Arellano University

Graduate School of Education

Master of Arts in Education
Methods of Research

Step 2: Online Review of Related Literature (ORRL)

(a) Focus on THEORETICAL REVIEW by Comparison and Contrast Method (20 points)

Name: Pinky Aglobo____________Program & Major: MAED Psychology______ Score:_______

Teaching Approaches for Achievement of Student’s Learning in the midst of Pandemic

Task a:

1. Education Imperative for the new normal planning for flexible Learning
2. The Covid-19 Pandemic through the Lens of Education in the Philippines: The New Normal
3. The Philippine in the World of Influenza Pandemic of 1918-1919
4. Challenges and Opportunities for Higher Education amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The
Phillippine Context
5. 7 Factors that Influence Learning
6. Educational Viewpoint and Philosophical Base
7. Learning and Teaching: Theories, Approaches and Models
8. Handbook on Facilitating Flexible Learning During Educational Disruption
9. “Blended Learning” in Virus-Hit Philippines
10. Interim guidelines for assessment and Grading in light of the Basic Education Learning Continuity
Plan

Task b:

1. THE IMPERATIVE FOR LEARNING UNDER THE PANDEMIC Both the Department of Education
(DepEd) and the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) recognize the need to provide
undisrupted opportunities for learning to students despite the COVID19 pandemic and have
correspondingly made statements on the need for flexible/alternative delivery mechanisms
for implementing their programs. DepEd recently unveiled its Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC) as a guide for schools in developing their respective Learning
Continuality Plans (LCPs). The universities are likewise doing their corresponding planning
activities to respond to CHED’s call for flexible learning strategies.
Flexible Learning Options
The Department of Education has identified flexible learning options available to parents to
choose
from.
a) Face-to-Face (F2F) refers to the traditional mode of conducting classes in the classroom.
Limited F2F may likewise be implemented. This may be made available to low risk areas.
However, strict health protocols have to be strictly followed.
b) Remote – Print refers Modular Distance Learning (MDL) which uses printed modules for
distribution to learners as the main tool to deliver;
c) Remote – Online (Asynchronous) is the use of digital materials for instruction purposes. Such
materials will be distributed to students via the internet or digital storage tools such as USB
and the like. Use of asynchronous activities and digital materials is considered due to limited
internet connectivity; and
d) Remote – Online (Synchronous) is optimizing internet connectivity and online tools to
deliver instruction.
The choice of option will depend on the result of environmental scanning by the schools. Once
the school has gathered and analyzed the data on digital capability of teachers and students as
well as the support that can be provided by the parents/guardians and the community, the
instructional leaders are now ready to determine the options available to the school given the
limitations and affordances shown in the data.

https://peac.org.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/7.5.20-FinalPAPSCU-Toolkit-Project.Re-
edited.pdf

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 2. Department of Education emphasized that it would not necessarily mean that teachers and
learners will go to schools and learn inside the classrooms and devised various modalities to
ensure that online learning a choice among all others in this new learning environment
(DepEd, 2020). Similarly, in the higher education institutions, new normal would be virtual
classrooms. The Commission on Higher Education suggested to strengthen online platforms
and blended learning such as but not limited to google classroom, messenger, zoom,
edmodo, Facebook and YouTube (CHED, 2020). In addition, both will adopt numerous
learning delivery options such as but not limited to face-to-face, blended learnings, distance
learnings, and home-schooling and other modes of delivery (CHED, 2020; DepEd, 2020).
However, the implementation would pose such problems on students who have limited
internet access, no gadgets and the poor. According to the report of Akamai (2017), the
Philippines has the lowest internet connectivity in Asia. Besides, such challenges would be
equity gaps, students security and safety, quality of learning compromised and poor
assessment results (Winthrop, 2020). Changes on the grading system, assessment and
evaluation of student’s performance will also be a challenge to every administrator. In
addition, laboratory activities in sciences and other subjects that require performance such
as Physical Education and culture and arts would be limited to paper and pen test, unless
schools will require students to be physically present to be assessed through performance
tests. In addition, extra-curricular activities in school such as scouting, proms, sports
intramurals, contests and foundation day will be reduced and discontinued. In terms of
teaching, teacher training to online instruction, blended learning and distance learning is
also recommended in order to adjust to the new instructional format (Toquero, 2020).
Teacher competencies in both pedagogy and technology should be reinforced. This
transition to the new normal, from the four corners of the classroom to the borders of
virtual reality, every learning institution needs to study how successful online learning is in
providing quality education and outcomes-based education to students (Basilaia &
Kvavadze, 2020).

