Probability and

Statistics
1. The mean for the following data 7, 10, 5, 6, 4 is 7.
F: 6.4
2. The median for the following data 12, 14, 22, 37, 40 is 22
T: 22
3. The mode for the following data 10, 12, 10 ,10 ,11 is 10
T: 10
4. The range for the following data 12, 14, 22, 37, 40 is 28
T: Range = largest value – Lowest value = 40 – 12 =28
5. If the probability of getting a “working” computer is (0.7), the probability of
getting a defective computer is 0.2.
F: 𝑷 𝑨ሜ = 𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟑
• During a laboratory experiment, the average number
of radioactive particles passing through a counter in 1
millisecond is 4. What is the probability that 6
particles enter the counter in a given millisecond?
Solution
Using the Poisson distribution with x = 6 and 𝝁 = 4, we
have
−𝟒 𝟔
𝒆 𝟒
𝒑 𝒙=𝟔 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟒𝟐
𝟔!
A sample of 81 observations is taken from a normal population. The
sample mean is 40, and population standard deviation is 5, determine
the 95% confidence interval for the population mean.
Solution

ഥ = 𝟒𝟎, 𝝈 = 𝟓, 𝑪. 𝑰 = 𝟗𝟓% 𝒛 = 𝟏. 𝟗
𝒏 = 𝟖𝟏, 𝒙
𝝈
ഥ ±𝒛
𝒙
𝒏
+ 𝟓
𝟒𝟎 − (1.96) = 𝟒𝟎+ − 𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟗
𝟖𝟏
38.91≤ 𝝁 ≤ 𝟒𝟏. 𝟎𝟖
Vodafone Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone
service in an area. According to the company’s records, the average
length of all long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009
was 12.44 minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if
the mean length of the current long-distance calls is different from
12.44 minutes. A sample of 150 such calls placed through this
company produced a mean length of 13.71 minutes. The standard
deviation of all such calls is 2.65 minutes. z= 2.58
1) the null and alternative hypotheses.
A. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 = 12.44 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒔, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 ≠ 12.44 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒔
B. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≥ 12.44 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒔, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 < 12.44 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒔
C. 𝐻0 : 𝜇 ≤ 12.44 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒔, 𝐻1 : 𝜇 > 12.44 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒔
Answer: A
Vodafone Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone
service in an area. According to the company’s records, the average
length of all long-distance calls placed through this company in 2009
was 12.44 minutes. The company’s management wanted to check if the
mean length of the current long-distance calls is different from 12.44
minutes. A sample of 150 such calls placed through this company
produced a mean length of 13.71 minutes. The standard deviation of all
such calls is 2.65 minutes. z= 2.58
1) the value of the test statistics is
A. 𝟓. 𝟔𝟖 B. 𝟖. 𝟓𝟕 C. 5.87
Answer: C
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝟏 − 𝟏𝟐. 𝟒𝟒
𝒙
𝒛= 𝝈 = = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟕
𝟐. 𝟔𝟓
𝒏 𝟏𝟓𝟎
Vodafone Telephone Company provides long-distance telephone service in
an area. According to the company’s records, the average length of all long-
distance calls placed through this company in 2009 was 12.44 minutes. The
company’s management wanted to check if the mean length of the current
long-distance calls is different from 12.44 minutes. A sample of 150 such
calls placed through this company produced a mean length of 13.71
minutes. The standard deviation of all such calls is 2.65 minutes. z= 2.58
1) If the critical value of z= 2.58, then you conclude that
A. The null hypothesis is not rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is
accepted.
B. The null hypothesis is rejected, and the alternative hypothesis is
accepted.
C. Neither A nor B
Source of Degree of
Sum of squares Mean square F
variation freedom
Between 3
2.54
within 210
Total 310 19

1) SSB = ………
2) MSB = ……..
3) Degrees of freedom within samples is
………..
4) MSW =…………
 Source of Sum of Degree of Mean
F
variation squares freedom square
Between 100 3 33.3
2.54
within 210 16 13.13
Total 310 19
- the null hypothesis is 𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 = 𝝁𝟑 ( )
False
the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis
𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁𝟏 = 𝝁𝟐 = 𝝁𝟑 = 𝝁𝟒
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍 .
𝑯𝟏 : 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒇𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒎𝒆𝒂𝒏𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒍
 Source of Sum of Degree of Mean
F
variation squares freedom square
Between 100 3 33.3
2.54
within 210 16 13.13
Total 310 19
- If 𝑭𝒕𝒂𝒃 𝟎.𝟎𝟓,𝟑,𝟏𝟔
= 𝟑. 𝟐𝟒, then we can not reject the null hypothesis ( )
TRUE
• 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 ≯ 𝟑. 𝟐𝟒? ? ?
• Because the value of the test statistic 𝑭𝒄𝒂𝒍 = 𝟐. 𝟓𝟒 is less than the critical value
of 𝑭𝒕𝒂𝒃 𝟎.𝟎𝟓,𝟑,𝟏𝟔 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟒, it falls in the non-rejection region.
 Following is a partial ANOVA table

