a Bk A A AR 2 Hi OT FE te B59 Bm4 124A EER ERR 1 7 RRC SRE OTE BS Researches on the Low Cycle Fatigue Strength of Discontinuous ~The 62nd Research Committee Parts in Ship Structures::++---+- Report No. 59 The Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan Tokyo, JAPAN Dec, 1966KRQHRRBSSER DS Bek + KR -— ee & RK x & ® 1A a * R BRR R oe Ra th wk KK GO noe RA & MH fe k& Aw OK SHR HE i - mw 2M K K # a wm Be it mn tt ER tt & BA Bi + 5 ae aN i » hk = =ze-8 #4 te mw x ® HY ft OK R Bm ER Bah ow FR & Rew = RB BE — a to BR a4 Wm SH BB Wok eZ eH Ek Membership of the 62nd Research Committee Chairman Kazuo TERAZAWA. Secretaries Takeshi KANAZAWA Yukinori TAKAHASHI Ko NISHIMAKI Yoshio MINAMI Masahiro MORI Koji MORIGUCHI Junkichi YAGI Isao YAMAGUCHI Members Shaichi ASANO Kunihiro IDA Yasuho IMAT Teruhiko TWAT Kazuo UMEZAKI Kazuo URABE Hiroshi OF Toshio OWA Masayoshi KANO Yoshihisa KITAJIMA Mamoru KUWAYAMA Taku KOHNO Shigeru KOSHIGAWA Sanzo KOBAYASHI Kazuyasu SANNOMIYA Osamu SHIINA Mamoru TAKAMATU Syésuke TURUTA Hiroshi SUZUKI Masayoshi NISHIOKA Hiromichi NISHIMURA Noboru NOZAWA Koji HARADA Ken‘ichi HATTORI Koichi HORT Sansei MIKI Michio YAMAKOSHI Yoshiyuki YAMAMOTO. Aiji YOSHIDAResearch on the Low Cycle Fatigue Strength of Discontinuous Parts in Ship Structures 1. Introduction Recently, damages due to low cycle fatigue are of great concerns in ship structures and the in. vestigation into this is of importance, The 46th Research Committee of The Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan was engaged in a series of research on this problem and presented valuable information, Furthermore, the 62nd Research Committee took over the research program from 1958 and continued the investigation for three years. ‘The Research Committee consisted of several research groups that belonged individually to aca- demic institutions or ship yards and these groups performed their own alloted programs of the inves- tigation, The materials which were supplied to the experiments were mild steel (the notation MS will be used in the report) and several kinds of high tensile strength steels (the notation HT 60 ials and of their welded joints were exper- etc, will be used), The fatigue strengths of the mat imentally investigated on the following subjects 1) Effects of mean stress on the fatigue strength 2) Effects of the shape of the stress variation curve and frequency of the stress variation 3) Effect of pre-strain 4) Fatigue strength at low temperature 5) Corrosion fatigue 6) Notch sensitivity 7) Low cyele fatigue strength of welded joints and structures 2, Research on Fatigue Strength of High Tensile Strength Steels 2.1 Influence of the Shape of the Stress Variation Curve upon the Low Cycle Fatigue Strength In order to investigate the influence of the shape of the stress variation curve and the frequen- cy of stress variation upon the fatigue life, smooth specimens of 8mm and 4.5mm in thickness were tested under alternating tension, Three kinds of combinations of the shapes and frequencies were selected for the test. One of these was triangular in the shape of cycle curve with a fre. quency of 20t0 30c.p.m, and the others were trapezoidal, holding the load at its maximum for 3 seconds and 10 seconds with a frequency of 5 to 10 and 1 to 3c. p, m., respectively. In the te ts, the elongation of the specimens, the cyclic creep of the specimens ete. were also observed. ‘The materials supplied were MS (SS-41). YES-36 A (equivalent to HT 55), HT55 and HT60. ‘The chemical compositions and mechanical properties of the materials and the details of the Speci- mens were shown in Table 1,1 and Fig. 1.1, respectively,‘The results obtained were summarized in the followings : 1) The shape of the stress variation curve and the frequency of cycle affect considerably the fatigue life of the materials, The number of cycles required to produce fracture decreases as the frequency decreases and the duration of the maximum stress becomes larger. 