https://www.ijpdll.com/download/the-covid-19-pandemic-through-the-lens-of-education-in-
the-philippines-the-new-normal-8311.pdf

3. During the periods of the epidemic, many school houses were used as temporary hospitals,
where teachers received patients, cared for them, and taught others to care for them.
During the influenza epidemic of 1918, hundreds of teachers spent the greater part of their
time trying to save lives and helping to check the spread of the disease by nursing the sick,
distributing medicines, and giving helpful advice to the people (Bureau of Insular Affairs n.d.,
Box 422). The University of the Philippines campus had to suspend registration for the
second semester of school year 1918-1919 due to the out- break of the epidemic. A great
number of professors and students were affect- ed, with three students dying of the disease
(Manila Times 1918b; 1918c).
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1r1W4QWRSCjULdHCq26d0YLy8XZW9Cusw/view?
usp=sharing
https://www.jstor.org/stable/42634010?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

4. Migrate Courses, Align Curriculum Competencies, and Scale up Teachers’ Training for
Online Learning Instruction Due to the COVID-19 This large shift to online instruction
does not need for the face to face interaction between teachers and the students
together with their classmates so there is prevention and control over the spread of the
virus. Higher education institutions in the Philippines thereby should prepare the courses
for online transfer since another epidemic can breakout in the future. That indicates
aligning the competencies that students should learn in the subject courses in an online
format. By doing this, universities can expedite its response for continuous learning of
the stakeholders. Although this online delivery can present barriers to the teachers since
they need to acquire online-driven competencies in planning, implementing, and
assessing the performance of their students, providing teachers with adequate training
courses can assist them to effectively implement the courses through electronic delivery.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/
340680378_Challenges_and_Opportunities_for_Higher_Education_amid_the_COVID-
19_Pandemic_The_Philippine_Context
https://drive.google.com/file/d/168DyVkj1MboxcrIFCusGmdlOwdopk_xi/view?usp=sharing

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 http://oaji.net/articles/2017/1174-1512381655.pdf
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1k6DVUKnfwlXoGLH9FaBZ8vNHpb7F1Lz0/view?usp=sharing

5. 7 Factors that Influence the Learning

1. Intellectual factor:
The term refers to the individual mental level. Success in school is generally closely related
to the level of the intellect. Pupils with low intelligence often encounter serious difficulty in
mastering schoolwork.
2. Learning factors:
Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught.
3. Physical factors:
Under this group are included such factors as health, physical development, nutrition, visual
and physical defects, and glandular abnormality.
4. Mental factors:
Attitude falls under mental factors attitudes are made up of organic and kinesthetic
elements. They are not to be confused with emotions that are characterized by internal
visceral disturbances. Attitudes are more or less of a definite sort. They play a large part in
the mental organization and general behavior of the individual.
5. Emotional and social factors:
Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and
rivalry, are directly related to a complex psychology of motivation.
6. Teacher’s Personality:
The teacher as an individual personality is an important element in the learning environ-
ment or the failures and success of the learner.
7. Environmental factor:
Physical conditions needed for learning is under environmental factor. One of the factors
that affect the efficiency of learning is the condition in which learning takes place.
http://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/learning/7-important-factors-that-may-affect-the-
learning-process/6064

