Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia

Volume 14, Special Edition December 2010
Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia

Second Edition
Immature Mature Overmature
%SATURATE
0 100 II I
By: Roberto Aguilera1, Víctor Sotelo1, Carla Burgos1, Carolynna Arce2, Clemencia Gómez2, Jairo Mojica2, Hardany Castillo2, Diana Jiménez2 and José Osorno2
1 2
RA GEOLOGIA E.U. and ANH
600
Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)
0.5% Ro
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
CAGUÁN - PUTUMAYO BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
400
CATATUMBO BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
50 50 CAUCA-PATIA BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
CESAR - RANCHERÍA BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
CHOCÓ BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
1.35% Ro
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
200 EASTERN LLANOS BASIN..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
III
D
GUAJIRA BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
E GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
C LOS CAYOS BASIN ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 89
E LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 93
100 0
M MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 105
0 50 100 0 B SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
%AROMATIC %NSO 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 E SINÚ - SAN JACINTO BASIN.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123
Tmax (oC) R
TUMACO BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132
TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 137
2 UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141
URABÁ BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157
1 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162
0 APPENDIX - ANH ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASE DATA SOURCES ......................................................................................................................................... 164
EARTH SCIENCES INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
RESEARCH JOURNAL Manuscript Submission other disciplines. After reviewing process is completed, ESRJ staff will produce an
Manuscripts submitted to ESRJ will only be considered if they have not been or not will be accurate Spanish version of the abstract. Both abstracts (English and Spanish versions)
reproduced in the same extension and form in a different journal. Material as figures, are published.
tables, photos, etc. which will be reproduced in papers requires the permission of original Ÿ Prepare your manuscript using letter-size pages (216 mm × 279 mm). Please use size
authors. Contributions falling into the following categories will be considered for 12 Times New Roman or Arial fonts, with double line spacing.
publication:
Ÿ Regular Papers: Regular papers constitute most of the works published in ESRJ and Figures, Tables, and Equations
contain original information (e.g. that has not been published, and is not being
considered for publication elsewhere). There are no limitations to the length of regular Ÿ Limit figures to no more than five (5) shades of grayscale. If you use elements such as
CHIEF EDITOR papers, but we encourage authors to express their views in a concise manner. From our lines, line stripes, dots, or specific symbols, make sure they will be easily distinguished
Luis A. Montes V. experience we have found that the shorter the paper, the better they are received. when reduced for publication.
Ÿ Please always include geographic coordinates and/or scale in maps.
Published by: Departamento de Geociencias Ÿ Brief Contributions: To be considered as a Brief Contribution, your manuscript must
contain original information that may be more limited in length and scope than a Ÿ The sizes of letters are very important. Try to use the same size text throughout a figure.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA Edificio Manuel Ancízar, of. 326 Regular Paper. Sometimes authors wish to concisely share their research and may do so Figures will be reduced in size for publication. Use Times Roman or Arial fonts. Avoid
Facultad de Ciencias Ciudad Universitaria through a Brief Contribution, which should be limited to six (6) pages or less, including using light text on dark background.
any figures. Ÿ Try to create figures that are as close as possible to the size they will appear in the
Departamento de Geociencias Bogotá, Colombia. Ÿ Comments, Praise, and Replies: Sometimes differences in opinions and views arise printed version of ESRJ.
from published research and the Earth Sciences community may benefit from open Ÿ Try no to use too much black in your figures. For example, some journals have found
ESRJ publishes the results from technical and scientific EDITORIAL COMMITTEE discussion. Sometimes an author's outstanding contribution may be publicly praised, that record sections with too much black reproduce poorly.
as a way to acknowledge the good work. Comments on and Praises to contributions as Ÿ We require the use of S.I. physical units (m, kg, s).
research on various disciplines of Earth Sciences and its well as their Replies, should not exceed two (2) pages in length.
Ÿ Every figure must have a number and a figure caption. The latter describes, as
interactions with several engineering applications. Alexander Caneva Ÿ Translations of Articles: There are many papers (especially classic papers) that completely as possible, the content of the graphic. Please make sure that all symbols
Works will only be considered if not previously published represent momentous facts in the Earth Sciences history. Some other important articles
acaneva@uan.edu.co remain unknown to the Spanish-Speaking or English- Speaking science communities
and abbreviations are fully explained.
anywhere else. Manuscripts must contain information Ÿ Please be aware that because we are a self-financed journal, at present, high costs do
Universidad Antonio Nariño because these articles are published in foreign languages. Translations of articles may
not allow us to publish color figures. All figures will be published in black and white or
derived from scientific research projects or technical be submitted to ESRJ provided that written authorization of original publishers is
gray scale. Please prepare your figures accordingly.
obtained.
developments. The ideas expressed by publishing in ESRJ Carlos Zuluaga Ÿ All tables should be numbered and must have a title.
Ÿ Please number all equations at the right.
are the sole responsibility of the authors. The contents of cazuluagacas@unal.edu.co With the exception of Comments, Praises, and Replies, all submissions must contain the
following parts:
this journal can be reproduced provided appropiate citation Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ÿ TITLE. Format for References
is mentioned. Ÿ NAME(S) OF AUTHOR (S). Please underline the name of the corresponding author. References should be arranged alphabetically by author and should follow the format that
Gabriel Álvarez Ÿ ABSTRACT. Should not exceed 300 words (English). A list of key words must appear appears below.
Mail address, suscription and submission gfalvarez@gmail.com following the abstract, and
Ÿ Reference to a paper published in a Journal following Vancouver Style:
Ÿ INTRODUCTION.
of manuscripts: Inforpetrol Ÿ DATA. Print Documents, Books. Note: Only the first word of in the title of a book or conference
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ÿ METHOD.
should be capitalised, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalise the "v" in Volume
Departamento de Geociencias for a book title.
Lluis Pujades Ÿ RESULTS.
Edificio Manuel Ancízar, of. 326 Standard format : #. Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition(if not the first). Vol.(if a
lluis.pujades@upc.es Ÿ DISCUSION.
multivolume work). Place of publication: Publisher; Year. p. page number(s) (if
Phone: +57-1 3165000 Ext. 16514 – 16539 Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña Ÿ CONCLUSIONS.
appropriate).
Fax: + 57-1 – 3165390 Ÿ REFERENCES.
Parts of a Book. Note: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which
Ÿ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Optional)
e-mail: esrj@unal.edu.co the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Ÿ AUTHORS ´CONTACT INFORMATION. Please provide contact information that textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included
includes: Affiliation, e-mail, physical address, telephone, and fax numbers. chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).
URL: Ÿ APPENDIX (If any). Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.
http://www.geociencias.unal.edu.co/ESRJ.htm Frank Audemard
Standard format: #. Author of Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor B,
faudemard@funvisis.org.ve If a manuscript falls in the Brief Contribution category, the following sections may be editors. Title: subtitle of Book. Edition(if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher;
Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas joined: Year. p. page numbers.
Suscription rates
Ÿ DATA AND METHOD.
Colombia: $ 30000 Caracas - Venezuela Ÿ DISCUSION AND CONCLUSIONS.
Journal Articles. Note: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper
nouns or acronyms. List the first six authors followed by et al. The titles of journals should
Abroad: US$20 included mail service. All submissions will undergo peer-review by experts in the subject area being considered. be abbreviated as they appear in the MEDLINE Journals Database. Volume, issue and page
Price of this issue: $15000 or US$10 Carlos A. Vargas Usually two reviewers are assigned; one of them may be a local scientist. The names of the numbers are given but not labeled. To indicate a page range use 123-9, 126-34 or 111-222.
authors are kept in confidentiality. If you refer to only one page, use only 111.
carlos.vargas@anh.gov.co
Earth Sciences Research Journal is published biannually Standard format: #. Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos - ANH Potential Reviewers of your Manuscript of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. year; vol(issue):page number(s).
in December and June. Bogotá - Colombia ESRJ maintains a data base of reviewers and experts in various disciplines of Earth Electronic Documents. Note: When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the
Sciences. To speed up the process of review, however, we request that the author suggests same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient
Date and place of edition: at least four (4) potential reviewers for their work. The list of potential reviewers should information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves. If only the first page
Peggy Hellweg contain full contact information and must be included along with the submission for number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not
December 2010, consideration in ESRJ. Suggested reviewers must fulfill the following requisites:
Bogotá - Colombia
peggy@seismo.berkeley.edu given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific. An electronic
Ÿ MS or Ph.D academic degree in a discipline related to the work under consideration. source may not always contain clear author or publisher details. The access information
University of Berkeley Ÿ Scientific production (publications) during the last two years. will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is
Papers published in Earth Sciences Research Journal are California - USA Ÿ Preferably affiliated with an institution that is different from that of the author.
one), the date cited is included since an electronic source may change between the time you
cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.
covered and indexed in the following Bibliographic Index: To guarantee high standards and ethics during the review process, the Editorial Board of
ESRJ reserves the right of sending manuscripts to those reviewers whom we consider E-Books. Standard format: #. Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place:
EBSCO, Chemical Abstracts Service – CAS, GeoRef, Mario Ordáz Schroeder appropriate. Publisher; Date of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from:
Scielo, Publindex, Latindex, British Library, ISINET,
mors@pumas.iingen.unam.mx We encourage submission of manuscripts via e-mail (MSWord or PDF formats are Source. URL.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México preferred). Optionally, authors may submit their works as hard copies. In this case we E-Journals. Standard format: #. Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated Title
Intute, Ulrich. request three (3) copies of the manuscript. After the reviewing process is completed and the of Journal [format]. year [cited year abbreviated month day];vol(no):page
Ciudad de México-México paper is accepted for publication, a digital form of the manuscript will be requested for numbers[estimated if necessary]. Available from: Database Name (if appropriate). URL.
Printed and diagramed by: editing and final minor modifications prior to publishing.
Internet Documents. Standard format: #. Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Arantza Ugalde name [format]. Source/production information; Date of internet publication [cited year
augalde@obsebro.es Guidelines for preparation of your manuscript month day]. Available from: URL.
EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
DE COLOMBIA Observatorio del Ebro Ÿ Manuscripts must be written entirely in English, and must be spell-checked using a Non-Book Formats. Standard format: #. Person AA, Responsibility (if appropriate).
word processor. Please make sure that structure and grammar are appropriate. Keep in Title: subtitle [format]. Special credits (if appropriate). Place of publication: Publisher;
Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, 2010 Barcelona – España mind that ESR J is a wide-scope journal and your article may be read by scientists from Year.
EARTH SCIENCES INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
RESEARCH JOURNAL Manuscript Submission other disciplines. After reviewing process is completed, ESRJ staff will produce an
Manuscripts submitted to ESRJ will only be considered if they have not been or not will be accurate Spanish version of the abstract. Both abstracts (English and Spanish versions)
reproduced in the same extension and form in a different journal. Material as figures, are published.
tables, photos, etc. which will be reproduced in papers requires the permission of original Ÿ Prepare your manuscript using letter-size pages (216 mm × 279 mm). Please use size
authors. Contributions falling into the following categories will be considered for 12 Times New Roman or Arial fonts, with double line spacing.
publication:
Ÿ Regular Papers: Regular papers constitute most of the works published in ESRJ and Figures, Tables, and Equations
contain original information (e.g. that has not been published, and is not being
considered for publication elsewhere). There are no limitations to the length of regular Ÿ Limit figures to no more than five (5) shades of grayscale. If you use elements such as
CHIEF EDITOR papers, but we encourage authors to express their views in a concise manner. From our lines, line stripes, dots, or specific symbols, make sure they will be easily distinguished
Luis A. Montes V. experience we have found that the shorter the paper, the better they are received. when reduced for publication.
Ÿ Please always include geographic coordinates and/or scale in maps.
Published by: Departamento de Geociencias Ÿ Brief Contributions: To be considered as a Brief Contribution, your manuscript must
contain original information that may be more limited in length and scope than a Ÿ The sizes of letters are very important. Try to use the same size text throughout a figure.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE COLOMBIA Edificio Manuel Ancízar, of. 326 Regular Paper. Sometimes authors wish to concisely share their research and may do so Figures will be reduced in size for publication. Use Times Roman or Arial fonts. Avoid
Facultad de Ciencias Ciudad Universitaria through a Brief Contribution, which should be limited to six (6) pages or less, including using light text on dark background.
any figures. Ÿ Try to create figures that are as close as possible to the size they will appear in the
Departamento de Geociencias Bogotá, Colombia. Ÿ Comments, Praise, and Replies: Sometimes differences in opinions and views arise printed version of ESRJ.
from published research and the Earth Sciences community may benefit from open Ÿ Try no to use too much black in your figures. For example, some journals have found
ESRJ publishes the results from technical and scientific EDITORIAL COMMITTEE discussion. Sometimes an author's outstanding contribution may be publicly praised, that record sections with too much black reproduce poorly.
as a way to acknowledge the good work. Comments on and Praises to contributions as Ÿ We require the use of S.I. physical units (m, kg, s).
research on various disciplines of Earth Sciences and its well as their Replies, should not exceed two (2) pages in length.
Ÿ Every figure must have a number and a figure caption. The latter describes, as
interactions with several engineering applications. Alexander Caneva Ÿ Translations of Articles: There are many papers (especially classic papers) that completely as possible, the content of the graphic. Please make sure that all symbols
Works will only be considered if not previously published represent momentous facts in the Earth Sciences history. Some other important articles
acaneva@uan.edu.co remain unknown to the Spanish-Speaking or English- Speaking science communities
and abbreviations are fully explained.
anywhere else. Manuscripts must contain information Ÿ Please be aware that because we are a self-financed journal, at present, high costs do
Universidad Antonio Nariño because these articles are published in foreign languages. Translations of articles may
not allow us to publish color figures. All figures will be published in black and white or
derived from scientific research projects or technical be submitted to ESRJ provided that written authorization of original publishers is
gray scale. Please prepare your figures accordingly.
obtained.
developments. The ideas expressed by publishing in ESRJ Carlos Zuluaga Ÿ All tables should be numbered and must have a title.
Ÿ Please number all equations at the right.
are the sole responsibility of the authors. The contents of cazuluagacas@unal.edu.co With the exception of Comments, Praises, and Replies, all submissions must contain the
following parts:
this journal can be reproduced provided appropiate citation Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ÿ TITLE. Format for References
is mentioned. Ÿ NAME(S) OF AUTHOR (S). Please underline the name of the corresponding author. References should be arranged alphabetically by author and should follow the format that
Gabriel Álvarez Ÿ ABSTRACT. Should not exceed 300 words (English). A list of key words must appear appears below.
Mail address, suscription and submission gfalvarez@gmail.com following the abstract, and
Ÿ Reference to a paper published in a Journal following Vancouver Style:
Ÿ INTRODUCTION.
of manuscripts: Inforpetrol Ÿ DATA. Print Documents, Books. Note: Only the first word of in the title of a book or conference
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Ÿ METHOD.
should be capitalised, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Capitalise the "v" in Volume
Departamento de Geociencias for a book title.
Lluis Pujades Ÿ RESULTS.
Edificio Manuel Ancízar, of. 326 Standard format : #. Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition(if not the first). Vol.(if a
lluis.pujades@upc.es Ÿ DISCUSION.
multivolume work). Place of publication: Publisher; Year. p. page number(s) (if
Phone: +57-1 3165000 Ext. 16514 – 16539 Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña Ÿ CONCLUSIONS.
appropriate).
Fax: + 57-1 – 3165390 Ÿ REFERENCES.
Parts of a Book. Note: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which
Ÿ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Optional)
e-mail: esrj@unal.edu.co the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE Ÿ AUTHORS ´CONTACT INFORMATION. Please provide contact information that textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included
includes: Affiliation, e-mail, physical address, telephone, and fax numbers. chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).
URL: Ÿ APPENDIX (If any). Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.
http://www.geociencias.unal.edu.co/ESRJ.htm Frank Audemard
Standard format: #. Author of Part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor B,
faudemard@funvisis.org.ve If a manuscript falls in the Brief Contribution category, the following sections may be editors. Title: subtitle of Book. Edition(if not the first). Place of publication: Publisher;
Fundación Venezolana de Investigaciones Sismológicas joined: Year. p. page numbers.
Suscription rates
Ÿ DATA AND METHOD.
Colombia: $ 30000 Caracas - Venezuela Ÿ DISCUSION AND CONCLUSIONS.
Journal Articles. Note: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper
nouns or acronyms. List the first six authors followed by et al. The titles of journals should
Abroad: US$20 included mail service. All submissions will undergo peer-review by experts in the subject area being considered. be abbreviated as they appear in the MEDLINE Journals Database. Volume, issue and page
Price of this issue: $15000 or US$10 Carlos A. Vargas Usually two reviewers are assigned; one of them may be a local scientist. The names of the numbers are given but not labeled. To indicate a page range use 123-9, 126-34 or 111-222.
authors are kept in confidentiality. If you refer to only one page, use only 111.
carlos.vargas@anh.gov.co
Earth Sciences Research Journal is published biannually Standard format: #. Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos - ANH Potential Reviewers of your Manuscript of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. year; vol(issue):page number(s).
in December and June. Bogotá - Colombia ESRJ maintains a data base of reviewers and experts in various disciplines of Earth Electronic Documents. Note: When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the
Sciences. To speed up the process of review, however, we request that the author suggests same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient
Date and place of edition: at least four (4) potential reviewers for their work. The list of potential reviewers should information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves. If only the first page
Peggy Hellweg contain full contact information and must be included along with the submission for number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not
December 2010, consideration in ESRJ. Suggested reviewers must fulfill the following requisites:
Bogotá - Colombia
peggy@seismo.berkeley.edu given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific. An electronic
Ÿ MS or Ph.D academic degree in a discipline related to the work under consideration. source may not always contain clear author or publisher details. The access information
University of Berkeley Ÿ Scientific production (publications) during the last two years. will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is
Papers published in Earth Sciences Research Journal are California - USA Ÿ Preferably affiliated with an institution that is different from that of the author.
one), the date cited is included since an electronic source may change between the time you
cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.
covered and indexed in the following Bibliographic Index: To guarantee high standards and ethics during the review process, the Editorial Board of
ESRJ reserves the right of sending manuscripts to those reviewers whom we consider E-Books. Standard format: #. Author A, Author B. Title of e-book [format]. Place:
EBSCO, Chemical Abstracts Service – CAS, GeoRef, Mario Ordáz Schroeder appropriate. Publisher; Date of original publication [cited year abbreviated month day]. Available from:
Scielo, Publindex, Latindex, British Library, ISINET,
mors@pumas.iingen.unam.mx We encourage submission of manuscripts via e-mail (MSWord or PDF formats are Source. URL.
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México preferred). Optionally, authors may submit their works as hard copies. In this case we E-Journals. Standard format: #. Author A, Author B. Title of article. Abbreviated Title
Intute, Ulrich. request three (3) copies of the manuscript. After the reviewing process is completed and the of Journal [format]. year [cited year abbreviated month day];vol(no):page
Ciudad de México-México paper is accepted for publication, a digital form of the manuscript will be requested for numbers[estimated if necessary]. Available from: Database Name (if appropriate). URL.
Printed and diagramed by: editing and final minor modifications prior to publishing.
Internet Documents. Standard format: #. Author A, Author B. Document title. Webpage
Universidad Nacional de Colombia Arantza Ugalde name [format]. Source/production information; Date of internet publication [cited year
augalde@obsebro.es Guidelines for preparation of your manuscript month day]. Available from: URL.
EDITORIAL UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL
DE COLOMBIA Observatorio del Ebro Ÿ Manuscripts must be written entirely in English, and must be spell-checked using a Non-Book Formats. Standard format: #. Person AA, Responsibility (if appropriate).
word processor. Please make sure that structure and grammar are appropriate. Keep in Title: subtitle [format]. Special credits (if appropriate). Place of publication: Publisher;
Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, 2010 Barcelona – España mind that ESR J is a wide-scope journal and your article may be read by scientists from Year.
Earth Sciences Research Journal Special Edition
ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

Second Edition
Roberto C. Aguilera
RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Víctor A. Sotelo
RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Carla A. Burgos
RA GEOLOGIA E.U.
Carolynna Arce
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos
Clemencia Gómez
Jairo Mojica
Hardany Castillo
Diana Jiménez
José Osorno
2010
Earth Sciences Research Journal
Bogotá
Letter of Editor
“Science is the knowledge of consequences and the
dependence of one fact on another”
Thomas Hobbes.
In a short time we are here again to offer you a new version of

the Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia. This effort is
supported by the ANH, and extends the geochemical
knowledge disposed in the previous version to new basins, and
updated information up to 2009.
We hope that this document may be helpful to developers of
projects of oil exploration and production, in a moment, when
the exploration of new basins increases, and the oil
associated activities are extended to new business.
This Atlas will serve as a guide for the oil industry as well as
research centers and academic institutions, who may consult
on their pages the state of knowledge in this field in Colombia,
and the need to continue carrying out projects of this nature.
Can these pages help to answer questions like: Has the trap
received economic quantities of petroleum?. What types of
hydrocarbons are likely to be present (oil and/or gas and in
what relative proportion)?. What are the oil or gas properties
(e.g., viscosity, API gravity, sulfur content, etc.)? Is reservoir
compartmentalization an issue?
We let the answers to our readers, from whom we hope to

hear their findings and if possible their contribution.
Luis Montes
ESRJ Chief Editor
I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1
Methodology........................................................................................................................................ 3
Caguán-Putumayo Basin.......................................................................................................................... 5
Catatumbo Basin.................................................................................................................................. 20
Cauca-Patía Basin................................................................................................................................. 31
Cesar-Ranchería Basin............................................................................................................................ 39
Chocó Basin......................................................................................................................................... 47
Eastern Cordillera Basin.......................................................................................................................... 53
Eastern Llanos Basin............................................................................................................................. 61
Guajira Basin....................................................................................................................................... 77
Guajira Offshore Basin........................................................................................................................... 83
Los Cayos Basin.................................................................................................................................. 89
Lower Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 93
Middle Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 105
Sinú Offshore Basin............................................................................................................................... 118
Sinú-San Jacinto Basin........................................................................................................................... 123
Tumaco Basin...................................................................................................................................... 132
Tumaco Offshore Basin.......................................................................................................................... 137
Upper Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 141
Urabá Basin........................................................................................................................................ 157
References.......................................................................................................................................... 162
Appendix - ANH Organic Geochemistry Database Data Sources.............................................................................. 164

Introduction
This new and updated edition Organic Geochemistry Atlas of correlations.
Colombia provides the explorationist with an overview of the
existing information on source rocks and crude oils in These topics are treated in those basins in which surface
Colombia. The data compiled in this work is updated to 2009, geochemistry data, and where crude oil and rock extracts
and is found in the Organic Geochemistry Database of the information, from reservoir and source rock units properly
Agencia Nacional de Hidrocarburos (ANH). identified, exists.
This updated version of the database includes 10329 new Based on this information some insights on the source rocks,
samples and 190836 associated geochemical data from the origin of the hydrocarbons and petroleum systems found
pyrolysis, gas chromatography, liquid chromatography and in the Colombian basins are presented.
surface geochemistry reports, from works developed by the
ANH and exploration companies since 2003 to 2009. The The Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia is intended to
references of the data sources included in this database can assist E&P professionals interested in understanding the
be found at the end of this volume. origin and evolution of source rocks and crude/gas
accumulations present in any of the colombian basins, and
This document is presented in a simple and graphical way to additionally as a guide on the future work that might be
provide a quick look of the state of the art of the colombian needed to improve the knowledge and reduce the exploratory
basins, useful for newcomers or experts alike. risk, especially in frontier areas of Colombia.
The Atlas is alphabetically organized, following the Therefore, this new version of the Organic Geochemistry Atlas
nomenclature and boundaries proposed by the ANH for the of Colombia is expected to become a valuable tool for
Colombian sedimentary basins (Barrero et al. 2007). exploration and educational purposes as well.
Includes geochemical information, from 18 basins,

corresponding to source rock analyses, organic matter
content (%TOC), Rock-Eval pyrolysis, organic petrography,
crude oil and extract analyses, liquid chromatography, gas
chromatography, biomarkers and isotopes.
All the graphs and conclusions are drawn from the information
existing in the organic geochemistry database ,and were used
for source rocks quality assesments and to generate crude oil
and gas characterization graphs of depositional, maturity and
quality parameters, along with quality and maturity maps of
some of the main source rocks in Colombia.
Two new topics are present in this version of the Atlas, one
about hydrocarbons origin from surface geochemistry data
and the other about petroleum systems from crude-rock
1
Methodology
Based on the organic geochemistry database of the ANH, showing the degree of preservation and processes affecting
compiled in 2010, an updated version of the Organic the accumulations like mixing of different thermal maturity
Geochemistry Atlas of the Colombian basins has been made. oils ( refreshing) and biodegradation.
In order to provide an overview of the knowledge on crude oil - Source Rock Characterization: In order to show the quality
and source rock characteristics in the colombian basins, this and maturity of the source rocks, crossplots based on Pyrolysis
volume has been structured in chapters containing Rock-Eval and organic petrology data has been made. The
information on the following subjects, depending on the parameters used to estimate quality are organic matter
information available for each basin: content (%TOC),Hydrogen Index, Oxygen Index, and
generative potential (S2 peak).The maturity parameters used
- Generalities: Including location, stratigraphy, structural were Pyrolysis Tmax in degrees Celsius, and vitrinite
sections and highlights on the organic geochemistry data reflectance (%Ro). In the following tables are summarized the
available and used in the interpretations presented. general values used for interpretation of these data.
- Wells and Seeps: location map of wells and/or surface Organic matter generation potential:
locations with geochemical information and oil and gas seeps
Generation Rock-Eval S2 Peak (mg HC/ g
in the basin. Potential
TOC (wt %)
rock)
- Crude Oil Quality: Crossplots of quality-related, bulk Poor 0 - 0.5 0 - 2.5

analysis parameters like Ni/V, sulfur content, API gravity.
These parameters give insights on the preservation or Fair 0.5 - 1 2.5 - 5
degradation of the oils, their maturity (API gravity and sulfur
content), depositional conditions (sulfur content and Ni/V) Good 1-2 5 - 10
and/or lithology of the source rocks (sulfur content).
Very Good 2-4 10 - 20
- Depositional Environments: Crossplots of environment and
organic facies related biomarkers and ratios (Peters and Excellent >4 > 20
Moldowan, 1993), like Oleanane Index, Homohopane Index,
Pristane, Phytane, Pristane/nC17, Phytane/nC18, C27, C28
and C29 steranes. These parameters provides information on Kerogen Type Hydrogen Index (mg HC/ g TOC)
the type of organic matter terrestrial, marine or mixed
(pristane/nC17 vs phytane/nC18, C27-C29 steranes, oleanane I > 600
index), bottom oxicity (homohopane index, pristane/nC17vs
phytane/nC18), depositional environments(homohopane II 300 - 600
index, oleanane index, pristane/phytane) and even age of the
source rocks (oleanane index).
III 50 -200
- Chromatography: Typical examples of whole oil

chromatograms and fragmentograms (m/z 191and m/z 217) IV < 50
3
Methodology
Vitrinite Reflectance
3. The symbol expressing the level of certainty.
Thermal Maturity Rock-Eval Tmax (°C)
Ro (%)
The table below shows how the level of certainty is
Immature < 435° 0.2 - 0.6 determined for a petroleum system (Magoon and Dow, 1994).
Early Mature 435° - 445° 0.6 - 0.65
Level of Certainty Criteria Symbol

Generation Peak 445° - 450° 0.65 - 0.9
Late Mature 450° - 470° 0.9 - 1.35

A positive oil-source rock or gas -source
Known (!)
rock geochemical correlation
Overmature > 470° > 1.35
In the absence of a positive petroleum-

- Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps: These maps were Hypothetical source rock correlation, geochemical (.)
generated based on organic matter content (%TOC), Hydrogen evidence
Index and Tmax information available.
Speculative Geological or geophysical evidence (?)
- Gas Characterization: Crossplots of gas molecular
composition and stable carbon isotopes of methane, ethane
and propane were made in order to establish the origin and Based on these crossplots and maps some general conclusions
generation conditions of the gases found in the basins. on the crude oils , source rocks, gases and petroleum systems
are presented for each basin.
- Surface Geochemistry: Bernard and compositional plots of
sorbed gases in soil samples were made to help establishing its
origin (thermogenic or biogenic) (Whiticar, 1990).
- Petroleum Systems (Crude - Rock Correlations): Based on

the crossplots used for depositional environments
determination, a series of correlations of crude oil from
reservoirs and extracts from potential source rocks were
made in order to better establish petroleum systems,
following the nomenclature proposed by Magoon and Dow
(1994), in which the name of a petroleum system contains
three parts:
1. The source rock in the pod of active source rock.

