Advantages and Disadvantages of the Montreal Protocol

Advantages:

 In terms of health benefits, millions of cases of fatal skin cancer and tens of millions of cases of
non-fatal skin cancer and cataracts have been avoided. The United States estimates that by the
year 2165 more than 6.3 million skin cancer deaths will have been avoided in that country alone
and that efforts to protect the ozone layer will have saved it an estimated $4.2 trillion in health
care costs over the period 1990–2165.

Ensuring control of new chemicals found to pose an undue threat to the ozone layer: The same
creative entrepreneurial spirit that inspired the development of alternatives to ozone depleting
substances may spark the invention of substances with ozone depleting properties. The parties
must be vigilant in the testing of new chemicals.

 With the assistance of the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol,
developing countries had, by mid-2010, permanently phased out over 270,000 tonnes of ozone
depleting substances that had been used to produce various products and have eliminated
virtually all of their production of CFCs and halons

Disadvantages:

The work of the Montreal Protocol is not done and much more remains to be accomplished
before we can assure the protection of the ozone layer for this and future generations.

The long-life span of ODS, such as CFCs which is up to about 110 years, means that they will
continue to have an effect for a long time after production and use has stopped.

Old, leaky or discarded refrigerates and air conditioners containing CFCs that may leak CFCs into
the environment. Although effort is being made to recover and destroy the CFCs, some still
remain in old or disused materials.
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3 types of sustainable strategies ?

Economic sustainability means allowing people to have more access to reliable income

Social sustainability means allowing people to have a reasonable quality of life with
opportunities to achieve their potential

Environmental sustainability
 Environmental Impact Assessments
 EIAs are reports that assess the positives and negatives of projects
e.g. the building of a new airport
 They seek to put an economic value on the environmental impact of
projects
 Cost Benefit Analysis can then be used to determine if a project can
go ahead

What do you see as being some of the key issues involved in environmental
impact assessments?

EIA for the Palm

Positives Negatives
Jobs created. More trees planted on the Many vehicles on palm commiting CO2. More
palm. carbon dioxide committed while constructing it.

Ecological Footprints

An ecological footprint is a model used to measure the area of land and

water required to to provide all the resources needed by the population.

The higher your footprint, the more unsustainable your life is.
How do you think the size of an individual's footprint varies with
income?

Which countries do you think have the largest eco-footprints?

Qatar

Which countries do you think have the lowest eco-footprints?

AFRICAN COUNTRIES

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COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59088498

This is highly effective as the big countries like Canada, Brazil, Russia, China,

Indonesia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the US and the UK are a part of

this agreement, it would be a domino effect to their allies which essentially

covers the whole world. Ending deforestation is a big step towards healing the

environment.

REVISION - TOPIC 6 (EXAM 23RD NOV, TUESDAY)

Photochemical smog -> - Causes / pollutants involved / process

-Effects (3-4 effects to humans / ecosystems )
-Management (1-2 strategies for each level - how it works / advantages
/ disadvantages )

Acid deposition -> causes (as above)

-> effects (as above)
-> management (as above)
-> transboundary pollution case study
17th of November 2021

What is energy used for?

Running systems such as industrial plants, factories etc.

Almost everything which uses technology uses some sort of energy
Traveling
Lighting
Agricultural purposes

List different sources of energy :

Solar energy: Substitute of electricity, is generated using solar panels.

Renewable sources: Geo sources, Wind, Solar

Nonrenewable sources: Biofuel, hydroelectric power and fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas)

Semi-renewable: Nuclear energy, example: uranium

Iran, Canada, UAE, Norway and Russia

What links them together?

They are all in the top 15 energy producers in the world and can be classed as being energy
independent, they do not need to import extra energy.

Sweden, Finland and Denmark (Scandinavian countries)

What links them together?

These countries are seen as being the top 3 most energy secure in the world.

ENERGY SECURITY Reflects a nation’s capacity to meet current and future energy demand
reliably, withstand and bounce back swiftly from system shocks with minimal disruption to
supplies.
Lebanon are shot of energy.

Iranian supply of energy to Lebanon as decreased.

1. Ukraine and Russia - gas disputes and geopolitical tensions.
How does gas affect the relationship between Russia and the
Ukraine? How are gas supplies affected?

Gas has been a major reason there has been political tension between these
two nations. Gas supplies would be affected as Russia would need to change
their route of gas supply to most countries which is more time consuming and
costs more money which has destabilized their relations.

2. Shale oil in the USA. Evaluate how the production of shale

oil is making the US become more energy independent.
What are the implications of this (economic and
environmental)?

3. The growth of renewable energy. Choose a country where

50% of its energy comes from renewables. Evaluate the
impacts (positive and negative) or focusing on renewables?