2) The stages of fatigue process that were observed in the tests are: () At the first cycle of loading, the considerable amount of elongation of thespecimen oc: curs, (2) In the following, the stationary cyclic creep proceeds and finally (3) the state of the uniform extention (ém) is reached, After this state necking occurs and sudden elongation of the specimen leads to fracture, 3) The relation between the final elongation (<1) and the number of cycles required to produce fracture (N) is almost independent of the shape and frequency of the cycle and the final elon- gation shows its miximum value approximately at N-10', The increase in the final elongation is greater for mild steel than for high tensile strength steels. 4) For the range of N>10' an abrupt reduction in the final elongation is found and it may be estimated that the transition of low cycle fatigue to high cycle fatigue exists around N-10*, 5) Instead of the final elongation, an average elongation (ém) prior to the occurence of necking is related to the number of cycles (N). In this relation, closely similar tendeucies are recog- nised to those mentioned in the above items 3) and 4). 6) After a few cycles of loading, the increment of plastic strain for a cycle (dep) is approxi- mately related to the number of cycles of straining by the following equation, dep + Nok where k is a parameter mainly dependent upon the absolute temperature and is slightly in. fluenced by the properties of materials, the size of specimens, various testing conditions etc. , and this parameter is inversely proportional to the testing temperature (in absolute temper- ature). 2.2 Effect of Mean Stress on Fa ‘igue Strength In general, indivisual members of ship structures are subjected to static loads in still water and alternating loads in waves, Accordingly, these loads cause static mean stress and alternating stresses in the members, In the case when high level of the mean stress is maintained, there is a possibility to produce fatigue cracks at discontinuous parts of the structure, In this respect, the effect of the magnitude of the mean stress was studied on the fatigue life of smooth and notched specimens of mild steels (KAM and SS41) and high tensile strength steels (HT50, HT 60 etc. ). ‘The experiments were conducted under various levels of the mean stress, The mechanical prop- erties of the materials are shown in Table 2. 1, the testing conditions in Table 2.2,and the shapesof the specimens in Fig. 2.1. From the results of the experiment, the S-N curves shown in Fig. 2.3 to 2.13 and the oa-am-N diagrams in Fig, 2.14 to 2.23 were obtained, and the following information are drawn: 1) The omax-N curve is represented by two straight lines, one of which is pallarel to the N. axis and the other inclined, In the range indicated by the former, the maximum value of the stress mainly determines the fatigue life and in the other range, the life is proportionally re- lated to the level of the mean stress (om). The intersection of these two lines moves to the of short life of fatigue as the factor of stress concentrations (a) becomes greater and the mag- nitude of the mean stress smaller. 2) The sa-N curve shows similar tendencies to the omax-N curve (ga is stress amplitude), 3) Based on the os-am-N diagram, it is possible to evaluate fatigue life for various values of the mean stress, ‘This diagram is approximately represented by two straight lines as seen in the cmax-N curve, 2,3 Low Cycle Fatigue Strength under Particular Conditions As the structural members are subjected to the action of cyclical stresses under various conditions, the fatigue strength at low temperature, the effect of cold working and the corrosion fatigue of welded connections were investigated and the properties of materials at extremly low temperature (about -200°C) were also studied with the aid of the results of the investigations carried out not only in Japan but also in foreign countries, 2.3.1 Effect of Pre-strain The materials used in the tests were MS (SM 41) and HT50 (SMS50), of which chemical composi- tions are given in Table 3. 