2. The name of the reservoir rock that contains the largest
volume of petroleum.
4
CAGUÁN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Depositional Environments
Chromatography
Source Rock Characterization
Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps
Petroleum Systems (Crude-Rock Correlations)
Generalities
CAGUAN - PUTUMAYO BASIN
LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES
78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73° 72° The source rock geochemical information
interpreted for the Caguán-Putumayo Basin
Pacific Ocean
Villavicencio
Caribbean Sea 4° 4°
Cali includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from

PANAMA
VENEZUELA
3°
Neiva SM San Jose 3°
2912 samples taken in 64 wells; additionally 335
del Guaviare organic petrography samples from 56 wells were
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
2° 2°
interpreted.
.S.
Florencia
R.F
1° 1°
Crude oil and extracts information from 124 bulk
ECUADOR BRAZIL
02 analysis samples, 403 liquid chromatography
PERU
0° 24
SCH 0° samples, 330 gas chromatography samples,582
biomarker samples and 90 isotopes samples were
BOUNDARIES also interpreted.
1° ECUADOR 1°
Northwest: Eastern Cordillera Foothills fault system

Northeast: Sierra de la Macarena (SM)
East: Structural high, including the Serranía de 2° PERU 2°
Chiribiquete (SCH)
South: Ecuadorian-Peruvian International border
78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73° 72°
Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forming structural highs
Basement high
From Barrero et al., 2007
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION

PUTUMAYO BASIN
NW SE
ft
Sea level
0
10000
TD 9715ft
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
Paleozoic Jurassic Lower Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous
Paleogene Neogene
Sandstone Shale Basement Source Reservoir Seal
From Mojica et al., 2010
CAGUÁN-PUTUMAYO BASIN 6
Wells and Seeps
850000
The number of wells and/or surface locations
with geochemical information in the Caguán -
Putumayo Basin is 116.
800000
Oilseeps are located at the northern and

0 50 100kms
A western parts of the basin, as well as the oil
750000 R
LE fields
IL
RD Capella
CO
R N
700000
S TE
EA FLORENCIA
650000
MOCOA
Mary
600000 Costayaco
Burdine/Maxine
Orito
550000 Alea
Hormiga
Loro
500000
ECUADOR
450000
Oil and gas fields
Wells with geochemical information

400000
Oil seeps
350000 PERÚ Gas seeps
Map datum: Magna Sirgas Undetermined seeps

Coord. origin: Bogotá
300000
Cities/Towns
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
7 CAGUÁN-PUTUMAYO BASIN
Crude Oil Quality

3 API Gravity
LEGEND 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
0
A CABALLOS Fm. Biodegraded Oil
PEPINO Fm.
UNKNOWN 2000
VILLETA Fm.
B
4000
2
6000
% Sulfur
M 8000
Depth (Feet)
at
ur
i ty
10000
1
12000
14000
16000
Heavy Oil Normal Oil Light Oil Condensates
0 18000
0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity 20000
C - Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10° to 40° and sulfur content
between 0 and 3% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 30° API have sulfur values below 1%, and oils
below 30° show higher dispersion in sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggests
Anoxic Marine
that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities,the more mature
2 have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but there are also crudes that having
similar API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate
biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different source rocks, considering
% Sulfur
that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur content than oils from
carbonates (Figure A).
- There is no direct relationship between depth and crude oil quality, indicating that
similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to
1
vertical migration in faulted reservoirs. But additionally there is the fact that
different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different
preservation (biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
Lacustrine or Continental
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5,
suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic
environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
0
0 1 2
Ni / V
100 1
A B
n
ge
ro 0.8
Ke
III Marine Deltaic
p e
Ty (CENOZOIC)
al
tri
Oleanane / C30Hopane
10 s II
rre -I
Te II t
Pristane / nC17
ge
n en
ro en nm 0.6
Ke rog viro
d Ke n
ixe e
II g E
M p cin
Ty du
e
l, R
Ox
a
idi
Re g
Al
xin
d
uc 0.4
g
ing
n
1 tio
da
ra
eg
od
Bi
it y
ur 0.2
at
M
LEGEND Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
CABALLOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
0.1 PEPINO Fm. 0
0.1 1 10 100 RUMIYACO Fm. 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18 UNKNOWN Pristane / Phytane
VILLETA Fm.
3
C - The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin
2.5
Marine Carbonatic from terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing
environment and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in
the mixed kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic
matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A).
2
C35 / C34 Hopane
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that

most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2) which
1.5
indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine
environments. There are some samples with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph
(>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine
deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of
1 the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and
low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that

0.5 most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating
Marine Deltaic that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine
Shelf Marine
environment. Additionally there are some samples with low homohopane index but
higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic
0 environments (Figure C).
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
%SATURATE
0 100
LEGEND
50 50
CABALLOS Fm.
PEPINO Fm.
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
100 0
0 50 100
%AROMATIC %NSO
- The liquid chromatography data (saturates, aromatics and NSO compunds) from oils in the basin are plotted in the ternary diagram above, and
their distribution indicate that oils are well preserved having low biodegradation (low %NSO compounds).
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in siliciclastic environments ranging from
marine to deltaic with an important terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low
oleanane index values corresponding to the Villeta and Caballos formations.
- These crude oils are of good quality with API gravities above 25° and sulfur content below 1% for most of them, and are well preserved (low
biodegradation).
- Hydrocarbons have been found in reservoirs corresponding to the Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations of Cretaceous age and the Cenozoic
Pepino and Rumiyaco formations.
Chromatography
Tricyclics
Hopanes
Crude oil of the Orito-16 well shows predominance of low
molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio close to
1.
This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes

indicating high thermal maturity. The diasteranes abundance Fragmentogram m/z 191
suggests that the oil was generated from clay-rich rocks but also
increased thermal maturity.
Diasteranes
C9
Well Orito - 16
C11
C10
Fragmentogram m/z 217

C12
C13
C15
C14
C16
C17
C18
C19
C20
Pristane
Phytane
C21
C22
C23
C24
C26
C25
Chromatogram
Chromatography
Crude oil of the Unicornio-1 well shows a bimodal chromatogram Hopanes

Tricyclics
with high molecular weight paraffins abundance and very high
Pristane/Phytane ratio (>5.0), indicating generation from
organic facies deposited in deltaic environments.
The predominance of hopanes over tricyclics indicates low

thermal maturity of the oil. The low diasteranes abundance
suggests that the oil was generated from clay-poor rocks.
Pr/Ph = 5.2
Well Unicornio - 1
Diasteranes
Pr
Ph
Chromatogram

900 1000
I
900
800 A B
800
700

700
Excellent Generation Potential
600
Low thermal maturity
600 II
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
LEGEND
100
Poor Generation Potential ARRAYAN Fm. 100 III
and/or High thermal maturity CABALLOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm. IV
0 MIRADOR Fm. 0
PALEOZOIC
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 RUMIYACO Fm.
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
S2 (mgHC / gROCK) TOROYACO Fm. Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
I
1000
C
- The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index
Ro (HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and
0.5%
Macarena formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5
800 mg HC/g rock). Taking into account that these units are deeply buried in the basin,
the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect the depletion
II
effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data also indicate that
the Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) all have poor
600 generation potential (Figure A).
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that
rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations have
400 type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these formations with type III
gas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units (Mirador, Arrayán,
Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations) their samples are indicative of type III gas-prone
1.35% Ro kerogen to type IV kerogen. The Paleozoic samples have very low HI values and
200 correspond mainly with type IV kerogen (Figure B).
III
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil
0 generation peak conditions in the basin (Figure C).
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)

50 0 LEGEND
Immature Overmature
(Gas Window) UNKNOWN
1000
A B ACAE-1
ACAE-10
Excellent 2000 ACAE-2
40 ALEA-1
AZUL GRANDE-2
3000
BAGRE WEST-1
BURDINE-1
4000
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
CAFELINA-1
CAIMAN-1
30
Depth (Feet)
CAIMAN-2
5000
CAIMAN-4
CALDERO-1
6000 CARIBE-1
CARIBE-4
CENCELLA-1
7000
20 CHIGUACO-1
CONDOR-1
8000 CONEJO-1
DOLORES-1
EVELYN-1
9000
Oil Window
GARZA-1
10 GAVILAN WEST-1
Very Good 10000 GAVILAN WEST-2
GAVILAN-1A
GUAMUES-1
Good 11000 HORMIGA-1X
Fair LAS CHICAS-1
0 Poor 12000 LOSADA S.E.-1
LUCILLE-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10 MANDUR-1
%TOC %Ro MANDUR-3
MANDUR-5
LEGEND MIRAFLOR-1
NANCY-1
ORITO SUR-1
ARRAYAN Fm. MIRADOR Fm. TOROYACO Fm.
ORITO-20
CABALLOS Fm. PALEOZOIC UNKNOWN
ORITO-80
MACARENA Fm. RUMIYACO Fm. VILLETA Fm.
PINUNA-1
PUERTO ASIS-1
PUTUMAYO-1
QUILILI-1
QUILLACINGA-1
QUILLACINGA-2
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there RIO MOCOA-1
RIO PESCADO-1
are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations) with good to excellent oil generation RIO SEVILLA-1
potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). In the case of the Cenozoic units (Mirador, Arrayán, Rumiyaco SETUKO-1
SUCUMBIO-2
and Toroyaco formations) their samples indicate poor oil generation potential (Figure A). TAMBOR-1
TAPIR-1
TEMBLON-1X
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early TOROYACO-1
maturity in the basin. This behavior does not correspond with the Tmax values indicative of early to oil generation TUCAN-1
UMBRIA-2
peak, and would not explain the oil accumulations and crude oil quality found in the basin (Figure B). VENADO-1
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the
Cretaceous rocks of the Caballos, Villeta and Macarena formations. The Cenozoic rocks of the Mirador, Arrayán,
Rumiyaco and Toroyaco formations have poor oil generation potential. Tmax maturity data indicates that the
Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature and the sources for the hydrocarbons in the basin.
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro)
850000
850000
800000
800000
750000
750000
700000
700000
650000
28 28
19 650000 19
5 33 27 5 33
34
600000
9 17
12 18 12 18
6 29 8 6
11 11
22 16 600000 36 22 16
21 20 25 7 21 204 25
3 3
30
550000 13 13 31
14
32 2 24 1 24
226 15
10
550000
500000
500000 0.9% Ro
450000 0.8 %Ro
0.8% Ro
450000
0.6 %Ro
400000 0.7% Ro
400000 0.6% Ro
0.4 %Ro
350000
0.5% Ro
350000
0.2 %Ro
300000 0.4% Ro
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
300000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
Caballos Fm. Villeta Fm.
LEGEND
1. ACAE-2 7. CARIBE-4 13.GAVILAN WEST-2 19. MIRAFLOR-1 25. QUILILI-1 31. SUCUMBIO-2
2. AZUL GRANDE-2 8. CONDOR-1 14. HORMIGA-1X 20. NANCY-1 26. QUILLACINGA-1 32. TEMBLÓN-1X
3. BAGRE WEST-1 9. CONEJO-1 15. LAS CHICAS-1 21. ORITO SUR-1 27. RÍO MOCOA-1 33. TOROYACO-1
4. BURDINE-1 10. DOLORES-1 16. LUCILLE-1 22. ORITO-20 28. RÍO PESCADO-1 34. TUCÁN-1
Map datum: Magna Sirgas 5. CAFELINA-1 11. EVELYN-1 17. MANDUR-1 23. PINUNA-1 29. RÍO SEVILLA-1 35. URIBE-1
Coord. origin: Bogotá 6. CALDERO-1 12. GARZA-1 18. MANDUR-3 24. PUERTO ASIS-1 30. SETUKO-1 36. VENADO-1
Hydrogen Index
850000 850000
35
800000 800000
750000 750000
700000 700000
650000 650000
33
33
600000 600000
12
12
22 16
22 16
550000 550000
23
500000 500000
200mg HC/g TOC
450000 350mg HC/g TOC 450000

160mg HC/g TOC
250mg HC/g TOC 120mg HC/g TOC

400000 400000
80mg HC/g TOC
150mg HC/g TOC

350000 350000 40mg HC/g TOC
0mg HC/g TOC

50mg HC/g TOC
300000 300000
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
LEGEND
Organic Matter Content (TOC)
850000 850000
35
800000 800000
750000 750000
700000 700000
650000 650000
33 33
600000 600000
912 12
6 6
22 16 22 16
550000 550000
31
23
500000 500000
1.8% wt 2.6% wt
450000 450000
1.5% wt 2% wt
400000 400000
1.4% wt
1.2% wt
0.8% wt
350000 0.9% wt 350000
0.2% wt
0.6% wt
300000 300000
650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 650000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000
LEGEND

1 100
A B
n
ge
0.8 ro
Ke
Marine Deltaic III
e
(CENOZOIC) yp
a lT
tri
10 s II
rre -I
Te II t
Pristane / nC17
ge
n en
0.6 ro en nm
Ke rog viro
d Ke n
ixe e
II g E
M p cin
Ty du
e
l, R
Ox
a
idi
g
Re
Al
xin
d
0.4
uc
g
ing
n
1 io
at
r ad
g
o de
Bi
LEGEND ur
it y
0.2 at
M
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm.
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic CRUDE- PEPINO Fm.
(CRETACEOUS) CRUDE- RUMIYACO Fm.
CRUDE- VILLETA Fm.
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
0 ROCK- RUMIYACO Fm. 0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 ROCK- VILLETA Fm. 0.1 1 10 100
Pristane / Phytane Phytane / nC18
%C27 Steranes
100 0
C - The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that
90 10
oils from the Caballos, Villeta, Pepino and Rumiyaco reservoirs have low oleanane
index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate well with rock extracts from
80 20
the Villeta and Caballos formations, suggesting that these units are the sources for
the hydrocarbons found in those reservoirs at the basin. Additionally the low
70 30 oleanane values correlate well with the Cretaceous age of the sources (Figure A).
PLANKTON
60 40 - The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph shows good correlation between the

MARINE crude oils found in the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs with rock extracts from
50 50 samples of the Caballos and Villeta formations. Indicating that the oils have origin
from terrestrial organic matter and to a minor extent from mixed kerogen (type II-
40 60 III), but additionally that the crudes and rocks have similar thermal maturities (Figure
ESTUARINES
B).
30 70
- The steranes ternary plot shows good correlation of crude oils from the Caballos,
20 80 Villeta, Pepino and Rumiyaco reservoirs with rock extracts from Caballos and Villeta
Formations, and that these rocks were deposited in an estuarine to marine
10 SUPERIOR 90
LACUSTRINE TERRESTRIAL PLANTS environment which is conformable with terrigenous input and shelf marine
depositional environment indicated by other parameters (c.e. Pristane/Phytane,
0 100 Oleanane Index, Homohopanes Index, Pristane/ nC17) (Figure C).
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
%C28 Steranes %C29 Steranes

2 2
LEGEND
A CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm. B
DECREASING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES) OR CRUDE- PEPINO Fm.
HIGH REDUCING CONDITIONS (ANOXIC) CRUDE- RUMIYACO Fm.
1.6 CRUDE- VILLETA Fm. 1.6
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK- RUMIYACO Fm. INCREASING CLAY CONTENT
ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
C35/C34 Hopane Ratio
1.2 1.2
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT (SHALES) OR DECRESING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES)
LOW REDUCING CONDITIONS (OXIC)
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Diasteranes / Steranes Diasteranes / Steranes
- The Homohopanes Index (C35/C34 Hopane ratio) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between the crude oils from the
Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs with rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations, indicating also that these crudes were
formed from rocks deposited in suboxic environments with variable clay content (Figure A).
- The Ts/(Ts+Tm) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between crude oils from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino formations
with rock extracts from the Caballos and Villeta formations. In this graph there is better correlation of Caballos formation crudes with
Villeta formation extracts than with Caballos formation extracts, and of Villeta formation oils with Caballos and Villeta extracts.
Additionally this graph suggests that oils were formed from clay-poor rocks.
Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following:
- Good correlation between crudes from the Caballos, Villeta and Pepino reservoirs and extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations
(low diasteranes/steranes, low Ts/Tm, C35/C34 hopane ratio < 1, low oleanane index, Pristane/Phytane < 2, and predominance of C27/C29
steranes).
- This indicates the presence of several active petroleum systems at the basin named as follows: Caballos (!), Villeta - Caballos (!), Villeta
(!), Villeta - Pepino (!) and Caballos - Pepino (!).
CATATUMBO BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Gas Characterization
Generalities
CATATUMBO BASIN
75° 74° 73° 72° 71°
The source rock geochemical information
Caribbean Sea
Santa Marta
interpreted for the Catatumbo Basin
11° 11°
PANAMA Barranquilla includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
VENEZUELA
Valledupar
data from 1195 samples taken in 33 wells;
Pacific Ocean
additionally 343 organic petrography
10° 10°
COLOMBIA
samples from 21 wells were interpreted.
ECUADOR BRAZIL
Crude oil information from 146 bulk
9° 9°
PERU
analysis samples, 235 liquid chromatography
B.S.M.F
03 samples, 275 gas chromatography samples,
VENEZUELA
242 biomarker samples and 170 isotopes
.
8° Cucuta 8°
BOUNDARIES samples were also interpreted.
North: Geographic Border with Venezuela
East: Geographic Border with Venezuela
Bucaramanga
7° 7°
South: Eastern Cordillera Cretaceous rocks
West: Santader Massif igneous and metamorphics STRATIGRAPHIC LITHOLOGY ENVIRONMENT
75° 74° 73° 72° 71° UNITS
B.S.M.F. Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault System Fluvial

Guayabo Fm.
NEOGENE
Fluvial
León Fm.
Carbonera Fm.
PALEOGENE
CATATUMBO BASIN Mirador Fm. Stream
W E
Catatumbo Los Cuervos Fm.
Eastern
flexure zone flexure zone Barco Fm.
Catatumbo Fm.
Mito-Juan Fm.
Colón Fm.
La Luna Fm.
CRETACEOUS Capacho Fm.
Uribante Gr.
Aguardiente
Mercedes
Tibú
Río Negro
Modified from Yurewicz, et al., 1998 Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
1000m
JURASSIC
Basement Lower Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous Girón Gp.

10Km 0
La Quinta Fm.
Cenozoic scale approx..
From Barrero et al, 2007
21 CATATUMBO BASIN
Wells and Seeps

with geochemical information in the Catatumbo
1500000 Basin is 56.
Puerto Barco
Río de Oro
Seeps are located at the northwestern and
eastern parts of the basin. Oil fields are mostly
0 10 20Kms
located to the east of the basin.
1480000
VENEZUELA
Tibú - Socuavo
1460000
TIBÚ
Yuca
1440000
Sardinata
Petrolea
1420000 Carbonera
PUERTO
SANTANDER
EAS
Río Zulia
TER
1400000
NC
OR
DI
LLE
1380000 Oil and gas fields

RA
Oil seeps
CUCUTA
1360000
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
1340000 Map datum: Magna Sirgas
1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
CATATUMBO BASIN 22
Crude Oil Quality

2 API Gravity
LEGEND 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm. 0
A BARCO Fm.
BARCO - LOS CUERVOS Fm.
Biodegraded Oil B
1.6 COGOLLO Fm. 2000
LA LUNA Fm.
MITOJUAN Fm.
UNKNOWN 4000
URIBANTE Gr.
1.2 6000
% Sulfur
M
at 8000
Depth (Feet)
ur
ity
0.8 10000
12000
0.4 14000
16000

0 18000
20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity 20000
Anoxic Marine
C - Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 25° to 45° and sulfur content
between 0 and 1.2% are present in the basin. There is a straight relationship between
sulfur and API gravity, showing that high API gravity mature oils have low sulfur
content regarding low API gravity less mature oils. (Figure A).
% Sulfur
1 different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,
suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic to anoxic
environment with marine organic matter input (Figure C).
-The oils of the Catatumbo Basin are of excellent quality, with high API gravity and
low sulfur content and its high thermal evolution explains the high API gravity.
0
0 1 2
Ni / V
23 CATATUMBO BASIN
100 0.8
A 0.7 Stability boundary

en
og
Ker
e
II I
0.6 B
yp
ia lT
C29 abb / C29 abb+aaa

10 s tr II
rre -I
Te II t
Pristane / nC17
en en 0.5
g n m
ro ge n
Ke e ro viro
d K En
ixe II
e i ng
M p c
Ty du 0.4
e
l, R
Ox
it y
a
idi
Re g
Al
ur
x
du
ing
at
c
M
i ng 0.3
1 io n
at
ad
e gr
B iod 0.2
it y
ur
at
M
LEGEND 0.1
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm.

BARCO Fm.
0.1 ESCANDALOSA Fm. 0
MITOJUAN Fm.
0.1 1 10 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
UNKNOWN
Phytane / nC18 URIBANTE Gr.
API Gravity
YURUMA SUPERIOR Fm.
3 LA LUNA Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.
Marine Carbonatic
2.5
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin
from mixed terrestrial-marine organic matter (Type II-III kerogens), have suffered
low biodegradation and are thermally mature. There are some samples in the
2 terrestrial kerogen range suggesting a source with terrestrial organic matter (Type III
C35 / C34 Hopane
kerogen) deposited in more oxidizing conditions (Figure A).
- The API Gravity vs C29aBB/C29aBB+aaa graph, shows that oils with higher API
1.5
gravity has higher C29 isomerization and close to equilibrium (stability boundary) as
a result of their high thermal maturity (Figure B).
1
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that
most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane above 1, indicating
that these oils were generated from rocks with variable carbonatic input deposited in
a shelf marine environment. Additionally there is one sample with low homohopane
0.5 Marine Deltaic index but higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine
Shelf Marine
deltaic environments (Figure C).
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
CATATUMBO BASIN 24
1
LEGEND
BARCO Fm.
MITOJUAN Fm.
0.8 UNKNOWN
URIBANTE Fm.
Marine Deltaic
(CENOZOIC)
0.6
0.4
0.2
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane
- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that most of the oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and
Pr/Ph values (<2) which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine environments. There is one sample
with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic
environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in
Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks.
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in marine carbonatic and siliciclastic
environments, with low terrestrial organic matter input. These rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low oleanane index
values and the C35/C34 Hopane ratio above 1.0, suggests that the deposit environment of the source rocks was anoxic (carbonatic), which
correspond to the La Luna and Capacho formations and the Uribante Group.
biodegradation).
25 CATATUMBO BASIN
Chromatography Abundance
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-TIB366.D

16000
Tricyclics
14000
The crude oil of the Tibú-366 well is characterized
12000
by showing in gas chromatography, predominance
10000
of low molecular weight paraffins (high thermal
maturity) and Pristane/Phytane ratio < 1.0. 8000
Hopanes
6000
The high degree of thermal evolution of the oil 4000
has reduced the hopanes and steranes abundance
2000
and increased the tricyclics in the oil.
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Time-->
Abundance
counts
FID1 A, (GEOQ1107\2897755.D) Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-TIB366.D
Well Tibú - 366 3500

70000
3000
2500
2000 Diasteranes
60000
1500
1000
500
50000
Time--> 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00

N-C11
40000
N-C12
N-C13
30000
N-C14
N-C15
N-C16
N-C17
20000
N-C18
N-C19
N-C20
Phytane
Pristane
N-C21
N-C22
N-C23
N-C24
N-C25
N-C26
10000
N-C27
N-C28
N-C30
N-C29
5 10 15 20 25 30 min
Chromatogram
CATATUMBO BASIN 26

LEGEND I II
500 500
A BARCO Fm.
CARBONERA Fm.
B
CATATUMBO Fm.
COGOLLO Fm.

COLÓN Fm.
400 COLON/LA LUNA Fm. 400
CAPACHO Fm.
GUAYABO Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA LUNA/COGOLLO Fm.
LEÓN Fm.
300 300
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
MITO JUAN Fm.
OSTREA Fm.
UNKNOWN
200 URAMITA Fm. 200
URIBANTE Gr.
III
100 100
Poor Generation Potential

and/or High thermal maturity
IV
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 250
S2 (mgHC / gROCK) Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
Immature Mature Overmature - The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
II I
peak, indicate that most samples have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g
C TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and there are few samples with good generation
600 potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock).In the case of the
Cretaceous rocks should be considered that these units are deeply buried in the
basin, and the poor generation values obtained from some samples could reflect the
0.5% Ro
depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of these rocks. The data also
indicate that most of the Cenozoic rocks (Mirador, Los Cuervos, León and Guayabo
formations), have poor generation potential with the exception of the Barco and
400 Carbonera formations which have samples with good generation potential (Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Uribante Group and La Luna, Capacho and
Catatumbo formations, along with the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formations
1.35% Ro have type II oil-prone kerogen. Some samples of these units also have type III kerogen
values. The Cretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic units (Mirador and Los
200
Cuervos formations) have samples predominantly of type III gas-prone kerogen to
III
type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to
overmature conditions in the basin, being the Cretaceous units more mature than the
0 Cenozoic units, explaining the high thermal maturity indicated by the oils found in
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 the basin (Figure C).
Tmax (oC)
27 CATATUMBO BASIN

40 0
Immature Overmature LEGEND
(Gas Window)
1000
A B CARBONERA-4K
2000 CARBONERA-5K
CERRITO-1
CERRO GORDO-1
30 3000 CERRO GORDO-3
Excellent ESPERANZA-3
4000 LEONCITO-2
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
MUCURERA-3
PETROLEA-108
Depth (Feet)
5000 PETROLEA-90
PETROLEA-91
20 6000 RIO DE ORO-14K
RIO ZULIA-14
SARDINATA-3K
7000 TIBU-178K
TIBU-2K
Very Good
8000 TIBU-408K
TIBU-87
TIBU-91K
10 9000 SARDINATA-1
Oil Window
Good 10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND
BARCO Fm. CAPACHO Fm. MIRADOR Fm.
CARBONERA Fm. GUAYABO Fm. MITO JUAN Fm.
CATATUMBO Fm. LA LUNA Fm. OSTREA Fm.
COGOLLO Fm. LA LUNA/COGOLLO Fm. UNKNOWN
COLÓN Fm. LEÓN Fm. URAMITA Fm.
COLON/LA LUNA Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm. URIBANTE Gr.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples from
Cretaceous units (Uribante Group, La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations) and Cenozoic units (Barco, Los Cuervos and Carbonera
formations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 35 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). In the case of the Upper
Cretaceous Mito-Juan Formation and the Cenozoic Guayabo and León formations their samples indicate poor oil generation potential (S2 <
5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) (Figure A). Generation potential is reduced by high thermal maturity, especially in units like La Luna and
Capacho formations and the Uribante Group.
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence deposited in the basin is mostly mature to overmature
which is in good agreement with the API Gravity and high thermal maturity of the oils found (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the Cretaceous rocks of the
Uribante Group, and La Luna, Capacho and Catatumbo formations. The Cenozoic rocks of the Barco and Carbonera formations also have
good to excellent generation potentials. Thermal maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are the
more mature sources for the hydrocarbons in the basin, and that the Cenozoic Barco and Carbonera formations are also in an earlier
maturity stage in the basin.
CATATUMBO BASIN 28

La Luna Formation
1500000 9 1500000 9 1500000 9
1480000 1480000 1480000
1460000 13 1460000 13 1460000 13
14 14
12 12 12
1440000 1440000 1440000

11 11 11
78
1 1 1
2 2
1420000 1420000 1420000
5 5 5
4 4 10
15 4 10
15
1400000 1400000 1400000
2.9% Ro
160mg HC/g TOC 7.5% wt 6
6 6
2.2% Ro
1380000 1380000 1380000
120mg HC/g TOC
3 3 3
5% wt
1.5% Ro
80mg HC/g TOC
1360000 1360000 1360000
2.5% wt
0.8% Ro
40mg HC/g TOC
0.1% Ro 0% wt
1340000 1340000 0mg HC/g TOC
1340000
1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) Hydrogen Index Organic Matter Content (TOC)
LEGEND
1 .CARBONERA-4K 6. MUCURERA-3 11. SARDINATA-3K
2. CARBONERA-5K 7. PETROLEA-108 12. TIBU-178K
3. CERRITO-1 8. PETROLEA-91 13. TIBÚ-2K
Map datum: Magna Sirgas 4. CERRO GORDO-3 9. RÍO DE ORO-14 14. TIBÚ-91K
Coord. origin: Bogotá 5. ESPERANZA-3 10. RÍO ZULIA-14 15. ZULIA EAST-1
29 CATATUMBO BASIN
C2 + (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50
-75
Ro d CCH4 B Biogenic gas
13
(%) (ppt) T Crude oil gases

-70 -70
Immature / tertiary
Early To/Tc Crude and condensate
B B gases
-65
TT(m) Dry gases associated
Late to sapropelic organic
-60 -60
matter.
Diag
TT(h) Gases associated to
Tertiary basin
-55 M humic organic matter
d13CCH4 (ppt)
0.5
M Mixed gases
Mature / Mesozoic
TO
-50 -50 Md Deep Migration
Ms
Ms Shallow Migration
-45 T Oil
TT(m)
-40 Shallow
-40
LEGEND
1.2
Deep TC 2.0 TT(m)
Md CARBONERA Caña Brava
Overmature / Paleozoic
-35
CERRITO-1
Mixed 3.0 PETROLEA-29
-30 -30 RIO ZULIA-29
SARDINATA N3K
1.2
-25 TT(h) 12% Ro TT(h) SARDINATA S32K
20% 2.0 TIBU -4K
3.0 TIBU 191K
-20 30% TORTEROS
Migration? -20
4
Primary
cracking
2 Open system trend
NSO secondary cracking

0
- The samples analized in the Catatumbo Basin include gases

dC13C2 - dC13C3 (%PDB)
-2 Hydrocarbons secondary
cracking associated to samples from coal mines (Torteros and Caña
-4
Brava - Carbonera).
0.9 - 1.1
Close system - The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppt) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
-6 trend
suggests that the well samples correspond to thermogenic
Gas secondary cracking gases, sourced from organic matter at different maturity
-8
levels. These gases indicate deep to shallow migration. On the
1.3 - 1.5 other hand the gas samples taken from the El Tortero and Caña
-10
Brava - Carbonera mines, correspond to humic organic matter
sources.
-12
1.8 - 2.0 - The C2/C3 vs d13C C3 diagram, suggests that the gas samples
-14 analized were originated by primary cracking.
Ro %
-16
0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
CATATUMBO BASIN 30
CAUCA- PATÍA BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Surface Geochemistry
Generalities
CAUCA - PATÍA BASIN
79° 78° 77° 76° 75° 74°
6° 6°
Caribbean Sea
interpreted for the Cauca Patía Basin includes
Pacific Ocean
PANAMA
VENEZUELA %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 326
5° Bogotá 5°
samples; additionally 96 organic petrography
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
samples were interpreted.
4° 4°
.S.
.Z.
G.F
C.F
Cali Crude oil information from 54 liquid
ECUADOR BRAZIL
3° 23 04 22 3°
chromatography samples, 395 gas
PERU
chromatography samples, 24 biomarker
Popayan
samples, 66 isotopes and 1239 surface
.S.
2° 2°
geochemistry samples were also interpreted.
R.F
BOUNDARIES
East: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.), Central
Pasto
Cordilera (22)
1° 1°
West: Cauca fault system (C.F.S.), Western
Cordillera volcanic and sedimentary ECUADOR
rocks (23)
STRATIGRAPHIC
79° 78° 77° 76° 75° 74° UNIT
G.F.Z. Garrapatas fault system
From Barrero et al., 2007 Molasse
CROSS SECTION
NWW CAUCA-PATÍA BASIN SEE Mosquera/Guachinte
Collision related
oceanic basin
P. Morada/Chimborazo
First oblique
collision
Río Guabas/Agua
Clara, Chapungo/
Nogales
Remnant
oceanic basin
Diabasico/Amaime Ridge and

Taken from Barrero-Lozano D., et al. 2006 plateau basalts
Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene

CAUCA- PATÍA BASIN 32

Wells and Seeps

1050000
PEREIRA
Two seeps are reported at the southern part
of the basin and one in its northern part.
1000000
0 25 50Kms ARMENIA
950000
RA
LE
900000
DIL
OR
NC
CALI
ER
ST
RA
850000
WE
LE
DIL
OR
LC
RA
800000
NT
CE
POPAYAN
750000
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
Cities/Towns
700000
Map datum: Magna Sirgas

Coord.origin: Bogotá
650000
650000 700000 750000 800000
33 CAUCA - PATÍA BASIN

100 1
A B
g en
ro 0.8
Ke
III
pe Marine Deltaic
l Ty
ria (CENOZOIC)
10 st III
rre II
-
Te nt
en
Pristane / nC17
g e
ro en nm 0.6
Ke rog viro
d Ke n
ixe e
II g E
M p cin
Ty du
Ox
Re
id
al ,
ixi
Re
g
ng
Al
du 0.4
ci ng
1 ti on
da
ra
eg
od
Bi
y
u ri t
at 0.2
M
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
LEGEND (CRETACEOUS)
0.1 CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE 0

0.1 1 10 100 CHIMBORAZO Fm. 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18 OIL SEEP
Pristane / Phytane
UNKNOWN
PEÑA MORADA Fm.
3
C
2.5
Marine Carbonatic
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph that the rock extracts from outcrop
samples and two seep samples in the basin have origin from terrestrial organic matter
(Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment. Another oil seep sample
2 with very high Phytane/nC18 value suggests generation from marine organic matter
C35 / C34 Hopane
(Type II kerogen) in very reducing conditions (Figure A).

