0HVRSRWDPLD UHJLRQ KDV EHHQ UHYLHZHG 0RRUH\  DQG WKH GHYHORSPHQW
of Neolithic and Chalcolithic pottery kilns in the West Asia studied with regard to struc-
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6LPSVRQDE.RL]XPLDQGSRWWHU\SURGXFWLRQLQJHQHUDOGXULQJWKH&KDO-
FROLWKLFSHULRG0RRUH\$WWKHVDPHWLPHVHYHUDOQRWDEOHFKHPLFDODQDO\VHVKDYHEHHQ
SHUIRUPHG VXFK DV 6FDQQLQJ (OHFWURQ 0LFURVFRSH 6(0 DQG ;UD\ нXRUHVFHQFH ;5)
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6WHLQEHUJ.D\DQL
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draught kilns, with the baking chamber directly above the combustion chamber, at higher
temperatures than in previous periods, which was associated with the occurrence of over-
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SKDVHDQGSRUHVWUXFWXUHRIWKHмUHGSRWWHU\LQGLFDWHGWKDWWKHмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKH6D-
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6LPSVRQD'XULQJSUHKLVWRULFSHULRGVLQ0HVRSRWDPLDDQGWKHVXUURXQGLQJ
DUHDWKHмQHSDLQWHGSRWWHU\RIWKH+DODISHULRGZDVWKHPRVWHODERUDWHO\SURGXFHG&LU-
FXODUXSGUDXJKWNLOQVFRQWLQXHGWREHXVHGDQGWKHмQHSDLQWHGSRWWHU\SUREDEO\DWWDLQHG
WHPSHUDWXUHVRIPRUHWKDQp&XSWRFDp&9DQ$VDQG-DFREVWDEOH
96LPSVRQD
8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\LVXVXDOO\мUHGLQGRXEOHFKDPEHUXSGUDXJKWNLOQVWDSSLQJWKHVXU-
IDFHPDNHVDPHWDOOLFULQJLQJVRXQG+RZHYHUWKHUHDUHPDQ\RYHUмUHGVKHUGVDQGGDUN
ROLYHFRORUHGYHVVHOVDVIRXQGLQ6DPDUUDмQHSRWWHU\27KHмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHVHHPVVRPH-
times to have been so high that the resulting vessel had a greenish to green color. In this fea-
WXUHLWLVGHмQLWHO\GLVWLQFWIURP+DODIPDWHULDOEXWUDWKHUVLPLODUWRWKDWIURP6DPDUUD2Q
WKHEDVLVRIWKHWRWDOYLWULмFDWLRQRIWKHмUHGSRWWHU\H[DPLQHGLQ6(0LWZDVFRQFOXGHGWKDW
FRQVLVWHQWO\KLJKHUмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\IURPWRp&ZHUHHPSOR\HG
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p&EXWFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\ZDVмUHGDWORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHV6LPSVRQD
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*DZUD;,;;,,,/DWH8EDLGVXJJHVWHGWKDWWKHVHSRWWHU\YHVVHOVZHUHмUHGDWDWHPSHUD-
WXUHRIFDp&DQGRWKHUVIURP7HSH*DZUD;,,,;7HUPLQDO8EDLGLQWKHUDQJHRI
WRp&.D\DQL+RZHYHU,DPVXUSULVHGWKDWWKHHVWLPDWHGWHPSHUDWXUH
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H[SHULPHQWDWLRQRQUHмULQJVRIWKH8EDLGSDLQWHGVKHUGVLQDQHOHFWULFNLOQLQGLFDWHGWKDW
WKHVDPSOHVмUHGDWOHVVWKDQp&UDUHO\FKDQJHGZLWKUHJDUGWRVXUIDFHFRQGLWLRQEXWWKDW
RWKHUVмUHGDWPRUHWKDQp&PHOWHGOLNHFKRFRODWH.RL]XPL
Concerning the pigment composition of Samarra, Halaf and Ubaid painted pottery, it has
been widely accepted that iron-rich pigments were used in reddish painting on the pottery
surface, and manganese-rich pigments in blackish decoration. Petrographic and electron mi-
croprobe analyses of painted Ubaid sherds from Tell al ‘Ubaid and Ur revealed that the

 6DPDUUD:DUHKDVEHHQGHмQHGDVDVHWRIDWWULEXWHVE\&DPSEHOOмQHGDUNFRORUHGPLQHUDOLQFOX-

VLRQVFUHDPWREXIIFRORUHGVPRRWKHGVXUIDFHVPDWSDLQWHG
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

painting uniformly contains traces of hematite or magnetite, abundant titanium oxides and
distinctively rimmed chromite, but no manganese minerals remained in either paints (Oates
et al. 
0LFURVFRSLFDQGPLFURSUREHDQDO\VLVRI8EDLGSHULRGDQGFHUDPLFVIURP7HOOHO2XHOOL
showed that the paintings contained iron oxides (hematite or magnetite), iron-titanium ox-
LGHVWLWDQLXPDQGFKURPLXP&RXUWRLVDQG9HOGH6LPLODUDQDO\VLVRIRWKHUSDLQWHG
samples from the site showed that manganese tends to be found in the pottery samples of the
8EDLGSHULRGZKLOHLURQEHFRPHVGRPLQDQWLQWKRVHRIWKH8EDLGDQGSHULRGV&RXUWRLV
DQG9HOGH
Some Ubaid pottery is distinctively painted with a complex chromium and manganese
R[LGH EODFN SLJPHQW .DPLOOL DQG 6WHLQEHUJ   6LPSVRQ D $QDO\VHV RI
ancient Mesopotamian pottery by using SEM-EDX (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy)
and XRD revealed that paint on Samarra pottery has sometimes high hematite content as well
DV IHDWXULQJ PDJQHWLWH LQ EODFNLVK SLJPHQWV WKH SDLQW PDWUL[ RI 8EDLG SRWWHU\ FRQWDLQLQJ
titanium and chromium indicated that iron ores were mixed with clays used as raw materials
for paint preparation (Noll et al.
The aim of this paper is to monitor the technological development of pottery manufactur-
ing during the HUT, Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic periods as an aspect of ‘heat-work’ which is
what the combined effect of temperature and time is called by the modern ceramics industry
+DPHUDQG+DPHU,UHSRUWSUHOLPLQDU\EXWUHPDUNDEOHUHVXOWVIURPFKHPLFDO
DQDO\VHVRISRWWHU\DQGSLJPHQWVDPSOHVIURP6DODW7HSHXVLQJ;5);5'(30$DQG7*
DTA3WHFKQLTXHVRQSRWWHU\IDEULFVSDLQWVFOLQNHUVIURPSRWWHU\NLOQVDQGUHGGLVKSLJPHQWV
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phenomena in the Chalcolithic period.

Analytical Methods
Site information and samples studied
Salat Tepe is located on the left bank of the River Salat, a tributary of the upper Tigris in
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ZLWKDWUDSH]RLGVKDSHGSURмOH,Q'U7XED–NVHDQG0U$KPHW*¶UP¼ğ conducted
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 –NVH DQG *¶UP¼ğ 7KH\ H[FDYDWHG VHYHUDO VHWWOHPHQWV FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ VXQ
dried brick-built architecture of the Middle Bronze to Early Iron Ages in the Summit Trench,
and of the Chalcolithic in the Step Trench on the southern slope.
6LQFHWKHVHDVRQ,KDYHSDUWLFLSDWHGLQWKLVSURMHFWEHLQJLQFKDUJHRIH[FDYDWLQJ
the Step Trench (Figure 2). Our aim during these excavation campaigns was to establish a
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UHODWHGSHULRGV–NVHet al. .RL]XPLLQSUHVV

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88 Tatsundo Koizumi

,QRUGHUWRSXUVXHWKHVFLHQWLмFDQDO\VLVRIDUFKDHRORJLFDOUHPDLQVUHODWHGWRSRWWHU\SUR-
duction, I collected three sun-dried bricks, seven sherds, two pieces of clinker and two of
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IURPWKHDXWKRULWLHVRIWKH'L\DUEDNñU0XVHXP7XUNH\

Fig. 1: Location of Salat Tepe.

Fig. 2: A kite view of Salat Tepe.

Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

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Transitional painted sherds6+ZHUHXQFRYHUHGRQ)ORRU7DFFRPSDQLHGE\
VKHUGSDYHG+HDUWK)ZKLFKZDVRYDOLQSODQ)LJXUH*LYHQWKHDGGLWLRQDOHYLGHQFHRI
such household utensils as pieces of coarse ware and perforated vessels, spindle wheels and

6 Although this sherd might have been redeposited from an earlier context, we picked it as a pottery sample to
compare with the reliably Ubaid one.
 Tatsundo Koizumi

Fig. 6: Studied sherds from Salat Tepe.