6. Educational Viewpoint and Philosophical Base

PERENIALISM: For Perennialists, education aims to ensure that students acquire
understandings about the great ideas of Western civilization. These ideas have the potential
for solving problems in any era.
BEHAVIORISM: Behaviorist theorists believe that behavior is shaped deliberately by forces
in the environment and that the type of person and actions desired can be the product of
design. In other words, the behavior is determined by others, rather than by our own free
will.
PROGRESSIVISM: Progressivists believe that education should focus on the whole child,
rather than on the content or the teacher. This educational philosophy stresses that
students should test ideas by active experimentation.
RECONSTRUCTIVSM: Social reconstructionism is a philosophy that emphasizes the
addressing of social questions and a quest to create a better society and worldwide
democracy. Reconstructionist educators focus on a curriculum that highlights social reform
as the aim of education.
HUMANISM: The roots of humanism are found in the thinking of Erasmus (1466-1536), who
attacked the religious teaching and thought prevalent in his time to focus on free inquiry
and rediscovery of the classical roots from Greece and Rome. Erasmus believed in the
essential goodness of children, that humans have free will, moral conscience, the ability to
reason, aesthetic sensibility, and religious instinct.
ESSENTIALISM: Essentialists believe that there is a common core of knowledge that needs
to be transmitted to students in a systematic, disciplined way. The emphasis in this
conservative perspective is on the intellectual and moral standards that schools should
teach.
https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ed416/PP3.html

7. Learning and Teaching: Theories, Approaches and Models

LEARNING APPROACH: The concept of learning which is of vital importance in terms of
explaining human behaviours is one of the important subject areas whose questions are

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 tried to be answered in the body of literature such as how and through which processes
learning occurs.
BRAIN-BASED LEARNING APPROACH: Deals with the concept of learning in a neuro-
physiological context, accepts and explains the process of learning as a bio-chemical or
electro-chemical change. According to this approach, the process, which is called, learning,
is a process of establishing a connection between brain cells and an intercellular connection,
and a new connection is established between brain cells with each new learning.

https://oregonstate.edu/instruct/ed416/PP3.html
http://www.ijonte.org/FileUpload/ks63207/File/chapter_10..pdf

8. Handbook on Facilitating Flexible Learning During Educational Disruption: The Chinese

Experience in Maintaining Undisrupted Learning in COVID-19 Outbreak
During the COVID-19 outbreak, the Chinese Ministry of Education has launched the
“Disrupted classes, Undisrupted Learning” initiative, providing flexible online learning to
over 270 million students from their homes. It describes several implemented flexible online
learning strategies during the COVID-19 outbreak. These strategies are presented based on
six dimensions, namely (a) infrastructure, (b) learning tools, (c) learning resources, (d)
teaching and learning methods, (e) services for teachers and students, and (f) cooperation
between government, enterprises, and schools.
https://iite.unesco.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Handbook-on-Facilitating-Flexible-Learning-in-
COVID-19-Outbreak-SLIBNU-V1.2-20200315.pdf
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1UwyejMuCHoiGmfpf-Mq1b2mkBSAQq0PT/view?usp=sharing

9. "Blended learning" or “hybrid learning” from the standpoint of the DepEd is a fusion of
“online distant learning” and “in-person” delivery of printed materials to the homes of the
learners through the barangays (villages) for those who don’t have internet access and
interactive facilities in the comfort of their homes. In localities where this is not possible, the
DepEd will use television and radio-based instructions. Radios and televisions across the
country will be used to broadcast lessons, materials and instructions to those who don't
have access to a computer or the internet. 

https://theaseanpost.com/article/blended-learning-virus-hit-philippines

10. As DepED pursues Learning Continuity, it is imperative for schools to take stock of
assessment and grading practices that will most meaningfully support learner development
and respond to varied context at this time.
a) Assessment should be holistic and authentic in capturing the attainment of the most
essential learning competencies;
b) Assessment is integral for understanding student learning and development;
c) A variety of assessment strategies is necessary, with formative assessment taking
priority to inform teaching and promote growth and mastery;
d) Assessment and feedback should be a shared responsibility among teachers,
learners and their families; and
e) Assessment and grading should have a positive impact on learning.

https://region8.deped.gov.ph/2020/10/13/october-02-2020-do-031-s-2020-interim-
guidelines-for-assessment-and-grading-in-light-of-the-basic-education-learning-continuity-
plan/

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Task C:

Education during the Influenza 1918

During the Influenza burst in the Philippines in the year 1918, Education
was also affected wherein schools are close for a year and many schools and houses was
used as temporary hospital for those people are infected. Teacher helped saving lives by
caring and nursing the sick, helped in the distribution of medicine and giving helpful
advices for the people. (Bureau of Insular Affairs n.d.,Box422)

New Alternative Way of Continuing Education amid Corona Virus

The private sectors (PAFSCU and PEAC) conducted a webinar about the
new alternative way of continuing education despite the pandemic. The webinar
entitled “Education Imperative for the New Normal Planning for Flexible Learning”
(Ester B. Ortega, Felicia I. Yeban. et.al. 2020) the aim of this is to provide learning
opportunities for learners to acquire and continue their study during the pandemic. The
Department of Education give emphasis on the most essential learning competencies
(MELC) that will serve as a guide for schools in innovating and developing their learning
plans in the continuity of education in spite on the burst of Corona Virus in the country.
The Department of Education classified the flexible learning options for the parents to
choose that they think that will be more comfortable and convenient in their current
situation. These are the Face-to-face which is the traditional way of conducting classes,
the Remote – Print refers Modular Distance Learning which uses printed instructional
materials such as modules which is the compilation of content of the lessons and
learning activities, Remote – Online (Asynchronous) which uses digital materials, digital
storage that will use for the instructional such activities online for those who has limited
connections of internet, and lastly the Remote – Synchronous that uses the most
effective way internet connections and online tools to spread and transfer instruction.
(Ester B. Ortega, Felicia I. Yeban. et.al. 2020)

Department of Education and Commission on Higher Education (Challenges and

Opportunities)
According to the Department of Education it is not necessary for the
teachers and learners to go to school to teach and learn inside the classroom
(DepEd,2020) The adaptation of New Normal was very difficult in the part of the
students from basic to higher education. The Commission on Higher Education
suggested online platforms and other blended learning such as google classroom,
facebook, messenger, edmodo, zoom, youtube and other sites where the transfer of
learning will acquire. (CHED 2020). Higher Education also provide a recommendation in
terms of Migrate Courses, aligning Curriculum Competencies and Scale up Teacher’s
Training for Online Learning Due to COVID-19, It indicates that “aligning the competence
that student should learn in subject courses in an online format ”(Toquero, C. M. 2020)
which means that the subject are still aligned in the curriculum though it is transferred
with the use of online flatforms. Although the idea of “blended” or “hybrid learning”
and distant learning it can be used as an alternative in the current situation there are so
many problems underlying this such as the limited internet access, the student’s
security and how to assess the student’s performance because of the use of different
modalities of teaching. That’s why DepEd releases a new grading practices that will help
in assessing student’s performance. The context of the new Grading practices stated
that the assessment should be holistic and authentic that will monitor the attainment of
the most essential learning competencies, that it should be integral for understanding
students learning and development, the necessary variety of assessment strategies, The
responsibility among teachers learners and families of the shared assessment and
feedback and that the assessment grading should have positive impact on learning as

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 well as the student’s extra-curricular activities (DepEd, 2020). Not only the learners
having problems and difficulty as well as the teachers. The needs to adapt in the new
teaching approaches and set-up. The use of technology as a way to impart knowledge to
the learners. That is why they are required to attend trainings to online instruction.
“This transition to the new normal, from the four corners of the classroom to the
boarders of virtual reality, every learning institution needs to study how successful
online learning is in providing quality education and outcomes-based education to
students” (Basilaia & Kvavadze,2020)

The Chinese Experience in Maintaining Undisrupted Learning in COVID-19 outbreak

The Chinese Ministry of Education Launched a Handbook that facilitate
learning during Educational Disruption. This provide online learning to over 270 millions
of teachers and students. This was inspired by many teachers and student stories of
experiences they had during the pandemic. It has six Dimensions which are:
infrastructure, learning tools, learning resources, teaching and learning methods,
services for teachers and students and cooperation between government, enterprises
and schools. (Huang, R.H., Liu, D.J., Tlili, A., Yang, J.F., Wang, H.H., et al. 2020)