1.5 half of the rock extracts have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2)
which indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf
marine environments, and the other half have low oleanane index values but high
Pr/Ph (>2) indicating that these extracts were generated from source rocks deposited
1 in marine deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age
indicator of the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic
rocks and low oleanane values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
0.5
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that all
the rock extracts have C35/C34 Hopane values below 1 and variable Pr/Ph (from 1 to
5), indicating that these extracts were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in
0 shelf marine and marine deltaic environments. (Figure C).
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane

%C27
0 100
LEGEND
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
PEÑA MORADA Fm.
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
UNKNOWN
50 50
100 0
0 50 100
%C28 %C29
- The steranes ternary diagram (%C27, %C28 and %C29) shows that the rock extracts from the Chimborazo and Peña Morada formations have a
higher proportion of C27 steranes, indicative of more marine organic matter input, and extracts from the Chapungo sequence have a higher
proportion of C29 steranes indicative of more terrestrial organic matter input.
- In summary, rock extracts from the Paleocene Chimborazo Formation are characterized by showing Pristane/Phytane > 2.0, C35/C34 hopanes <
1.0, and Oleanane/C30 Hopane < 0.2 and predominance of C27/C29. Indicative of rocks deposited under marine deltaic conditions with
terrigenous input.
- Rock extracts from the Paleocene Peña Morada formation and Cretaceous Chapungo sequence are characterized by showing Pristane/Phytane <
2.0, C35/C34 hopanes < 1.0, and Oleanane/C30 Hopane < 0.2. Indicative of rocks deposited under marine conditions with low terrigenous input.


600 600
I II
A B
500 500

400 Low thermal maturity 400
300 300
200 200
LEGEND
AGUA CLARA Fm. III
100 CHIMBORAZO Fm. 100
DIABASICO Gr.
Poor Generation Potential MOSQUERA Fm.
and/or High thermal maturity PEÑA MORADA Fm.
RIO GUABAS SECTION IV
0 CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE 0
UNKNOWN 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm.
S2 (mg HC / gROCK) Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
ESMITA Fm.
FERREIRA Fm.
GUACHINTE Fm.
II I
600
C - The data obtained from pyrolysis of outcrop samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
peak, indicate that most of the samples collected in the basin have poor generation
potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) however samples with good
generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) were obtained
0.5% Ro
from the Cretaceous Chapungo Sequence, and from the Cenozoic Chimborazo,
Guachinte, Mosquera and Esmita formations (Figure A).
400
rock samples from the Cretaceous Chapungo Sequence and Cenozoic Chimborazo,
Guachinte, Mosquera and Esmita formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. There
are also samples from these formations with type III gas-prone characteristics along
with samples of the Cenozoic Cinta de Piedra, Peña Morada and Ferreira formations
1.35% Ro
(Figure B).
200
III - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that many samples
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned are mature to overmature in the
basin (Figure C). There is no clear correlation between stratigraphic position and
thermal maturity, because younger and older rocks have similar maturities, which
suggests that there is some process in the basin affecting in the same way the whole
stratigraphic sequence, possibly related to the extensive presence of intrusive rocks
0
in the basin.
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


40 LEGEND 0
Overmature
AGUA CLARA Fm. 1000
Immature
(Gas Window) B
A
Oil Window
CHIMBORAZO Fm.
DIABASICO Gr.
2000
MOSQUERA Fm.
PEÑA MORADA Fm.
30 RIO GUABAS SECTION 3000
CHAPUNGO SEQUENCE
UNKNOWN
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
CINTA DE PIEDRA Fm.
Excellent ESMITA Fm.
Depth (Feet)
FERREIRA Fm. 5000
GUACHINTE Fm.
20 6000
Very Good 7000
8000
10 9000
Good
10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
Cretaceous (Chapungo sequence) and Cenozoic units (Mosquera, Ferreira, and Esmita formations) with good to excellent oil generation
potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from the Cretaceous Río Guabas
Formation and Cenozoic Mosquera and Cinta de Piedra formations, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), do not
have good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquid
hydrocarbons generation (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that most of the samples are immature or close to early maturity in the basin.
However some samples are in the oil generation window and even overmature in accordance with Tmax data. In this graph it is
important to notice that due to the fact that the samples were taken from outcrops, the depth is a relative depth corresponding to the
stratigraphic position of the samples in the field column and not burial depths (Figure B).
Chapungo Sequence and the Cenozoic rocks of the Mosquera, Ferreira and Esmita formations. Maturity data from outcrop samples
indicate that the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from the
high thermal maturity reached by some potential source rocks in the basin.

1000
A
Microbial gas LEGEND
UNKNOWN
100 Dry gas
C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Bacterial
100000 Predominantly methyl
type fermentation B Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples
indicate that most of the hydrocarbons in the basin are
10000 Predominantly thermogenic, formed mainly during oil generation
CO2 reduction window with minor presence of high maturity
hydrocarbons (gas generation window). There are very
few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an
C1/(C2+C3)
1000 Type II Kerogen important process in the basin.(Figure A).

Microbial
oxidation
Isotopic data from these type of samples indicate
thermogenic origin of the gases with mixing between
100
different thermal maturity hydrocarbons, generation
from type II and III kerogens, and to a minor extent
microbial oxidation (Figure B).
Mixed Type III Kerogen
10
Thermogenic
1
-100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
d13C Methane (o/oo)

CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
CESAR RANCHERÍA BASIN
LOCATION AND BOUNDARIES The source rock geochemical information
75° 74° 73° 72° 71°
interpreted for the Cesar - Ranchería Basin
Caribbean Sea
Caribbean Sea
includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from
PANAMA
417 samples taken in 4 wells and 81 samples from
VENEZUELA
12° 12°
outcrops; additionally 91 organic petrography
Pacific Ocean
Riohacha samples from 4 wells and 62 samples from
COLOMBIA
outcrops, and 417 surface geochemistry samples
Santa Marta
11°
Barranquilla
11°
were also interpreted.
23
BRASIL
B.S
ECUADOR
Valledupar
Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data,
.M.F
PERU
22
10° 05 10°
crude oil interpretation can not be made for the
basin.
BOUNDARIES
NE: Oca Fault (O.F.) 9° 9°
E-SE: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the Serranía 22

de Perijá (22); Colombian-Venezuelan VENEZUELA
boundary.
SW: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta Fault (B.S.M.F)
75° 74° 73° 72° 71°
NW: Pre-Cretaceous rocks of the Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta (23)

CESAR - RANCHERIA BASIN GENERATION
SOURCE
TRAP
CESAR LITHOLOGY RANCHERIA RESERVOIR MIGRATION
Time STRAT. UNITS STRAT. UNITS
W E sec
CESAR RANCHERIA C R C R
Conjunto
0
NEOGENE
Conglomerático
? ?
Conjunto
? ? Calcáreo
1
HIATUS
2 Palmito Sh.
PALEOGENE
Tabaco Ss.
3 La Jagua Cerrejón Fm.

Barco Fm. Manantial Fm.
Delicias Fm. Hato Nuevo
4
Molino Fm. Manaure Fm.
CRETACEOUS
Laja/La Luna Laja/La Luna

Aguas Blancas Aguas Blancas
Basement Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous Cenozoic
Lagunitas Fm. Lagunitas Fm.
From Barrero et al., 2007 Río negro Fm. Río negro Fm.
? ?
HIATUS
? ?
JURA.
La Quinta Fm. La Quinta Fm.
Cachiri Gp. Cachiri Gp.
Volcanoclastics Limestones Sandstones Shales Conglomerates Coals
CESAR RANCHERIA BASIN 40

Wells and Seeps
CH31
1720000
CERREJON-1
PAPAYAL-1
The number of wells and/or surface locations with
MS63
geochemical information in the Cesar - Ranchería
1700000 Basin is 18.
0 25 50Kms FONSECA
1680000
MOLINO 1-X
EL MOLINO-1
1660000
VALLEDUPAR
1640000
1620000
M75
1600000 MM194
LOS VENADOS-1
CESAR H-1X
1580000
RIO MARACAS-1
Cesar F-1X
COMPAE-1 Wells with geochemical information
1560000 Oil seeps
EL PASO-4 EL PASO-3
CESAR A-1X
Cities/Towns
EL PASO-2
1540000 EL PASO-1 LA JAGUA

DE IBIRICO
1520000
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
41 CESAR-RANCHERIA BASIN

600
LEGEND I
II
500
A AGUAS BLANCAS Fm. B
LA LUNA Fm.
500 LAGUNITAS Fm.
MOLINO Fm.

RIO NEGRO Fm.

UNKNOWN 400
LA QUINTA Fm.
400 LOS CUERVOS Fm.
300
300
200
200
III
100
100
IV
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

I
II
600
C
- The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino
formations and the Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formations have good generation potential
(HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). (Figure A).
0.5% Ro
400 rock samples from the Cretaceous Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino
formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. The Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation also
has type II kerogen, but there are samples from this formation and the Cretaceous
Molino Formation with type III gas-prone kerogen in the basin. (Figure B).
1.35% Ro
200 from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity
III
overmature conditions in the basin. Maturity increases with burial depth being the
Early Cretaceous rocks (Río Negro, Lagunitas and Aguas Blancas formations) more
mature, with samples of the Lagunitas, La Luna and Molino formations at the oil
generation peak (Figure C).
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


40 0
Immature Overmature
A
1000 (Gas Window) B
2000
30 3000
Excellent
4000
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
Depth (Feet)
5000
20 6000
7000
Very Good
8000
10 9000
Oil Window
Good 10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND LEGEND
AGUAS BLANCAS Fm. CESAR A-1X
LA LUNA Fm. COMPAE-1
LAGUNITAS Fm. EL MOLINO-1X
MOLINO Fm. EL PASO-3
RIO NEGRO Fm.
UNKNOWN
LA QUINTA Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
Cretaceous (Lagunitas, Aguas Blancas, La Luna, and Molino formations ) and Cenozoic units (Los Cuervos Formation) with good to
excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). Additionally this graph shows that samples from the
Cretaceous Lagunitas Formation and Cenozoic Los Cuervos Formation, although have good to excellent TOC values (up to 10 wt%), do
not have good S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock), indicating that the kerogen in these formations is not labile and appropriate for liquid
hydrocarbons generation (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that many samples in the basin are mature or overmature at the Cesar A-1X and
Compae-1 well locations to the south of the basin, and less mature at the El Molino-1X and El Paso-3 wells to the north. (Figure B).
Lagunitas,Aguas Blancas, La Luna and Molino formations and the Cenozoic rocks of the Los Cuervos formation. Maturity data indicate
that the oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation, and that good quality oils could be expected from the high
thermal maturity reached by potential source rocks in the basin.
La Luna Formation
1720000 1720000
1700000 1700000
1680000 1680000
EL MOLINO-1X
1660000 1660000
1640000 1640000
1620000 1620000
1600000 1600000
1580000 1580000
COMPAE-1 COMPAE-1
253mg HC/g TOC

1560000 1560000
1540000 1540000
0.46% Ro to 0.61% Ro
0.61% Ro to 0.75% Ro
1520000 1520000
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000 1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) Hydrogen Index


La Luna Formation
1720000 CH31
MS63
1700000
1680000
1660000
1640000
1620000
M75 MM194
1600000
4% wt
1580000
3% wt
COMPAE-1
1560000
2% wt
1540000
1% wt
1520000
0% wt
1020000 1040000 1060000 1080000 1100000 1120000 1140000 1160000 1180000

1000
A

UNKNOWN
100 Dry gas
C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Bacterial
type fermentation
B
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples
Predominantly indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed
10000
CO2 reduction mainly during late oil generation window (condensates)
with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas
generation window) with some mixing between different
C1/(C2+C3)
1000 Type II Kerogen thermal maturity hydrocarbons.

Microbial
oxidation
Isotopic data indicates thermogenic generation from
probably type II and type III kerogens
100
There is no evidence of microbial gas in the basin.
10
Thermogenic
1
-100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
d13C Methane (o/oo)

CHOCÓ BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
The source rock geochemical information interpreted for

the Chocó Basin includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
Atrato Sub-Basin San Juan Sub-Basin data from 168 samples taken in 2 locations; additionally 68
organic petrography samples from 2 locations, and 333
THICKNESS(m)
PETROLEUM
FORMATION
PERIOD
GROUP
SYSTEM
LITHOLOGY surface geochemistry samples were interpreted.
TOC
SCI
SANDSTONES
PLIOCENE D
PLEISTOCENE
Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data, crude oil
ATRATO
1 000
BASAL CONGLOMERATE,
SANDSTONESAND MUDSTONES.
interpretation was not made for the basin.

UPPERMIOCENE
MUNGUIDÓ
SANDSTONES, CONGLOMERATIC
2500 SANDSTONESAND SILTSTONES. CHOCÓ BASIN
80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75°
Caribbean Sea
U.F
. S.
8° 8°
PANAMA PANAMA
CONDOTO
CONGLOMERATES VENEZUELA
CLAYSTONES
LIMESTONES
M
.F.
0.35% -0.70% - AVERAGE: 0.57%
Pacific Ocean
LOWERMIOCENE
7° 7°
COLOMBIA
2.5 -5 -AVERAGE3.75
LA MOJARRA
M.B.
SAN JUAN
CONGL.
CONGLOMERATES 06 Medellin
4500
SB
6° 6°
BRAZIL
ECUADOR
Pacific Ocean
Quibdó
PERU
5° 5°
SILTSTONESAND CLAYSTONESWITH WC
ISTMINA
BEDSOF CONGLOMERATESAND
SANDSTONES.
BOUNDARIES Ibagué
N-NW: Geographic border of Panamá 4° 4°
NW: Serranía de Baudó (SB) Z.

G F.
.
East: Mande quartzdiorite (M.B.), the
SIERRA
LIMESTONES, SANDSTONESAND
OLIG
500
MUDSTONES. Cretaceous rocks of the Western

Cordillera (WC) and partially the 3° 3°
LIMESTONESAND MARLS
Murindó fault (M.F.) 80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75°
INTERBEDDED WITH CHERT AND
0.23% - 13.6% -AVERAGE: 3.8%
South: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.)

PALEOCENE-EOCENE
MUDSTONES. SANDSTONE
INTERCALATIONSIN THETOP. SW: Present Pacific coastline From Barrero et al., 2007
3-8 -AVERAGE5.5
4300
IRÓ
SANDSTONESINTERBEDDED WITH
MUDSTONES.
LIMESTONESAND MUDSTONES
INTERBEDDED WITH IMPURE
CHOCO BASIN
SANDSTONES.
W E
sec
STA. CECILIA
DIABASES, BASALTSAND BASIC

LA EQUIS
TUFFS,WITH DIFFERENT
0
?
SEDIMENTARY BEDS
DARK MUDSTONES, MARLSAND

CRETACEOUS
1
CHERTS.
CAÑASGORDAS
2
MANDEBATHOLITH
?
LIMESTONES, MUDROCKS, CHERTS.

SILTSTONESAND LITHIC
SANDSTONES Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
From Mojica et al.,, 2010 Oceanic Crust Paleocene Neogene From Barrero et al., 2007
CHOCÓ BASIN 48
Wells and Seeps
PANAMÁ
1350000

geochemical information in the Chocó Basin is 2.
1300000 RIOSUCIO Oil seeps are mainly located at the southern and
RA
eastern parts of the basin.
DILLE
R
CO
1250000
BUCHADO-1
1200000
PACIFIC
OCEAN
1150000 BAHÍA
SOLANO
QUIBDÓ
1100000
ITSMINA
1050000
Oil seeps
1000000
Gas seeps
N
ER
Undetermined seeps
ST
WE
Cities/Towns
950000
0 25 50Kms
600000 650000 700000 750000 Coord. origin: Bogotá
49 CHOCÓ BASIN

600 700
A B
600

500 I
Excellent Generation Potential II
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100 III
Poor Generation Potential 100
and/or High thermal maturity LEGEND
IRÓ Fm.
IV
UNKNOWN
0 0
CONGLOMERADOS
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 DE LA MOJARRA Fm. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
ISTMINA Fm.

II I
600
C - The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
peak, indicate that samples from the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerados de la
Mojarra formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5
mg HC/g rock) but considering the high thermal maturity reached according to Tmax
data, their present values could be evidence of organic content depletion, and
0.5% Ro
samples from the Paleogene Iró Formation have good to excellent generation
potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). l (Figure A).
400
rock samples from the Paleogene Iró Formation have type I and II oil-prone kerogens.
In the case of the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerado de la Mojarra formations their
1.35% Ro
samples are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
200 - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that most samples
III
from the Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to overmature
generation conditions in the basin, being the samples from the Itsmina Formation the
most mature in the basin, and this high thermal maturity reached by these rocks
could cause depletion in the organic content, giving low HI and S2 values.
Considering this, it is very unlikely that these samples represent the real generation
potential of these formations in the basin (Figure C).
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
CHOCÓ BASIN 50

80 800
A B
70 700
Excellent

60 600
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
50 500
Shelf Marine
(Immature)
40 400
30 300
20 200
Very Good
10 100 Proximal Marine to Continental

(Overmature)
Good
Fair
Poor
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
%TOC %TOC
LEGEND
IRÓ Fm.
UNKNOWN
CONGLOMERADOS
DE LA MOJARRA Fm.
ISTMINA Fm.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there are samples
from the Iró Formation with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9) (Figure A).
- The Hydrogen Index vs Organic content (%TOC) graph shows that samples from the Iró Formation have the best source rock
characteristics (HI values > 300 mg HC/g TOC and %TOC > 2), which are typical from rocks deposited in shelf marine environments.
Again the low HI and %TOC values for the samples of the Itsmina Formation could be affected by the high thermal maturity reached by
this unit, and the data could not be reliable to determine the depositional conditions of the source rock(Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rock at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals is the Paleogene Iró
Formation. However, the high thermal maturity reached by the Neogene Itsmina and Conglomerados de la Mojarra formations
precludes discarding these units as good oil sources in the basin. Additionally the thermal maturity data suggests that all these units
have reached maturity for good quality hydrocarbons generation in the basin.
51 CHOCÓ BASIN
1000
Microbial gas
LEGEND
100 Dry gas
C1/(C2+C3)
UNKNOWN
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during late
oil generation window (condensates) with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window).
Mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also indicated by the data.
There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
CHOCÓ BASIN 52
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Generalities
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN The source rock geochemical information

76° 75° 74° 73° 72° 71° interpreted for the Eastern Cordillera Basin
Caribbean Sea
8° 8°
includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
Cucuta
PANAMA
VENEZUELA data from 1512 samples taken in 9 locations;
VENEZUELA
S.M. additionally 369 organic petrography
Bucaramanga
Pacific Ocean
7° 7°
samples from 8 locations were interpreted.
COLOMBIA
S .
F.
6° 6°
S.
B.
Tunja
ECUADOR BRAZIL .
.S
10 G
.F Yopal samples, 114 gas chromatography samples,
PERU 5° Bogotá 5°
125 biomarker sample,42 isotopes
Villavicencio 4º
and 349 surface geochemistry samples were also
BOUNDARIES 4° 4°
interpreted.
.S.
North: Igneous and metamorphic rocks from the .F
G
Santander massif (S.M.) A.
East: frontal thrust system of the Eastern Cordillera 3° 3°
South: Algeciras-Garzón Fault System (A.G.F.S.)

West: Bituima and La Salina Fault System (B.S.F.S.) 76° 75° 74° 73° 72° 71°
LITHOLOGY-STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS
WESTERN CENTRAL REGION EASTERN
FOOTHILLS FOOTHILLS
Mesa Fm. V
Guayabo F.
Real Gp. León
Colorado F.
Carbonera
Mugrosa F.
Concentracion
Esmeraldas F.
Mirador Fm.
GUAICARAMO
NW SE La Paz Fm. Picacho Fm.

CHAMEZA
SALINAS
CUSIANA
FAULT
PESCA
FAULT
FAULT
FAULT
FAULT
ARCABUCO
MIDDLEMAGDALENA VALLEY ANTICLINE Arc. de Socha Los Cuervos
Aren. de Socha Barco Fm.

Lisama F.
Guaduas Fm.
Umir Fm.
Guadalupe Gp.
La Luna F. Chipaque Fm.
0 20 km Simiti Fm.
Une Fm. Une Fm.
Tablazo F.
Middle Miocene - Recent Eocene - Lower Miocene Upper Maastrichtian - Paleocene Coniacian - Lower Maastrichtian Albian - Turonian Berriasian - Aptian Jurassic Basement Paja Fm. Fomeque Fm. Aren. de Las
Juntas
Ermitaño Fm.
Lutitas de
Rosablanca Fm. Macanal
Modified from Cooper et al., 1995
Los Santos Fm.
Girón Fm. Girón Fm.
Mainly conglomerates Mainly Sandstones Shales Limestones V: Volcanoclastics
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN 54

Wells and Seeps
VENEZUELA
1300000
BUCARAMANGA
SANTA
0 25 50Kms with geochemical information in the Eastern
N
Cordillera Basin is 12 .
SI
1250000
BA
N D ER
A
N
Oilseeps are located widespread all over the
LE
basin
DA
MASS
AG
1200000
M
IF
E
DL
ID
M
1150000
CORRALES-1
BOLIVAR-1 (BOLÍVAR FIELD)

TAMAUKA-1
CORMICHOQUE-1
1100000 TUNJA
SUESCA NORTE-1 YOPAL
1050000
CHITASUGA-1
ASIN
1000000 BOGOTÁ
N
SI
NA B
BA
S
O
ALE
AN
LL
950000 VILLAVICENCIO
AGD
APICALA-1
VILLARRICA-1
ER M
UPP

900000
ALPUJARRA-1
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
850000
Undetermined seeps
Map datum: Magna Sirgas Cities/Towns

800000
900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 1200000
55 EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN

Crude Oil Quality

3 LEGEND API Gravity
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
PICACHO Fm. 0
A UNKNOWN Biodegraded Oil
2000
B
4000
2
6000
% Sulfur
M
at 8000
Depth (Feet)
ur
ity
10000
1
12000
14000
16000
0 18000
0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity 20000
C - Heavy oils with API gravities below 20° and sulfur content above 1% are present in
the basin. There is correlation between sulfur and API gravity, indicating that the
Anoxic Marine higher the API gravity the lower the sulfur content and hence crude oil quality (Figure
A).
2 - The few crude oils reported in the basin suggests that API gravity should increase
with depth and that hydrocarbons could be found relatively shallow in the basin
(Figure B).
% Sulfur
- The sulfur content of the oils is above 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1, suggesting that
they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic to anoxic environment
(Figure C).
1
0
0 1 2 3
Ni / V


LEGEND
600 600
A BOGOTA Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
I B
CABALLOS-UNE Fm. II
CACHO Fm.

500 CACHO_GUADUAS Fm. 500

CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
CHURUVITA Fm.
Excellent Generation Potential CONCENTRACION Fm.
400 Low thermal maturity CONEJO Fm. 400
El DIAMANTE Fm.
HILO Fm.
LA NAVETA Fm.
SOCOTA Fm.
TRINCHERAS Fm.
300 300
FOMEQUE Fm.
NEVADA Gr.
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUADUAS Fm.
LA FRONTERA Fm.
200 200
LA LUNA Fm.
LOS PINOS Fm.
MONSERRATE Fm.
PICACHO Fm.
PINZAIMA Fm.
III
100 PLAENERS Fm.
100
Poor Generation Potential SOCOTA SHALE Fm.
and/or High thermal maturity TIBASOSA Fm.
TILATA Fm.
UNE Fm. IV
0 UNKNOWN 0
VILLETA Fm. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
0 10 20 30 40
YAVÍ Fm.
S2 (mg HC / gROCK) A. TIERNA Fm.
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
Arc. DE SOCHA Fm.
LIDITA SUPERIOR Fm.
Immature Mature Overmature UMIR Fm.
II I
600
C - The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI)
and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna,
Villeta, Guadalupe, Los Pinos and Umir formations and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha
0.5% Ro
Formation have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g
rock). It is important to consider that these and other units with source rock
characteristics, are or were deeply buried in the basin by thrusting, and the poor
generation values obtained from many samples could reflect the depletion effect
400
caused by the high thermal maturity reached by these rocks in sub-thrust sheets
(Figure A).
1.35% Ro rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta and Umir
formations have type II oil-prone kerogen. There are also samples from these
200 formations with type III gas-prone characteristics. In the case of the Cenozoic units
III (Guaduas, Concentración and Bogotá formations) their samples are indicative of type
III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure B).
from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to
overmature conditions in the basin. Being the samples from the Cretaceous
0
Fomeque, Chipaque and Hiló formations the more mature in the basin (Figure C).
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


40 0
Overmature
LEGEND
Immature
1000 (Gas Window)
A B UNKNOWN
CHITASUGA-1
2000 CORMICHOQUE-1
CORRALES-1
30 3000 SUESCA NORTE-1
Excellent TAMAUKA-1
VILLA RICA-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
20 6000
7000
Very Good
8000
10 9000
Oil Window
Good
10000
Fair
11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND BOGOTA Fm.
CABALLOS Fm.
CABALLOS-UNE Fm.
CACHO Fm.
CACHO_GUADUAS Fm.
CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
CHIPAQUE Fm.
CHURUVITA Fm.
CONCENTRACION Fm.
CONEJO Fm.
El DIAMANTE Fm.
HILO Fm.
LA NAVETA Fm.
SOCOTA Fm.
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there
TRINCHERAS Fm. are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Villeta, La Luna, and Umir) and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha Formation,
FOMEQUE Fm.
NEVADA Gr.
with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9) (Figure A).
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUADUAS Fm.
LA FRONTERA Fm. -The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is mature to overmature in the
LA LUNA Fm.
LOS PINOS Fm.
basin. With variable maturity trends caused probably by different burial and thermal histories controlled by the
MONSERRATE Fm. structural development of the Eastern Cordillera (Figure B).
PICACHO Fm.
PINZAIMA Fm.
PLAENERS Fm.
SOCOTA SHALE Fm.
TIBASOSA Fm. Cretaceous rocks of the Caballos, Conejo, La Luna, Villeta and Umir formations and the Cenozoic Arcillas de Socha
TILATA Fm.
UNE Fm.
Formation. Tmax maturity data indicates that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature and that the high
UNKNOWN thermal maturity reached by some source rocks, could produce crude oil with better characteristics than that already
VILLETA Fm.
YAVÍ Fm. found, and depleted or exhausted some source rocks in the basin.
A. TIERNA Fm.
Arc. DE SOCHA Fm.
LIDITA SUPERIOR Fm.
UMIR Fm.