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a part of an ordinary house.0RVWRIWKHVKHUGVIURP)ORRU7DQG+HDUWK)LQ7UHQFK
H12 are ascribed to the Late to Terminal Ubaid periods on the basis of pottery production
WHFKQLTXHV.RL]XPLet al.
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нRRUPD\KDYHIXQFWLRQHGDVDZRUNVKRSZKHUHSLJPHQWVZHUHKDQGOHGSHUKDSVSDLQWHGRU
washed onto vessels during pottery production. Additionally, a piece of clay ring scraper, a
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RQHIURPWKHSRWWHU\ZRUNVKRSLQ/HYHOVRI6HFWRU%DW7HOO.RVDN6KDPDOL1LVKLDNL
et al.мJ.RL]XPLDQG6XGR7KXVWKHHYLGHQFHRISLJPHQWVDQGWKH
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000DQG.LOQ)LQ7UHQFK,RI6DODW7HSHPLJKWKDYHEHHQXVHGDVDSRW-
tery production workshop (Koizumi et al.)URPDOD\HULQWKHQRUWKRIDURRPRIWKH
building complex in the trench, another Late Ubaid painted sherd (I12-121-1) was collected
IRUFRPSDULVRQDVZHUH/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHG,DQG(DUO\%URQ]HSDLQWHG,
VKHUGVIURPDOD\HUQRUWKRI3LW‡LQ7UHQFK,)LJXUH

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existed in the western area of the building complex. The ‘Ubaidian Tripartite Plan’ complex, consisting of the
central and eastern units together with western one, might have had a residential function.
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

)LJ5RRPV0DQGRWKHUVLQ7UHQFK,

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 Tatsundo Koizumi

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which belongs to the pottery workshop mentioned above (Figure 8: 1-2), and another (H12-
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DOD\HUXQGHU:DOO'LQ7UHQFK+)LJXUH

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Analyses
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Ibaraki Prefecture (Japan) where XRF, XRD, EPMA analyses and others were carried out as
chemical examination procedures.
First, in order to compare the chief ingredient elements and chemical compounds present
in the sun-dried bricks with those in the pottery fabrics, we performed elemental analysis
XVLQJ;5);UD\нXRUHVFHQFHDQGPLQHUDOFRPSRVLWLRQLGHQWLмFDWLRQE\PHDQVRI;5'
(X-ray diffraction). In particular, we intended to examine the molar and weight ratios of
silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), the main ingredients of the clay, as well
as of calcium oxide (CaO) and magnesium oxide (MgO), other elements present in higher
percentage in the clay.
The mineral composition of the fabrics was, at the same time, divided into those clay min-
HUDOVRULJLQDOO\LQFOXGHGLQWKHVRLODQGRWKHUVSURGXFHGE\мULQJ%\DFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKH
PLQHUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNVZHFDQGLVWLQJXLVKPLQHUDOVSURGXFHGE\мULQJ
in the fabric of the sherds from the clay minerals originally present in the ‘clay’ mixture prior
WRмULQJDQGHVWLPDWHDWZKDWWHPSHUDWXUHWKHVKHUGVZHUHмUHG,QRXUDQDO\VLVRIWKHPLQ-
eral composition, we decided to use the more sensitive WDS (wavelength dispersion type),
UDWKHUWKDQ(';HQHUJ\GLVSHUVLRQW\SHWHFKQLTXH
The XRF analytical methods employed were as follows. We put the sherds in a container
made of tungsten carbide after cleaning with water and drying in air, and then pulverized
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

WKHPLQDYLEUDWLRQPLOO7KLVSRZGHUZDVGULHGLQDGU\HUDWp&DQGKHDWHGLQPXIнH
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/2,ORVVRQLJQLWLRQ:HPDQXIDFWXUHGDJODVVEHDGIURPWKHEXUQWVDPSOHFDJPL[HG
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Second, XRD analysis was carried out as follows. Mineral composition was measured in
an X-ray diffraction device by the powder method. After water-cleaning and air-drying of the
sherd samples, we pulverized them in a vibration mill. Then this powder was dried in a dryer
DWp&)RUWKHVXQGULHGEULFNDIWHUFXWWLQJWKHVDPSOHVLQWRWLQ\SLHFHVDQGDLUGU\LQJZH
ZHWVLHYHGWKHPXVLQJDPHVKDQGVXEVHTXHQWO\SXOYHUL]HGWKHPLQDYLEUDWLRQPLOO:H
analyzed the mineral composition of these samples by the powder method using the X-ray
GLIIUDFWLRQGHYLFH5LJDNX5,178OWLPD
Third, in order to compare the difference between the chief ingredient elements of the
elaborate paints on the sherds and the plain body sherds without any painting, a color-map-
ping analysis by EPMA (electron beam microanalysis) was performed. We carried out the
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ductivity, we analyzed the painted and plain surfaces of the sample by wavelength dispersion
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ZLWKVKHUGVWKDWPLJKWKDYHEHHQмUHGLQWKHNLOQ0RVWO\WKHSRWWHU\NLOQLVPDGHRIVXQ
GULHGEULFNVDQGRUFOD\FRDWHGZLWKWKLQO\SODVWHUHGFOD\RQWKHVXUIDFH6LQFHDNLOQPD\
EH H[SHFWHG WR KDYH EHHQ мUHG PDQ\ WLPHV DW KLJK WHPSHUDWXUHV WKH KHDW FDSDFLW\ RI WKH
NLOQZDOOPD\ZHOOEHELJJHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHмUHGSRWWHU\LWVHOI+RZHYHUWKHFOD\PLQHUDO
composition of a kiln wall exposed to a maximum temperature is expected to be similar to
WKDWRIWKHSRWWHU\мUHGLQWKHNLOQ:HFDQWKHUHIRUHUDLVHWKHSUHFLVLRQRIмULQJWHPSHUDWXUH
estimations by comparing the elements present in and mineral composition of the kiln wall
ZLWKWKRVHRIWKHVKHUGVWKDWPLJKWKDYHEHHQмUHGWKHUH
0RUHRYHUZHKDGWKHJRRGIRUWXQHWRGLVFRYHUSLJPHQWVLQVLWXRQWKHнRRURIDSRWWHU\
workshop and in other contexts at Salat Tepe, which are much better samples for chemical
analysis. Using XRF and XRD, we analyzed the elemental and mineral composition of both
lump-like and powdery remains of pigments.

Results of Analyses
Using the methods described above, we obtained the following remarkable results from our
chemical analyses of sun-dried bricks, sherds, kiln-wall clinkers and pigments.

Main elements present in sun-dried bricks and sherds

With regard to the elemental composition of sun-dried bricks and sherds, we compared XRF
analysis results (percent by weight) considering LOI (Table 1). The percentage of silicon
GLR[LGH6L2DPDLQLQJUHGLHQWRIWKHFOD\XVHGWRPDNHWKUHHVXQGULHGEULFNV,
 ,$ +$ LV     DQG WKDW RI DOXPLQXP R[LGH
 Tatsundo Koizumi

-/)!,%"!
,% & -/)!,%"!
,% & -/)!,%"!
,% & #,0
/,)%-$"! 
*,-"
+'%) 
%!
+%)."! 
+%)."! 
%!
+%)."!
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Table 1

(Al2O3DQRWKHUSULQFLSDOLQJUHGLHQWLV7KHSURSRUWLRQVE\ZHLJKW

RI RWKHU KLJKHU IUHTXHQF\ FRPSRQHQWV DUH FDOFLXP R[LGH &D2 DQG PDJQHVLXP R[LGH
0J2UHVSHFWLYHO\DQG7KHZHLJKWUDWLRVRI
DOXPLQXPR[LGHDQGVLOLFRQGLR[LGHRIWKHVHWKUHHVXQGULHGEULFNVDUH
  DQG   %HFDXVH WKHVH VXQGULHG EULFNV VKRZ DSSUR[L-
mately similar composition regarding the chief ingredient elements in the clay, we can con-
clude that they were made from similar raw materials, with only slight differences in element
proportions.

-/)!,%"!
,% & #,0
/,)%-$"! 
*,-"
+'%) 
%!
+%)."! 
+%)."! 
%!
+%)."!