1, The specimen shown in Fig, 3, 1 (b) was manufactured for the fatigue test, ‘The magnitudes of strain imposed to the specimens in advance were 5,10 per cent for SM 41 and 5, 10, 15,20 per cent for SM§0. In addition to these, the specimens were also tested, which’ had been subject to compressive strains of 1.5 and 3.0 per cent, All the specimens were subjected to a heat treatment before the fatigue test such as by keeping the specimens at a tem- perature of 250°C for 15 minutes, and cooling them in air. The experiment was made under altemating tension for a constant load, The results of the experiment are summarized in Fig. 3 2 to 3.8 and the following information is obtained ; the fa- tigue strength of the materials under alternating tension is improved due to pretension or pre-compres- sion, and the more improvement may be expected for a material subject to the larger amount of straining, 2.3.2 Temperature Effect Three kinds of steels such as MS (SS41), YND 33 and HT60 were supplied for the test and their iti —chemical compositions are given in Table 3.2. The effects of the testing temperature and the shape of a specimen were studied upon the fatigue strength of the materials, The specimens are of three kinds; (2) an unnotched round bar, and (2) two kinds of round bars with a groove notch of V-shape, of which values of a are 2and 3. The results of the static and impact tests are represented in Fig. 3.10 and those in the endurance tests in Fig. 3.11 to 3.14, A comparison between the statical and fatigue strengths of the materi- als is made in Fig 3.15 to 3,20. On the basis of the above results, the following information is obtained : 1) Generally speaking, the fatigue life of the materials increases at low temperature, depending on the kind of material and the factor of notch sensitivity, 2) The materials have a tendency to be more sensitive to a notch with decrease in temperature and, on the other hand, less sensitive under higher stress, 3) The temperature effect is not appreciable on the fatigue strength ratio oa/on. However, this ratio is reduced by the existance of a notch and a large amount of reduction in this ratio is observed for HT 60. 2.3.3 Corrosion Fatigue of Welded Zone Experiments were performed on low cycle corrosion fatigue of welded zone of a plate with reinforce. ment of weld. ‘The materials used in the experiments were SM41 and HT 60, of which chem- ical compositions and mechanical properties are given in Tables 3.5 and 3.6 respectively. In Table 3.7 the conditions of welding applied to the specimens are indicated. And the specimen is shown in Fig. 3.20. The tests were conducted by using a machine of Schenck type and the specimens were sub- ject to plane bending. The test results are represented in Fig. 3, 22 to 3.29 and summarized as follows : 1) For the range where the number of cycles required to fracture is less than 108, there is no appreciable difference between the fatigue lives of the parent and welded material for MS, and for HT the welded material is recognized lower than the parent one in the fatigue life. In this range of the cycles or the period of time spent for the tests, the effect of corrosion is not ob- served, 2) The electric potentials at the parent material, heat affected zone, and deposite metal are not equivalent each other. These relationship is not consistant under the influence of various fac. tors of the condition. 2.3.4 Survey on properties of Materials at a Very Low Temperature In these years, liquid gas is being transported by L.P.G. tankers, owing to its great demand. The liquid gases supplied are mainly propane and butane which are ~40°C and -10°C in liquid. For these liquid gases, the properties of the materials of containers etc. are necessary to be investigated in the irange of a temperature to -S0°C. In a near future, liquidized methane gas is expected to be supplied and efforts are exerted to develope material to be used at a super-low temperature of about ~160°C. ‘The literature survey was carried out on the low temperature characteristics of materials prospec- tive to this purpose. A detail of the survey is not presented in the article. As a general ten- dency, high strength steels (73=60~80 kg/mm?) and Al-killd steels are used for propane and butane? and Cu-alloy, Al-alloy and Ni-steel are considered suitable for a very low temperature. ‘The following three conditions are required to satisfy for a material to be used at a very low tem- perature and Ni-steel (for example, 9 % Ni-steel) is considered one of the best material to be su- pplied. The conditions are : 1) To show a good feature in low temperature characteristics 2) To have good qualities in weldability and workability 3) To be low at cost 3, Fatigue Strength of Materials at Discontinuities 3.1 Notch Sensitivity at Low Cycle Fatigue The relationship between theoretical values of stress concentration and notch sensitivity of speci- mens was studied, conducting fatigue tests on different materials under various types of strain cy- cling. With the S-N curves of the materials, obtained from the test results, the correlation of the- oretical value of elastic stress concentration (1) to plastic notch sensitivity factor (#) was obtained and the applicability of high strength steels to discontinuities was studied. 3.1.1 Low Cycle Fatigue Strength under Constant Alternating Load (Specimen with Side Notches) ‘The fatigue strength of HT60 was tested by the specimens with side notches of V or U shape un- der alternating tension of constant load. In the tests, the value of a is 2.4 for U notch and 8.2 for V notch. The test results are represented in Fig 4.1 to Fig 4.7 and present the following brief conclusions: 1) As the value of « increases, the number of cycles at the intersection in the omax ~N curve(N) decreases and the fatigue life-shown by a oblique line decreases more rapidly. 2) The value of # becomes greater with increase in the value of « and the number (N), explained above, and for smaller values of om's. 3.1.2 Low Cycle Fatigue under Constant Alternating Load (Specimen with a Center Notch) Plates of mild steel (KAM) and HT 50 with a central circular or oval hole, were supplied to fa- tigue test under constant alternating load with variation of the mean stress which were designed to be approximately 55,65 and 80 per cent of the value of op. The values of « of the specimens were 2.75 for a central circular hole and 5.2 for an oval, respectively. The results of the test are similar to those in 1.1 and stated in the following : 1) As the value of @ increases, the number of cycles at the intersection becomes smaller thanthat in case of side notches for the same value of «. 2) The value of 2 becomes greater with an increase in the value of a and the number of cycles (N). Further increment was obtained for a smaller value of om, In the range of om/op > 0.5 more reduction in fatigue strength is observed for HT 50 than MS. 3.1.3 Low Cycle Fatigue under Constant Complete Reversing Load (Specimen with a Center Notch) Very few endurance tests of a plate under complete reversing load have been conducted for many years owing to the occurance of buckling of the specimen under compression. An apparutus was especially designed for the above mentioned test, which prevents the specimen from buckling. With the aid of the newly designed apparutus, the endurance test was conducted on specimens with a center notch of three kinds and without notch under constant complete reversing load. Ma terials used for the specimens were MS and several kinds of HT. The theoretical values of static stress concertration, a, are 2.21, 4.0 and 7.2 for the three kinds of notches, ‘The experimental results are shown in Fig. 4.17 to 4.23 and Tables 4.1 and 4.2. And the following information is obtained : 1) The S-N curve is generally represented by two straight lines in the logarithmic co-ordinates and, in this case, the result have no tendency to be indicated by a straight line parallel to the Neaxis. 2) The fatigue life of the plain specimen is proportional to the value of the altimate strength of a material (op). 3) The value of # reduces as op increases. On the other hand, it becomes greater for a larger number of N and a greater value of a. It should be pointed out that the value of @ may reach asymptotically to a value when « is greater than a certain value, even for the specified number of N. It is indicated from the test results that the value of # for materials MS to HT 60 is enumer- ated by the following equation in the range of low cycle fatigue, which is geq-1). =: —~(<2_Y} x 10-4 op, E in kg/mm? Fa) = (log N-2.5){1.0-(5-255) } x10" 8, E in kg/mm’ 3.1.4 Low Cycle Fatigue under Constant Complete Reversing Displacement (Specimen with a Center Notch) ‘The same specimens as described in 3.1.3 were tested under constant complete reversing displace. ment for two kinds of materials, MS and HT 60. ‘The results obtained in the tests are represented in Tables 4.3 and 4.4 and Fig. 4. 