1000
LEGEND
Microbial gas
UNKNOWN
100 Dry gas

C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during oil
generation window with minor presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation window).


3
%C27 Steranes
100 0
A LEGEND B
90 10
CRUDE- PICACHO Fm.
ROCK- Arc. de Socha Fm. DECREASING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES) OR
80 20 HIGH REDUCING CONDITIONS (ANOXIC)
ROCK- GUADUAS Fm.
ROCK- LOS PINOS Fm.

70 30 ROCK- PLAENERS Fm. 2
PLANKTON ROCK- GUADALUPE Fm.
60 40
MARINE
50 50
40 60
ESTUARINES 1
30 70
20 80
10 LACUSTRINE SUPERIOR 90
TERRESTRIAL PLANTS INCREASING CLAY CONTENT (SHALES) OR
0 100
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
%C28 Steranes %C29 Steranes 0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Diasteranes / Steranes
6
C
Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following:
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT - There is no good correlation between the few crude and extracts data
4 available for the basin. The crude in the Picacho Formation has higher C29
steranes concentration than the rock extracts from the Guadalupe
Formation, indicating more terrestrial organic matter input (Figure A).
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
- The C35/C34 Hopanes, Ts/(Ts+Tm) and diasteranes/steranes indicate

that the rock extracts correspond to poor-clay rocks probably carbonatic
deposited under low reducing conditions (Figures B and C).
2
- This lack of correlation precludes a better determination of the active
petroleum systems in the basin, however the existence of hypothetical
petroleum systems can be stated from existing geochemical and
DECRESING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES)
geological information as follows: Los Pinos - Guadalupe (.), Villeta/La
Luna - Guadalupe (.), Chipaque - Monserrate (.), Tibasosa - Une (.).
0
0 2 4 6 8 10

EASTERN LLANOS BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Generalities
74° 73° 72° 71° 70° 69° 68° interpreted for the Eastern Llanos Basin
Caribbean Sea
8° 8°
PANAMA
VENEZUELA data from 2402 samples taken in 129 wells;
VENEZUELA
7° 7°
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
6° 6°
.
GS
F.S
G.
Yopal
Bogotá
ECUADOR BRAZIL
5°
11
5°
PERU Villavicencio
samples, 978 gas chromatography samples, 771
4° 4°
biomarker samples, 271 isotopes samples and 1767
PM surface geochemistry samples were also
BOUNDARIES 3° 3°
interpreted.
North: Geographic Border Venezuela SM
San Jose
East: Guyana Shield Precambrian rocks (GS) 2°
del Guaviare VA 2°
South: Serranía de la Macarena (SM), Vaupés

Arch (VA), and Precambrian metamorphic BRAZIL
rocks (PM)
West: frontal thrust system of the Eastern Cordillera 74° 73° 72° 71° 70° 69° 68°

NW SE
m
1500
1000
500
0
Cambro-Ordovician Devonian Carboniferous Jurassic 5Km
Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene

Mainly Sandstones Mainly shales
EASTERN LLANOS BASIN 62

Wells and Seeps

ARAUCA
ARAUCA CAÑO LIMÓN
VENEZUELA
1200000
0 50 100Kms
ERA CAÑO GARZA

1100000 TUNJA LL
DI
TRINIDAD
R YOPALTOCARÍA
CO
R N CUPIAGUA LA FLORA
STE LA GLORIA
REMACHE SUR
EA
CUSIANA
CAÑO DUYA
SANTIAGO
1000000 BOGOTÁ
CARACARA
VILLAVICENCIO
APIAY
CHICHIMENE
VALDIVIA/ALMAGRO PTO. INIRIDA
CASTILLA
RUBIALES
900000
800000 MAC
ARE
NA R
ANG SAN JOSE DEL GUAVIARE Map datum: Magna Sirgas
E
1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
Oil and gas fields

Oil seeps
geochemical information in the Eastern Llanos Basin is 301.
Gas seeps Oilseeps are located at the western and southern parts of the
basin.
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
63 EASTERN LLANOS BASIN

Crude Oil Quality

3
LEGEND
A BARCO Fm.
API Gravity
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
BARCO- LOS CUERVOS Fm.
CARBONERA Fm. 0
GACHETA Fm. Biodegraded Oil
B
GUADALUPE Fm.
MIRADOR Fm. 2000
UNE Fm.
2
UNKNOWN
4000
% Sulfur
M 6000
at
ur
ity
8000
Depth (Feet)
1
10000
12000
14000
16000
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 Heavy Oil Normal Oil Light Oil Condensates
API Gravity 18000
3 20000
Anoxic Marine C - Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10° to 50° and sulfur content
between 0 and 2.5% are present in the basin. There is no straight relationship
between sulfur and API gravity, but oils above 25° API have sulfur values below 1%,
and oils below 25° show sulfur content with values up to 3%. This suggests that in the
basin there are oils with different thermal maturities and/or different degrees of
2 preservation (biodegradation, water washing, etc.), because crudes having similar
API gravities have different sulfur contents, which might indicate that
biodegradation is increasing sulfur content and/or reducing API gravity, or different
% Sulfur
source rocks, considering that oils sourced from shales usually have lower sulfur
content than oils from carbonates (Figure A).
1
vertical migration along faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API
Lacustrine or Continental gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation
(biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,
environment with some terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
0
0 1 2
Ni / V

100 1
A B
n
ge
ero 0.8
K
III Marine Deltaic
e
T yp (CENOZOIC)
al
tri
10 s II
rre -I
Te II t
Pristane / nC17
ge
n en
ro g en onm 0.6
K e ro ir
d Ke nv
ixe II g E
M pe in
Ty d u c
e
l, R
O
xid
a
Re Al
g
ixi
du
ng
0.4
cing
n
1 a tio
ad
e gr0.6
0.54
od
0.45 Bi LEGEND
ity
ur 0.2
at
M BARCO Fm.
CARBONERA Fm. Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
CHIPAQUE Fm. (CRETACEOUS)
GACHETA Fm.
GUADALUPE Fm.
0.1 MACARENA Fm. 0
MIRADOR Fm.
0.1 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 5
UNE Fm.
C
2.5
environment, and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in
the mixed kerogen range, suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic
matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions (Figure A).
2
C35 / C34 Hopane

oils have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values ranging from 1 to 5, which
1.5
indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in shelf marine to
marine deltaic environments. There are some samples with higher oleanane index
values (>0.2) and similar Pr/Ph values, indicating that these oils were generated from
source rocks deposited in marine deltaic environments with important terrestrial
1 organic matter input. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of
the source rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and
0.5 - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that oil
Marine Deltaic samples have Pr/Ph values >1 and C35/C34 Hopane < 1, indicating that these oils were
Shelf Marine
generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine to deltaic environment.
(Figure C).
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane

%C27
0 100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
50 50
100 0
0 50 100
%C28
%C29
- The steranes ternary plot shows predominance of C27 steranes over C29 steranes, which indicates that marine organic matter predominates in the
source rocks.
- In summary, the crude oils in the basin correspond predominantly with generating facies deposited in siliciclastic environments ranging from marine to
deltaic with an important terrestrial organic matter input. Some of these source rocks were deposited during the Cretaceous considering their low
oleanane index values, but the higher Oleanane/C30 Hopane ratios (>0.2) along with high Pristane/Phytane ratios in some samples, suggest the possibility
of Cenozoic generating facies deposited in deltaic marine environments.
biodegradation).
- At the Apiay sector the oils show mixing of carbonatic marine (C35/C34 > 1.0) and deltaic marine facies (Pristane/Phytane > 1.0).

Chromatography Ion 191.20 (190.90 to 191.90): PALM-2.D

Abundance
The Cusiana oil does not show biodegradation, has an Tricyclics Hopanes
15000
abundant low molecular weight paraffins fraction and high
diasteranes abundance, indicative of high thermal maturity.
10000
The Pristane/Phytane ratio > 1.0 and diasteranes abundance
are indicative of generation from a siliciclastic (shale) source
5000
rock.
Time-->
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): PALM-2.D

Abundance
4000 Diasteranes
pA
Well Cusiana -4 3000
2000
1500 1000
Time-->
25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
1250 Fragmentogram m/z 217
1000
N-C8
750
N-C9
Pristane N-C17
N-C17
N-C10
N-C16
N-C15
N-C18
N-C19
N-C20
N-C11
N-C14
N-C21
N-C12
N-C12
500
N-C13
N-C13
N-C22
N-C23
N-C25
N-C24
N-C26
N-C27
N-C28
N-C29
N-C30
N-C31
Phytane
N-C32
250
N-C33
N-C34
N-C35
N-C36
N-C37
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 min
Chromatogram
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): 03200106.D
70000
The oil of La Gloria-8 well is representative of an oil group Tricyclics Hopanes

60000
typical of the central part of the basin, where biodegradation
50000
processes have been identified and most normal alkanes have
been lost. 40000
30000
It is observed light oil refreshing from a second generation
pulse that increases the API gravity. 20000
10000
Crude oil mixing is common in the central and southern parts
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
of the basin. Time-->
Abundance Fragmentogram m/z 191
The diasteranes abundance suggests that the oil was Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): 03200106.D
generated from clay-rich rocks but also increased thermal
maturity.
Diasteranes
55000
50000
pA 45000
Well La Gloria -8 40000
35000
30000
25000
20000
300 15000
10000
5000
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Time-->
200
“Refreshing” N-C29
N-C28
N-C22
N-C23
N-C25
N-C20
N-C19
N-C24
N-C27
N-C21
N-C18
N-C26
Phytane
Pristane
N-C17
N-C30
N-C31
N-C16
N-C33
N-C32
100
N-C15
N-C34
N-C35
N-C14
N-C36
N-C13
N-C10
N-C12
N-C11
N-C8
N-C9
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 min
Chromatogram


700
A LEGEND
500 ARENISCAS BASALES
DEL CRETACICO Fm. B
BARCO Fm.
600
CAQUEZA Fm.
Excellent Generation Potential I II
CARBONERA Fm.

CHIPAQUE Fm.
400
GACHETA Fm. 500
GUADALUPE Fm.
GUAYABO Fm.
GUTIERREZ Fm.
LA LUNA Fm. 400
300 LEON Fm.
LOS CUERVOS Fm.
MACARENA Fm.
MIRADOR Fm.
PALEOZOIC
300
SAN FERNANDO Fm.
200
UNE Fm.
UNKNOWN
200
100 Poor Generation Potential

III
and/or High thermal maturity 100
IV
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

II I
C - The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
600 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Chipaque, Une and Gachetá
formations and the Paleocene Los Cuervos Formation have good generation potential
(HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). (Figure A).
0.5% Ro
rock samples from the Cretaceous Chipaque, Une, Gachetá and Guadalupe
400 formations along with samples from the Cenozoic Mirador, Los Cuervos and Carbonera
formations and Paleozoic samples have type II-III oil-gas prone kerogen. Samples of
the León Formation have type III-IV kerogen values (Figure B).
1.35% Ro from the Cretaceous to Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early to late oil
generation conditions in the basin, with some samples of Paleozoic rocks
200 overmature. The high thermal maturity reached by some samples explains the high
III API gravity of some oils found in the basin (Figure C). Additionally this high thermal
maturity should explain the poor generation potential of many samples in the basin
caused by kerogen depletion.
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


40 0 LEGEND
UNKNOWN
Oil Window
Immature
1000 ALMAGRO-1
A Overmature B ANACONDA-1
APIAY-3
(Gas Window) APIAY-4P
2000
ARAUCA-1
ARAUQUITA-1
ARIMENA-1
30 3000 BUENOS AIRES X-14
Excellent
CABIONA-1
CANDILEJAS-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000 CANO CUMARE-1

CANO DUYA-1
CANO LIMON-1
Depth (Feet)
5000 CANO VERDE-1
CASTILLA-1
CHAFURRAY-1
20 6000 CHAFURRAY-5
CHAPARRAL-1
CHAVIVA-1
7000 CHIGUIRO-1
Very Good COROZAL-1
CUMARAL-1AX
CUSIANA M-1(CUSIANA-1)
8000
EL MORRO-1
ENTRERRIOS-1
FLORENA A-1(FLORENA-1)
10 9000 FLORENA N-2F
GOLCONDA A-1
Good GUARAPITO-1
10000 GUARILAQUE-1
GUARROJO-1
LA CABANA-1
Fair 11000 LA GLORIA-1
LA HELIERA-1
Poor LA MARIA-1
0 12000 LETICIA-1
LOS KIOSCOS-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10 LUNA ROJA-1
%TOC %Ro MEDINA-1

NEGRITOS-1
LEGEND PALMA REAL-1

PATO-1
PIRIRI-1
ARENISCAS BASALES PLANAS-1
GUADALUPE Fm. MACARENA Fm.
DEL CRETACICO Fm. POMARROSO-1
BARCO Fm. GUAYABO Fm. MIRADOR Fm. PORE-1
CAQUEZA Fm. GUTIERREZ Fm. PALEOZOIC PUERTO RICO-1
CARBONERA Fm. LA LUNA Fm. SAN FERNANDO Fm. QUENANE-1 (1127-1X)
CHIPAQUE Fm. LEON Fm. UNE Fm. RANCHO HERMOSO-1
RIO ELE-1
GACHETA Fm. LOS CUERVOS Fm. UNKNOWN
RONDON-1
RUBIALES-1
RUBIALES-2
RUBIALES-3
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that there S-11A (X-R-859) (STRAT-XR-11A)
SA-1
are samples from Cretaceous units (Chipaque, Une and Gachetá formations) and Cenozoic units (Los Cuervos and SA-11
SA-15
Carbonera formations), with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 35 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). SA-9A
SAN JOAQUIN-1
There are some samples of the Barco Formation with high %TOC but low S2 values (< 5 mg HC/g rock) suggesting that the SAN PEDRO-1
kerogen in this unit has a low proportion of labile compounds and should not be a very good source for hydrocarbons in SANTIAGO-1
SANTIAGO-2
the basin. SANTIAGO-3
SIMON-1
SM-3
SM-4
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that in the foreland wells the sedimentary sequence deposited in the SM-8
ST CN-7
basin is mostly immature, and is mature in those wells in or close to the foothills of the Eastern Cordillera at the western ST GU-15
SURIMENA-1
part of the basin (Figure B). SV-3
SV-4
SV-5
-In summary, the best source rocks at the basin, with good to excellent oil generation potential intervals are the SV-8
TAURAMENA-2X
Cretaceous rocks of the Chipaque, Une and Gachetá formations and the Cenozoic rocks of the Los Cuervos and Carbonera TRINIDAD-1
TURPIAL-1
formations have good to excellent generation potentials. Thermal maturity data (Tmax and %Ro) indicate that the rocks UNETE-1
VORAGINE-1
have reached different levels of maturity and thermal histories, that along with biodegradation explain the wide range YALI-1
of crude oil API gravities and oil mixing in the basin.


Gacheta Formation
3 LEGEND
21
11
1. ANACONDA-1 15. LA MARÍA-1
1.1% Ro 2. APIAY-4P 16. LETICIA-1
1200000 3. ARAUQUITA-1 17. POMARROSO-1
0.9% Ro 8 4. ARIMENA-1 18. PORE-1
5. BUENOS AIRES X-14 19. QUENANE-1
0.7% Ro
6. CAÑO DUYA-1 20. RANCHO HERMOSO-1
18 21. RÍO ELE-1
7. CAÑO VERDE-1
8. CASANARE-1 22. SAN JOAQUÍN-1
0.5% Ro
1100000 9. CASTILLA-1 23. SANTIAGO-1
13 10. CHAPARRAL-1 24. SANTIAGO-2
0.3% Ro 15 11. CHIGUIRO-1 25. SIMÓN-1
20
16 6
22 12. ENTRERRIOS-1 26. SURIMENA-1
0.1% Ro 23
12
26 4
13. GOLCONDA A-1 27. YALÍ-1
24
14. LA HELIERA-1
1000000 25
900000
800000
Vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)

1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000
3 7
21
300mg HC/g TOC 11
1200000 250mg HC/g TOC 14

8
200mg HC/g TOC
18
150mg HC/g TOC
1100000 100mg HC/g TOC
50mg HC/g TOC 15

5 16 20
6
22
0mg HC/g TOC 26
24
17
1000000 25
1
19 2
9
27
900000
800000
Hydrogen Index Map datum: Magna Sirgas

1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000


Gacheta Formation
3 7
LEGEND
21
1. ANACONDA-1 15. LA MARÍA-1
3% wt 11
2. APIAY-4P 16. LETICIA-1
1200000 3. ARAUQUITA-1 17. POMARROSO-1
2.5% wt 14 18. PORE-1
8
4. ARIMENA-1
5. BUENOS AIRES X-14 19. QUENANE-1
2% wt 6. CAÑO DUYA-1 20. RANCHO HERMOSO-1
18 7. CAÑO VERDE-1 21. RÍO ELE-1
1.5% wt 8. CASANARE-1 22. SAN JOAQUÍN-1
1100000 9. CASTILLA-1 23. SANTIAGO-1
1% wt 10. CHAPARRAL-1 24. SANTIAGO-2
15
11. CHIGUIRO-1 25. SIMÓN-1
20
0.5% wt 5 16 6
22
12. ENTRERRIOS-1 26. SURIMENA-1
12 13. GOLCONDA A-1 27. YALÍ-1
23
24 26 4
0% wt 10
14. LA HELIERA-1
17
1000000 25
1
19 2
9
27
900000
800000

1000000 1100000 1200000 1300000 1400000 1500000 1600000 1700000


C2 + (%)
0 20 40 60
-75
Ro d CCH4
13
(%) (ppt) B Biogenic gas

A -70 T Crude oil gases
Immature / tertiary
-70 Early
To/Tc Crude and condensate
B B gases
-65
-60 -60
matter.
Diag
Tertiary basin
-55 M
humic organic matter
d13CCH4 (ppt)
0.5
Mature / Mesozoic
TO M Mixed gases
-50 -50
Ms Md Deep Migration
Oil Ms Shallow Migration
-45 T
TT(m)
Shallow
-40
1.2 -40 LEGEND
Deep TC
Md 2.0 TT(m) APIAY- 3
-35
BARQUERENA-3
Mixed 3.0 CANO DUNA -2
-30
-30 CANO GARZA NORTE-1
CASTILLA-1
TT(h) 12% Ro 1.2
-25 TT(h) CHICHIMENE-12
20% 2.0 CRAVO SUR -1
-20 30% 3.0 GUATIQUIA-3H
Migration? -20 GUAYURIBA -1K
LA GLORIA NORTE-1
4 Primary MORICHAL-1
cracking
SARDINAS -2
Open system trend B SURIA SUR-1
2
TOCARIA -9L
NSO secondary cracking VALDIVIA-1
0
Hydrocarbons secondary
-2
cracking
-4
0.9 - 1.1
Close system - The samples taken in the Eastern Llanos basin correspond to crude oil
-6 trend
gases.
Gas secondary cracking
-8
- The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppm) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
1.3 - 1.5
suggests that the gas samples correspond to a variety of processess like
-10
mixing, differential thermal maturity and biodegradation (Figure A).
-12
- The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the
1.8 - 2.0 gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking (Figure B).
-14
Ro %
-16
0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)

1000

UNKNOWN
100 Dry gas

C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that there are hydrocarbons of thermogenic and biogenic origin at
the basin, formed mainly during oil and gas generation window indicative of a variable maturity level of the sources at the basin.
The microbial gas found in the basin, characterized by its very high content of methane, could be related to bacterial degradation,
considering the fact that it has similar C2/(C3+C4)ratios regarding thermogenic gases.


100 1
A B
n
ge
ro 0.8
Ke
III Marine Deltaic
e
yp (CENOZOIC)
a lT
tr i
10 s II
rre -I
Te II t
Pristane / nC17
g en en
ro g en nm 0.6
Ke ro viro
d Ke n
ixe II g E
M pe cin
Ty du
e
l, R
Ox
ga
idi
Re
Al
xin
d
0.4
uc
g
ing
n
1 io
at
r ad
g
o de
Bi
it y
ur 0.2
at
M
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 5
Phytane / nC18 Pristane / Phytane
LEGEND
- There are very few extract samples in the basin to provide strong
CRUDE- CARBONERA Fm.
CRUDE- GACHETA Fm.
correlations with the oils found in the basin, but the few extracts from the
CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm. Gachetá Formation show some correlation with crude oils from the Une,
CRUDE- MIRADOR Fm.
Guadalupe, Mirador and Carbonera reservoirs (Figure A).
CRUDE- UNE Fm.
ROCK- BARCO Fm.
ROCK- CARBONERA Fm. - This indicates that the Gachetá Formation could be the main source for
ROCK- CHIPAQUE Fm.
ROCK- GACHETA Fm. the accumulations found in the basin. However the presence of oils with
ROCK- GUADALUPE Fm. Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 is indicative of an alternate source in the
ROCK- MACARENA Fm.
ROCK- MIRADOR Fm.
basin of Tertiary age and/or with an important terrestrial organic matter
input (Figure B).
-The oils with Oleanane/C30 Hopane > 0.2 are found in Upper Cretaceous
(Guadalupe Fm.) and Tertiary reservoirs (Mirador and Carbonera
formations), which are interbedded or in close proximity to Tertiary shale
sequences deposited in transitional marine environments, which might
have high terrestrial organic matter input, causing the increase of
Oleanane/C30 Hopane ratios in these oils (Figure B).


3 4
LEGEND
A CRUDE- CARBONERA Fm. B
CRUDE- GACHETA Fm.
CRUDE- GUADALUPE Fm.
CRUDE- MIRADOR Fm.
DECREASING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES) OR CRUDE- UNE Fm.
HIGH REDUCING CONDITIONS (ANOXIC) 3
ROCK- GACHETA Fm. INCREASING CLAY CONTENT
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
2
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT (SHALES) OR

0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 0 2 4 6 8
- The C35/C34 Hopanes, Ts/(Ts+Tm) and diasteranes/steranes indicate that the rock extracts correspond to poor-clay rocks deposited
under suboxic conditions (Figures A and B).
- Based on the crude-rock correlations and the geochemical evidence available for the basin, the following active petroleum systems for
the basin could be proposed: Gachetá - Une (!), Gachetá - Guadalupe (!), Gachetá - Mirador (!), Gachetá - Carbonera (!), Los Cuervos -
Guadalupe (.), Los Cuervos - Mirador (.) and Los Cuervos - Carbonera (.).

GUAJIRA BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
GUAJIRA BASIN
75° 74° 73° 72° 71°

Caribbean Sea
interpreted for the Guajira Basin
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
includes %TOC data from 10 samples taken in 2
12° 12 12°
Caribbean Sea C.F wells; additionally 62 organic petrography
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
Riohacha samples from 3 wells and 361 surface
Santa Marta
O.F geochemistry samples were interpreted.
11° 11°
Barranquilla
ECUADOR BRAZIL
Valledupar Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data,
PERU
crude oil interpretation was not made for the
10° 10°
basin.
BOUNDARIES
North and Northwest: Caribbean shoreline TRAP
PERIOD
RESERVOIR
9° 9°
STRATIGRAPHIC
SOURCE
Northeast: Caribbean shoreline GENERATION / SETTING /
STRUCTURAL
STRATIGRAPHIC LITHOLOGY
MATURATION / EVENTS
SEAL
Southeast: Colombia-Venezuela border VENEZUELA
UNITS
South: Oca Fault (O.F.) W E
Q Gallinas Fm.
75° 74° 73° 72° 71°
Minor
Compression
Castilletes Fm.
NEOGENE
Translation
Jimol Fm.
Uitpa Fm.
Transtension
Siamana Fm.
HIATUS
Transpression
PALEOGENE
Macarao Fm.
Foreland Basin
GUAJIRA BASIN
MACUIRA FAULT
SW NE HIATUS
CUISA FAULT
Collision
OCA FAULT
Suture
LOWER GUAJIRA SUB-BASIN UPPER GUAJIRA SUB-BASIN Time

sec
Passive
Guaralamai (Colón) Margin
0
La Luna Fm.
CRETACEOUS
CENOZOIC 1
CRETACEOUS 2
BASEMENT
3
Cogollo Gp.
4
Yuruma Gp.
Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005) Rift
Palanz Fm. Stage
Basement Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene
Sandstones Shales Limestones
GUAJIRA BASIN 78
Wells and Seeps
UASHIR-1
1850000 PUERTO ESTRELLA-1
0 25 50Kms
CARIBBEAN SEA
1800000
URIBIA
RIOHACHA-2
RIOHACHA
MAICAO-1
MAICAO
1750000 VENEZUELA
OCA F Map datum: Magna Sirgas

AULT Coord. origin: Bogotá
1100000 1150000 1200000 1250000 1300000
Cities/Towns
The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Guajira Basin is 4.
There are no oil and gas seeps reported in this basin.
79 GUAJIRA BASIN

0
Immature Overmature
1000 (Gas Window)
2000 LEGEND
MAICAO-1
3000 UASHIR-1
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
Oil Window
10000
11000
12000
0.1 1 10
%Ro
- The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) maturity data of the wells sampled in the basin suggests that the stratigraphic sequence is immature.
GUAJIRA BASIN 80
C2 + (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50
-75
Ro d CCH4
13

A -70 T Crude oil gases
Immature / tertiary
-70 Early
To/Tc Crude and condensate
B B gases
-65
-60 -60
matter.
Diag
Tertiary basin
-55 M
d13CCH4 (ppt)
0.5
Mature / Mesozoic
TO M Mixed gases
-50 -50 Md Deep Migration
Ms
Oil Ms Shallow Migration
-45 T
TT(m)
Shallow
-40
1.2 -40 LEGEND
Deep TC
Md 2.0 TT(m) BALLENA TOTAL
-35
RIOHACHA-2
Mixed 3.0
-30
-30
-25 TT(h) 12% Ro 1.2

TT(h)
20% 2.0
-20 30% 3.0
Migration? -20
4 Primary
cracking
Open system trend B
2
0
- The C2+ vs d13C CH4 (ppt) and the relationship with organic matter
Hydrocarbons secondary maturity (Schoell, 1983), suggest that the gas samples mainly correspond
-2
cracking
to biogenic gases.
-4
0.9 - 1.1
Close system
- The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 (% PDB) diagram shows that the gases
-6 trend could reach a high thermal state of evolution which contradicts the
Gas secondary cracking biogenic character from the C2+ vs d13C CH4 graph.
-8
1.3 - 1.5
-10
-12
1.8 - 2.0
-14
Ro %
-16
0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)
81 GUAJIRA BASIN
1000
UNKNOWN
100 Dry gas
C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
GUAJIRA BASIN 82
GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN
75° 74° 73° 72° 71°

Caribbean Sea interpreted for the Guajira Offshore Basin
PANAMA
.D
.B
. 13 includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
C
S.
VENEZUELA
12°
Caribbean Sea
C.F
12°
Pacific Ocean Riohacha additionally 106 organic petrography
COLOMBIA
Santa Marta
O.F samples from 4 wells were interpreted.
11° 11°
Barranquilla
ECUADOR BRAZIL
Valledupar
PERU
10° 10°
basin.
BOUNDARIES
North-Northwest: South Caribbean Deformed 9° 9°
Belt deformation front (S.C.D.B.)
East: Colombia-Venezuela border VENEZUELA
Southwest: Oca Fault (O.F.)
Southeast: Continental Guajira shoreline 75° 74° 73° 72° 71°
SW SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION NE

GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN Time
sec
Sea level 0
4
Basement Paleogene Neogene From Barrero et al., 2007
GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN 84