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Table 2
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

2QWKHEDVLVRIWKH;5)DQDO\VLVSHUFHQWE\ZHLJKWFRQVLGHULQJ/2,RIWKHмYHVKHUGV

(a gray burnished, a coarse plain, a Halaf-Ubaid Transitional painted and two Ubaid painted
sherds), their clay ingredients reveal a similar composition to that of the sun-dried brick (I12-
:HLJKWUDWLRFDOFXODWLRQVRIDOXPLQXPR[LGH$O2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2), the
chief clay ingredients of the sun-dried brick and sherd samples, yield such similar results as
LQWKHIRUPHUDQGLQWKHODWWHUZKHUHDQRWDEOH
difference was not recognized. Concerning also the molar ratio based on the analysis without

)LJ7ULDQJOHFRRUGLQDWHRI6L22, Al2O3DQG&D20J2

considering LOI of the main elements present in the clay too (Table 2), the ratio of aluminum
R[LGHWRVLOLFRQGLR[LGHLQWKHVXQGULHGEULFNLVDQGWKDWRIWKHмYHVKHUGV
QHDUO\WKHVDPH
It became clear, moreover, that there was a clustered distribution on a triangular graph of
molar ratios of silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3), chief clay elements, and
WKHVXPRIFDOFLXPR[LGH&D2DQGPDJQHVLXPR[LGH0J2RWKHUKLJKHUIUHTXHQF\FRP-
SRQHQWVLQWKHFOD\RIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNDQGVKHUGVDPSOHV)LJXUH
&RQVHTXHQWO\ WKH &KDOFROLWKLF VKHUG VDPSOHV IURP 6DODW7HSH LQ WKLV VWXG\ FRXOG KDYH
been produced using raw materials with similar principal components, and it is fairly certain
that the sun-dried brick clay was almost the same as that of the sherds, which means the
pottery might have been made locally. As for the weight ratio of the ultimate analysis taking
LQWRDFFRXQW/2,FDOFLXPR[LGH&D2VKRZVWKHTXLWHKLJKSHUFHQWDJHRI
LQ HYHU\ VKHUG VDPSOH DQG PDJQHVLXP R[LGH 0J2 LV UHODWLYHO\ VLJQLмFDQW DW 
 Tatsundo Koizumi

,QWKHQHLJKERUKRRGRIOLPHVWRQH&D&23), dolomite (CaMg (CO3) 2) is also generally

SURGXFHGDQGDVPDOOTXDQWLW\RIPDJQHVLXPLVFRQWDLQHGLQWKHODWWHU6LQFHWKHZHLJKWUDWLR
RIFDOFLXPR[LGHDQGPDJQHVLXPR[LGHLQWKHVXQGULHGEULFN,LV
therefore, it is thought that the sherds could be made of the local calcareous clay.
,QDGGLWLRQJLYHQDUHVXOWVXFKDV/2,IRUDFRDUVHSODLQVKHUG,LQWKH
HDUOLHUVWDJHRI/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGZKLFKLVFORVHO\VLPLODUWR/2,DQG
PHDVXUHPHQWVIRUVXQGULHGEULFNV,,$LWLVFRQMHFWXUHGWKDWWKHVKHUG
ZDVмUHGDWDTXLWHORZWHPSHUDWXUH7KHSUHVHQFHRISOHQW\RIFKRSSHGVWUDZLQWKH·FOD\Έ
used for the coarse plain pottery with blackish color also points clearly to the conclusion
WKDWWKHVKHUGZDVмUHGLQLQFRPSOHWHO\R[LGL]LQJFRQGLWLRQV2QWKHRWKHUKDQGLWLVVXS-
SRVHGWKDWWKH/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGVKHUGV+,ZHUHмUHGDWFRQVLGHUDEO\
KLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHVEHFDXVHWKH/2,YDOXHVDUHWKHORZHVWDPRQJWKHVKHUGVVWXGLHG

Fig. 11: Mineral components of sun-dried bricks.

DQG7KH/2,RIWKH+87SDLQWHG+DQG/2,RIWKHJUD\

EXUQLVKHG,VKHUGVVXJJHVWWKDWERWKRIWKHVHVDPSOHVPD\KDYHEHHQмUHGLQWKH
middle range between the lower and higher temperatures mentioned above.

Mineral components of sun-dried bricks and sherds

1H[WZHLGHQWLмHGWKHPLQHUDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNDQGVKHUGVDPSOHVIURP
;5'SHDNOLVWV$IWHUFRPSDULQJWKHVXQGULHGEULFN,ZLWKRWKHUVXQGULHGEULFNV
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

,$+$PLQHUDOVVXFKDVTXDUW]FDOFLWHIHOGVSDUDQGNDROLQLWHZHUH
LGHQWLмHG LQ WKH FOD\ ,W LV FRQVLGHUHG WKHQ WKDW DOO RI WKH VXQGULHG EULFNV ZHUH PDGH RI
calcareous clay (Figure 11). Kaolinite, a chief clay constituent and illite, a mica-based mine-
UDOSUHVHQWLQWKHVXQGULHGEULFN,ZHUHDOVRLGHQWLмHGLQWKHFRDUVHSODLQVKHUG

)LJ0LQHUDOFRPSRQHQWVRIFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\,

)LJ0LQHUDOFRPSRQHQWVRI/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\+
 Tatsundo Koizumi

, )LJXUH  6LPLODUO\ WR WKH /2, YDOXH RI HOHPHQWDU\ FRPSRVLWLRQ GLVFXVVHG
above, the mineral composition of the coarse plain pottery in the earlier stage of the Late
&KDOFROLWKLFDOVRLQGLFDWHVWKDWLWDSSHDUVWRKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDORZWHPSHUDWXUHOLWWOHPRUH
WKDQFDp&
,QWKH/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGVKHUGV+,RQWKHRWKHUKDQGJHKOHQLWH
S\UR[HQHDQGLURQR[LGHVVXFKDVPDJQHWLWHDQGKHPDWLWHZHUHLGHQWLмHG)LJXUHV
Because these are minerals produced at high temperatures, unlike the clay minerals originally
SUHVHQWLQVXUIDFHGHSRVLWV.XURNDZDDQG.DZDPXUD5LFHWKH

)LJ0LQHUDOFRPSRQHQWVRI/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\,

)LJ0LQHUDOFRPSRQHQWVRI+87SDLQWHGSRWWHU\+
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGVKHUGVDUHHVWLPDWHGWRKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDUHODWLYHO\KLJKWHPSHUDWXUH
RIPRUHWKDQDSSUR[LPDWHO\p&
7KH+87SDLQWHGVKHUG+PRUHRYHUFRQWDLQVQRWRQO\FRPSRXQGVSURGXFHG
E\мULQJVXFKDVJHKOHQLWHS\UR[HQHDQGLURQR[LGHVOLNHPDJQHWLWHDQGKHPDWLWHEXWDOVR
PLFDEDVHGPLQHUDOVVXFKDVPXVFRYLWHLOOLWHDQGELRWLWHZHUHLGHQWLмHG)LJXUH
7KH+87SDLQWHGSRWWHU\PD\WKXVKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDKLJKHUWHPSHUDWXUHWKDQWKHFRDUVH
plain pottery of the Late Chalcolithic period, and a little lower than the Late Ubaid painted
SRWWHU\FDWRp&
:LWK UHJDUG WR WKH JUD\ EXUQLVKHG VKHUG , IURP WKH HDUOLHU VWDJH RI WKH /DWH
Chalcolithic period, since gehlenite, pyroxene and iron oxide, as well as mica-based miner-
DOVOLNHPXVFRYLWHDQGLOOLWHDUHUHFRJQL]HGLWLVWKRXJKWWKDWWKLVSRWWHU\ZDVDOVRмUHGDWD
UHODWLYHO\ORZWHPSHUDWXUHRIFDWRp&)LJXUH$OWKRXJKPDJQHWLWHLVLGHQWLмHG
in the gray burnished pottery, hematite is not observed, which may be due to the fact that he-
matite is a common alteration product and in turn alters to magnetite and other iron minerals,
GHSHQGLQJRQFRQGLWLRQVDQGWKDWPDJQHWLWHLVIRUPHGLQWKHмUVWVWDJHRIUHGXFWLRQ6KHSDUG
:HFDQLQIHUWKDWPDJQHWLWHGHULYHGIURPLURQR[LGHLQFOD\ZRXOGDSSHDUGXH
WRDUHGXFWLRQмULQJLQWKHIDEULFRIJUD\EXUQLVKHGSRWWHU\

)LJ0LQHUDOFRPSRQHQWVRIJUD\EXUQLVKHGSRWWHU\,

Paint pigments on sherds

1H[WZHH[DPLQHGWKHHOHPHQWPDSSLQJDQDO\VLVRID/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGVKHUG,
E\(30$HOHFWURQEHDPPLFURDQDO\VLV)LJXUH,WKDVEHFRPHFOHDUWKDWWKHPDLQ
elements found in the fabric correspond to the chief ingredient elements of sun-dried brick
,LQURXJKSURSRUWLRQV&RPSDULQJWKHHOHPHQWPRODUUDWLRVGHWHFWHGLQWKHSODLQ
body of the sherd in detail, the ratio of aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si), chief ingredients of
FOD\LVZKLFKLVOLWWOHGLIIHUHQWIURPWKDWRIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNDQG
VKHUGV$OVRWKHUDWLRRISRWDVVLXP.DQGFDOFLXP&DLVUHOD-
WLYHO\VLPLODUWRWKDWRIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNDQGRIWKHVKHUGV

Iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) are particularly outstanding in the elemental composition of
the paint on the sherd. While the molar ratio of iron (Fe) and silicon (Si) in the plain ceramic
 Tatsundo Koizumi

)LJ(30$UHVXOWVRI/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGVKHUG,
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