44 to 4. 53. ‘They are summarized as follows: 1) When the amplitude of displacement d, and N curve is represented in a logarithmic co-ordi- nates, it is indicated by a straight line for the range to the point where 84 corresponds to stat- iical fracture. The fatigue life diminishes with an increase in the value of a. 2) 9% from the J4-N curve and So from the S-N curve increase for larger value of @ The increment in the values is greater for MS than for HT. There is a difference between these values of 85 and fo and different tendencies in these values are observed for a variation of N. 3.1.5 Comparison of the Test Results between Constant Reversing Load and Constant Reversing Dis- placement ‘The results of the experiments presented in the preceeding two articles are compared as illustrated jin Fig. 4.54 to 4.57. From the figures, it is seen that the characteristics of the curves are very similer to each other except some differences between the absolute of the curves. * 3.1.6 Low Cycle Fatigue Strength under Constant Alternating Displacement with Mean Stress Endurance test was performed under constant alternating displacement, imposing a certain amount of mean stress on the specimens. The loading condition in this test is considered to be equivalent to the test on a specimen subjected to pre-tension instead of mean stress. The specimens are of MS (KAM), and a notch provided to the specimens is circular shape at center and V shape at the sides, of which value of @ is 2.6 or 7.0. From the test, Fig. 4.58 to 4.65 and the following information are obtained : 1) The number of cycles required to initiate a crack and that to produce the first four cracks (at comer) have a constant ratio independently of the amount of pre-strain and amplitude of dis- placement. 2) In the endurance test under a constant displacement, creep is observed at the begining of the cycling and the stationary state of straining is set in, In this latter state, the histeris loop area and the amplitude of the displacement is linearly co-related, 3) The effect of the mean stress upon the fatigue strength is not noticiable in this test compared with the test under a constant load, aL Effect of Reinforcement of High Strength Steel around a Circular Notch Using high tensile strength steel, the specimen explained in 3.1.3 was reinforced around a circular notch and the effect of the reinforcement was examined by the test, The results are shown in Fig. 4,66 to 4,75 and explained briefly in the following : 1) The low cycle fatigue strength of the reinforced specimen is proportional to the ultimate strength of the high tensile strength steel and the ratio of the width of reinforcement to the entire width of the specimen for the range of N> 104, 2) The effect of the reinforcement is usually increasing for a larger number of cycles, When HT 80, quenched and tempered steel, is supplied for reinforcement, the effect is not expected so much in comparison with the others, since this steel is sharp in notch sensitivity for a larger number of cycles, = vi —3.2 Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints and Structures 3.2.1 Plane Bending Fatigue Strength of Fillet Welded Joint In order to obtain a fundamental knowledge on failures which occur at the weldment of stiffeners of ship structures, plane bending fatigue test was performed on such materials as MS (SS41), HT 50, YES36A, HT 60 and HT 80. As illustrated in Fig, 5.1 the specimens consist of three kinds, which are plain specimen (Type “P"), un-symmetrical fillet welded (Type “T") and symmetrical fillet welded (Type “C"). The results obtained are breifly stated as follows : 1) The fatigue life of the specimen of Type “P” increases with an increase of op. On the con. trary with this, the fatigue life of Type "C” decreases for larger value of op and this tendency is remarkable for a “quenched and tempered” material. It should be noted that the fatigue life of the quenched and tempered material is weaker than mild steel for a long life range. The fatigue life of Type “T” has intermediate value between Types “P” and "C”. 