Wells and Seeps
1950000
1900000
0 25 50Kms
SAN JOSE-1
JARARA-1 SANTA ANA-1
1850000 CARIBBEAN SEA
ALMEJA-1
CHUCHUPA-15 CHUCHUPA-16
1800000 CHUCHUPA-8
ULA
NS
CHUCHUPA-14
CHUCHUPA-13 NI
PE
BALLENA
CHUCHUPA-A
RIOHACHA A
RIOHACHA JIR
UA
MERO-1 G
1750000 Map datum: Magna Sirgas
900000 950000 1000000 1050000 1100000 1150000 1200000 1250000 1300000 1350000
Oil and gas fields The number of wells and/or surface locations
with geochemical information in the Guajira
Wells with geochemical information Offshore Basin is 11.
Cities/Towns There are no oil and gas seeps reported in this

basin.
85 GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN


I II
500 500
A B

400 400
300 300
200 200
III
100 100

LEGEND IV
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 UNKNOWN 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

II I
600
C
-
0.5% Ro
The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
peak, indicate that most samples in the basin have poor generation potential (HI <
200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock), and few good generation potential (HI >
200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). (Figure A).
400
- The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that the
rock samples in the basin have values indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type
IV kerogen. (Figure B).
1.35% Ro
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples from
200
the sedimentary sequence in the basin are immature to early mature for
III hydrocarbons generation (Figure C).
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


30 0
Immature Overmature
(Gas Window)
1000
Excellent 2000
3000
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
20 4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
Very Good
6000
7000
10 8000
Good 9000
Oil Window
10000
Fair
11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND LEGEND
MERO_1
UNKNOWN
SANTA ANA-1
is a widespread distribution of samples from poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) to very
good oil generation potential (S2 up to 10 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 3) (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information from two wells shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature,
however Tmax maturity data indicate that early maturity have been reached in the basin, and that along with the type
III kerogen indicated by the pyrolysis data could explain the gas accumulations found in the basin (Figure B).
87 GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN

C2 + (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50
-75
Ro d CCH4
13

-70
Immature / tertiary
-70 Early T Crude oil gases
B B To/Tc Crude and condensate
-65 gases
Late TT(m) Dry gases associated
-60 -60 to sapropelic organic
Diag
matter.
Tertiary basin
-55 M TT(h) Gases associated to
d13CCH4 (ppt)
0.5 humic organic matter
Mature / Mesozoic
TO
-50 -50 M Mixed gases
Ms Md Deep Migration
-45 T Oil Ms Shallow Migration
TT(m)
Shallow
-40
Deep
1.2 -40 LEGEND
TC
Md 2.0 TT(m)
-35
CHUCHUPA-13
CHUCHUPA-14
Mixed 3.0 CHUCHUPA-15
-30
-30 CHUCHUPA-16
CHUCHUPA-8
-25 TT(h) 12% Ro 1.2
TT(h) CHUCHUPA-A
20% 2.0 CHUCHUPA-B
30% 3.0 PLACHUCHUPA-A
-20
Migration? -20
4
Primary
cracking
2 Open system trend

0 - The C2+ vs d13C CH4 (ppt) and the relationship with organic matter
maturity (Schoell, 1983), suggest that the gas samples mainly correspond
-2 Hydrocarbons secondary to a mixture of gases (thermogenic with possible biogenic input).

cracking
-4 - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 (% PDB) diagram shows that the gases
0.9 - 1.1 could reach a high thermal state of evolution, but maturity data (Tmax
Close system
-6 trend and %Ro) do not support this, suggesting that there is a source rock that
has higher thermal maturity but has not been reached by the wells drilled
-8 in the basin.
1.3 - 1.5
-10
-12
1.8 - 2.0
-14
Ro %
-16
0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)

LOS CAYOS BASIN

Generalities
Generalities
LOS CAYOS BASIN
82° 81° 80° 79° 78° 77°
12
Caribbean Sea
15°
25 50 Kms.
14° interpreted for the Cayos Basin includes %TOC
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
Caribbean Sea and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from 50 samples
13°
14 taken in the Perlas-3 well located in the
12
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
12°
. 08 Nicaraguan shelf.
H.E
11°
BRAZIL
ECUADOR 0 25 50Kms.
10°
PERU
Cartagena
BOUNDARIES
North, East and West: International boundaries
South-Southeast: Hess Escarpment (H.E.)
PANAMA
U.F
.S.
Colombia-Jamaica Join Regime Area

LOS CAYOS BASIN
Time
sec
W E
Sea level 0
Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene From Barrero et al., 2007
LOS CAYOS BASIN 90


900 40
800 A B
Excellent
700
30

600
S2 (mgHC / gROCK)
500
20
400
Very Good
300
10
200
Poor Generation Potential Good
100
Fair
Poor
0 LEGEND 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 Late Oligocene 0 2 4 6 8 10
S2 (mgHC / gROCK) Early to Middle Eocene %TOC

I
1000
C
Ro - The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
0.5%
peak, indicate that in general the samples from Early to Middle Eocene and Late
800
Oligocene rocks have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg
HC/g rock), and few Early to Middle Eocene samples have good generation potential
II (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
600 - Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation
potential, the graph shows that there are samples from Early to Middle Eocene rocks
with good to very good oil generation potential (S2 up to 10 mg HC/g rock and % TOC
up to 4)(Figure B).
400
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that most samples
from Early to Middle Eocene rocks have reached early maturity to oil generation peak
1.35% Ro
conditions in the Nicaraguan shelf to the west of the basin (Figure C). Additionally the
200
III
Hydrogen Index values suggests the presence of type II and III kerogens in these rocks.
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
91 LOS CAYOS BASIN


800 0
700 2000
600
4000
500
Depth (Feet)
Shelf Marine
6000
(Immature)
400
8000
300
10000
200 Oil Window
Immature Overmature
Proximal Marine to Continental 12000

100
(Overmature)
0 14000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500
%TOC LEGEND Tmax (oC)
Late Oligocene
Early to Middle Eocene
- The Hydrogen Index vs Organic content (%TOC) graph shows that samples from Early to Middle Eocene rocks have the best source
characteristics (Hydrogen Index values > 200 mg HC/g TOC and %TOC >2) but are very few samples to establish the real potential of this
sedimentary sequence. Considering that the samples taken in the well Perlas-3 have not reach high thermal maturity the data could
indicate that these Eocene rocks were deposited in a proximal marine to continental depositional environments(Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence enters the oil generation window at approximately
11000 feet in the Nicaraguan shelf, and that the samples reach an early maturity condition (Figure B).
- In summary, the best source rock close to Los Cayos basin are the Early to Middle Eocene rocks found in the Perlas-3 well drilled in the
Nicaraguan shelf. However this information is too scarse to have a real picture on the potential source rocks in the basin.
LOS CAYOS BASIN 92

LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Generalities
LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73°
Caribbean Sea
11° 11° interpreted for the Lower Magdalena Valley Basin
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
11°
Caribbean Sea
11°
973 samples taken in 52 wells; additionally 179
Pacific Ocean
organic petrography samples from 30 wells were
COLOMBIA Cartagena interpreted.
VENEZUELA
10° 10°
15 Crude oil and extracts information from 16 bulk

BRAZIL

ECUADOR
9° 9°
PERU
F.S
samples, 694 gas chromatography samples,
S.
B.S.M.F
E. SL
15 biomarker samples,64 isotopes samples and 191
R.F.S.
8° 8°
PANAMA
BOUNDARIES surface geochemistry samples were also
North: Romeral fault system (R.F.S) interpreted.
7° CC 7°
East: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta fault
system (B.S.M.F.)
STRATIGRAPHIC
CYCLES
South and Southeast: Central Cordillera(CC)
RESERVOIR
FREQUENCIES
PERIOD
SOURCE
and Serranía de San Lucas (SL) 78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73° LITHOLOGY
Medium
SEAL
UNITS
Low
Pre-Cretaceous rocks
West: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.)
PLEISTOCENE
Corpa Fm.
SW LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY
NE
Romeral
fault system
(Transpression) Time
sec
Inversion Transpression Transtension
Tubará Fm.
0
Upp.
3
Porquero Fm.
4
NEOGENE
Lower
Basement Upper Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Cienaga de Oro Fm.

Upper

PALEOGENE
Lower
Shales Sandstones Conglomerates
LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN 94

Wells and Seeps

CIÉNAGA
SAN
geochemical information in the Lower Magdalena
TA M
1650000 Valley Basin is 67.
ART
Oilseeps are reported at the northern part of the
A-B
0 25 50Kms basin, close to the Santa Marta - Bucaramanga Fault.
UCA
1600000
RAM
EL DIFÍCIL
SIN
ANG
BA
A FA
PLATO
O
NT
ULT
CI
JA
1550000
AN
AYHOMBE
-S
GUEPAJE
Ú
SIN
SINCELEJO CICUCO
MAGANGUÉ BOQUETE
MOMPOSINA VIOLÓ
1500000
JOBO-TABLÓN
1450000 SUCRE
CASTOR
Oil and gas fields

1400000
A

R
LE
MONTELIBANO
IL
D
Oil seeps
R
O
C
L
A
Undetermined seeps
TR
EN
1350000
C
Cities/Towns

850000 900000 950000 1000000
95 LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Crude Oil Quality

3 API Gravity
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
LEGEND
0
A
UNKNOWN Biodegraded Oil
2000
B
4000
2
6000
% Sulfur
M
at 8000
Depth (Feet)
ur
ity
10000
1
12000
14000
16000

0 18000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity 20000
Anoxic Marine
C
- Crude oils with API gravities ranging from 25° to 55° and sulfur content below 1% are
2 present in the basin. Light and condensate oils predominate in the basin and there is
good correlation between sulfur and API gravity, with low API gravity oils having
higher sulfur contents than high API gravity oils. The high API gravity of the oils also
suggests that they are generated from high thermal maturity source rocks in the basin
(Figure A).
% Sulfur
vertical migration along faults. But additionally there is the fact that different API
1 gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different preservation
(biodegradation) and/or thermal maturities (Figure B).
- The sulfur content of crude oils is lower than 1%, and its Ni/V ratio below 1,
environment with terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
0
0 1 2
Ni / V

100 1
A B
en
rog 0.8
Ke
III
e
T yp Marine Deltaic
al (CENOZOIC)
tri
10 s II
rre -I
Te II t
en en
Pristane / nC17
og en onm 0.6
K er g
ro vir
d Ke n
ixe II g E
M pe cin
Ty d u
e
l, R
O
xid
a
Re
g
Al
ixi
du
ng
0.4
cing
n
1 a tio
r ad
eg
od
Bi
ity
ur
at 0.2
M
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100
LEGEND
0 1 2 3 4 5
C
2.5
Marine Carbonatic - The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that the oils have origin from
terrestrial organic matter (Type III kerogen) deposited in an oxidizing environment
and have suffered low biodegradation (Figure A).
2 - The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that

C35 / C34 Hopane
most of the oils have high oleanane index values (>0.2) and Pr/Ph values (>2), which
indicates that these oils are generated from source rocks deposited in marine deltaic
environments. There is one sample with low oleanane index values and Pr/Ph (<2),
1.5
indicating that this oil was generated from source rocks deposited in a shelf marine
environment. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of the source
rock, with high oleanane values for oils generated in Cenozoic rocks and low oleanane
1
values in oils from older rocks (Figure B).
- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that oil
samples have Pr/Ph values above 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating that
0.5 these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a marine deltaic
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic environment. (Figure C).
0
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane

%C27
0 100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
50 50
100 0
0 50 100
%C28 %C29
- The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that the only sample in the basin has predominance of C29 steranes over
C27 steranes, indicative of terrestrial organic matter input.
- In summary, the oils in the basin have Oleanane/C30 Hopane, C35/C34 Hopane, Pristane/Phytane and Pristane/nC17
ratio values supporting the presence of Cenozoic marine deltaic generating facies. They are very good quality oils with
low sulfur content and high API gravities.

Chromatography
Chromatogram and fragmentogram of the Boquete-17 well,
the presence of isoprenoids and normal alkanes along with
biomarkers like 25 Norhopane suggests mixing of a
biodegraded oil with fresh crude (refreshing).
Oleanane abundance is indicative of Cenozoic generating Well Boquete- 17

facies. Oleanane
25 Norhopane
Well Boquete- 17
N-C8
N-C9
N-C10
N-C11
N-C12
N-C14
N-C13
N-C15
N-C16
N-C17
N-C18
N-C19
N-C20
N-C21
N-C22
N-C23
N-C24
N-C25
N-C26
N-C27
N-C28
N-C29
N-C30
N-C31
N-C32
N-C33
N-C34
N-C35
Chromatogram

Chromatography
Chromatogram and fragmentogram of the Cicuco-22 well, the
presence of isoprenoids and normal alkanes along with
biomarkers like 25 Norhopane suggests mixing of a Well Cicuco -22
biodegraded oil with fresh crude (refreshing).
Oleanane abundance is indicative of Cenozoic generating

facies. Oleanane
25 Norhopane
Well Cicuco -22

N-C8
N-C9
N-C10
N-C11
N-C12
N-C13
N-C14
N-C15
N-C16
N-C17
N-C18
N-C20
N-C19
N-C21
N-C22
N-C23
N-C24
N-C25
N-C26
N-C27
N-C28
N-C29
N-C30
N-C31
N-C32
N-C33
N-C34
N-C35
Chromatogram


600 600
I II
A B
500 500

300 300
200 200
III
100 100

and/or High thermal maturity LEGEND
IV
0 0
CIENAGA DE ORO Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 PORQUERO Fm. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK) TUBARÁ Fm. Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
UNKNOWN

II I
C
600 - The data obtained from pyrolysis of rock samples for Hydrogen Index (HI) and S2
peak, indicate that samples from the Cenozoic Cienagá de Oro, Porquero and Tubará
formations have poor generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g
0.5% Ro
rock). There are samples with good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2
> 5 mg HC/g rock) of unknown origin. (Figure A).
400 - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that
rock samples from the Cenozoic Ciénaga de Oro, Porquero and Tubará formations
have type III gas-prone kerogen and type IV kerogen. There are also samples from
unknown origin and the Ciénaga de Oro formation with more type II oil-prone
characteristics. Figure B).
1.35% Ro
200
have reached early maturity to oil generation peak conditions in the basi, with some
III samples of unknown origin at late maturity stages. The samples from the Ciénaga de
Oro and Porquera formations have reached early maturity conditions in the basin
(Figure C).
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


40 0
LEGEND
Immature Overmature
1000 (Gas Window) ACHI-1
A B APURE-2
Oil Window
ARJONA-1
2000
BARRO BLANCO-1
BETULIA-1
30 3000 BOQUILLA-3
CICUCO-1
COCO-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
EL CASTILLO-1
Excellent EL DIFICIL-19
Depth (Feet)
5000 GUEPAJE-1
LA ESMERALDA-1
20 6000 MAGANGUE-1
MAGANGUE-2
MARSELLA-1
Very Good 7000 MOJANA-1
MOMPOS-1
8000 MONTELIBANO-1
PINONES-1
PINUELA-1
10 9000
SAN BENITO-1
Good SAN JORGE-1
10000 SUCRE-1
TACAMOCHO-1
Fair 11000 TIERRAFIRME-1
VIOLO-1A
Poor YATI-1
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND
CIENAGA DE ORO Fm.

PORQUERO Fm.
TUBARÁ Fm.
UNKNOWN
are samples from the Porquero and Tubará formations, with poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and
%TOC < 1) and samples from the Ciénaga de Oro with fair oil generation potential (S2 up to 5 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up
to 2). There are samples from unknown origin with better oil generation potential in the basin (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is in most wells immature or close to
early maturity in the basin. The wells with samples in the oil generation window and overmature values explain the high
API gravities of the oils found in the basin (Figure B).
-In summary, the best source rock at the basin, although without good source rock characteristics, seems to be the
Ciénaga de Oro Formation. However samples from unknown origin have the best generation potential in the basin, and
might be the best generatin facies of the hydrocarbons found. Maturity data indicates that the sedimentary sequence is
mature enough to generate high quality oils in the basin.

C2 + (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50
-75
Ro d CCH4
13
B Biogenic gas
A (%) (ppt)
-70 T Crude oil gases
Immature / tertiary
-70 Early To/Tc Crude and condensate
B B gases
-65 TT(m) Dry gases associated
-60 -60
matter.
Diag
Tertiary basin
-55 M humic organic matter
d13CCH4 (ppt)
0.5
M Mixed gases
Mature / Mesozoic
-50 TO Md Deep Migration
-50
Ms Ms Shallow Migration
-45 T Oil
TT(m)
-40 Shallow LEGEND
1.2 -40
Deep TC BOQUETE-3
2.0 TT(m)
-35 Md
CICUCO 15
GUEPAJE-1
Mixed 3.0
-30
-30
1.2
-25 TT(h) 12% Ro TT(h)
20% 2.0
-20 30% 3.0
Migration? -20
4
Primary
cracking
2 B
Open system trend

0
- The samples analized in the Lower Magdalena Valley Basin correspond

-2 Hydrocarbons secondary to gases from crude oils.

cracking
-4 - The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppt) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
0.9 - 1.1 suggests that the Boquete-3 and Cicuco-15 well samples correspond to
Close system
-6 trend thermogenic gases associated to the oils found in the basin, but with
different levels of thermal evolution, while the Guepaje-1 sample could
-8 correspond to mixing of gases of different origin.
-10 1.3 - 1.5 - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the
gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking. With
-12 increasing cracking of the Guepaje-1 sample.
1.8 - 2.0
-14
Ro %
-16
0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)

1000
Microbial gas
100 Dry gas LEGEND

C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep UNKNOWN

gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that there are hydrocarbons of thermogenic and biogenic origin at
the basin, formed mainly during oil and gas generation window indicative of a variable maturity level of the sources at the basin.
The microbial gas found in the basin, characterized by its very high content of methane, could be related to bacterial degradation,
considering the fact that it has similar C2/(C3+C4)ratios regarding the thermogenic gases.

MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Depositional Environment
Chromatography
Generalities
77° 76° 75° 74° 73° 72°
Caribbean Sea
interpreted for the Middle Magdalena Valley Basin
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
9°
Monteria
9°
B.S.M
F.S VENEZUELA
R.S.Z.
S.
E. SL
.F.
Pacific Ocean
8° 8°
COLOMBIA
ECUADOR BRAZIL
7° 7°
PERU CC
16
S.
F.
6° 6°
S.
150 biomarker samples,195 isotopes
B.
BOUNDARIES Bogotá
samples and 194 surface geochemistry samples
North: Espiritú Santo fault system (E.S.F.S)
5° 5°
GFB
Northeast: Bucaramanga-Santa Marta fault system (B.S.M.F.)
Ibagué
Southeast: Bituima and La Salina Fault System (B.S.F.S.) ESSENTIAL PROCESSES,
STRATIGRAPHIC PRODUCING ELEMENTS GENERATION,
South: Girardot fold beld (GFB) 72° UNITS FIELDS
LITHOLOGY MIGRATION
77° 76° 75° 74° 73°
West: Onlap of Neogene sediments over the Serranía de
San Lucas (SL) and Central Cordillera (CC) basement Mesa Fm.
Real Gp.
La Cira Shale
SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION Colorado Fm.

La Salina
San Luis
Mugrosa Fm.
Arrugas
Thrust
Thrust
Thrust
W E Time
sec Esmeraldas Fm.
La Paz Fm.
1
Reservoir
2 and seal
Lisama Fm. (secondary)
3 Umir Fm.
La Luna Fm.
4
Simiti Fm.
Tablazo Fm.
Basal Group
Calcareous
Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Paja Fm.
Rosablanca F.
From Barrero et al., 2007 Cumbre Fm.
Los Santos Fm.
Giron Gp.
Conglomerates Sandstones Shales Limestones
MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN 106

Wells and Seeps

1500000
EL BANCO

geochemical information in the Middle Magdalena
1450000
Valley Basin is 320.
0 25 50Kms
Oilseeps are located widespread in the basin.

BUTURAMA
1400000 TOTUMAL
LEBRIJA SAN ROQUE
SANTA LUCIA
1350000
CACHIRA
CRISTALINA
RA
BONANZA
CANTAGALLO
LE
SOGAMOSO
1300000
DIL
SUERTE
LLANITO
OR
BARRANCABERMEJA
LC
CASABE/ LISAMA
GALÁN
RA
LA CIRA/
INFANTAS
NT
1250000 AGUAS
CE
BLANCAS
MUGROSA
CHICALÁ
OPÓN
1200000
MORICHE
VELÁSQUEZ
TECA/NARE
1150000
A
ER
ILL
Oil and gas fields

TUNJA
RD
1100000
CO

N
ER
Oil seeps
ST
HONDA
EA
1050000
Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
1000000 BUNDE BOGOTÁ Cities/Towns

900000 950000 1000000 1050000 Coord. origin: Bogotá
107 MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Crude Oil Quality

3 API Gravity
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
0
A LEGEND Biodegraded Oil
ARENISCAS DE CANTAGALLO Fm. 2000
AVECHUCOS Fm. B
CALCAREO MEMBER Fm.
COLORADO Fm.
4000
COLORADO - MUGROSA Fm.
2 DOIMA Fm.
ESMERALDAS Fm.
ESMERALDAS - LA PAZ Fm.
6000
HONDA Gr.
% Sulfur
M REAL Gr.
at 8000
Depth (Feet)
ZORRO DIAMANTE Gr.
ur
ity GUADALUPE Fm.
LA LUNA Fm.
LA PAZ Fm. 10000
LISAMA Fm.
MUGROSA Fm.
1 ROSABLANCA Fm.
12000
SIMITI Fm.
TABLAZO Fm.
TORO Fm.
UMIR Fm. 14000
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
16000

0 18000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity 20000
C - Heavy to light oils with API gravities ranging from 5° to 40° and sulfur content
Anoxic Marine
2 sulfur and API gravity, but there is a progressive decrease in sulfur content as API
gravity increases. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal
maturities,the more mature have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but
there are also crudes that having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents,
which might indicate biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different
% Sulfur
1 similar quality oils can be found at different stratigraphic levels, probably related to
vertical migration in faulted reservoirs or regional faults. But additionally there is the
fact that different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different
Lacustrine or Continental - The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 1.5 %, and its Ni/V ratio below
0.5, suggesting that they are produced from rocks deposited in a marine suboxic
environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).There are some
samples with high Ni/V indicating high terrigenous input.
0
0 1 2
Ni / V

100 0.6
LEGEND
A ARENISCAS DE CANTAGALLO Fm. B
CALCAREOUS MEMBER
en COLORADO Fm.
og
Ker DOIMA Fm.
II I ESMERALDAS Fm.
e ESMERALDAS - LA PAZ Fm.
yp Marine Deltaic
lT
REAL Gr.
ia GUADALUPE Fm. (CENOZOIC)
s tr
10 rre - III LA LUNA Fm.
0.4
Te II LA PAZ Fm.
n nt
Pristane / nC17
ge n me LISAMA Fm.
ro ge n MUGROSA Fm.
Ke e ro viro ROSABLANCA Fm.
d K En
ixe II
e i ng
SIMITI Fm.
M p c TABLAZO Fm.
Ty du TORO Fm.
e
l, R
Ox
UMIR Fm.
ga
id
Re
UNKNOWN
l
ixi
A VILLETA Fm.
d
ng
uc
n ing
io
1
d at 0.2
ra
eg
od
Bi
y
u ri t
at
M
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 5
C - The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph indicates that most of the oils have origin
2.5 Marine Carbonatic from mixed kerogen suggesting a source with terrestrial and marine organic matter
input (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions. There are also
several oils with more type III kerogen characteristics, indicating more terrestrial
organic matter input and oxidizing conditions of the source rock (Figure A). The data
2
also suggests variable preservation of the crude oils (biodegradation).
C35 / C34 Hopane

1.5
environments. There is one sample with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph
(>2) indicating that this oil was generated from source rocks deposited in marine
1 deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of
0.5 - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating
that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine
environment. Additionally there is one sample with low homohopane index but higher
0 Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic
0 1 2 3 4 5 environments (Figure C).
Pristane / Phytane

%C27
0 100
LEGEND
UNKNOWN
50 50
100 0
0 50 100
%C28 %C29
The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that C27 steranes predominate over C29 steranes in the oil samples , indicating higher presence
of marine organic matter than terrestrial organic matter in the source rocks.
- In summary the oils in the basin correlate with generating facies deposited during the Cretaceous in siliciclastic marine shelf environments,
with variable terrestrial organic matter input. The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in the Middle Magdalena Valley includes units like the
Paja, Tablazo,Simití, La Luna and Umir formations that could match the generating facies indicated by the crude oils in the basin.

Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-CTAG15.D
20000
18000
There are crude oils correlatable with clay-poor (carbonatic?) Tricyclics
marine facies, like those of the Cantagallo Field, which have low 16000
Hopanes
to medium molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane 14000
ratio < 1.0. 12000

10000
This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes 8000

indicating high thermal maturity. 6000
4000
2000
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-CTAG15.D
counts
FID1 A, (GEOQ0923\2897611.D)
Steranes
3000 Well Cantagallo -15
5500
5000
Phytane
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500 2500
N-C18
N-C17
2000
1500
N-C20
1000
N-C19
Pristane
500
N-C16
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
N-C11
N-C22
N-C21
2000 Time-->
N-C15
N-C23
N-C24
N-C14
1500
N-C25
N-C26
N-C13
N-C27
N-C12
N-C28
N-C29
N-C30
1000
500
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 min
Chromatogram
Chromatography
Abundance
Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): C-LC1153.D

In the central part of the basin (La Cira - Infantas Field), exist 18000
crude oils affected by biodegradation processes that have Tricyclics
16000
removed the normal alkanes. Hopanes
14000
In some wells like La Cira 1153, are observed freshing with 12000
very light oils added during a second generation pulse. 10000
8000
This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes 6000
indicating high thermal maturity. 4000
2000
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Time-->
Abundance
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): C-LC1153.D
counts
FID1 A, (GEOQ0923\2897616.D)
Well La Cira-1153 6500

6000 Steranes
5000 5500
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
2500
4000 2000
1500
1000
500
20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Time-->
3000
Refreshing
2000 Biodegraded Oil

N-C17 Pristane
N-C18Phytane
1000
5 10 15 20 25 30 min
Chromatogram


600 1000
LEGEND I
900
A B
COLORADO Fm.
500 ESMERALDAS - LA PAZ Fm.
GIRON Fm. 800

LA LUNA Fm.
LA PAZ Fm.
LISAMA Fm.
Excellent Generation Potential MUGROSA Fm. 700
400 Low thermal maturity PAJA Fm.
ROSABLANCA Fm.
SIMITI Fm.
TABLAZO Fm. 600
UMIR Fm.
UNKNOWN
II
LISAMA - LA PAZ Fm.
300 TABLAZO- SIMITI Fm. 500
VILLETA Fm.
400
200
300
200
100 III
Poor Generation Potential 100
IV
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 250 300


II I
C - The data obtained from pyrolysis Rock-Eval of rock samples for Hydrogen Index
600
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous La Luna and Umir
formations have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g
rock), and that samples from Cretaceous Calcareous Basal Group (Rosablanca, Paja
0.5% Ro
and Tablazo formations), The Simití Formation and the Cenozoic Lisama, La Paz,
Esmeraldas, Mugrosa and Colorado formations have poor generation potential (HI <
200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock). Taking into account that the Cretaceous
400 units are deeply buried in the basin, the poor generation values obtained from some
samples could reflect the depletion effect caused by the high thermal maturity of
these rocks (Figure A).
1.35% Ro rock samples from the Cretaceous Simití, La Luna and Umir formations have type I- II
oil-prone kerogen. There are also several samples from unknown origin with type III
200
gas-prone characteristics. (Figure B).
III
from the Cretaceous mentioned, have reached maturity conditions for hydrocarbons
generation in the basin (Figure C). There are samples that have Tmax values
indicative of late to overmature maturity of the Paja, Tablazo, Simití, and La Luna
0 formations, suggesting that the Lower Cretaceous units have reached the highest
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 maturity in the basin.
Tmax (oC)

Source Rock Characterization LEGEND

40 0
Immature Overmature
ARENOSA-1
1000 (Gas Window)
BERLIN-2
A B CAIMAN-1
2000 CAPOTE-1
CASABE-199
COLORADO-34
30 Excellent 3000 ESCUELA-1
JERUSALEN-1
LA ROMPIDA-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
LA SALINA B-2
LLANITO-1
Depth (Feet)
5000 MONTERREY-1
MORALES-1
20 6000 MUGROSA SUR-1
MUGROSA-5
NOREAN-1
7000 PAYOA-25
Very Good PENA DE ORO-1
PICO-1
8000
PIEDRAS-1
Oil Window
PPI-3
10 9000 SAN FERNANDO X-1
TENERIFE-3
Good
UNKNOWN
10000
ZARZAL-1
Fair
11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND
EL TORO SHALE Fm. SIMITI Fm.