ERG\LVWKDWRIWKHSDLQWUHPDUNDEO\LQFUHDVHVWR$OLW-

WOHPDQJDQHVHZKLFKZDVQRWVHHQLQWKHSODLQERG\LVIRXQGLQWKHSDLQWE\PRODU
ratios). And the molar ratio of elements aluminum and silicon in the paint increases slightly
WRLQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKDWLQWKHSRWIDEULF+RZHYHUWKHUDWLRRI
SRWDVVLXP.DQGFDOFLXP&DLQWKHSDLQWLVZKLFKLVFOHDUO\GLIIHUHQW
IURPWKDWRIWKHSODLQIDEULF7KLVVXJJHVWVWKDWSRWDVVLXPLVLQWHQWLRQDOO\DGGHGWRWKH
SDLQW,WLVHVWLPDWHGWKHUHIRUHWKDWQRWRQO\DODUJHTXDQWLW\RILURQDQGDYHU\VPDOODPRXQW
of manganese, but also potassium was present in pigments used for painting on the surface.
To a candidate iron mineral, hematite (Fe2O3), might have been added pyrolusite (MnO2), or
DQLURQR[LGHVXFKDVMDFREVLWH0Q)H2O) may have been used.
As a comparative study, we also performed a mapping analysis on a bichrome painted
VKHUG,RIWKH(DUO\%URQ]H$JH,URQDQGPDQJDQHVHZHUHIRXQGWREHSLJPHQW
ingredients, although no difference in the element contents of the body and paint surfaces
ZDVVHHQLQFRQWUDVWWRWKH/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\,,QDGGLWLRQHOHPHQW
distribution both on body and paint surfaces of the Early Bronze painted sherd is much more
uniform than that of the Late Ubaid sample, and the former is far smoother than the latter.
This by-product result from the EPMA analysis means that the Early Bronze Age pottery
might have been made using a potter’s wheel,8 but not the Ubaid. This is compatible with
the observation that most of the Ubaid pottery was manufactured using ring- or coil-building
WRJHWKHUZLWKDWXUQLQJGHYLFHEXWQRWDZKHHO.RL]XPL

Clinker from the kiln wall

:HSHUIRUPHG;5)DQG;5'DQDO\VHVRIDSLHFHRIFOLQNHU,$IURPWKHZDOO
RINH\KROHVKDSHGNLOQ)GDWLQJWRWKHHDUOLHUVWDJHRIWKH/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGDQG
RIDQRWKHUVDPSOH+$DIUDJPHQWSUREDEO\UHODWHGWRмULQJIDFLOLW\XQGHU:DOO
'RI7UHQFK+RIWKH7HUPLQDO8EDLGSHULRG$FFRUGLQJWRSHUFHQWE\ZHLJKWDQDO\VLV
considering LOI, the weight ratios of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) and silicon dioxide (SiO2),
FKLHILQJUHGLHQWVRIFOD\LQWKHFOLQNHUVDUHHTXLYDOHQWWRHDFKRWKHUDQG
7DEOH7KHUDWLRVDUHVLPLODULQVXQGULHGEULFNV,
,$DQG+$
The weight ratios of magnesium oxide (MgO) and calcium oxide (CaO) in these clink-
HUVSUHVHQWLQWKHFOD\LQDUHODWLYHO\KLJKSHUFHQWDJHDUHERWKHTXDOWR
7KHQEHFDXVHWKHFOLQNHUPHDVXUHPHQWVLQGLFDWHDSSUR[LPDWHO\VLPLODUSHUFHQW-
ages of chief ingredient elements of the clay, which are also close to those of the sun-dried
bricks as well, it is concluded that they were parts of kiln wall made from local soils.
&RQFHUQLQJWKH/2,YDOXHWKHFOLQNHUVVKRZDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ZKLFKFOHDUO\
indicates that they might have been exposed to higher temperatures for a long time. The color
RIWKHIRUPHU,$LVROLYH\HOORZ<DQGWKDWRIWKHODWWHU+$

 2QWKHUHDUVLGHRIWKH(%$VSHFLPHQWKHUHPD\EHFOHDUO\VHHQYHU\мQHVWULDWLRQVOLNHUHJXODUO\VSDFHG
parallel hairlines. Such traces usually indicate the use of a potter’s wheel, based on my own observation of far
more than one hundred thousand Ubaid and LC sherds or vessels from in situ or related contexts, but not from
VXUIDFHFROOHFWLRQLQWKH,UDTL6\ULDQDQG7XUNLVKUHJLRQV,WLVQRWFHUWDLQWKDWWKH(%$SRWWHU\RI6DODW7HSH
would have been made from a lump of clay thrown onto a fast turning wheel, but faster rotation of some turn-
LQJGHYLFHVXFKDVLQSDUWO\ZKHHOPDGHSRWWHU\PLJKWFDXVHWKHVHYHU\мQHSDUDOOHOVWULDWLRQVOLNHKDLUOLQHV
on an extremely smooth surface.
 Tatsundo Koizumi

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Table 3.

GXOO\HOORZ<7KHVXUIDFHRIWKHмUVWFOLQNHUPHOWVLQWRWKHVKDSHRIDZDWHUGURS

DQGWKHVXUIDFHFRORULVVDPHDVWKDWRIDQRYHUмUHGVKHUG7KDWSLHFHRIFOLQNHUWKXVVHHPHG
to have been exposed to higher temperatures, but a completely opposite result was obtained
from XRD analysis of mineral composition.
8VLQJ;UD\GLIIUDFWLRQH[DPLQDWLRQVXFKPLQHUDOVDVTXDUW]FDOFLWHDQGIHOGVSDUZHUH
LGHQWLмHGLQWKHVHWKHFOLQNHUV)LJXUH:KLOHSURGXFWVOLNHS\UR[HQHDQGPDJQHWLWHGH-
ULYHGE\мULQJZHUHDOVRUHFRJQL]HGLQWKHFOLQNHUVOHXFLWHDQGZROODVWRQLWHZHUHLGHQWLмHG
RQO\LQRQHFOLQNHU+$
%RWK WKH FOLQNHUV VHHPHG WR KDYH EHHQ H[SRVHG WR WHPSHUDWXUHV RI PRUH WKDQ  p&
MXGJLQJIURPDSHDNRIGLIIUDFWLRQOHYHOVEHWZHHQDQGGHJUHHVDVWKHNH\]RQHRIWKH
JODVVSKDVHRQWKHJUDSK+RZHYHUVLQFHWKHEDFNJURXQGRIFOLQNHU,$LVVOLJKWO\
ORZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHRWKHU+$DQGOHXFLWHDQGZROODVWRQLWHDUHQRWSUHVHQWLQ
WKHIRUPHULWLVWKRXJKWWKDWWKLVPD\KDYHEHHQмUHGDWDORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHWKDQWKHODWWHU
2QWKHEDVLVRIWKH;5'DQDO\VLVRIWKHFOLQNHUVWKHUHIRUHWKHSRWWHU\NLOQ)LQWKHHDUOLHU
VWDJHRIWKH/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHWKDQWKH
related facility in the Terminal Ubaid period at Salat Tepe.

Reddish pigments
)XUWKHUPRUHZHFDUULHGRXW;5)DQG;5'DQDO\VHVRIUHGGLVKSLJPHQWOXPS,$
IRXQGRQ)ORRU7RI5RRP0LQ7UHQFK,DWWULEXWDEOHWRWKHHDUOLHUVWDJHRIWKH/DWH
&KDOFROLWKLF SHULRG DQG UHGGLVKFRORUHG SRZGHU +$ XQFRYHUHG XQGHU )ORRU
7RIWKHWULSDUWLWHSODQEXLOGLQJLQ7UHQFK+GDWLQJWRWKHODWHUSDUWRIWKH/DWH8EDLG
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

Fig. 18: Mineral components of clinkers.