2) The shape of bead affects the fatigue life of the materials and the variation in thermal in- put of welding does hardly. The quenched and tempered shows a marked notch sensitivity. 3.2.2 Plane Bending Fatigue Strength of Butt Welded Joint Plane bending fatigue test was conducted on butt welded specimens of the materials used for the test in 3.2.1, except HT 80. The test results are presented in the following 1) The shape of the welded, N curve obtained in the test is similar to that of the curve for the fillet 2) The fatigue life is approximately equivalent to that of Type “T”. 3) For the higher in og of high strength steels, the less in fatigue life is obtained. 3.2.3 Low Cycle Fatigue Strength under Constant Reversing Load of Butt Welded Joint Applying the same method of testing and supplying the same material as used in 3.1.3, endur- ance test was carried on butt welded under constant reversing load. ‘The properties of the materials and the conditions of welding are shown in Table 5.3 to 5.5. ‘The results are represented in Fig. 5.15 to 5.18 and summarized as follows : 1) The low cycle fatigue strength of the butt welded joints does not decrease remarkably, com- pared with that of the plain material and the equivalent stress concentration is considered about 2 2) It should be noticed that as long as the high strength steel is concemed a decrease in fatigue strength is seen more for the range of longer life. On the contrary, the high strength steel is advantageous for the range of NCO, since the ratio of fatigue strength to ox is greater than that of mild steel. 3.3 Low Cycle Fatigue Strength of Welded Joints of Structures ‘There are various types of welded connections which are used in ship structures. Among them, —viii—three types were selected to the test of low cycle fatigue strength. 3.3.1 -Stiffeners under Repeated Shearing Forces The specimens for the test are shown in Fig. 6.1. The repeated load was. applied in the longi- tudinal direction of the specimen and the effect of the length of fillet weld on the low cycle fatigue strength was studied. The materials used to the specimens are shown in Tables 6.1 and 6.2. The test results are illustrated in Fig. 6.2 to 6.6 and it is summarized that the fatigue life of the end portion of stiffeners under repeated shearing force are not increaseng proportionally to the length of the fillet weld since the stress at the end is not proportional to the length. 3.3.2 Fatigue Strength of Pad and its Connecting Structures under Repeated Force The endurance test was conducted on the models, illustrated in Fig. 6.7 under repeated vertical force, supplying the same materials as the preceeding test From the test results, the fatigue strength of the models was studied at the relation of the width of the pad and represented in Fig. 6.8 to 6.11. The brief conclusions are as follows : 1) Two kinds of the loading are considered to apply, one of which is to impose a certain amount of force and the other is a certain magnitude of deformation. Accordingly, the construction of the models should be designed with consideration of the type of loading. In the case where the force is specified, the fatigue life increases as the width of the pad increased so as to allow the larger deformation. When the displacement is limited, the width of the pad should be smaller and ‘reinforced so as to stand for the a large amount of load. 2) The fatigue life of the model is mainly influenced by the action of bending, when width of the pad is more than five times of the thickness 3.3.3 Beam Ends and Brackets Damages at beam ends and brackets are often reported due to repeated loading. And, their fa- tigue strength was investigated. For endurance tests, models shown in Fig. 6.12 were made of two kinds of materials, MS and HT 60 of which properties are indicated in Table 6.3. The test was conducted under the condition of reversing amplitude of constant deflection and the influences of vari- ation in the length of the leg of fillet weld (L) and the width of the flange (B) upon the low cycle fatigue strength were investigated The result of the statical tests is shown in Fig.6. 