LA LUNA Fm. TABLAZO Fm.
LA PAZ Fm. TABLAZO SIMITI Fm.
LISAMA - LA PAZ Fm. UMIR Fm.
PAJA Fm. UNKNOWN
ROSABLANCA Fm. VILLETA Fm.
are samples from Cretaceous units (La Luna, Simití and Unir formations) with good to excellent oil generation potential
(S2 up to 30 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 6). In the case of the Cenozoic units their samples indicate poor oil
generation potential. There are samples with good to excellent organic matter content (%TOC ranging from 1 to 9%) but
fair to poor S2 values (< 5 mg HC/ g rock) indicating that there is a small portion of labile kerogen for hydrocarbons
generation (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence ranges from immature to
overmature in the basin, depending on the structural location in the basin, being more mature the wells located in the
central and eastern part of the basin(Figure B).
Cretaceous rocks of the La Luna and Umir formations.The maturity of the samples ranges from immature to gas
generation window with maturity increasing in the Simití Formation and Basal Calcareous Group. The high thermal
maturity reached by the Lower Cretaceous sequence could exhaust this source rocks to its present day poor generation
potential.


La Luna Formation
1500000 1500000 1500000
1450000 1450000 1450000
11 11
14
11
750mg HC/g TOC
1400000 1.5% Ro 8 1400000 1400000 5% wt 8 16
8
1.2% Ro 600mg HC/g TOC 4% wt
1350000 1350000 1350000
0.9% Ro 450mg HC/g TOC 3% wt
3
1300000 1300000 300mg HC/g TOC
1300000
0.6% Ro 7 1 2% wt 7 1
7 1 5 2
2
4 4
4
15 15 6
0.3% Ro 150mg HC/g TOC 15 1% wt
1250000 12 1250000 1250000 12
13
10 12 13
10
13
10
9 9
0% Ro 0mg HC/g TOC 9 0% wt
1200000 1200000 1200000
1150000 1150000 1150000
1100000 1100000 1100000
1050000 1050000 1050000
1000000 1000000 1000000
900000 950000 1000000 1050000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000 900000 950000 1000000 1050000
Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro) Hydrogen Index Organic Matter Content (TOC)
LEGEND
1. ARENOSA-1 5. CIMITARRA-1 9. MUGROSA SUR-1 13. PICO-1
2. BERLIN-2 6. INFANTAS-1613 10. MUGROSA-5 14. PITAL-1
Map datum: Magna Sirgas 3. BOSQUES-1 7. LLANITO-1 11. NOREAN-1 15. TENERIFE-1
Coord. origin: Bogotá 4. CASABE-199 8. MORALES-1 12. PEÑA DE ORO-1 16. TOTUMAL-3

C2 + (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50
-75
Ro d CCH4
13
(%) (ppt)
-70 B Biogenic gas
Immature / tertiary
-70
A Early T Crude oil gases
-65 gases
Late TT(m) Dry gases associated
-60 -60
to sapropelic organic
Diag
matter.
Tertiary basin
d13CCH4 (ppt)
0.5
Mature / Mesozoic
TO
Ms
Md Deep Migration
TT(m)
Shallow
-40 -40
Deep TC
1.2 LEGEND
Md 2.0 TT(m)
-35
AGUAS BLANCAS-4
ANGELES-5
Mixed 3.0 CANTAGALLO 15
-30
-30 CASABE 421
COCORNA 13
-25 TT(h) 12% Ro 1.2
TT(h) COLORADO 67
20% 2.0 OPÓN -4
30% 3.0 INFANTAS 16
-20 LA CIRA 468
Migration? -20
LISAMA 142
LLANITO-91
OPON-3
4
PALAGUA 188
Primary
SANTA LUCIA-2
cracking B SANTOS 102
2 Open system trend TOQUI TOQUI-22

0
cracking
- The samples taken in the Middle Magdalena Valley basin correspond to
-4
crude oil gases.
0.9 - 1.1
Close system
-6 trend - The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppt) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
Gas secondary cracking suggests that the gas samples are thermogenic in origin and from some
-8 mixtures taking place in the reservoirs (Figure A).
1.3 - 1.5
-10 - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the
gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking with
-12 increasing thermal maturity leading to NSO secondary cracking (Figure
1.8 - 2.0 B).
-14
Ro %
-16
0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)

1000
Microbial gas
LEGEND
100 Dry gas
C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep UNKNOWN
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
No mixing between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is indicated by the data.

SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN
78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73°
Caribbean Sea
interpreted for the Sinú Offshore Basin
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
Caribbean Sea O.F. includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
11° 11°
Barranquilla
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
Cartagena additionally 54 organic petrography
VENEZUELA
.
.D.B
10° 10°
N. 18
P.
S.C
D.
B.
ECUADOR BRAZIL
PERU
9° 9°

basin.
8° PANAMA 8°
BOUNDARIES
U.F
.S.
Northeast: Oca fault (O.F.)
Northwest: South Caribbean Deformed Belt
7° 7°
deformation front (S.C.D.B)
Southeast: Present day shoreline
Southwest: Uramita fault system (U.F.S)
78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73°
N.P.D.B. North Panama Deformed Belt


SINU OFFSHORE BASIN
S.C.D.B. Depth
NW ft
SE
Sea level 0
5000
Shale
Diapir
10000
Modified from Amaral, et al., 2003. Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
Oceanic Crust Upper Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene From Barrero et al., 2007
119 SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN

Wells and Seeps
1750000
SANTA MARTA
BARRANQUILLA-1
CIENAGA-1
SAN DIEGO-1
0 25 50Kms BARRANQUILLA
1700000 CARTAGENA-1
CARTAGENA-2
CARTAGENA-3
1650000
CARTAGENA
SIN
A
SE
1600000
O BA
AN
BE
CINT
SAN BERNARDO-2X
RIB
N JA
CA
- SA
1550000
SINÚ
SINCELEJO
1500000
FUERTE-1
UVERO-1AX (1638-1XA)
Undetermined seeps
Cities/Towns
MONTERIA
1450000
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000

The number of wells and/or surface locations with geochemical information in the Sinú Offshore Basin is 9.
SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN 120


I II
500 500
A B

400 and/or High thermal maturity 400
300 300
200 200
III
100 100

IV
0
LEGEND 0
0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
UNKNOWN

II I
600
C
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the source rocks in the basin have poor generation
0.5% Ro
potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
400 rock samples in the basin have type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen. (Figure
B).
fhave reached early maturity to overmature conditions in the basin (Figure C). The
1.35% Ro high thermal maturity of these samples could cause kerogen depletion indicated by
the low Hydrogen Index and S2 values of some samples in figure A.
200
III
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
121 SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN


40 0
A 1000 B
2000
30 3000
Excellent
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
20 6000
7000
Very Good
8000
10 9000
Good 10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND
LEGEND CARTAGENA-1
CARTAGENA-2
UNKNOWN FUERTE-1
SAN BERNARDO-2X
SAN DIEGO-1
UVERO-1AX (1638-1XA)
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that the
samples from potential source rocks in the basin, have poor oil generation potential (S2 < 2.5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC <
2) (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to early
maturity in most wells in the basin, with some samples up to late generation window (Figure B).
The high thermal maturity reached by the sedimentary sequence in some wells, according to Tmax and %Ro data,
suggests that there are thermal conditions for hydrocarbons generation. Being the main concern in the basin the
quality of the source rocks, because so far no good quality source for liquid hydrocarbons has been found, and the
pyrolysis samples suggests the existence of gas-prone source rocks.
SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN 122

SINÚ - SAN JACINTO BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Generalities
SINÚ - SAN JACINTO BASIN

78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73°
interpreted for the Sinú - San Jacinto Basin
Caribbean Sea
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
Caribbean Sea
11° 11°
Barranquilla samples from 11 wells were interpreted.
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
Cartagena
VENEZUELA
10° 10°
F.S
R.
ECUADOR BRAZIL
9°
Sincelejo
9°
PERU
Monteria 129 biomarker samples, 71 isotopes
17 samples and 854 surface geochemistry samples
BOUNDARIES
8° PANAMA
U.F
.S 8°
North- northwest: Present Caribbean coast
East: Romeral fault system (R.F.S.) 7° 7° NW SE
South: Cretaceous rocks of the Western Cordillera (WC) WC SINÚ SAN JACINTO
West: Uramita fault system (U.F.S.)

Corpa Fm.
Sincelejo Fm.
78° 77° 76° 75° 74° 73°
Pajuil Fm. Tubará Fm.
NEOGENE

SINÚ - SAN JACINTO BASIN Romeral Floresanto Fm.
Cármen
Fault system
Pavo Fm.
Ciénaga de Oro Fm.
NW Sinú Offshore Basin Sinú-San Jacinto Basin SE

Sea level Maralu Fm.
San Jacinto Fm.

Manantial Fm.
PALEOGENE
Candelaria Fm. Toluviejo
Chengue Fm.
Maco Fm.
San Cayetano Fm.
Cansona Fm.
CRETAC.
Oceanic basement
Oceanic Crust Continental Crust Paleogene Neogene Sandstones Shales Limestones Volcanic rocks
From Barrero et al., 2007 From Barrero et al., 2007
SINÚ - SAN JACINTO BASIN 124

Wells and Seeps
BARRANQUILLA
LAS PERDICES-4
1700000 LAS PERDICES-1
PERDICES WEST-1 CARACOLI-1
TUBARA-1
POLONUEVO-1 with geochemical information in the Sinú - San
MOLINERO-1 SANTA RITA-1
Jacinto Basin is 23.
MOLINERO-2
MANATI-1 Oil and gas seeps are located widespread in the

1650000 0 25 50Kms basin.
CARTAGENA
BALSAMO-2
GUAMO-1
1600000
A
SE
N
PORQUERA-1
EA
BB
RI
CA
1550000 TOLU-1
LORICA-1
SINCELEJO
SAN ANDRES A-1
SIN
O BA
1500000 CHINU-1
COLOMBOY-1
CINT
N JA
LA YE-1
MONTERIA
- SA
HECHIZO-1
1450000
SINÚ
FLORESANTO-1
FLORESANTO-6
PARUMAS-1
1400000
Oil and gas fields
Oil seeps
URA
1350000
RA Gas seeps
BÁ
E
ILL
RD
BAS
CO Undetermined seeps
RN
IN
TE Map datum: Magna Sirgas

1300000 ES Coord. origin: Bogotá Cities/Towns
W
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 950000
125 SINÚ - SAN JACINTO BASIN

Crude Oil Quality LEGEND

3 100
UNKNOWN
LAS PERDICES Fm.
A 90 B
80
70
tion
2
da
60
% Saturates
gra
% Sulfur
de
at 50
u
rity
Bio
rit
y
tu
Ma
40
1
30
20
10
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50
API Gravity API Gravity
0.8
0.7 Stability boundary

- Normal and light oils with API gravities ranging from 10° to 45° and sulfur content
below 2% are present in the basin. There is good correlation between sulfur and API
0.6
C gravity, with low API gravity oils having higher sulfur content than high API gravity
oils. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal maturities
C29 abb / C29 abb+aaa
and/or preservation (biodegradation) (Figure A).

0.5
- Additional supporting evidence of different thermal maturities and preservation of

0.4 the crude oils can be seen in the API gravity vs %Saturates graph. In this two trends,
one of low API gravity (<25°) in which saturates percentage diminishes as a result of
ity
biodegradation, and the other of high API gravity (>25°) in which saturates
ur
at
0.3 percentage increases with maturity (Figure B).

M
- The API Gravity vs C29aBB/C29aBB+aaa graph, shows that oils with high and low API
0.2 gravity has similar C29 isomerization levels suggesting similar thermal maturity, and
also that the low API gravity could be the result of biodegradation of a higher maturity
crude oil. (Figure C).
0.1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity


I
II
500 500
A B

300 300
200 200
III
100 100
Poor Generation Potential LEGEND

ARROYO SECO Fm.
CHENGUE Fm. IV
0 CIÉNAGA DE ORO Fm. 0
0 10 20 30 40 EL FLORAL Fm. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK) LURUACO Fm. Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
SAN CAYETANO Fm.
SINCELEJO Fm.
TOLUVIEJO Fm.
Immature Mature Overmature UNKNOWN
II I
600
C
0.5% Ro
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation
have good generation potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock). The
rest of Cenozoic all have poor generation potential in the basin (Figure A).
400
rock samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation have type II oil-prone
kerogen. For the rest of the Cenozoic units (San Cayetano, Toluviejo, Chengue, El
Floral, Luruaco, Ciénaga de Oro and Sincelejo formations) their samples are
1.35% Ro
indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen (Figure B).
200 - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples from
III the Cenozoic units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil generation peak
conditions in the basin (Figure C).
- The presence of a source rock with type II kerogen (Arroyo Seco Formation) in the
basin as shown by the pyrolysis data, suggests that the many oil seeps reported in the
basin could have origin , at least in part from this formation.
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


40 0
Immature Overmature
(Gas Window)
1000
A 2000 B
30 3000
Excellent
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
20 6000
7000
Very Good
8000
Oil Window
10 9000
Good 10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND ARROYO SECO Fm.

LEGEND CHINU-1
GUAMO-1
CHENGUE Fm.
MANATI-1
CIÉNAGA DE ORO Fm.
MOLINERO-1
EL FLORAL Fm.
MOLINERO-2
LURUACO Fm.
PORQUERA-1
SAN CAYETANO Fm.
SAN ANDRES A-1
SINCELEJO Fm.
SANTA RITA-1
TOLUVIEJO Fm.
TOLU-1
UNKNOWN
are samples from the Paleocene Arroyo Seco Formation with good to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg
HC/g rock and % TOC up to 9). There are samples with good to very good %TOC but poor S2 values of the Chengue,
Toluviejo and Ciénaga de Oro formations, which suggest that the labile portion of the kerogen is poor to generate liquid
hydrocarbons (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that in most wells the sedimentary sequence is immature or close to
early maturity in the basin, with fewer wells reaching higher levels of thermal maturity. (Figure B).
Paleocene rocks of the Arroyo Seco Formation. The rest of the Cenozoic rocks have poor oil generation potential.
Maturity data indicate that the sedimentary sequence has reached thermal maturity, explaining the very important
presence of oil seeps in the basin.

1000
A
Microbial gas
100 Dry gas

C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep LEGEND

gas UNKNOWN
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Bacterial
type fermentation
B Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples
indicate that most of the hydrocarbons are thermogenic,
10000 Predominantly formed mainly during oil generation window with minor
CO2 reduction
presence of high maturity hydrocarbons (gas generation
window) (Figure A).
C1/(C2+C3)
1000 Type II Kerogen Isotopic data indicates thermogenic origin and mixing
Microbial
oxidation between different thermal maturity hydrocarbons is also
indicated by the data (Figure B).
100
There are very few samples of microbial gas to consider
biogenic gas an important process in the basin.
10
Thermogenic
1
-100 -95 -90 -85 -80 -75 -70 -65 -60 -55 -50 -45 -40 -35 -30 -25 -20
d13C Methane (o/oo)


1 100
A B
n
ge
0.8 ero
K
Marine Deltaic III
pe
(CENOZOIC) Ty
ial
10 str II
er
re -I
T II t
Pristane / nC17
e n en
0.6 og en onm
K er g
ro ir
d Ke nv
ixe II g E
M pe in
Ty d u c
e
l, R
O
xid
a
Re
g
Al
ixi
du
ng
0.4
cing
ion
1 d at
ra
LEGEND eg
od
Bi
ity
0.2
CRUDE- PERDICES Nº 9
ur
CRUDE LAS PERDICES-1 at
Shelf Marine M
Marine Deltaic CRUDE- LAS PERDICES-4
(CRETACEOUS) CRUDE- FLORESANTO-6
CRUDE- SAN SEBASTIAN Nº 3
0 0.1
0 1 2 3 4 5 CRUDE- PERDICES Nº 8 0.1 1 10 100
Pristane / Phytane CRUDE- RÍO SINÚ Nº 4 Phytane / nC18
ROCK- ARROYO SECO Fm.
ROCK- CIÉNAGA DE ORO Fm.
ROCK- EL FLORAL Fm.
%C27 Steranes ROCK- TOLUVIEJO Fm.
100 0
C
90 10
oils from the San Sebastián-3, San Sebastián-2 and Río Sinú-4 wells have low oleanane
80 20
index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate well with rock extracts from
the Arroyo Seco Toluviejo and El Flora formationsl, suggesting that these units are the
70 30
PLANKTON sources for the hydrocarbons found in those wells. The oil from the San Sebastián-1
well has higher Pr/Ph value (>4) and seems to correlate well with rock extracts from
60 40
the Arroyo Seco Formation (Figure A).
MARINE
50 50
- The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph shows good correlation between the
40 60 crude oils found in the San Sebastián-1, San Sebastián-3, Perdices-10 and Floresanto-
6 wells with rock extracts from samples of the Arroyo Seco, Ciénaga de Oro, El Floral
ESTUARINES
30 70 and Toluviejo formations. Indicating that the oils have origin from terrestrial organic
matter and to a minor extent from mixed kerogen (type II-III), but additionally that
20 80 the crudes and rocks have similar thermal maturities (Figure B).
10 TERRESTRIAL
SUPERIOR
PLANTS
90 - The steranes ternary plot shows good correlation of crude oil from the Perdices-1
LACUSTRINE well with rock extracts from the El Floral formation, and that these rocks were
0 100 deposited in an estuarine to lacustrine environment (Figure C).
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0


3
LEGEND
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT
2
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
CRUDE- RIO SINU Nº 4
ROCK- ARROYO SECO Fm.
ROCK- CIÉNAGA DE ORO Fm.
ROCK- EL FLORAL Fm.
ROCK- TOLUVIEJO Fm.
1
0
0 2 4 6 8
The diasteranes/steranes vs Ts/(Ts+Tm) graph shows that the oils and rock extracts were generated from poor-clay rocks.
There is few crude and extracts information available for the basin, however some preliminary conclusions on the possible petroleum
systems active at the basin can be obtained from this data.
- The extracts from the Tertiary formations (Arroyo Seco, Ciénaga de Oro, El Floral and Toluviejo) have low oleanane index values (<
0.2), indicative of low terrestrial organic matter input from angiosperms.
- Most of the crudes in the basin have high olenanane index values (> 0.4), and high values of this index are indicative of high terrestrial
organic matter input and/or Tertiary age of the source rocks (Peters and Moldowan, 1993).
- Some crude oils correlate with the low oleanane extracts of the Tertiary formations, suggesting that these units could be the sources
for those oils, particularly those with Pristane/Phytane < 2 (Arroyo Seco and El Floral formations).
- From the existing information at the basin some hypothetical petroleum systems can be postulated: Arroyo Seco (.), Arroyo Seco
–Chengue (.), Arroyo Seco – Toluviejo (.), Arroyo Seco – Ciénaga de Oro (.), Toluviejo (.), Toluviejo – Chengue (.), Toluviejo – Ciénaga de
Oro (.), Ciénaga de Oro (.).

TUMACO BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
TUMACO BASIN
80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75°
Caribbean Sea
5° 5°
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
Pacific Ocean i n t e r p r e t e d f o r t h e Tu m a c o B a s i n
4° 4° includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
.
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
G.F.Z
Cali data from 94 samples taken in 2 locations;
3° 3°
WC samples from 2 locations were interpreted.
ECUADOR BRAZIL
19
PERU
2° 2°
Tumaco
1° 1° basin.
BOUNDARIES
0° 0°
North: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.) ECUADOR
East: Western Cordillera (WC) Volcanic rocks
South: Colombian-Ecuadorian border PERU
West: Coast line of the Pacific Ocean 80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75°
LINED03
COAST LINE
NW P-1982-6600S L-1973-43
TAMBORA-1
TB-1991-7810 SE
Pacific Ocean
0
3
DEPTH(Km)
9
0 10 Km
Estimated Basement depth Mud diapirs

Pliocene-Pleistocene Upper Miocene Middle Miocene Lower Miocene Upper Oligocene
Cretaceous Basement: Gorgona terrane Cretaceous Basement: Dagua Piñón terrane
133 TUMACO BASIN

Wells and Seeps
950000
BUENAVENTURA geochemical information in the Tumaco Basin is 2.
There are five seeps reported in the basin.

0 25 50Kms
900000
N
EA
OC
850000
C
C IFI
PA
800000
GUAPI
750000 REMOLINO GRANDE-1

RA
LE
DIL
R
CO
RN
700000
E
TUMACO
ST
MAJAGUA-1
WE
Oil seeps
Gas seeps
650000
Undetermined seeps
EC Cities/Towns
UA PASTO
DO
R Map datum: Magna Sirgas
500000 550000 600000 650000 700000
TUMACO BASIN 134


I
500 500 II
A B

400 400
300 300
200 200
III
100 100

LEGEND
IV
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 UNKNOWN 0 50 100 150 200 250

II I
600
C
0.5% Ro
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the potential source rocks in the basin have poor
generation potential (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
400
rock samples have type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV kerogen, with some samples
with higher Hydrogen Index, indicative of a type II-II kerogen (Figure B).
1.35% Ro - The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that samples in the
basin have reached early maturity conditions (Figure C).
200
III
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
135 TUMACO BASIN


40 0
A B
Immature Overmature
1000 (Gas Window)
2000
30 3000
Excellent
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
20 6000
7000
Very Good
8000
10 9000
Oil Window
Good
10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND LEGEND
MAJAGUA-1
UNKNOWN
REMOLINO GRANDE-1
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, the graph shows that the
samples have good to excellent organic matter contents (%TOC) but fair to poor S2 values, indicating that the labile
fraction of the kerogen is small and generation of important volumes of liquid hydrocarbons from these rocks might be
not very likely (Figure A).
maturity in the basin. (Figure B).
TUMACO BASIN 136

TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN
80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75°

Caribbean Sea 5° 5°
interpreted for the Tumaco Offshore Basin
PANAMA
VENEZUELA
Pacific Ocean includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
4° 4° data from 22 samples taken in 2 locations;
.
Pacific Ocean
COLOMBIA
G.F.Z Cali additionally 23 organic petrography
3° 3°
samples from 2 locations were interpreted.
.
.Z
P.S
C.
ECUADOR BRAZIL
20 Due to the lack of crude oil geochemical data,
PERU
2° 2°
Tumaco
basin.
1° 1°
BOUNDARIES
North: Garrapatas fault zone (G.F.Z.) 0° ECUADOR 0°
East: Present shoreline
South: Colombian-Ecuadorian border PERU
West: Trench of the Colombian Pacific subduction
zone (C.P.S.Z.) 80° 79° 78° 77° 76° 75°

NW SE
Time TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN
sec
0 Sea level
1
SHALE
SHALE DIAPIR
DIAPIR
2
Oceanic Crust Paleogene Neogene From Barrero et al., 2007
TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN 138

Wells and Seeps
900000 TAMBORA-1
0 25 50Kms
850000
SANDI-1
800000
GUAPI
750000
700000
TUMACO

300000 350000 400000 450000 500000 550000 600000 650000
Oil seeps
Gas seeps The number of wells and/or surface locations with

geochemical information in the Tumaco Offshore Basin is 2.
Cities/Towns
There are nine seeps reported in the basin.
139 TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN


0
I
II Immature Overmature
500 1000 (Gas Window)
A B
2000
3000
400
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
300
Oil Window
6000
7000
200
8000
9000
III LEGEND
100
10000
SANDI-1
TAMBORA-1
11000
IV LEGEND
0 12000
0 50 100 150 200 250 UNKNOWN 0.1 1 10
Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC) %Ro

II I
600
C - The Oxygen Index vs Hydrogen Index diagram (Van Krevelen diagram) shows that the
rock samples taken in the basin are indicative of type III gas-prone kerogen to type IV
kerogen (Figure A).
0.5% Ro
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary

sequence is immature to early mature in the basin. There are two samples
overmature off trend in the Tambora-1 well (Figure B).
400
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that the samples,
have reached early maturity conditions in the basin, in agreement with the %Ro data.
(Figure C).
1.35% Ro
200
III
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN 140

UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Crude Oil Quality
Chromatography
Generalities
UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN
Caribbean Sea
interpreted for the Upper Magdalena Valley Basin
.
.F.S
Pacific Ocean
PANAMA
B.S
VENEZUELA
Bogotá
Pacific Ocean GFB 3163 samples taken in 54 wells; additionally 827
IIbague
organic petrography samples from 43 wells were
COLOMBIA
21 interpreted.
ECUADOR BRASIL
Neiva
CC
PERU
F.S
G.
A.
samples, 1026 gas chromatography samples, 428
BOUNDARIES biomarker samples, 234 isotopes samples and 379
North: Girardot fold belt (GFB)
ECUADOR surface geochemistry samples were also
Northeast: The Bituima-La Salina fault system
(B.S.F.S.) interpreted.
Southeast: Partially the Algeciras-Garzón fault
system (A.G.F.S.)
West: Pre-cretaceous rocks of the Central From Barrero et al., 2007
Cordillera (CC)
ENVIRONMENT
MAIN FIELDS
PETROLEUM
PERIOD
SYSTEM
EPOCH LITHOSTRATIGRAPHIC UNITS LITHOLOGY
PALEO-
NEIVA SUB-BASIN
NW SE Quaternary Terraces, Aluvian Fans
Alluvial
Pliocene Guacacallo Fm., Lajar de Altamira and other Units
SAN JACINTO FAULT
CENTRAL Volcano-
MAGDALENA FAULT
CORDILLERA GUACACALLO
SALADO BLANCO
GARZON clastic
NEOGENE
ACEVEDO FAULT
HIGH GALLARDO HIGH MASSIF

4000 Gigante Fm. (Mesa) (lahars)
LA PLATA
SUAZA FAULT
MAGDALENA
FAULT
3000 RIVER Miocene Villavieja Fm. Fluvial Rio

FAULT
2000 Honda Group Ceibas

La Victoria Fm.
1000 Ktg Kv
Andalucia
0 Upper Barzalosa Fm. Lacustrine
PALEOGENE
Oligocene
-1000 Gualanday Group Doima Fm. Alluvial
-2000 Upper to mid. to Fluvial
Potrerillo Fm.
Eocene
Chicoral Fm.
Paleocene to Guaduala Teruel Fm. Fluvial
Taken from Fabre, 1995 Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005) Lower Eocene
Fm. / Group(Guaduas) San Francisco Fm.
to coastal
Plane
Maastrichtian Dina-K
Monserrate / La Tabla / Tobo Shallow
Precambrian Jurassic Cretaceous Paleogene Neogene Marine Tello
Guadalupe
“ Shale And Sands Level” Cebu
Upper Shale
Campanian Olini
Group
Platform
Shale Level /
Group to Marine
CRETACEOUS
Arenisca el Cobre
Santonian Lower Chert
SW GIRARDOT SUB-BASIN NE Coniacian Villeta La Luna Neritic
Turonian Group
Cenomanian Bambuca
2000 m
Upper Albian Tetuan
1000 m Yaguara
Mid. Aptian?- Shallow Marine San
Mid. Albian Caballos Fm. Fluvial Estuarine
Francisco
0 Balcon
Lower Aptian Fluvial
(Barremian) Yavi Fm. to Alluvial
-1000 m
Pre - Cretaceous Basement
(Saldaña Fm.)
Economic Basement
-2000 m
LITHOLOGY PETROLEUM SYSTEM
Taken from Montes, 2001 Color code according to the commission for the Geological Map of the World (2005)
Sandstones
Red and varicolored
Limestones Main Reservoirs
shales Secondary Reservoirs,
Seal And Sources.
Intrusive Igneous
Metamorphics Paleozoic Triasic-Jurassic Lower Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous Conglomerates Siliceous Shales Rocks Main Sources
Gray Shales Marl Vulcanites Main Seals
Paleogene Neogene
From Mora, J.A., 2003
UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN 142

Wells and Seeps
IBAGUE
GIRARDOT
geochemical information in the Upper Magdalena
950000 Valley Basin is 192.
0 25 50Kms
Ortega
Oil seeps are mainly located in the northern and
Tetuán
Venganza central parts of the basin.
900000
850000
A
ER
San Francisco
LL
Tello
DI
NEIVA
OR
800000
LC
A
ER
RA
Yaguará
ILL
NT
RD
CE
La Cañada
CO
750000
RN
E
ST
EA
700000 Oil and gas fields

FLORENCIA
Oil seeps
650000 Gas seeps
Undetermined seeps
MOCOA Map datum: Magna Sirgas Cities/Towns

600000
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
143 UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN

Crude Oil Quality LEGEND

3 API Gravity
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
CABALLOS Fm.
0
A CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
CHICORAL Fm. Biodegraded Oil
CHICORAL-ROSABLANCA Fm. 2000
DOIMA Fm. B
HONDA Gp.
GUADALUPE Fm. 4000
MONSERRATE Fm.
2
UNKNOWN
VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm. 6000
% Sulfur
M 8000
Depth (Feet)
at
ur
ity
10000
1
12000
14000
16000
0 18000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
API Gravity 20000
C Heavy to light oils with API gravities ranging from 10° to 40° and sulfur content
Anoxic Marine sulfur and API gravity, but there is a progressive decrease in sulfur content as API
gravity increases. This suggests that in the basin there are oils with different thermal
maturities,the more mature have higher API gravity and lower sulfur content; but
2 there are also crudes that having similar API gravities have different sulfur contents,
which might indicate biodegradation, increasing sulfur content, and/or different
% Sulfur
1 different API gravity oils can be found at similar depths, reflecting different
- The sulfur content of most crude oils is lower than 2%, and its Ni/V ratio below 0.5,
Lacustrine or Continental environment with low terrigenous organic matter input (Figure C).
0
0 1 2
Ni / V

100 0.6
LEGEND
A BAMBUCÁ Fm.
CABALLOS Fm. B
en
og
CABALLOS-TETUAN Fm.
Ker CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
II I CHICORAL Fm.
e CHICORAL-ROSABLANCA Fm.
yp
lT DOIMA Fm.
Marine Deltaic
t ria EL OCAL Fm.
s II (CENOZOIC)
rre -I HONDA Gr.
10 Te II t GUADALUPE Fm.
0.4
en en LA LUNA Fm.
og n m
ge n
er
Pristane / nC17
ro viro
MONSERRATE Fm.
K e OLINI Fm.
d K En
ixe II
e i ng
UNKNOWN
M p c VILLETA Fm.
Ty du VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
e
l, R
Ox
ga
idi
Re A l
x
d
ing
uc
n i ng
io
d at
1 ra
eg 0.2
od
Bi
y
u rit
at
M
Shelf Marine
Marine Deltaic
(CRETACEOUS)
0.1 0
0.1 1 10 100 0 1 2 3 4 5
2.5
C environment and have suffered low biodegradation. There are also some samples in
the mixed kerogen range, suggesting a source rock with terrestrial and marine
2
organic matter (Type II and III kerogens) deposited in more reducing conditions
(Figure A). The data also suggests variable preservation of the crude oils
(biodegradation).
C35 / C34 Hopane
1.5 - The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that
environments. There are some samples with low oleanane index values but high Pr/Ph
(>2) indicating that these oils were generated from source rocks deposited in marine
1
deltaic environments. The oleanane index has been also used as an age indicator of
0.5 Marine Deltaic - The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that
Shelf Marine most oil samples have Pr/Ph values below 2 and C35/C34 Hopane below 1, indicating
that these oils were generated from siliciclastic rocks deposited in a shelf marine
environment. Additionally there are some samples with low homohopane index but
higher Pr/Ph values (>2) indicative of siliciclastic rocks deposited in marine deltaic
0
environments (Figure C).
0 1 2 3 4 5
Pristane / Phytane

%C27
0 100
LEGEND
CABALLOS Fm.
UNKNOWN
50 50
VILLETA Fm.
100 0
0 50 100
%C28 %C29
The steranes ternary diagram (above) shows that C27 steranes predominate over C29 steranes in the oil samples , indicating higher presence
of marine organic matter than terrestrial organic matter in the source rocks.
- In summary the oils in the basin correlate with generating facies deposited during the Cretaceous in siliciclastic marine shelf environments,
with variable terrestrial organic matter input. The Cretaceous sedimentary sequence in the Upper Magdalena Valley includes units like the
Villeta and Olini groups that could match the generating facies indicated by the crude oils in the basin.