 Tatsundo Koizumi

period. According to the ultimate analysis of these pigment samples by XRF (percent by
weight), considering LOI, in both cases the proportion of calcium oxide (CaO) is very high
in comparison with silicon dioxide (SiO2) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) (Table 3). The pig-
PHQWV FRQWDLQ  RI FDOFLXP R[LGH D PXFK KLJKHU SHUFHQWDJH WKDQ LQ WKH VXQGULHG
EULFNV,,$+$$OVRWKHFRQWHQWRIPDQJD-
QHVHR[LGH0Q2LVQRWDEO\KLJKHUWKHUHGGLVKSLJPHQWOXPS,$DQGSRZGHU
+$VDPSOHVFRQWDLQDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\ZKLFKLVFOHDUO\RXWVWDQGLQJ
LQFRPSDULVRQZLWKWKHYDOXHRIIURPWKHWKUHHVXQGULHGEULFNV
The weight ratios of the sum of calcium oxide and magnesium oxide (MgO) to silicon diox-
LGHIRUERWKWKHSLJPHQWVDPSOHVDUHDQG
respectively. These pigment values are much higher than those of the three sun-dried bricks:
    DQG   7KH
weight ratios of aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide, chief components of the clay in the pig-
PHQWVDUHDQGUHVSHFWLYHO\KHUHWKHUHLVOLWWOHGLIIHUHQFH
IURPWKDWRIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNV,WWKHUHIRUHGHGXFHGWKDWWKHSLJPHQW
lump and powder samples could be based on a similar clay to that of the bricks, intentionally
mixed with limestone (CaCO3).
Furthermore, an unusual ingredient, iron oxide (Fe2O3), is abundantly present in the
SLJPHQW OXPS ,$ 7KH ZHLJKW UDWLR RI LURQ R[LGH DQG VLOLFRQ GLR[LGH LV 
 FRQVLGHUDEO\ GLIIHUHQW IURP WKDW IRXQG LQ WKH WKUHH VXQGULHG EULFNV 
DQG7KLVDQDO\VLVUHVXOWVKRZVWKDWWKH
iron oxide was intentionally added to the pigment lump. The weight ratio of iron oxide and
VLOLFRQGLR[LGHRIDQRWKHUVDPSOH+$LVOHVVWKDQWKHIRUPHU
sample. The colors of the pigment lump and powder samples are respectively reddish brown
5DQGGXOORUDQJH<5WKHIRUPHUEHLQJPRUHVWURQJO\UHGFRORUHGWKDQWKH
latter, which is thought to depend on a higher iron oxide content.
:LWKUHJDUGWRWKHLGHQWLмFDWLRQRIFKHPLFDOFRPSRXQGLQWKHSLJPHQWVE\;5'WKHUH
KDYH EHHQ FRQмUPHG VXFK PLQHUDOV GHULYHG IURP WKH FOD\ DV TXDUW] FDOFLWH DQG IHOGVSDU
)LJXUH%HFDXVHWKHRQO\LURQR[LGHLGHQWLмHGLQWKHVDPSOHVZDVKHPDWLWHWKHSLJPHQW
OXPSDQGSRZGHUVDPSOHVPLJKWSHUKDSVKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDORZWHPSHUDWXUH)XUWKHUPRUH
illite was also seen in both the pigments, but no diffraction levels due to kaolinite and hal-
loysite were recognized. It is therefore suggested that a typical method for preparing the
pigments involved the combination of the clay-based samples with limestone composed pri-
marily of calcite, and that because kaolinite and halloysite are not seen in them, the pigment
VDPSOHVPLJKWWHQWDWLYHO\KDYHEHHQмUHGDWDWHPSHUDWXUHKLJKHUWKDQp&0RUHRYHU
MXGJLQJ WKDW WKH SUHVHQFH RI LOOLWH LV LGHQWLмHG DV DOVR LQ VXQGULHG EULFN , DQG
FRDUVH SODLQ SRWWHU\ , WKH HVWLPDWHG мULQJ WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH SLJPHQW VDPSOHV
would be lower than that of the Ubaid painted pottery.

Discussion
Firing technology and calcareous clays
As a result of the XRF and XRD analyses of the sun-dried brick and sherd samples from
Salat Tepe, it has become clear that a common characteristic is that calcium (Ca) and mag-
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

)LJ0LQHUDOFRPSRQHQWVRISLJPHQWV
 Tatsundo Koizumi

nesium (Mg) were included in the clay mixtures. It has also come to light that certain pottery
might have been produced from calcareous clay composed of local soils during the Ubaid
WR /DWH &KDOFROLWKLF SHULRGV DQG WKDW WKH мULQJ WHPSHUDWXUHV FDQ EH GLYLGHG URXJKO\ LQWR
three groups. According to the use of calcareous clay as raw material, I review also previous
research results regarding the Samarra painted ware of the later part of the Neolithic period
.RL]XPL
$VDS\URWHFKQRORJLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFRIWKH6DPDUUDSDLQWHGZDUHPDQ\RYHUмUHGVKHUGV
have been obtained from Level III at Tell es-Sawwan, and sherds tinged with a green color
GXHWRKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHмULQJIURP7HOO6RQJRU$<DVLQ.DPDGDDQG2KWVX
281). My rapid examination of the Samarra and Choga Mami Transitional wares led to the
recognition that some sherds displaying a little bit of greenish color on the surface might
KDYHEHHQмUHGDWYHU\KLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV$IDLUO\UHOLDEOHFRQFOXVLRQVHHPVWREHWKDWWKH
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Neolithic period.
7KH6(0H[DPLQDWLRQRIWKH6DPDUUDSRWWHU\SURYLGHGHYLGHQFHWKDWWKHSRWWHU\ZDVмUHG
WRWHPSHUDWXUHVVXIмFLHQWO\KLJKDVWRSURGXFHH[WHQVLYHYLWULмFDWLRQWKH6DPDUUDSRWWHU\DW-
WDLQHGWHPSHUDWXUHVEHWZHHQDQGp&7LWHDQG0DQLDWLV6LPSVRQD
,WPD\DOVREHVWDWHGWKDWDFFRUGLQJWRYLWULмFDWLRQVWDJHVмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHVYDULHGEH-
WZHHQFDDQGp&EHFDXVHWKHJUHHQLVKWLQJHRIVRPH6DPDUUD)LQH:DUHVKHUGVLV
GXHWRWKHKLJKSURSRUWLRQRIFDOFLXPSUHVHQWLQQRUWKHUQ0HVRSRWDPLDQFOD\VFDOFLXPVWDUWV
WRDFWDVDнX[DERYHp&1LHXZHQKX\VHet al.
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careous clay deposits in the Tigris and Euphrates valleys were utilized as raw materials for
pottery production. In pottery made of calcareous clays, the formation of crystalline phases
ZLWKKLJKPHOWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHVSUHYHQWHGWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIYLWULмFDWLRQDQGWKHQWKHUH-
VXOWLQJYLWULмFDWLRQVWUXFWXUHUHPDLQHGHVVHQWLDOO\XQFKDQJHGRYHUDмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJH
RIDERXWWRp&0DQLDWLVDQG7LWH7KHFDOFDUHRXVFOD\VDORQJWKH7LJULV
and Euphrates valleys are so rich in calcium carbonate (CaCO3WKDWWKH\KDYHEHHQмUHGWR
a stable structure in that temperature range, which is a remarkable feature of the prehistoric
SRWWHU\LQ0HVRSRWDPLDDQGWKHVXUURXQGLQJDUHD6LPSVRQE
It is supposed that due to sintering at a low melting point, the pottery made of the calcare-
ous clay widely present in the Mesopotamia region may have been easily produced by main-
WDLQLQJWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLQWKHUDQJHRIp&HYHQWKRXJKWKHмULQJFRQWUROZRXOG
not have been as skilled that of a professional potter in a later period. When the temperature
H[FHHGHGp&DIXVLRQSKHQRPHQRQFDXVHGGHIRUPDWLRQVRISRWWHU\YHVVHOZDOOVDQG
WLQJHGWKHVXUIDFHZLWKGDUNROLYH%DVHGRQWKHVHFKHPLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVWKHмULQJWHP-
peratures of Samarra Fine Ware has been estimated in previous studies as indicated above.
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throughout more extensive regions than before. In particular, I have observed that a slightly
porous, hard fabric is one of the most distinctive properties of Ubaid Ware resulting from
KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH мULQJ 7KLV JHQHUDO DWWULEXWH FDQ EH VHHQ WKURXJKRXW 0HVRSRWDPLD DQG
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the fabric of Ubaid pottery, irregular white lumps are found. It is very often seen too that

 ,KDGWKHJRRGIRUWXQHWRVHHWKHPDWHULDOGHSRVLWHGDWWKH0F'RQDOG,QVWLWXWH&DPEULGJH8QLYHUVLW\DQGZDV
grateful to Dr. Joan Oates for kindly giving me the opportunity to study it.
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

no lime particles remain in thin sections of the fabric, but only tiny irregular voids, because
limestone added to the clay mixture might have been eliminated by notably high temperature
мULQJ2UWRQet al.7DEOH$6XFKIDEULFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDUHUHVSRQVLEOHIRUWKH8EDLG
pottery’s hard, porous aspect.
Results of chemical analyses given in this paper support not only these observations but
also the general tendency of Ubaid pottery to be made of alluvial clays rich in calcium car-
ERQDWH6LPSVRQE8EDLGSRWWHU\ZDVVRPHWLPHVRYHUмUHGGXHWRFDUHOHVVмULQJ
control, and there is a considerable possibility that the vessel form becomes distorted and
GDUNROLYHFRORUGLVFRORUDWLRQRFFXUV(YHQWKRXJKWKH8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\PLJKWEHмUHGDW
WRRKLJKDWHPSHUDWXUHDVRSKLVWLFDWHGWHFKQRORJ\ZDVXVHGWRм[WKHSLJPHQWVWRWKHVXUIDFH
LQWKHIRUPRIDWKLQмOPZKLFKFRPSHQVDWHGIRUWKHXQVNLOOHGмULQJ7KLVWUDGLWLRQRISRWWHU\
production using calcareous clay probably continued from the Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic
SHULRGV,WKLQNWKDWWKLVSDLQWHGSRWWHU\мULQJWHFKQRORJ\XWLOL]LQJULFKFDOFDUHRXVFOD\LQWKH
Samarra period might have continued through the Ubaid period, and that the pyrotechnologi-
cal tradition carried on into the Early Uruk period as the earlier stage of the Late Chalcolithic
period, and indeed later.
There are clear differences between the Samarra and Ubaid painted pottery, although the
practice of using calcareous clay as a raw material is common to both. It has been observed
that this difference may be seen in the application of coating pigments to the surface: the
Samarra painted pottery very often shows thicker painting, and the Ubaid thinner (Noll et al.
,QIDFWERWK6DPDUUDDQG8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\VKDUHGDFRPPRQмULQJWUDGLWLRQ
but they may be distinguished from one other according to methods of pigment preparation
DQGSDLQWLQJZKLFKVXUHO\FRQVWLWXWHFOHDUGHмQLWLRQVRIWKHVHWZRZDUHV

5HODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQFOD\FRPSRVLWLRQVDQGмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHV
The above analyses have provided evidence that pottery in the Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic
SHULRGV ZDV мUHG LQ DW OHDVW WKUHH GLIIHUHQW WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJHV )LUVWO\ EDVHG RQ UHODWLYH
FRPSDULVRQRIWKH/2,YDOXHVWKHмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHVRIWKHVKHUGVZHUHHVWLPDWHG%HFDXVH
WKH/2,YDOXHRIFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\,LQWKHHDUOLHUVWDJHRIWKH/DWH&KDOFROLWKLF
SHULRGLVWKHVDPHDVWKDWRIWKUHHVXQGULHGEULFNVLWLVSUHVXPHGWKDWWKHSRWWHU\ZDVмUHGDW
a considerably lower temperature. In contrast, since the LOI values of the Late Ubaid painted
SRWWHU\+,DUHWKHORZHVWIRXQGLQWKLVVWXG\WKHSDLQWHGVKHUGVZRXOG
KDYHEHHQмUHGDWUDWKHUKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV0RUHRYHUWKH/2,YDOXHVRI+DODI8EDLG7UDQ-
VLWLRQDOSDLQWHGSRWWHU\+DQGJUD\EXUQLVKHGSRWWHU\,IURPWKHHDUOLHU
stage of the Late Chalcolithic period are intermediate between the above two groups, rela-
tively closer to the Late Ubaid painted pottery rather than the coarse plain.
Second, by comparing clay minerals originally included in soils with the others like ge-
KOHQLWHS\UR[HQHDQGLURQR[LGHSURGXFHGE\мULQJZHKDYHHVWLPDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHWHPSHU-
DWXUHV,QWKHFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\,NDROLQLWHZDVLGHQWLмHGDVDFKLHIFRQVWLWXHQW
of the clay, as too in the sun-dried bricks, and the core of the fabric is dark gray in color due to
LQFRPSOHWHR[LGDWLRQFDXVHGE\DQLQDGHTXDWHFRPELQDWLRQRIWHPSHUDWXUHWLPHDQGGUDXJKW
6KHSDUG7KHFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\WKHQZRXOGKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDWHPSHUDWXUH
RIFDp&RUDOLWWOHPRUH5LFH
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 Tatsundo Koizumi

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DQG7LWH5LFH%HFDXVHQRPXOOLWHLVIRXQGRQWKHRWKHUKDQGLWFDQEH
FRQVLGHUHGWKDWDOOWKHVDPSOHVKHUGVGLGQRWUHDFKWHPSHUDWXUHVLQH[FHVVRIWR
p&5LFH7KHHVWLPDWHGмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHRIWRp&IRUWKH/DWH
8EDLGVKHUGVQHDUO\FRUUHVSRQGVWRWKDWRIPRUHWKDQFDp&IRUWKHFOLQNHUVDPSOH+
$IURPWKH7HUPLQDO8EDLGSHULRG
Kaolinite and mica-based minerals like muscovite, illite and biotite, as well as gehlenite
DQGS\UR[HQHZHUHLGHQWLмHGLQWKH+87SDLQWHG+DQGJUD\EXUQLVKHGSRWWHU\
,,WPD\WKHUHIRUHEHHVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHVKHUGVZHUHмUHGDWDUHODWLYHO\ORZWHP-
SHUDWXUHFDWRp&KLJKHUWKDQWKHFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\DQGDOLWWOHORZHUWKDQWKH/DWH
8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\:HFDQDOVRVD\WKDWWKHUHGXFWLRQмULQJRIWKHJUD\EXUQLVKHGSRWWHU\
LQWKH/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGVHHPVQRWWRKDYHUHTXLUHGVRKLJKDWHPSHUDWXUHDVWKDWRIWKH
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-XGJLQJIURPWKHDQDO\VLVRIDFOLQNHUIUDJPHQW,$IURPWKHZDOORINH\KROH
VKDSHGNLOQ)LQ7UHQFK,IXUWKHUPRUHWKHSRWWHU\NLOQIURPWKHHDUOLHUVWDJHRIWKH
/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGPLJKWKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDWHPSHUDWXUHORZHUWKDQDмULQJIDFLOLW\
IURPZKLFKDQRWKHUFOLQNHU+$FDPHGDWLQJWRWKH7HUPLQDO8EDLGSHULRG7KH
former’s surface, indeed, appears strongly melted and gives the impression that the sample
may have been exposed to very high temperatures. But in the analysis of the mineral compo-
sition, the peak of diffraction in the former graph is lower than in the latter, and leucite and
ZROODVWRQLWHDUHQRWSUHVHQWLQWKHмUVWFOLQNHU7KHUHH[LVWVDZRUNLQJK\SRWKHVLVWKDWXQGHU
HTXLOLEULXPFRQGLWLRQVSRWDVKIHOGVSDUGHFRPSRVHVLQWROHXFLWHDQGPHOWVDWFDp&LI
KHDWHGIRUDORQJWLPH+DPDQR7KHH[LVWHQFHRIZROODVWRQLWHDOVRVXJJHVWVWKH
мULQJWHPSHUDWXUHPD\EHPRUHWKDQp&5LFH7DEOH,WFDQEHSRVWXODWHG
therefore, that the pottery, as well as the clinker, in the Late to Terminal Ubaid periods might
KDYHXQGHUJRQHмULQJDWH[WUHPHO\KLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVPXFKPRUHWKDQp&IRUFHUWDLQ
lengths of time.
7KHHDUOLHVWSRWWHU\LQ:HVW$VLDPLJKWKDYHEHHQмUHGLQERQмUHVZLWKGXQJFDNHVVWUDZ
DQGRUEUXVKZRRGDVIXHODWDWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHRIFDWRp&7KLVмULQJYHU\RIWHQ
produced blackish patches11 on vessel surfaces, because of adhesion of fuel matter to the
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$QGWKHQFLUFXODUXSGUDXJKWNLOQVZHUHGHYHORSHGE\DWOHDVW%&LQZKLFKWKH
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there usually remain no blackish patches on the vessel body, but sometimes pinkish to red-
GLVKSDWFKHVEHFDXVHWKHSRWWHU\YHVVHOVORDGHGLQWKHмULQJFKDPEHURIWKHGRXEOHFKDPEHU
XSGUDXJKWNLOQWRXFKHGRQHDQRWKHUDQGWKHUHZDVVXIмFLHQWR[LGDWLRQLQWKHFKDPEHUGXHWR
DGHTXDWH·KHDWZRUNΈFRPELQHGWHPSHUDWXUHWLPHDQGGUDXJKW,WKDVEHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDW
ERQмUHDQGNLOQмULQJLQVLQJOHRUGRXEOHFKDPEHUVWUXFWXUHVPD\KDYHEHHQSUDFWLFHGVLGH
by side in the same workshop or settlement for the production of different types of wares
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Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 