Factors that Influence Learning

There are 7 factors that influence learning. The first one is Intellectual factors that
concerns about the mental level of an individual. If the learners have low level of intelligence,
they will surely have difficulty in mastery of academics, Learning Factors, is about the mastery of
an individual in subject areas that being taught. Physical Factors that concerns about health
condition of an individual, physical development, nutrition, physical defects and some sort of
abnormalities, Mental Factors in which the attitudes fall under mental factors in which it is an
organic kinesthetic, Emotional and social Factors, under this is the Personal factors that
concerns about one’s emotion that responses of an individual to various stimuli. Teacher’s
Personality in which it will determine the success and failure of the learners as well as on how
she/he interacts with the learners, the last one is the Environmental factors that includes the
physical conditions that was really needed for the learning environment.

Educational Viewpoint and Philosophical Base

The goal of perennials is to teach in a way that the students masters the basic
knowledge. Focuses on the constant learning that bases from years ago and still not changing
for the past decades which means this information is essential since it is unchangeable and has
a basis from the past (Robert Maynard Hutchins, Mortimer Adler 1963), Behaviorism focuses on
the behavior of the students. Through observation and repetition of desired behavior we can
mold a student into a better individual thus learning will follow (Ivan Pavlov). Through the use
of reinforcement so that we can attain the desired goals and that is to mold our students base
on the given situation B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) and James B. Watson (1878-1958)., In
Progressivism actual learning or experiential learning was very important in which the learners
should learn all by themselves and discovering things in their way. the proponent of this
philosophical views was John Dewey, Re-constructivism on the other hand, the focus is the
inquiry as well as the awareness of an individual or of a student or learner of what is happening
in the society. Allowing them to integrate their learnings into the outside world such as the
societal issues as well as happening in their community, Humanism focuses on the humanities
in which it gives focuses on the good behavior and the goodness of a human. That the learner
should mold as a better individual by teaching them particularly the moral values. Humanism
was developed as an education philosophy by Rousseau (1712-1778), The Essentialist somehow
similar to perennials in which it is also focused on the basic and essential knowledge that the
students should learn. Moral standards and basic skills are essential. However, this essentialist
is open to changes in curriculum, not constant. proponents of Essentialism are: James D.
Koerner (1959).

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 Task d.

There are different Teaching Approach to be used for achieving the students
learning, however we are now in the NEW NORMAL set-up wherein Face-to-Face mode of
classes are not possible. So, what is the best Approaches to be use now that we are affected by
the COVID-19 or the Pandemic? Base on my study, The Department of Education stated that it is
not necessarily for both teachers and students to go to school for a normal classroom
discussion, rather they provide various teaching modalities and use of online learning in the new
normal of education similarly, in the Commission on Higher Education which suggested to
strengthen using online platforms and blended learning approach. This mode of Education
adapting to new normal was somehow similar to the rapid change of Education in China wherein
the Chinese Ministry of Education launched a Handbook on Facilitating Flexible Learning which
also provide online learning in their learners. In that, it’s assumed that the teachers are going to
teach the lesson inside their homes and the learners are learned inside their home so the
teacher will use a blended learning approach to impart knowledge to their students without
interacting and no personal communication.

Both of the Department of Education and the Commission on Higher Education

implemented of the new learning modalities primarily using online platforms such as online
learning. however there are still hindrances and barriers of this new set up. As cited in the
gathered facts although the students are studying at the comfort of their home, there are still
learners who was not able to adopt or to avail this new set-up for instance the usage of internet
connections, the lack of training for both teachers and students with the use of technologies and
availability of some resources. So, therefore it is difficult in the part of the teachers to impart
knowledge because of the said barriers and hindrances. Before the teachers are in normal set-
up, face-to-face classroom discussion conducting of performances and assessing student’s
performance right away differ to the said NEW NORMAL wherein all Sectors of Education in the
Philippines are providing alternative or imperative for learning such as Remote – Print refers
modular Distance, asynchronous and synchronous. Using gadgets, internet connection WIFI,
Modules for home Activities.

Task e.

Online Instructional Delivery System for Senior High School in one Private University in
Manila City

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