13 and those of the endurance tests in Fig. 6.14 to 6.24. The following important information was obtained from the results. 1) Statical strength a) When the model is subjected to tensile force, a crack initiates from the root of the weld and leads to the fracture. The larger size of the weld enforces the statical strength of the model to a certain degress and the effects of the breadth of the flange, the kind of the mate yorials and the electrodes are not recognized. b) When compression is applied to the model, the buckling of the bracket is observed and then h of the model of high strength steel proves to maintain higher load. The effect of the flange is not clavified 2) ‘Fatigue strength a) The type of fracture of the model is similar to that in the statical test under tension. The propagation of crack is not abrupt as often seen in the endurace test of constant displacement. b). The size of the fillet weld seams to have no influence on the fatigue life. ©) The initiation of a crack is observed for the wider flange at an earier stage of the cycling and for the model without flange at the latest stage. For the model fitted with the flange, the fatigue life is decreasing for wider flange and for mild steel. 4. Concluding Remarks ‘The results of the investigations into low cycle fatigue strength were presented in this report and this committee succeeded in obtaining important and useful fundamental information on the low cycle fatigue to prevent fatigue failures in ship structures. {As this information is a basic knowledge, further investigation ia desirable to apply the results to actual structures and obtain a standard practice of construction to prevent from fatigue damages. The suggested important subjects of the further investigation are presumably as follows : 1). Effect of the interference between notchs or welds on the fatigue strength (When there exist several notches or weldments, the interferences between them are produced and this affects the fatigue strength of the materials in a different manner). 2) Fatigue strength of welded connections of different types from those which were studied in this report 3) Effect of cold working on the fatigue strength of materials 4) Size effect of specimens and the study on the process of propagation of the initiated erack 5) Review of the laws of fatigue damages 6) Dynamic loads to ship structures and the response of the structures and their elementsLES ein “a8 Fi BRIMOKYRER MI OT SHR Rie Keer RHC LAT HEEHONS Oo ww ow oF a B2H TREBORARE CMT SHR m4 4 Hoa 1 G Am 7 * & 1 ROSE EBOOKS 4 2 VEIT AE 8 K ERRE 3 BHRERL RES LUG RREOK SE 3 YAPVID I~ FRB ‘6 RRER O HIE ute FHS MARE ice Lit BR EARE RRA LURRHE RRR ute BREE FORT 1 71 RH EAMRE UNRFBRR OEY 1 2 Re SARRUMOERICHH RABE BRBOERT 12+ RR H BER ED SSH ORE MT SBA re Et sr RHCED ST KRE EAMRE WMHCHKLAT SHUOSARN BH PRECMORKAOIKE AT SEHD EGER RD RH PROCHOEKROREATSHHOSHER RD KH PRBCMORKRYKRLATSRMOERM HRD RH BRVSGERHL CSUAHL Oe47 48 49 5 a4 5.2 5.3 54 oe ‘ 6&2 FRSNEATSBROERIK RD EH ROD KBA Bik MO HA HR DR ute BE RO RH mE ERRS BABEBRIURA Oe BREF OF RAT eH RE Re be BEEFO HRN RE SARA RE te BEMRBO R17 RM ERE RRRBRE EHO RH ME HRBEA RO RH RE ute* t th €ORE LRAT SCRL TC, CKAKERMCNT SHAKER RE Hn, SC ORRRRBS NK, COMR, OKOBMK, BRK, Lek ovecewea MU OMRSAABE NH, RETHALA POKER ORERRMORE CH FORENAMC OK, LoSK, RHOSMORMME CLA, BHH1 OFM CMBEnK AY WL, WHE PAA ENS OKECMARE SOMBRE THD, FOE DEO BURSA RIC DIFOTUS, LOLING OABOKBDRAR LA BIC ESR. 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RBA Pig ATR T LS CRAB OTE TOOK 20xX4S5MOEDEZ2IZOxX SUX SMH LO2HEAYVK, WTHS RMMIRGt DTRROFOFET, MAKLOFARBH CHS,Table 11 Mechanical Properties & Chemical Compositions of Tested Stools wear ~ { 2 ao | aj ne | ne ase [sen | 88 Tt oeee [ars | aos] use fuors lanes aoe 1 mrss 4s sar s at | . a 5 oa : \ -11 Test Pieces 1:202 BRE LURBA RRRRL CRAM MOTAAI-ATERBRMICMM ET 7 eH ML REBRMOOSREL IK LE CMOS HEMALE, CHROMO CRRA, BRLUCLIFSOL ETS, RRRARAM TOY ORRRI YI y eA MEO L FREER OED AL PFEGRPEM MLE LOT, Fig. 1 2CLOMMERT. RRRDRKERBAORRRCHRLE LOT, MELROS Oh THER RCRKE DHE) CAH 1 PARR LOMM2=7 beMMLELDCHA, ROURM EY Tadiot 2CRERHM* Fig. 1 3 (C,H M== 7 ponMPIg L4CKS, MIRREWC LOT HEM Wx ba— 7M BEAR CREB M MOUTH OGRE, PrRBRRE Fe CE