Ion 191.00 (190.70 to 191.70): E-SN-1F.D
50000
40000 Hopanes
Tricyclics
30000
20000
The Upper Magdalena crude oils are characterized by the presence of
low molecular weight paraffins and Pristane/Phytane ratio > 1.0. 10000
Time--> 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
Some crude oils, like the Hato Nuevo well, although having high API Fragmentogram m/z 191
gravity, shows low levels of biodegradation eliminating the low
molecular weight paraffins.
Ion 217.00 (216.70 to 217.70): E-SN-1F.D
Abundance
18000
16000
14000 Steranes
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
Time--> 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.00 55.00 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00
N-C8
Fragmentograms
N-C10 N-C15 Well Andalucía -34

N-C7 N-C20
34 °API
Pr
Ph
N-C15 Well Hato Nuevo
N-C20 37 ° API
N-C10 N-C25
Pr
N-C30
Ph
Chromatograms

800 1000
I
900
700 A B
800

600
700
500
II
600
400 500
400
300
300
200
LEGEND 200
100 BAMBUCÁ Fm.

Poor Generation Potential CABALLOS Fm. 100
III
and/or High thermal maturity CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
El OCAL Fm.
IV
PAYANDE Fm.
0 0
GUADALUPE Fm.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 LA LUNA Fm. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
S2 (mg HC / gROCK) OLINI Fm. Oxygen Index (mg CO2 / gTOC)
UNKNOWN
VILLETA Fm.
YAVÍ Fm.
I
1000
C
0.5% Ro
800
II
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Calizas de
Tetuán, Bambucá, La Luna and Villeta formations have good to excellent generation
600 potential (HI > 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 > 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
rock samples from the Cretaceous Caballos, Calizas de Tetuán, Bambucá, La Luna
400 and Villeta formations have type I - II oil-prone kerogen. Figure B).
1.35% Ro from the Cretaceous units mentioned, have reached early maturity to oil generation
peak conditions in the basin (Figure C).
200
III
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)


50 0
Immature Overmature
(Gas Window)
LEGEND
1000
A B UNKNOWN
2000 BALCON-6
40 BOGA-1
CHENCHE-1
3000 CHIPALO-1
COELLO-1
GUADALAJARA-1
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
HATO NUEVO-1
Excellent LA CANADA-1
30
Depth (Feet)
5000 LA LAGUNA-1
LIBANO-1
LOS MANGOS-1
6000
LOS MANGOS-31
LOS MANGOS-4
7000 OLINI-1
20
ORTEGA-1
ORTEGA-12
8000
OSO-1
PALERMO-2
Very Good 9000 PANTERA-1
Oil Window
PIGOANZA-1
10
PILU-1
10000
QUIMBAYA-2
Good RIO SALDANA-1
11000 RIO SALDANA-2
Fair ROSITA-1
Poor SAN FRANCISCO-50
0 12000
SANTA CLARA-2
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10 SUAREZ-1
%TOC %Ro TOCAIMA-1
TOLDADO-3
LEGEND TOLIMA-1
TOMOGO-1
TOY-1
BAMBUCÁ Fm. PAYANDE Fm. UNKNOWN
VENGANZA-1
CABALLOS Fm. GUADALUPE Fm. VILLETA Fm.
YAVI-1
CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm. LA LUNA Fm. YAVÍ Fm.
AMOYA-1
El OCAL Fm. OLINI Fm.
ANDINO-1
ESTAMBUL-1
are samples from Cretaceous units (Caballos, Calizas de Tetuán, Bambucá, La Luna and Villeta formations), with good
to excellent oil generation potential (S2 up to 50 mg HC/g rock and % TOC up to 10) (Figure A).
-The vitrinite reflectance (%Ro) information shows that the sedimentary sequence ranges from immature to oil
generation peak (Figure B).
Cretaceous rocks of the Caballos, Calizas de Tetuán, Bambucá, La Luna and Villeta formations. Tmax and %Ro maturity
data indicate that the Cretaceous oil-prone formations are mature for hydrocarbons generation in the basin.

Maximum Temperature (Tmax)
3
950000 950000
5 5
4 4
8
2
7 7
1 1
900000 900000 9
850000 850000
800000 800000
750000 750000
450°C
440°C
420°C
435°C
700000 700000
390°C
430°C
360°C
650000 650000
425°C
330°C
300°C
420°C
600000 600000
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000
Tetuán Fm. La Luna Fm.

LEGEND
1. BOGA-1 6. STRATIGRAPHIC-1
2. CHENCHE-1 7. TOLDADO-1
3. MICHÚ-1 8. TOY-1
Map datum: Magna Sirgas 4. PACANDE-1 9. YAVÍ-1
Coord. origin: Bogotá 5. ROSITA-1

Hydrogen Index
3
950000 950000
5 5
4 4
8
2
7 7
1 1
900000 900000 9
850000 850000
800000 800000
750000 750000
700000 700000
650000 650000
600000 600000
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000

LEGEND


3
950000 950000
5 5
4 4
8
2
7 7
1 1
900000 900000 9
850000 850000
800000 800000
750000 750000
10% wt 12% wt
10% wt
8% wt
700000 700000 8% wt
6% wt
6% wt
4% wt
4% wt
650000 650000
2% wt
2% wt
0% wt 0% wt
600000 600000
700000 750000 800000 850000 900000 700000 750000 800000 850000 900000

LEGEND

C2 + (%)
0 10 20 30 40 50
-75
Ro d CCH4
13

-70
-70 A
Immature / tertiary
Early T Crude oil gases
-65 gases
Late
-60 -60 to sapropelic organic
Diag
matter.
Tertiary basin
d13CCH4 (ppt)
0.5 humic organic matter
Mature / Mesozoic
TO
Ms
Md Deep Migration
TT(m)
Shallow
-40
Deep TC
1.2 -40 LEGEND
Md 2.0 TT(m)
-35 BALCON -8
DINA K-2
Mixed 3.0 DINA T -2
-30
-30 GIGANTE-1
MANGOS -3-SL
TT(h) 12% Ro 1.2
-25 TT(h) RIO CEIBAS -27
20% SAN FRANCISCO-57
2.0
30% TOLDADO-1
-20 3.0
Migration? VENGANZA -5
-20
4
Primary
cracking B
2 Open system trend

0
The samples taken in the Upper Magdalena Valley basin correspond to
crude oil gases.
cracking
- The C2+(%) vs d13C Ch4 (ppm) diagram (Schoell, 1983),
-4
suggests that the gas samples are thermogenic in origin with
0.9 - 1.1
Close system predominance of mixtures (Figure A).
-6 trend
Gas secondary cracking - The C2/C3 vs d13C C2 - d13C C3 diagram, suggest that the
-8 gas samples analized were originated by primary cracking (Figure B).
1.3 - 1.5
-10
-12
1.8 - 2.0
-14
Ro %
-16
0 4 8 12
C2 / C3 (mol/mol)

1000
LEGEND
Microbial gas
UNKNOWN
100 Dry gas

C1/(C2+C3)
Mixed deep
gas
Condensate Mixed
10
Oil
1
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
C2/(C3+C4)
Compositional data from surface geochemistry samples indicate that the hydrocarbons are thermogenic, formed mainly during late
oil and gas generation window (condensates) with minor presence of early oil hydrocarbons (gas generation window).


0.8 100
A B
en
er og
0.6 I II K
Marine Deltaic pe
(CENOZOIC) l Ty
t ria
10 s II I
rre I-
Te I nt
Pristane / nC17
n
ro ge en me
n
g
Ke er vi
o ro
d I K g En
ixe I
M pe in
0.4 Ty du c
e
l, R
O
xid
ga
Re
Al
ix
in
du
g
ci
on
ng
1 dat i
LEGEND ra
eg
iod
0.2 B
CRUDE- BAMBUCÁ Fm.
ity
tur
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm.
Ma
CRUDE- CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
CRUDE- CHICORAL Fm.
CRUDE- DOIMA Fm.
Shelf Marine Marine Deltaic CRUDE- HONDA Gp.
(CRETACEOUS)
CRUDE- LA LUNA Fm.
CRUDE- MONSERRATE Fm.
CRUDE- VILLETA Fm.
0 0.1
CRUDE-VILLETA - CABALLOS Fm.
0 1 2 3 4 5 ROCK- BAMBUCÁ Fm. 0.1 1 10 100

ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
Pristane / Phytane ROCK - CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm. Phytane / nC 18
ROCK- VILLETA Fm.
ROCK- LA LUNA Fm.
ROCK- HONDA Gp.
%C27 Steranes
100 0
C
90 10
oils from the Caballos, Monserrate-Guadalupe, Calizas de Tetuán and Honda
80 20 reservoirs have low oleanane index values (<0.2) and Pr/Ph values (<2), and correlate
well with rock extracts from the Caballos, Bambuca, Calizas de Tetuán, La Luna and
70 30 Villeta formations, suggesting that these units are the sources for the hydrocarbons
PLANKTON found in those reservoirs at the basin. Additionally the low oleanane values correlate
60 40 well with the Cretaceous age of the sources (Figure A).
MARINE
50 50 - The Phytane/nC18 vs Pristane/nC17 graph shows good correlation between the
crude oils found in the reservoirs mentioned above with rock extracts from samples of
40 60 the Caballos, Bambuca, Calizas de Tetuán, La Luna and Villeta formations. Indicating
ESTUARINES
that the oils have origin from terrestrial organic matter and to a minor extent from
30 70 mixed kerogen (type II-III), but additionally that the crudes and rocks have similar
thermal maturities (Figure B).
20 80
- The steranes ternary plot shows less correlation between crude oils and rock
10 SUPERIOR 90
LACUSTRINE TERRESTRIAL PLANTS extracts, because there are very few data from extracts in the basin, mainly from the
Cenozoic Honda Group, which is not considered a good and active source rock in the
0 100 basin (Figure C). The data suggests these oils were generated from rocks deposited in
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
an estuarine to marine environment


2 3
A B
1.6 DECREASING CLAY CONTENT (CARBONATES) OR
HIGH REDUCING CONDITIONS (ANOXIC)
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT

1.2
Ts/(Ts+Tm)
0.8
0.4
INCREASING CLAY CONTENT (SHALES) OR
0 0
0 1 2 3 0 2 4 6 8
LEGEND
- The Homohopanes Index (C35/C34 Hopane ratio) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows some correlation between
CRUDE- CABALLOS Fm. the crude oils from the Caballos, Monserrate-Guadalupe, Calizas de Tetuán and Honda reservoirs with rock
CRUDE- CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm.
CRUDE- CHICORAL Fm.
extracts from the Calizas de Tetuán, La Luna and Villeta formations, indicating also that these crudes were formed
CRUDE- DOIMA Fm. from rocks deposited in suboxic environments with variable clay content (Figure A).
CRUDE- HONDA Gr.
CRUDE- MONSERRATE Fm. - The Ts/(Ts+Tm) vs diasteranes/steranes graph shows good correlation between crude oils from the reservoirs
ROCK- BAMBUCÁ Fm. mentioned with rock extracts from the Calizas de Tetuán, La Luna and Villeta formations. Additionally this graph
ROCK- CABALLOS Fm.
ROCK- CALIZAS DE TETUÁN Fm. suggests that oils were formed from clay-poor rocks.
ROCK- HONDA Gr.
ROCK- LA LUNA Fm.
ROCK- VILLETA Fm. Crude - Rock correlations from samples at the basin suggest the following:
- Good correlation between crudes from the Caballos, Guadalupe/Monserrate, Doima, Chicoral and Honda
reservoirs and extracts from the Villeta and Caballos formations (low diasteranes/steranes, low Ts/Tm, C35/C34
hopane ratio < 1, low oleanane index, Pristane/Phytane < 2, and predominance of C27/C29 steranes).
- This indicates the presence of several active petroleum systems at the basin named as follows: Caballos (!),
Villeta Group - Caballos (!), Villeta Group - Monserrate/Guadalupe (!), Villeta Group - Doima (.),Villeta Group -
Chicoral (.), and Villeta Group - Honda (!).

URABÁ BASIN
Generalities
Wells and Seeps
Generalities
URABÁ BASIN
79° 78° 77° 76° 75° interpreted for the Urabá Basin
Caribbean Sea Caribbean Sea includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis
PANAMA
10° 10°
data from 3 samples taken in 1 location;
N.
VENEZUELA
P.D
.B
Pacific Ocean
samples from 1 location were interpreted.
COLOMBIA 9° 9°
PANAMA
SD
U.F.S
ECUADOR BRAZIL
8° 8°
PERU
22
basin.
M
.F
.
Pacific Ocean
7° 7°
BOUNDARIES WC
North-Northwest: Colombian-Panamá Boundary
East: Uramita fault system (U.F.S.) M.B. Medellin
South: Cretaceous rocks of the Western 6° 6°
Cordillera (WC)
Southwest: Mandé batholith (M.B.) and Murindó
fault 79° 78° 77° 76° 75°
West: Serranía del Darien (SD)

N.P.D.B. North Panama Deformed Belt
3°

SW
URABÁ BASIN NE Time
Inversion Transtension sec
Sea level 0

Oceanic Crust Paleogene Neogene
URABÁ BASIN 158
Wells and Seeps

1500000

1480000
with geochemical information in the Urabá Basin
is 1.
CARIBBEAN SEA There is one seep reported in this basin.

1460000 0 12.5 25Kms
1440000
NECOCLÍ
1420000
SIN
NECOCLI-1
Ú-
SAN
1400000
JAC
INT
TURBO
OB
1380000
ASI
N
APARTADÓ
1360000
CHIGORODÓ
1340000
Undetermined seeps
MU
1320000
RI
Cities/Towns
ND
Ó
FA
U
LT
1300000

1280000 Coord. origin: Bogotá
640000 660000 680000 700000 720000 740000

159 URABÁ BASIN

I II
500 500
A B

400 Excellent Generation Potential 400
300 300
200 200
III
100 100
LEGEND
IV
0 0
UNKNOWN
0 10 20 30 40 0 50 100 150 200 250

II I
600
C
0.5% Ro
(HI) and S2 peak, indicate that the potential source rocks have poor generation
potential in the basin (HI < 200mg HC/g TOC and S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock) (Figure A).
400
rock samples have type IV kerogen very poor for hydrocarbons generation (Figure B).
- The Tmax maturity parameter vs Hydrogen Index graph shows that samples are
1.35% Ro
immature to early mature in the basin (Figure C).
200
III
0
370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550
Tmax (oC)
URABÁ BASIN 160


40 0
Immature Overmature
A 1000
(Gas Window)
B
2000
30 3000
Excellent
S2 (mg HC / gROCK)
4000
Depth (Feet)
5000
20 6000
7000
Very Good
8000
10 9000
Oil Window
Good 10000
Fair 11000
Poor
0 12000
0 2 4 6 8 10 0.1 1 10
%TOC %Ro
LEGEND LEGEND
UNKNOWN
NECOCLI-1
- Organic content (%TOC) and S2 peak values indicate source rock oil generation potential, this graph shows that the
samples have poor oil generation potential (S2 < 5 mg HC/g rock and %TOC < 1) (Figure A).
maturity in the basin (Figure B).
The existing data is too few to drawn definite conclusions on the exploratory potential of the basin, and much more has
to be gathered to have a better idea on its real prospectivity.
161 URABÁ BASIN

References
BARRERO, D., PARDO, A., VARGAS, C., and MARTINEZ, J.F. (2007).
Colombian Sedimentary Basins: nomenclature, boundaries and
petroleum geology, a new proposal. Publicación Especial ANH. Bogotá.
92 p.
COOPER, M. A., ADDISON, F. T.,ALVAREZ, R., CORAL, M.,GRAHAM, R. H.,

HAYWARD A. B., HOWE, S., MARTÍNEZ, J., NAAR, J., PEÑAS, R., PULHAM,
A. J., and TABORDA, A. (1995) Basin Development and Tectonic History
of the Llanos Basin, Eastern Cordillera, and Middle Magdalena Valley,
Colombia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, V. 79,
No. 10, p. 1421–1443.
MAGOON, L. B., and DOW, W.G. (1994) The Petroleum System, in L.B.
Magoon and W.G. Dow, eds., The Petroleum System - From Source to
Trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 3- 24.
MOJICA J., CASTILLO H., BRICEÑO L., ARCE C., CUARTAS C., GÓMEZ C.,
JIMÉNEZ D., PEÑAFORT C., KHURAMA S., REY C., RESTREPO J., CERÓN
M.R., OSORNO J.F. (2009). Prospectividad de las cuencas ofrecidas para
la Ronda Abierta Colombia 2010. – Publicación Especial ANH. Bogotá.
116 p.
PETERS, K.E. and MOLDOWAN, J.M. (1993), The Biomarker Guide.

Interpreting Molecular Fossils in Petroleum and Ancient Sediments,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.
SCHOELL, M. (1983), Genetic Characteristics of Natural Gases. American

Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, Vol. 67, No. 12, p 2225-
2238.
WHITICAR, M. (1994). Correlation of Natural Gases with Their Sources.in

L.B. Magoon and W.G. Dow, eds., The Petroleum System - From Source to
Trap: AAPG Memoir 60, p. 261 - 283.
162
APPENDIX
ANH ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASE

DATA SOURCES
Data Sources
ARÉVALO, O,( 2010) Mapa de rezumaderos -compilación ANH. CHEVRON (1996). Anaconda-1. Evaluación geoquímica.
ANH (2008). Geoquímica de Superficie Proyecto Colombia Regional CHEVRON (1997). Geological Evaluation of The Sabana de Bogotá Basin,
Línea Sísmica Trasandina Anh-Tr-2006-4 A. 101 p. Eastern Cordillera, Colombia. 290 p.
AIPC (1992). Puli-2 Análisis Cromatográficos. CONTINENTAL (1972). Informe Geoquímico Pozo Chaparral-1.
AIPC (1998). Applying sorbed soil gas and microbial oil survey techniques CORE LAB (1979). Hydrocarbon source-bed evaluation well: San Diego
in the Guabina block (Upper Magdalena Valley, Colombia). no. 1. Texaco. 114 p.
AIPC (1998). Final Report Applying Sorbed Soil Gas And Microbial Oil CORE LAB (1982). Crude oil characterization putumayo basin, Colombia.
Survey Techniques In The Guabina Block (Upper Magdalena Valley, ECOPETROL.
Colombia). 251 p.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Acae-2. TEXACO.
AMOCO (1998). Source Rock and Seep Oil Extract Characterization North
Coast Colombia Mud Volcano Extracts, Seep Oils, and Cretaceous CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Bagre West-1.
ECOPETROL.
ANSON DRILLING (1987). Informe geológico final Las Parras-1.
PETROCANADA. 109 p. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Burdine-1. CAYMAN.
ARCO (1997). Seismic Reprocessing and Geochemical Analysis San Miguel CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Cafelina-1. TEXACO.
Área, Llanos Basin, Colombia. 66 p.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Caimán-1. TEXACO.
BHP (1987). Pore-1. Geochemical evaluation.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Caribe-4. TEXACO.
BIOSS (1998). Geochemical Analysis of Samples from Four Wells, Llanos
Orientales Basin, Colombia. HARKEN. 12 p. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Conejo-1. TEXACO.
BP (1985). Middle Magdalena Geochemistry. 26 p. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Dolores-1.
FARMLAND.
BP (1997). Current Geochemical Understanding of the Cusiana Field.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Evelyn-1. FARM
BPM-THE HAGUE (1957). Geochemical Investigations in Colombia LAND.
Investigations into the Origin of the Oils from the Cordillera-Llanos Area.
18 p. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Gavilan West-2
Cuenca del Putumayo, Colombia.
CENPES (1995). Assessment of gas origin for the caribe-1 and sucumbios-
1 gas accumulations, Putumayo basin, Colombia. ECOPETROL.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Hormiga-1x.
CENPES (1996). The petroleum system of the lower Magdalena basin, ECOPETROL.
Colombia: a geochemical characterization of oils and potential source
rocks. Petrobras. 118 p. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Las Chicas-1.
ECOPETROL.
CHEVRON (1992). Integrated Geologic and Seismic Interpretation Report
of The Sumapaz Area, Colombia. 51 p. CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Lucille-1. FARMLAND.
165
Data Sources
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Mandur-1. CORE LAB (1989). Oil Seep Characterization Cauca-Patio Area.
ECOPETROL. ECOPETROL. 23 p.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Mandur-3. CORE LAB (1990). Pitalito. Geochemical evaluation of cuttings samples
ECOPETROL. from the Pantera-10 Pantera-11 Pantera-1 and Oso-1 wells. Final report.
TEXACO. 32 p.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Nancy-1.
CORE LAB (1995). Geochemical Evaluation of Three Crude Oil Samples.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Orito Sur-1. ECOPETROL. 98 p.
ECOPETROL.
CORE LAB (1995). Geochemical Evaluation of Sixty Outcrops and Seven
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Orito-80. Seeps. 224 p.
ECOPETROL.
CORE LAB (1997). Tamauka-1 análisis geoquímico. OXY
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Puerto Asis-1.
ECOPETROL. CORE LAB (1998). Geochemical Evaluation of Sixty Two Outcrop Samples
from Colombia. 227 p.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Rio Mocoa-1. TEXACO.
CORE LAB (1998). Geochemical Evaluation of Twenty Outcrop Samples
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Rio Pescado-1. from Colombia. DEMINEX. 119 p.
TEXACO.
CORE LAB (1999). Regional Geochemical Study Crude Oils Llanos Basin,
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Rio Sevilla-1. Colombia. ECOPETROL. 79 p.
TEXACO.
CORE LAB (2001). Geochemical Evaluation of Three Crude Oils Sis, S5s,
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Setuko-1. CAYMAN. and S6e-St2 for Reservoir Continuity.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Sucumbios-2. CORE LAB COLOMBIA (2003). Geochemical Evaluation of Source Rocks
ECOPETROL. and Oil Seeps from the Tafura Block, Upper Magdalena Valley Basin,
Colombia. PETROBRAS. 178 p.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Tambor-1.
ECOPETROL. DGSI (1988). La Canada-1 Análisis Geoquímico. HOCOL.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Tucan-1. ECOPETROL. DGSI (1990). Estudio Geoquímico Sabana de Bogotá. ELF AQUITAINE.
CORE LAB (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Venado-1. TEXACO. DGS, (1990). Kerogen Microscopy of Twelve Isolated Kerogens Rio
Saldana-2 Well. HOCOL. 15 p
CORE LAB (1988). Informe Operacional y Técnico Año Calendario 1987
Contrato de Asociación La Plata. EUROCAN. DGSI (1994). Luna roja-1. Geochemical analysis. ECOPETROL.
CORELAB (1989). Castor-2 análisis cromatográfico. ESSO. ECOPETROL (1963). Suerte-1 Análisis de Hidrocarburos.
CORE LAB (1989). Evaluación Geoquímica De Dos Muestras De Crudo: ECOPETROL (1968). Suerte-1 Análisis Cromatográficos.
Csn-1c Y Csn-1m. ECOPETROL.
166
Data Sources
ECOPETROL (1971). Violo-3. Análisis de gas. ECOPETROL (1985). Suria-1 Análisis Cromatográfico de Gases.
ECOPETROL (1973). Corozal-1 evaluación roca madre. ECOPETROL (1986). Apiay-8 Análisis de hidrocarburos.
ECOPETROL (1973). Santos-27 Análisis Cromatográficos. ECOPETROL (1986). Proyecto N.W. de Colombia sector norte -
Evaluación estratigráfica de proyecto. 176 p.
ECOPETROL (1973). Santos-32 Análisis Cromatograficos.
ECOPETROL (1986). Suria Sur-1 Análisis Cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1976). Informe Geológico Final Pozo Uashir-1.
ECOPETROL (1987). Apiay-10 análisis de hidrocarburos.
ECOPETROL (1979. Almeja-1 Informe geoquímico. TEXPET.
ECOPETROL, (1987). Apiay-12 análisis cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1979).Suerte-12 análisis cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1980). Geochemical Characterization of a Group of
Petroleums from the Rio Magdalena Valley – Colombia. SOHIO ECOPETROL (1987). Austral-1 análisis cromatográficos.
PETROLEUM. 35 p.
ECOPETROL (1987). Evaluación Geológica Área Santa Ana – Guajira. 17
ECOPETROL (1982). Reevaluación Geológica de la Estructura p.
Cantagallo-Yarigui. 191 p.
ECOPETROL (1987). Toldado-1. Análisis PVT.
ECOPETROL (1988). Análisis cromatográfico. pozo "Suria sur no 3".
ECOPETROL (1982). Santos-41 Análisis Cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1988). Análisis cromatográfico. Quillacinga-1.
ECOPETROL (1983). Evaluación Geológica Arenas "C" Campo Cristalina.
85 p. ECOPETROL (1988). Apiay-8 análisis cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1984) Análisis cromatográfico Guayuriba-1. ECOPETROL (1988). Compilación de información pozos cuenca llanos
orientales pruebas producción y formación.
ECOPETROL (1984). Análisis cromatográfico Guayuriba-1.
ECOPETROL (1988). Quillacinga-1. Análisis muestras de fluido.
ECOPETROL (1984). Santos-50 Análisis Cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1988). Suria Sur-2 Análisis Cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1985). Guatiquia-1 Análisis Muestras De Fluidos.
ECOPETROL (1989). Toldado-4 Análisis de hidrocarburos.
ECOPETROL (1985). Guatiquia-1. Análisis muestra de fluidos.
ECOPETROL (1989). La Libertad-4 Análisis Cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL (1985). Revisión Geológica del Bloque Rio Ele. 98 p.
ECOPETROL (1989). Quilili-1 Chromatographic Analysis.
ECOPETROL (1985). Sumario Geológico y Operacional Pozo LVT-IX. 195
p. ECOPETROL (1989). Santa Clara Sur-2 Análisis Geoquímicos.
ECOPETROL (1985). Suria-1 Análisis de hidrocarburos. ECOPETROL (1990). Material Síntesis Cuenca de los Llanos Orientales.
35 p.
167
Data Sources
ECOPETROL (1990). Momposina-1 Análisis Cromatográficos. ECOPETROL (2003). Pacifico. Reevaluación programa geoquímico
pacifico-78. 248 p.
ECOPETROL (1991). Informe Geológico Final Pozo Sitionuevo-1.
ELF AQUITAINE (1985). Morichal-1. Evaluación roca madre.
ECOPETROL (1991). Yurilla-1 Análisis Cromatográficos.
ENERGY RESOURCE CONSULTANTS (1980). Organic Geochemistry of Las
ECOPETROL (1992). Guayuriba-1 Análisis Cromatográficos. Monas Oils and Cretaceous Outcrops, Colombia Oil-Oil and Oil-Source
Rock Correlations. CITIES SERVICES. 187 p.
ECOPETROL (1992). Análisis cromatográfico pozo Tanane-3.
ESSO (1987). Los Mangos-4 Análisis Geoquímicos.
ECOPETROL (1992). Pozo: Hechizo-1 Servicio de Registro Continuo de
Hidrocarburos. ESSO (1988). Rio Ceibas-1 Análisis Geoquímicos.
ECOPETROL (1993). Análisis cromatográfico Monserrate-1. ESSO (1990). Libano-1 Análisis Geoquímicos.
ECOPETROL (1994). Galeron-1. Geochemical characterization. ESSO (1991). Tierrafirme-1 Final Report. 100 p.
ECOPETROL (1994). Integrated Technical Evaluation Santander Sector EUROCAN (1990). Cormichoque-1 Análisis Geoquímico.
Colombia. 125 p.
EXXON (1985). Geochemical Study of Oil Samples from the Llanos Basin,
ECOPETROL (1995). Geochemical Evaluation of the Boga-1 Well Colombia. INTERCOL. 31 p.
Colombia.
EXXON (1988). Hydrocarbon Source Potential of Santa Clara Sur-1 Well.
ECOPETROL (1996). Prospecto Lengupa. Cuenca Llanos Orientales. 27 p.
Bloque Medina. 74 p.
EXXON (1994). Delta-Log-R Source Rock Evaluation of 6 Well In
ECOPETROL (1996). Tierra Negra. Geochemical study of rock samples Colombia, Ecopetrol Protocol Project; Delta Log-R Stratigraphic Cross
from the Tierra Negra Llanos Orientales basin. 84 p. Section Llanos Foothills Protocol Area.
ECOPETROL (1997). Evaluación Regional Geológica y Geofísica de la EXXON PRODUCTION RESEARCH COMPANY (1971). Suesca norte-1.
Cuenca del Putumayo. Análisis geoquímico. ESSO. 48 p.
ECOPETROL (2001). Determinación de la Madurez Termal en el Pozo GEMS (2002). Caracterización geoquímica detallada de los
Mucurera-3. 26 p. hidrocarburos gaseosos de las cuencas: Llanos Orientales, Catatumbo y
Valle del Magdalena. ECOPETROL.
ECOPETROL (2001). Proyecto Evaluación Crudos Pesados Cuenca del
Valle Superior del Magdalena. 23 p. GEMS (2003). Evaluación Geoquímica de Rocas, Extractos e
Impregnaciones del Pozo ANDINO-1 (VSM). NEXEN.
ECOPETROL (2001). Proyecto Nacional de Crudos Pesados. 81 p.
GEMS (2006). Estudio de Prospección Geoquímica de Superficie del TEA
ECOPETROL (2002). Definición de Eventos de Generación de EL TIGRE – LLANOS. HOCOL.
Hidrocarburos en la Subcuenca de Girardot, Valle Superior del
Magdalena.
168
Data Sources
GEMS (2006). Estudio de Prospección Geoquímica de Superficie del TEA GEOSERVICES (1993). Volcanera-1 Análisis Geoquímico. MAXUS.
GUEPARDO – LLANOS. HOCOL.
GEOTRACK (2002). Cretaceous outcrop samples. El Descanso block.
GEMS (2007). 2061936 Convenio Fonade 95080. Caracterización Colombia geochemistry data. Geochemistry data and interpretive
geoquímica de rocas y crudos de las cuencas: Cesar-Ranchería, Sinú-San report. PETROBRAS.
Jacinto, Choco; 3 Vol. ANH.
GEOTRACK (2002). Outcrop Samples Muisca Block, Colombia
GEMS (2008). Río Ariari. Estudio de prospección geoquímica de Geochemistry data and interpretive report. NEXEN. 87 p.
superficie. PETROMINERALES.
GHK (1996). Rio Seco Association Contract Geological Studies. 162 p.
GEO MICROBIAL TECHNOLOGIES (2000). Microbial Oil Survey Technique
(Most) and Sorbed Soil Gas (SSG) Analysis, Baja Guajira Area, Guajira GSI (1987). Near-Surface Light Hydrocarbon Gas Survey Northern Tesalia
Basin. 97 p. Area La Plata Concession Huila Department Colombia. EUROCAN.
GEOCHEM (1976). Crude Oil-Parent Rock Correlation Study Upper HALLIBURTON (2006). Anexo f. 7.16 proyecto de crudos pesados - cuenca
Magdalena Valley Basin Colombia. COLBRAS. Llanos. Caracterización geoquímica regional para el Terciario y
Cretácico.
GEOCHEM (1977). Estudio Geoquímico de las Muestras y del Petróleo del
Pozo Unete-1 (Cuenca De Los Llanos). ECOPETROL. HERITAGE (1998). Mateguafa-1. Informe geológico final.
GEOCHEM (1979). Informe Geoquímico Pozo San Pedro-1. CONTINENTAL. HGA (1999). Estudio Geoquímico de Superficie Aplicando la Técnica
Sorbed Soil Gas (SSG) en el Bloque Sarare, Colombia. OMIMEX.
GEOCHEM (1980). Estudio Geoquímico Integrado de La Cuenca del Valle
Inferior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. HGA (2000). Informe Gasometría y Anomalías De C02 Bloque San Gabriel-
Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL.
GEOCHEM LABORATORIES INC. (1981). Geochemical Analysis of Patía
Basin Outcrop Samples. ECOPETROL. 5 p. HGA (2001). Alcatraz. Informe final. Estudio gasométrico Bloque
Alcatraz. Cuenca Sinú - geoquímica de superficie. ECOPETROL.
GEOESTUDIOS (2008). Levantamiento de Columnas Estratigráficas y
realización de análisis petrográficos, petrofísicos, bioestratigráficos, y HGA (2005). Estudio Geoquímico de Superficie TEA Guaimaral - VIM.
geoquímicos en las áreas Pasto - El Bordo, Cali - Buga, y Buga - Cartago HOCOL.
(Cuenca Cauca - Patía). 411 p.
HGA (2005). Informe de adquisición de muestras de campo. Estudio
GEOLOGING (2000). Caracterización geoquímica de la secuencia Geoquímico de Superficie, Cuenca Cauca-Patía. 70 p.
cretácica como roca fuente de hidrocarburos en la cuenca valle del
Cauca – Patía. ECOPETROL. 119 p. HGA (2005). Estudio Geoquímico de Superficie, Cuencas Cesar-
Ranchería y Sinú - San Jaciinto. 92 p.
GEOPETROCOL (1998). Base de datos geoquímica básica proyecto cesar-
Ranchería/pozo Compae-1. ECOPETROL. HGA (2005). Estudio Geoquímico de Superficie, Cuencas Cordillera
Oriental ,área Soapaga y Cuenca Chocó, área San Juan. 975 p.
GEOPETROCOL (1998). Base de datos geoquímica básica muestras
diversas del proyecto cesar-Ranchería. ECOPETROL. HOCOL (1982). Dina Tertiary-30 Análisis Cromatográficos.
GEORESPONSE (1991). Evaluación Exploratoria del Área del Atlántico. HOCOL (1984). Hato Nuevo-1 Análisis Cromatográficos.
ECOPETROL. 123 p.
169
Data Sources
HOCOL S.A. (1987). Tenay- 1 análisis de hidrocarburos. ICP (1995). Evaluación Geoquímica Muestras de Afloramiento y Pozo
Arauca-1 Proyecto Ecopetrol-Corpoven Sector Arauca. ECOPETROL.
HOCOL (1988). Guarapito-1. Maturity and kerogen composition.
ICP (1995). Geoquímica de Producción Campos Loro-Hormiga-Acae
HOCOL (1988). Ilona-1 Análisis Geoquímicos. Cuenca del Putumayo. ECOPETROL. 71 p.
HOCOL S.A. (1988). Pigoanza-1 análisis geoquímico. ICP (1996). Evaluación Geoquímica Cuenca Putumayo. 67 p.
HOCOL (1988). Santa Clara-1 Chromatographic Analysis Final Report. ICP (1996). Definición de los Sistemas Petrolíferos del Valle Medio del
Magdalena. ECOPETROL.
HOCOL (2004). Pirolisis Rock-Eval Vi Pozos Tesalia-1, Cerro Buenavista-
1, Pedernal-1. 7 p. ICP (1996). Evaluación Geoquímica de la Prueba MDT 16665' Pozo
Coporo-1 Cuenca Llanos Orientales. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1982). Evaluación Geoquímica Pozo Escuela-1 Valle Superior del
Magdalena. GHK. 32 p. ICP (1996). Evaluación Geoquímica de Las Pruebas MDT Pozo Coporo-1
Cuenca Llanos Orientales. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1988). Análisis cromatográficos. pozo "Pompeya no. 1".
ICP (1996). Evaluación Geoquímica Pozos Ortega-13 Pacande Sur-1 y
ICP (1988). Pompeya-1 análisis de hidrocarburos. Guasimo-1 Cuenca Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. 40 p.
ICP (1988). Resultados Análisis de Crudo, Pozos "Suria Sur 2" y "Apiay 13". ICP (1997). Coporo-1. Evaluación geoquímica (pruebas DST).
ECOPETROL. 79 p. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1988). Guatiquia-2 análisis de hidrocarburos. ICP (1997). Coporo-1. Evaluación geoquímica (roca madre).
ECOPETROL.
ICP (1989). Informe Proyecto Servicios Quimbaya-2. ECOPETROL. 265 p.
ICP (1997). Evaluación Geoquímica Crudos Segundo-1 Y Quintero-2
ICP (1990). Evaluación del Potencial de Hidrocarburos de La Cuenca Manaderos Fb1 Y Fb2 Cuenca VSM. ECOPETROL. 39 p.
Valle Inferior del Magdalena, Subcuenca de Plato A Través Del Modelo
Computarizado Rasp. ICP (1997). Evaluación Geoquímica de las Pruebas DST 1 Pozo Coporo-1
Cuenca de los Llanos Orientales Informe Preliminar. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1990). Proyecto Patía. Anexo geoquímico. ECOPETROL. 87 p.
ICP (1997). Evaluación Geoquímica Pozos 1ppm2-5ppi3 Formación Umir.
ICP (1992). Evaluación Geoquímica del Área Remolino-Pivijay. 19 p. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1993). Evaluación Geoquímica de dos Muestras de Manadero y un ICP (1997). Evaluación geoquímica pozos Buenos Aires x-14 y Florena-1
Aceite Contenido en Roca Ígnea de La Cuenca del Putumayo. piedemonte - cuenca Llanos Orientales. ECOPETROL.
ECOPETROL. 11 p.
ICP (1997). Evaluación geoquímica pozos Buenos Aires x-14 y Florena-1.
ICP (1994). Evaluación Geoquímica Cuenca del Valle Superior del Piedemonte-cuenca llanos orientales. ECOPETROL. 131 p.
Magdalena Fase 1. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1997). Evaluación Geoquímica Pruebas DST Pozo Coporo-1.
ICP (1995). Caracterización de crudos y aguas distrito alto magdalena. ECOPETROL.
ECOPETROL.
170
ICP (1997). Evaluación Geoquímica Sección Geológica Mesitas del ICP (2001). Evaluación geoquímica del Bloque Altamizal. Cuenca del
Colegio Pozo Anaconda-1 Pozo Tamauca-1. ECOPETROL. 61 p. Valle Superior del Magdalena. SIPETROL. 105 p.
ICP (1997). Evaluación Regional de La Cuenca Yari-Caguan. ECOPETROL. ICP (2001). Evaluación geoquímica del bloque San Antonio. Valle
166 p. Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. 128 p.
ICP (1998). Evaluación Geoquímica Muestras de Afloramiento Formación ICP (2001). Evaluación geoquímica del Cretácico Superior en la
Payande Oil Seep - Cuenca Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. 26 Subcuenca de Girardot. Anexo 1 análisis TOC y pirolisis. ECOPETROL. 58
p. p.
ICP (1998). Evaluación Geoquímica Pozo Florentina-1 (Intervalo 7830'- ICP (2001). Evaluación geoquímica muestras de aceite rezumaderos
9150') Cuenca Valle Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL. bloque San Gabriel y estudio petrológico. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1998). Evaluación geoquímica pozo Alpujarra_1 intervalo (30`- ICP (2001). Evaluación Geoquímica Preliminar de Crudos Pesados en la
5440´). ECOPETROL. 48 p. Cuencas Llanos-Yary-Caguan-Putumayo y VMM. ECOPETROL. 53 p.
ICP (1998). Evaluación geoquímica pozo Alpujarra-1(intervalo 30'-5440') ICP (2001). Evaluación y Modelamiento Geoquímico de la Formación Iró
Formación Guadalupe sección geológica Río Venado norte del Huila- Subcuenca San Juan (Chocó). ECOPETROL. 211 p.
sección geológica vereda Montellano piedemonte occidental de la
Cordillera Oriental. ECOPETROL. 48 p. ICP (2001). Generación y expulsión de Hidrocarburos en la cuenca de
Catatumbo. ECOPETROL. 100 p.
ICP (1998). Evaluación geoquímica quebrada San Antonio-Vara Santa,
carretera a San Luis de Gacebo, Rio Lengupa y La Colorada. Piedemonte ICP (2001). Valle Superior del Magdalena. Correlación geoquímica de
llanero de la cordillera oriental. ECOPETROL. 22 p. crudos de las provincias petrolíferas: Valle Superior del Magdalena,
Putumayo, geoquímica Marañón geoquimica1 geoquimica2: informe
ICP (1998). Evaluación Geoquímica Sección Geológica Escuela La Rosita final. ECOPETROL. 65 p.
Formación La Frontera. ECOPETROL. 15 p.
ICP (2002). Cinética de la materia orgánica y caracterización
ICP (1999). Evaluación Geoquímica de Secciones Estratigráficas en el geoquímica de las rocas madre en la sección de la qda. Bambucá-Neiva.
Sector de Tauramena. ECOPETROL. 49 p. ECOPETROL.
ICP (1999). Evaluación Geoquímica de Los Pozos Nilo_1 (1110-3960) y ICP (2002). Evaluación Geoquímica del Área de Cayos. ECOPETROL. 32 p.
Susana_1 (100-3810). ECOPETROL.
ICP (2003). Caracterización geoquímica y correlaciones crudo-roca en la
ICP (2000). Estudio Geoquímico de Gases de la Guajira. ECOPETROL. cuenca Catatumbo. ECOPETROL.
ICP (2000). Evaluación Geoquímica Pozos Mero - 1 (980´ - 15710´) Y San ICP (2003). Evaluación de Crudos en las Cuencas Llanos Orientales y Valle
José - 1 (870´ - 15330´) Cuenca Baja y Alta Guajira. ECOPETROL. Superior y Medio del Magdalena, Colombia: Caracterización Geoquímica
e Implicaciones Exploratorias. ECOPETROL.
ICP (2001). Evaluación Geoquímica de los Pozos Floreña-N2f, Floreña-3f
Y Golconda-1.Cuenca de Llanos Orientales. BP. 108 p. INTERCOL (1983). Marsella-1. Geochemical study.
ICP (2001). Evaluación Geoquímica de Muestras de Roca y un INTERCOL (1987). Geochemistry of Core and Cuttings Samples from the
Rezumadero de la Subcuenca Patía. ECOPETROL. 150 p. Tame-2 Well, Llanos Basin, Colombia.
171
Data Sources
INTERCOL (1990). Necocli-1. Análisis geoquímico. OXY (1986). Contrato de asociación Cravo Norte campo de Caño Limón
INTERCOL (1998). Evaluación Geoquímica Pozo Sm-4 (Intervalo 540'- OXY (1986). Review of Caño Limon Crude Oil Geochemistry. 60 p.
12940') Cuenca Llanos Orientales.
OXY (1989). Geochemical Evaluation of Three Outcrop Samples and Two
INTERSCIENCE (1990). Preliminary Discussion of Oil Samples From Surface Seep Samples Cauca Patio, Colombia.
Torayaco #1, Nancy #1 and Burdine #4 Putumayo Basin, Colombia.
ARGOSY. OXY (1991). Evaluation of Source Rock Potential of Outcrops Samples
Cauca Patía, Colombia. 91 p.
INTERSCIENCE (1991). Organic Geochemistry of Oil Samples from
Putumayo Basin, Colombia. ARGOSY. 46 p. PERENCO (1977). Piedras-1 Análisis Cromatográficos.
INTEVEP (1985). Estudio Geoquímico del Pozo Lvt-2x Estado Apure. PERENCO (1979). Bunde-1. Análisis geoquímicos.
ECOPETROL.
PERENCO. Guarilaque-1 análisis geoquímicos.
INTEVEP (1986). Estudio Geoquímico Orgánico del Pozo Gf-5x Estado
Apure. CORPOVEN. PETROBRAS (1987). Central middle Magdalena Valley Basin, Colombia;
petroleum evaluation: de mares - Sogamoso - Cristalina áreas.
INVESTIGACIONES GEOTECNICAS (1995). Geochemical Report Rio Blanco
SW Surface Sample And Oil Seep Evaluation. CHEVRON. 22 p. PETROBRAS (1992). Geochemical evaluation of the el Olivo well (Upper
Magdalena Basin, Colombia). 121 p.
KOCH (1981). Final report Barranquilla no. 1.
PETROBRAS (1998). Reservoir Geochemistry of the Dina-T Oil Field,
LASMO (1986). Geochemical Evaluation of the Santiago-2 Well, Upper Magdalena Basin. 134 p.
Colombia.
PETROBRAS (1998). Santero Área Surface Geochemical Survey Report.
LASMO (1986). Santiago-4 Análisis de Hidrocarburos.
PETROBRAS (1999). A geochemical evaluation of oil samples dst-2a, dst-
LASMO (1990). El Palmar-1 y Los Trompillos-1. Análisis geoquímico. 4 and dst-5 from the Chenche-1 well, Upper Magdalena Valley,
Colombia.
LASMO. Guepaje-1. Geochemical analysis.
PETROBRAS (2003). Geochemical Evaluation of Outcrop Samples from
LL&E (1989). Los Teques-1 análisis geoquímico. the Rio Guape Block, Colombia. 226 p.
NEW VENTURES STAFF (1978). Evaluation of the Arboletes Contract Area, PETROCANADA (1990). Cauca-patía surface oil seep.
Colombia S.A. CITIES SERVICES.
PETROCOL (1980). Maicao-1. Análisis geoquímico.
OXY (1982). El Miedo-1. Informe final de perforación.
PETROMINEROS. Bituima-2 análisis de fluidos.
OXY (1982). Geochemical final well report occidental of Colombia inc.
Well Arauquita no.1. ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1960). Capote-1. Análisis geoquímicos.
COLCITCO.
OXY (1982). San joaquin-1. Análisis de hidrocarburos.geología de
producción.
172
Data Sources
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1977). Report on a Petroleum Geochemical and SERVIGECOL (1997). Control geológico líneas sísmicas, bloque
Petrographic Study of The Tauramena - 2x Well, Eastern Llanos Basin, Boquerón. LASMO.
Colombia. ECOPETROL. 148 p.
SGL (1991). Interpretación Geológica de la Información Sísmica de la
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1979). Geochemical Evaluation of Rondon-1, Subcuenca del Ranchería. ECOPETROL. 32 p.
Corozal-1, and La Heliera-1, Wells, Llanos Basin, Colombia. ECOPETROL.
126 p. SOHIO PETROLEUM (1983). Informe Final Concesión de Opón Valle Medio
del Rio Magdalena Colombia. HOUSTON OIL. 34 p.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1979) Fuerte-1 análisis geoquímico. COLCITCO.
SUMARK (1979). Geochemical Report El Morro-1 Well. ECOPETROL. 61
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1981). Guayabito-1. Geochemical analysis of p.SUN OIL (1986). Palma Real-1 Análisis Geoquímicos.
outcrop samples from Colombia. NATOMAS. 28 p.ROBERTSON RESEARCH,
(1982). Guayabito Geochemical Analysis of Outcrop Samples from SUNMARK (1977). Santiago-1. Análisis geoquímico. ELF AQUITAINE.
Middle Magdalena Valley Colombia, Sogamoso Area. NATOMAS. 24 p.
SUNMARK (1979). La Gloria-1. Análisis geoquímico. INTERCOL.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1985). Pato-1. Geochemical analysis. SUN OIL.
SUNRAY (1982). Organic Geochemistry of the La Esmeralda No.1. 72 p.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1985). La Cabana-1 análisis geoquímico. UNION
TEXAS. TENNECO (1969). Dina Tertiary-1 Análisis de Hidrocarburos.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1986). Geochemical, Petrographic and TEXACO (1977). Cartagena-2. Análisis geoquímico.
Petrophysical Evaluation of Paleozoic Core Piece Samples From Selected
Wells, Llanos Basin Colombia, Phase II. TEXACO (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: Azul Grande-2.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC (1986). Gas chromatograms of alkaline TEXACO (1982). Evaluación de Roca Madre Pozo: El Tigre-1.
fractions of oils llanos and Magdalena Basins: geochemical study - Llanos
and middle Magdalena Basins, Colombia. TEXACO (1986). Arimena-1. Geochemical evaluation.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC. (1986). Gas Chromatograms of Alkaline TEXACO (1986). Contrato de asociación Nare solicitud reconocimiento
Fractions of Oils Llanos and Magdalena Gas1: Geochemical Study - Llanos campo Nare información adicional y soporte técnico.
and Middle Gas0 Gas2, Colombia.
TEXACO (2003). Informe Técnico Actividades Año 2001 Asociación
ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC. (1986). Gas Chromatograms of Macuira Costa Afuera Guajira. 57 p.
Unfractionated (Whole) Oils Llanos and Magdalena: Geochemical Study -
Llanos and Middle Magdalena Gas1, Colombia. TEXACO. Ortega-1 Análisis de Hidrocarburos.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH INC. (1986). Gas Chromatography - Mass TEXICAN (1998). Informe Técnico Anual Año Calendario 1997 Contrato
Spectrometry Traces Of Oils Llanos And Magdalena Basins. De Asociación Maracas Cuenca Cesar Ranchería. 49 p.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1987). Results of Surface Geochemical Survey in THE ROBERTSON GROUP (1989). Almagro-1. Análisis geoquímico.
the Cirama Area, Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. ECOPETROL. REPSOL.
ROBERTSON RESEARCH (1993). Geology of the Rio Blanco Block, TOTAL (1995). Geochemical data available in Paleozoic. Llanos basin
Colombia. CHEVRON. 117 p. Colombia.
173
Data Sources
TRINITY (1997). Farallones. Surface geochemical evaluation. WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL CORE LABORATORIES (1991). San
Preliminary data report. Francisco Field Crude Oil Analysis Final Report. HOCOL. 4 p.
TROPICAL OIL (1905). De mares concesión general geological le Hers WESTPORT (1999). Detailed Characterization of Cusiana Oils. BP-
1928-1939. AMOCO.
UIS (1988). Evaluación del Potencial Hidrocarburifero de Las Subcuencas

Chimare y Portete en la Alta Guajira. ECOPETROL. 116 p.
UNION TEXAS (1986). Final Geological Report La Maria-1. 660

p.UNIVERSIDAD DE AMERICA (1998). Delimitación de Las Zonas
Potencialmente Generadoras de La Formación Villeta en el Valle
Superior del Magdalena. ECOPETROL.
UNIVERSIDAD DE CALDAS - ANTEK S.A. (2009). Geoquímica Orgánica de

Slim Holes, Cuenca Sinú - San Jacinto. 47 p.
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL (1995). Análisis geoquímico de las formaciones

prealbianas Fomeque y Tibasosa en un área al norte de Tunja entre los
municipios de pesca, Nobsa, Santa rosa de Viterbo, Belen y Beteitiva.
ECOPETROL
UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL (1995). Evaluación geológica y geoquímica de

las unidades del cretáceo superior, como posibles rocas generadoras de
hidrocarburos. En el área comprendida entre Tunja y Paz de Rio Boyacá
(Colombia). Ecopetrol. 118 p.
WEBB (1982) Análisis cromatográficos pozo Escocia-2.
WEBB (1982). Escocia-2 Análisis Cromatograficos-1.
WEBER, F., (1990). Geochemical evaluation of the Corrales no. 1 well,

eastern cordillera, Colombia. ESSO.
WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL (1992). Field: Santa Clara Crude Oil

Analysis Final Report. HOCOL. 9 p.
WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL CORE LABORATORIES (1989). Informe

Operacional y Técnico Año Calendario 1989 Contrato de Asociación
Salado blanco. EUROCAN.
WESTERN ATLAS INTERNATIONAL CORE LABORATORIES (1989). Western

Atlas International Core Laboratories. MAXUS. 7 p.
174
Volume 14, Special Edition December 2010
Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia

Second Edition
%SATURATE
0 100 II I
By: Roberto Aguilera1, Víctor Sotelo1, Carla Burgos1, Carolynna Arce2, Clemencia Gómez2, Jairo Mojica2, Hardany Castillo2, Diana Jiménez2 and José Osorno2
1 2
RA GEOLOGIA E.U. and ANH
600
0.5% Ro
INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 1
METHODOLOGY...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
CAGUÁN - PUTUMAYO BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5
400
CATATUMBO BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 20
50 50 CAUCA-PATIA BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
CESAR - RANCHERÍA BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 39
CHOCÓ BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 47
1.35% Ro
EASTERN CORDILLERA BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 53
200 EASTERN LLANOS BASIN..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 61
III
D
GUAJIRA BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 77
E GUAJIRA OFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
C LOS CAYOS BASIN ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 89
E LOWER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN.............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 93
100 0
M MIDDLE MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 105
0 50 100 0 B SINÚ OFFSHORE BASIN......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118
%AROMATIC %NSO 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510 530 550 E SINÚ - SAN JACINTO BASIN.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 123
Tmax (oC) R
TUMACO BASIN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 132
TUMACO OFFSHORE BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 137
2 UPPER MAGDALENA VALLEY BASIN................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141
URABÁ BASIN............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 157
1 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 162
0 APPENDIX - ANH ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY DATABASE DATA SOURCES ......................................................................................................................................... 164

Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Volume 14, Special Edition December 2010

Organic Geochemistry Atlas of Colombia

Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)

ORGANIC GEOCHEMISTRY ATLAS OF COLOMBIA

In a short time we are here again to offer you a new version of

We let the answers to our readers, from whom we hope to

Eastern Cordillera Basin.......................................................................................................................... 53

Eastern Llanos Basin............................................................................................................................. 61

Guajira Offshore Basin........................................................................................................................... 83

Los Cayos Basin.................................................................................................................................. 89

Lower Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 93

Middle Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 105

Sinú Offshore Basin............................................................................................................................... 118

Sinú-San Jacinto Basin........................................................................................................................... 123

Tumaco Basin...................................................................................................................................... 132

Tumaco Offshore Basin.......................................................................................................................... 137

Upper Magdalena Valley Basin................................................................................................................. 141

Urabá Basin........................................................................................................................................ 157

Appendix - ANH Organic Geochemistry Database Data Sources.............................................................................. 164

Includes geochemical information, from 18 basins,

- Crude Oil Quality: Crossplots of quality-related, bulk Poor 0 - 0.5 0 - 2.5

- Chromatography: Typical examples of whole oil

Early Mature 435° - 445° 0.6 - 0.65

Level of Certainty Criteria Symbol

Late Mature 450° - 470° 0.9 - 1.35

In the absence of a positive petroleum-

- Petroleum Systems (Crude - Rock Correlations): Based on

1. The source rock in the pod of active source rock.

Cali includes %TOC and Rock-Eval Pyrolysis data from

Northwest: Eastern Cordillera Foothills fault system

Paleozoic sedimentary rocks forming structural highs

SCHEMATIC CROSS SECTION

Paleozoic Jurassic Lower Cretaceous Upper Cretaceous

From Barrero et al., 2007

Sandstone Shale Basement Source Reservoir Seal

From Mojica et al., 2010

Wells and Seeps

Oilseeps are located at the northern and

Wells with geochemical information

350000 PERÚ Gas seeps

Map datum: Magna Sirgas Undetermined seeps

Crude Oil Quality

Heavy Oil Normal Oil Light Oil Condensates

- The Pristane/Phytane vs Oleanane/C30 Hopane (Oleanane Index) graph shows that

- The Pristane/Phytane vs C35/C34 Hopane (Homohopane index) graph shows that

This crude shows predominance of tricyclics over hopanes

Fragmentogram m/z 217

Crude oil of the Unicornio-1 well shows a bimodal chromatogram Hopanes

The predominance of hopanes over tricyclics indicates low

Fragmentogram m/z 191

Fragmentogram m/z 217

Source Rock Characterization

Hydrogen Index (mg HC / gTOC)

Source Rock Characterization

Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps

Vitrinite Reflectance (%Ro)

Caballos Fm. Villeta Fm.

Source Rock Quality and Maturity Maps

200mg HC/g TOC

450000 350mg HC/g TOC 450000

250mg HC/g TOC 120mg HC/g TOC

80mg HC/g TOC

150mg HC/g TOC