Sum of Degrees of Mean

Source F
squares freedom square

Between 100 25

Within
Total 150 10
C. 9

C.
 𝑯𝟎 𝑯𝟏

A) 𝑯𝟎 : μ1=μ2=μ3=μ4 𝑯𝟏 :

B) 𝑯𝟎 : μ1=μ2=μ3=μ4 𝑯𝟏 :

C) 𝑯𝟎 : μ1=μ2=μ3 =μ4 =μ5 𝑯𝟏 :

𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝟒

’
 Sum of Degrees of Mean
Source F
squares freedom square

Between 100 100/25=4 25

25/8.3=
Within 150-100= 50 10-4 = 6 50/6= 8.3
3.012

Total 150 10
 Speeding violation No speeding violation in Total
in the last year the last year
Cell phone user 25 280 305
Not cell phone user 45 405 450
Total 70 685 755
.
 Type of Defect

Misaligned Missing Measurement Outside of

Shift Other Total
Component Component Specification Limits

1 23 13 12 14 62
2 25 15 18 12 70
3 5 11 10 2 28
Sum 53 39 40 28 160
.
 If the student’s weight in the military academy is 70 k.g with
a student deviation 10 k.g. suppose we select a student randomly, find the
following probabilities:

a) The student weight falls between 70 and 80 k.g.

b)The student weight falls between 50 and 70 k.g.
c) The student weight falls between 60 and 90 k.g.
d)The student weight is less than 80 k.g.
e) The student weight is less than 60 k.g
f) The student weight falls between 80 and 90 k.g.
z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.031
1 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485
2 0.4772 0.4778 0.4788 0.4793

z 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.031

1 0.3413 0.3438 0.3461 0.3485
2 0.4772 0.4778 0.4788 0.4793
 The mean of a normally distributed population is believed to be equal to 50.1. A sample of
36 observations is taken, and the sample mean is found to be 53.2. the alternative hypothesis is that the population
mean is not equal to 50.1. Complete the hypothesis test, assuming that the population standard deviation is equal to 4.
Use a 0.05 significance level. (Z=1.96)
Solution

Step 1: Determine the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis

H0: μ=50.1
H1:μ≠50.1
Step 2: Select the level of significance
𝒁𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔, 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
Step 3: Identify the test statistic
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟓𝟑. 𝟐 − 𝟓𝟎. 𝟏
𝑿
𝒁𝒄𝒂𝒍 =𝝈 = = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟓
ൗ√𝒏 𝟒ൗ𝟔
Step 4: Formulate a decision rule
Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒁𝒄𝒂𝒍 > 𝒁𝒕𝒂𝒃
𝟒. 𝟔𝟓 > 𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 Reject 𝑯𝟎 and accept 𝑯𝟏 .
 The manufacturer of the X-15 steel-belted radial truck tire claims that the mean mileage the
tire can be driven before the thread wears out is at least 80,000 km. The standard deviation of the mileage is 8,000 km.
The Crosset Truck Co. bought 48 tires and found that the mean mileage for their trucks is 79,200 km. From Crosset’s
experience, can we conclude, with 5% significance level, that the manufacturer’s claim is wrong? (𝒁𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓)

Step 1: Determine the null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis

𝑯𝟎 : 𝝁 ≥ 𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑯𝟏 : 𝝁 < 𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
Step 2: Select the level of significance
𝒁𝒕𝒂𝒃 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓
Step 3: Identify the test statistic
ഥ − 𝝁 𝟕𝟗, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 − 𝟖𝟎, 𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝑿
𝒁𝒄𝒂𝒍 =𝝈 = = −𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑
ൗ√𝒏 𝟖, 𝟎𝟎𝟎ൗ
√𝟒𝟖
Step 4: Formulate a decision rule
Reject 𝑯𝟎 if 𝒁𝒄𝒂𝒍 < 𝒁𝒕𝒂𝒃
𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟑 < 𝟏. 𝟔𝟓 Don’t reject 𝑯𝟎 and reject 𝑯𝟏 ..
Three machines x, y , and z of equal capacities
are producing bullets the probabilities that the
machines produce defectives are 0.1, 0.2, and
0.1 respectively. A bullet is taken at random
from a day’s production and is found to be
defective. What is the probability that it came
from machine x?
The contents of urns 1, 2, 3, are as follows
1 white, 2 black , 3 red balls.
2 white, 1 black, 1 red balls.
4 white, 5 black, 3 red balls.
One urn is chosen at random and two balls drawn.
They happen to be white and red. What is the
probability that they came from urn 2 or 3?