The analyses of the Salat Tepe samples have mostly supported such previous assumptions
DVWKHVHSDUDWHмULQJRIмQHSDLQWHGDQGFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\7KHFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\,
IURPWKHHDUOLHUVWDJHRIWKH/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGKDVDGDUNJUD\FRUHFDXVHGE\
LQFRPSOHWHR[LGDWLRQDQ/2,YDOXHQHDUO\LGHQWLFDOWRWKDWRIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNV,
,$+$DQGWKHVDPHUHPQDQWVRINDROLQLWHDQGPLFDEDVHGPLQHU-
DOVDVWKHEULFNV+HQFHWKHFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\PLJKWKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDORZWHPSHUDWXUH
RI OLWWOH PRUH WKDQ  p& LQ RSHQ мULQJ RU D VLQJOHFKDPEHU NLOQ ,Q WKH  VHDVRQ DW
6DODW7HSHZHDOVRH[FDYDWHGRWKHUW\SHVRINLOQVDQGRUмULQJIDFLOLWLHVGLIIHUHQWIURPWKH
XSGUDXJKW.LOQ)LQ7UHQFK,2QHRIWKHVHQHZO\IRXQGVWUXFWXUHVLVDGRPHVKDSHG
VLQJOHFKDPEHUNLOQDQGVHHPHGWRKDYHEHHQмUHGE\DUHODWLYHO\ORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHWKDQ
.LOQ)MXGJLQJIURPWKHVXUIDFHFRORURIWKHNLOQZDOODQGнRRU12
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QREODFNLVKSDWFKHVRUVSRWVDQGDTXLWHORZ/2,YDOXHDVZHOODVJHKOHQLWHDQGS\UR[HQH
SURGXFHGE\мULQJLWLVWKRXJKWWKDWWKHSDLQWHGSRWWHU\ZDVмUHGDWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVRI
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SRWWHU\+KDVD/2,YDOXHUHODWLYHO\FORVHUWRWKDWRIWKH/DWH8EDLGSDLQWHGSRW-
tery rather than the coarse plain pottery. It can thus be estimated that the HUT painted pottery
PLJKWKDYHEHHQмUHGDWFDWRp&LQDGRXEOHFKDPEHUXSGUDXJKWNLOQ
5HGXFWLRQмULQJRISRWWHU\PD\OHDYHDFKDUDFWHULVWLFJUD\FRORURQWKHVXUIDFH*HQHU-
ally, it is well known that if pottery containing iron oxide is exposed to a reducing or smoky
DWPRVSKHUHWKURXJKRXWмULQJWKHVXUIDFHFRORUZLOOEHFRPHGDUNJUD\RUEODFNDVDUHVXOWRI
KLJKO\FDUERQDFHRXVFOD\RUKHDY\VPRNLQJ5\H5LFH,IFDOFDUHRXV
FOD\ LV мUHG LQ D UHGXFLQJ DWPRVSKHUH YLWULмFDWLRQ VWUXFWXUHV RU VLQWHULQJ DUHIRUPHG DW D
comparative low temperature and remain unchanged with rising temperature (Maniatis and
7LWH,WLVLQIHUUHGWKHQWKDWWKHJUD\EXUQLVKHGSRWWHU\,ZLWKFDOFDUHRXV
FOD\IDEULFIURPWKHHDUOLHUVWDJHRIWKH/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGPLJKWKDYHEHHQмUHGDWD
lower temperature than the Late Ubaid painted pottery.
3UHYLRXVVWXGLHVRIWHQVWDWHGWKDWWKHLGHQWLмFDWLRQRIDVKHUGΈVмULQJWHPSHUDWXUHFDQQRW
EH FRQVLGHUHG UHSUHVHQWDWLYH IRU WKH HQWLUH YHVVHO *RVVHODLQ  RU WKDW WKH PD[LPXP
WHPSHUDWXUH LV D PHDQLQJOHVV LQGH[ RI WHFKQRORJLFDO YDULDWLRQ /LYLQJVWRQH 6PLWK 
7KHVHH[SHULPHQWDOмULQJVVHHPWRKDYHLQYROYHGOHVVWKDQPLQXWHVIRUFKHFNLQJ
WHPSHUDWXUHVRQYDULRXVSDUWVRIYHVVHOEXWZHKDYHUHFHQWO\SHUIRUPHGPXFKPRUHWKDQ
PLQXWHVRIH[SHULPHQWDOмULQJRQWKH8EDLGSDLQWHGZDUH5HIHUULQJWRSRWWHU\NLOQVIRXQGDW
/HYHORI7DOOH%DNXQ$6RXWKZHVW,UDQ/DQJVGRUIIDQG0F&RZQ)LJVZHUH-
constructed a double-chamber updraught kiln with a keyhole-shaped plan made of sun-dried
EULFNVFDPORQJPLQZLGHDQGPLQRYHUDOOKHLJKWDERXWPXQGHUJURXQG
and carried out experiments burning various fuels such as dung-cakes, cut straw and pine
ZRRG,QWKHH[SHULPHQWPRUHWKDQp&ZDVVXFFHVVIXOO\DFKLHYHGRYHUPLQXWHV
GXULQJDWRWDORIPLQXWHVмULQJLQWKHXSSHUFKDPEHURIWKHNLOQWKLVVHHPHGWRSURGXFH
QHDUO\HYHQKHDWLQJRIWKHFKDPEHUDOWKRXJKYHULмFDWLRQLVQHFHVVDU\WRHVWDEOLVKWKHYDULRXV
temperatures in the kiln.13

12 :HDUHJRLQJWRSXEOLVKGHWDLOVRIWKLVXQLTXHSRWWHU\SURGXFWLRQV\VWHPLQZKLFKYDULRXVSRWWHU\ZDUHVFRXOG
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13 'XULQJWKHH[SHULPHQWDOмULQJVZHKDYHUHFHQWO\XVHG·2UWRQ&RQHVΈWRGHWHUPLQHLIWKHGHVLUHGDPRXQWRI
‘heat-work’ was delivered to the product, and to measure kiln temperature uniformity. I will discuss details of
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 Tatsundo Koizumi

Pigment compositions
The analyses of reddish pigments and Late Ubaid painted sherds have made it clear that
LURQ R[LGH )H PDQJDQHVH 0Q DQG SRWDVVLXP . DUH FRQWDLQHG LQ мQH OHYLJDWHG FOD\
combined with limestone (CaCO3). According to the ultimate analysis (percent by weight)
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in the weight ratio of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) to silicon dioxide (SiO2), chief ingredient
HOHPHQWVRIWKHFOD\IDEULFFRPSDUHGWRWKDWRIVXQGULHGEULFNV,,$
+$,QFRQWUDVWWKHZHLJKWUDWLRRIWKHVXPRIFDOFLXPR[LGH&D2DQGPDJQH-
sium oxide (MgO) to silicon dioxide in the pigment samples is much higher than that in the
sun-dried bricks. So the pigments could have been prepared with a combination of clay and
limestone similar to that of the pottery and sun-dried brick samples, and intentionally mixed
with limestone (CaCO3).
$V IRU WKH HOHPHQWPDSSLQJ DQDO\VLV RI WKH /DWH 8EDLG SDLQWHG SRWWHU\ , D
YHU\VPDOODPRXQWRIPDQJDQHVHDVZHOODVDODUJHTXDQWLW\RILURQKDYHEHHQLGHQWLмHG&RQ-
sidering this analysis result of the above two pigments, it might be hypothesized that a very
small amount of pyrolusite (MnO2) was intentionally added to hematite (Fe2O3RUMDFREVLWH
(MnFe2O), originally including manganese oxide (MnO), in order to produce a reddish or
brown to brownish-black color (Noll et al. 7DEOH,WKDVDOVREHHQVXJJHVWHGWKDW
limonite (FeO (OH) · nH22 PLJKW KDYH EHHQ DGGHG WR WKH SDLQW WRR 6KHSDUG  
&RXUWRLVDQG9HOGH
Previous studies have already shown that during preparation of raw material for pigments
in the Ubaid period, some kind of iron ore was intentionally mixed with clay similar to that
used for the pottery fabric. Apparently the same clay was used for the body and the paint
OD\HUDQGFRQVHTXHQWO\WKHмULQJOHGWRDVWUXFWXUHLQZKLFKQRERXQGDU\EHWZHHQWKHWZR
FDQEHGHWHFWHG1ROOHWDO7KLVWHFKQLTXHVHHPVWRKDYHEHHQDGHYLFHWR
facilitate the adherence of the pigment to the surface of the pottery. It has been widely recog-
nized, at the same time, that the paint used in the Ubaid period is mainly composed of iron
oxide such as hematite (Fe2O3) or magnetite (Fe3O) (Oates et al.&RXUWRLVDQG
9HOGH7KLVSUDFWLFHLVVKDUHGZLWKDSUHYLRXVPHWKRGXVHGIRU6DPDUUDSDLQWHG
pottery (Noll et al. 2XUDQDO\WLFDOUHVXOWVPRVWO\DJUHHZLWKWKHVHSUHYLRXVVWXGLHV
regarding paint pigment composition.
In a contribution to the study of pigment composition, we have discovered that potassium
(K) was an ingredient of the pigment used for Late Ubaid painted pottery. The analysis of
the Late Ubaid painted pottery described above indicated that the molar ratio of potassium
DQGVLOLFRQ6LLQWKHSDLQWLVPDUNHGO\JUHDWHUWKDQLQWKHIDEULF
2QWKHRWKHUKDQGUHJDUGLQJWKHHOHPHQWDU\FRPSRVLWLRQRIERWKSLJPHQWOXPS
,$DQGSRZGHU+$ VDPSOHVWKHZHLJKWUDWLRVRISRWDVVLXPR[LGH
(K2O) and silicon dioxide (SiO2DUHERWKWKHVDPHDQGQHDU
WRWKDWRIWKHVXQGULHGEULFNVDQG
The relationship of these elements suggests that after having prepared a pigment lump
or powder, potassium was added to it. Probably potassium was derived from some kind of
shrub, the ash of which was added to iron oxides. A possible candidate indigenous shrub
ZRXOGEHWDPDULVN7KHSRWDVVLXPPL[WXUHWHFKQLTXHLVIRXQGLQSDLQWHGSRWWHU\RIWKH+DODI
period, but not of the Samarra period. According to a report on paint components of Halaf
painted pottery, a small amount of potassium was added to the iron oxide (Steinberg and
.DPLOOL
Pyrotechnological Development from the Halaf-Ubaid to Late Chalcolithic Periods 111

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8EDLGSDLQWHGSRWWHU\VLQFHWKH+DODмDQRWKHUWKDQWKH6DPDUUDQ:KLOH6DPDUUDDQG8EDLG
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мUHGDWDUHODWLYHO\ORZWHPSHUDWXUH,KDYHFHUWDLQO\REVHUYHGWKDWERWK6DPDUUDDQG8EDLG
painted pottery have porous, hard fabrics, whereas Halaf painted pottery has a compact and
UHODWLYHO\VRIWIDEULF.RL]XPLZKLFKLVLQDJUHHPHQWZLWKSUHYLRXVVWXGLHVVXFKDV
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A small amount of potassium is present in some Halaf painted pottery, resulting in a lus-
trous black paint on the vessel surface. It has been said that potassium-bearing wood ash was
LQWHQWLRQDOO\DGGHGWRUDZSDLQWPDWHULDODVDнX[FDXVLQJLWWRPHOWDWORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHV
6WHLQEHUJDQG.DPLOOL.DPLOOLDQG6WHLQEHUJ,QDQFLHQW0HVR-
SRWDPLDQSRWWHU\IRUH[DPSOHSRWDVKZDVVRPHWLPHVXVHGDVDнX[LQRUGHUWRPDNHLWHDVLHU
to melt a black pigment like manganese dioxide onto the pottery surface, which gave a glossy
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VNLOORIм[LQJSDLQWWRWKHYHVVHOVXUIDFHRI+DODISDLQWHGSRWWHU\HYHQDWDUHODWLYHO\ORZ
temperature, might have been followed by that of the Ubaid painted pottery.
%HFDXVHNDROLQLWHDQGKDOOR\VLWHZHUHQRWLGHQWLмHGLQWKHPLQHUDOFRPSRVLWLRQLWLVIXU-
WKHUPRUHLQIHUUHGWKDWWKHSLJPHQWVDPSOHVZHUHKHDWHGWRPRUHWKDQp&7KHLGHQWLмFD-
WLRQRILOOLWHWKHVWUXFWXUHRIZKLFKSHUVLVWVXQWLOp&VXJJHVWVWKDWWKHVHSLJPHQWVZHUH
not heated to such a degree that the lattice water of clay would have evaporated completely
5LFH,WLVWKXVHVWLPDWHGWKDWWKHSLJPHQWOXPSDQGSRZGHUVDPSOHVZHUHмUHGDW
DSSUR[LPDWHO\WRp&

Brief conclusions
7KLVS\URWHFKQRORJLFDOVWXG\KDV\LHOGHGSUHOLPLQDU\UHVXOWVVXJJHVWLQJWKDWмULQJWHPSHUD-
tures of pottery during the Halaf-Ubaid Transitional to Late Chalcolithic periods may be
VHSDUDWHGLQWRDWOHDVWWKUHHJURXSV7KHмUVWJURXSLVFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\RIWKH/DWH&KDO-
FROLWKLFSHULRGWKDWDSSHDUVWRKDYHEHHQмUHGDWDOLWWOHPRUHWKDQFDƲ&7KHVHFRQG
LVSDLQWHGSRWWHU\RIWKH8EDLGSHULRGмUHGDWDKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJLQJEHWZHHQDQG
Ʋ&7KHWKLUGLV+87SDLQWHGSRWWHU\DQGJUD\EXUQLVKHGSRWWHU\IURPWKHHDUOLHUVWDJH
of the Late Chalcolithic period, the Early Uruk-related period, which seems to have been
мUHGDWDWHPSHUDWXUHKLJKHUWKDQWKHFRDUVHSODLQSRWWHU\EXWORZHUWKDQWKH8EDLGSDLQWHG
SRWWHU\FDWRƲ&
(YLGHQFHRIDFDUHIXOSUHSDUDWLRQSURFHVVRISLJPHQWVXVHGIRUSDLQWLQJDQGRUDVDZDVK
KDVEHHQGLVFRYHUHG)LUVWO\DOXPSRIмQHOHYLJDWHGFOD\QHDUO\WKHVDPHDVWKDWXVHGIRU
WKHSRWWHU\IDEULFZDVPL[HGZLWKERWKDODUJHTXDQWLW\RIOLPHVWRQHDQGDVPDOOHUDPRXQW
RIMDFREVLWHRUKHPDWLWHDQGDYHU\VPDOODPRXQWRIPDQJDQHVHDQGDSSDUHQWO\WKHQмUHG
DWFDWRƲ&)LQDOO\WKHSLJPHQWZDVSUHSDUHGIRUWKHSDLQWE\DGGLQJDOLWWOHELWRI
ZRRGDVKDVUHTXLUHG,WFDQEHVDLGWKDWWKLVSURFHVVIRUSUHSDULQJSLJPHQWVSHUVLVWHGDVDQ
HODERUDWHSRWWHU\SURGXFWLRQWHFKQLTXHIURPWKH8EDLGWR/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSHULRGV
Furthermore, according to XRF and XRD analyses of clinkers from the earlier stage of the
Late Chalcolithic and the Terminal Ubaid periods, that of the former era seems to have been
мUHGDWDORZHUWHPSHUDWXUHWKDQWKHODWWHU,WKDVEHHQGHGXFHGWKHUHIRUHWKDWWHPSHUDWXUHV
RIUHGXFWLRQмULQJIRU*UD\%XUQLVKHG:DUHDQGRIWKHNH\KROHVKDSHG/DWH&KDOFROLWKLFSH-
ULRGSRWWHU\NLOQZHUHORZHUWKDQWKDWRIWKHSDLQWHGSRWWHU\DQGDQRWKHUмULQJIDFLOLW\GDWLQJ
112 Tatsundo Koizumi

to the Terminal Ubaid period. In conclusion, based on the above results of preliminary chemi-
cal analyses of sun-dried bricks, sherds, clinkers and pigments from Salat Tepe, I propose a
tentative hypothesis of pyrotechnological development from the Halaf to Ubaid periods in
WKH8SSHU0HVRSRWDPLDUHJLRQDVIROORZV$URXQGWKHмUVWVWDJHRIWKH8EDLGSHULRGRQH
WHFKQLTXHRIм[LQJSDLQWDWDUHODWLYHO\ORZWHPSHUDWXUHE\XVLQJSRWDVKDVнX[ZKLFKKDV
EHHQGRFXPHQWHGLQ+DODISDLQWHGSRWWHU\PD\KDYHEHHQFRPELQHGZLWKDQRWKHUWHFKQLTXH
WKDWRIмULQJFDOFDUHRXVFOD\DWDKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHZKLFKKDGEHHQRULJLQDOO\GHYHORSHGIRU
Samarra painted pottery. This combined, sophisticated pyrotechnological practice in which
SDLQWZDVWKRURXJKO\м[HGWRWKHVXUIDFHRIYHVVHOVLQDWKLQмOPHYHQLIWKHSRWWHU\KDGEHHQ
мUHGDWWRRKLJKDWHPSHUDWXUHGXHWRODFNRIVNLOOEHFDPHHVWDEOLVKHGLQWKH8EDLGSHULRG,
hope that this paper will contribute to the further comprehension of urbanization during the
Ubaid and Late Chalcolithic periods in West Asia.

Acknowledgements
7KH'LUHFWRUDWH*HQHUDOIRU&XOWXUDO+HULWDJHDQG0XVHXPVLQ7XUNH\DQGWKH'L\DUEDNñU
Museum are gratefully acknowledged for granting permission for the conduction of these
VFLHQWLмFDQDO\VHVDQGSXEOLVKLQJRIWKHUHVXOWV7KDQNVWR'U7XED–NVHDQG$KPHW*¶UP¼ğ
IRUZDUPO\ZHOFRPLQJPHWRMRLQWKH,/,68%$5$-,6$/$77(3(.857$50$.$=,6,
352-(6ð6SHFLDOWKDQNVSDUWLFXODUO\DUHGXHWR7.DPRVKLGD+2MLPDDQG+<RVKLGD
of the Industrial Technology Institute of the Ibaraki Prefecture in Japan for carrying out the
analyses. I would like to express many thanks to Joan Oates for kindly affording me the op-
portunity to see the materials deposited at the McDonald Institute in Cambridge University,
and to publish a brief comment on them. This article is part of a study supported by JSPS
.$.(1+,*UDQW1XPEHU

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