RCE SL IIL EOOTHS, BHM MLRRRADOHHL MRK, 7x hy FRORATED At CENAAIF ) CRRA BO MET, Fav eOMELH MTS. abe FMM OMA RRRAKIM ADK LCP hAA TS CRRA OUR & iT 3. GHERRBMAL TKI, BY-7OWHEKAS DOH TON-OPF BECHER CI VALI FHM OETCEELERHS, -4-RMRMOSOhY TA2>-RMMICT HOLY —2eRRLRAR EEO REGRC-—eHMKCRT SRM EMRE HSL IK LED THE, a) ORGMY Fig. 5K, TH a av-— Fe LOMAHMEOWAMY Fig. t 61CR Fo ENMEHL T+ SAV -— soe BAcMMT sc Lert, HMHOL FREER CRESS OE ACES, ERE Ni W+W. KC, F BREE Dt aa Wy WETS, LFRAR CHV CeHeHO~ SHAM RH CES 21H 2M SHTS. MEHRLBASObYELCHHLE, MEMBER IHL > CHRRAKO FA ABO FAKE COT AY—o ERORLOeG- VEMEL TAY. MRM BOW* Pig. 7 CRT, OTHB LUG UDRRE DOTKEWOCPig. 1 BICRS LS te HU Ate As eo (QO TAY -PHROKHHE DOMGLEALE SO, (DRI AE BALE CHM CHUL ART SO OTH S, LECHKUCRRRK CHE OFAP-PRROCHEMEL ARORA LHS. BEARER RL PER VORB tHE RB OY) —ZRRCLOCMASEE CHhOKM, RRORH ES MR BOWE CHEL ELC 2 Pig. 7 oo PFE, RAH CREA LRU RIDE ERA LR bdnHsO eC, HR, 3 Hk (BFHSO~40H), RGEC I PNR ORBEHY (BRH10 ~15H), BLU1 OBR OBER 3M CO CHR RO RM GO ke bead coit _____ Pressure Switch (Winder and Fam y a A a Mars) Da Extense meter Srenen I siningage by a pe Le Pum Motor ee a he ee 4 (00 rane Fig. 12 Testing Machine (A) (10 ton) -5—Cylinder of Ram Power Unit of Oypamometer for Static Test En Fig. 13 Low Cycle Fatigue Fig. 14. Comtrol gnit of Test Mechine (B) Low Cycle Testing (30 ton) Machine (B) O Fig.15 Low Cycle Fatigue Testing Machine (Cc) (30 ton)Teple 12 Low Cycle Fatigue Testing Machine (} Conetruction 1 Main Body 2 Dynamometer & Lo Controt Unit Stat 30.12 4 5 tone | Puleating 30 tone ting Load Wave| Trisaguiar Sphise ing: 5 ph 37K a aE / Fig. 16 Low Oycle Testing \ Machine () Pig. 18 Extensometer Testing Machine VV in OT sone 12-3 HOR OR YE! ) BA-OTAME oe BHR TAS —SCLOTCROKEND-OVTAMBO-WM* Fig. 19 CHT, AER MIC OW TOAD, OF ARMA BME 1 OD — Ye RBH OR BRAC SACI -SREHSHOLOTHS, FHM1 0 Oumpy —Y MACRCLOTLRMMTSERMOKUV OT, COMMARe dD oTHHV, O BRAC EHC IPMRE LEBURUOREME OMA CHS. HEH 1 PAS MEATY YAN-TFHRBHOHS HAH, RKMBEKLCHOSMKL, HSH MARR LC SM ICR LAC HTT SIV -FKOOMBHoHS, Fig. 17 Load Wave Pattern ~ Load <7BM CES ECOGN-OFAMAOMY Fig. 11 0CKF, COVTARE ROT AS - Ve ROK RAR 6 Oum YR HOR CM REE LE BOT bot, QEARM-ABOT1 IHRM LORALTH EY. FHONZ (IR Pig. A 9 KRLEOLM—-RRH CHS. HRM LORRRRC LOCR MH BONE CKHC RO THRDL GF CH11 IW eKEK (COHRB~ 10%) WHALE URI TAPCO L HLF OMOEA LT, BRK AD EY SRECCERMIC CDRA) MBC BOTS, VOFHOBS OR PCRERE HERTS, REORVE ERO PU DHA DE, UL LEME TOR EOMRROCK, UMBOKERHHRLA LMU CHAOARRE SOL TH Be (>) #@U — # RB MHORER RS LUM RR BONBe, PU-MERRA CHS Fig. 11 DEFCHS, MAVTRLCGH RM Ca COBH CHIH, MI PAF AO UL RPS FRETS ECEEH CHAT SF UOMA, wLUR MO Es iE SEM RMR CHO LF CHS. LOL, BRWCHTL TH SRM CEO BUFAF ATL OED MMOS 2, MHMBC LOCK RRO So Fig. 11 22 RRR SCHERRER AEBS ONC, ofp RAKHI ERY Bic <, COL a OMEMECRM SHC SL 5 THF. KBRRK (RES) ORSON Fig. L bFS KTS. HK SHOBE RE OCOKHML CHS M, AUGNREDLOE ARE COM THR THE ERE MROCL MWR S (& OHH OERPRAKE WA), MMM Ee EI IC MATH, DPAMCRLE LS Ee ~NOMERHITI CH, Ficbo, SHWE AS COHN BAKE CDE, MASUR RAT SH MICS?, N= 103~1 OME CRAM RT. SHCENRBRNS CON MATS ERMC Ee RROD LT, HUDF DHTHiN, HOI OC HII) RH BROBRCELLORBSS NS, MEN = SX 1 OMT O3 COMMA KE HCD SH, COMBS, HT IVT OMA EMME, ATRL TK Pc OeRME ROD SLT. THC L TEC OMA KEY 1 IA RH EBS AFUE OBR BSE LI CHB, PV —TRRER ORBIT RD DSO ORT IARHNOBBLBRM OO TI. MB Choe AULCMROMRE RENE THVMLBI, Hh 2M OHM ONC EM MO MBE. LFig. L14OLS KKB. LE KAR LAMA TRY SHARK MCAT AY TE ERR E RLS S05B, BRYMCRE ORES HATCH I MTHS, TTS OTRZI—- FARE BEALE C, BRAG CE CHERE DO THD CHS, EMONOMEH fp DHAT SMALE HTH. (c) MOT 4 MT MM Pig. 111 CHK KE RH CHAT SBR COPA IA cL OHO T AMROED LRRECOMMAML OMMERTL Pig. 115055 KS. RAMI Pe RE CLARMIC ASL CHO, RRBMORIA YT BRR ET ORBKL EHHTH HRV OMFACH IMG, NABLALER RM iced sREBLSLVLHA CIV. BERTL BO BRNMET 60 OB SPEAR COS RE OM OTH COR, BE-EM ER FZ A7 hen aEp N= Const OMAR LTS, CRSHORERY, MERRORRMBRLAA THY, HR, RRA She LUM RAH HEMMER LICH. COME OTABTEORER AEC OMT ORMRMRIKM LS CHT, Pig. LA SRL SORFRCHE CH OB, MMS OFM CHET SOT SORE ASS, (a) Se RO ey BB OF HOOK TLE SC Kg 115, LIOR L ELIE, BI GOP RCH KIWPERAECADLIR, SHAT REST (Pig. 11500 Ep to) BTL, RRM EO CAMC ATTY TLE A ROMO RET L CHM ICE DEWSBAK LOCUS, MBN SHES BER HUT FAB LB BHO BM LOMAS TOROS DEM CE SERRA EU, MM DEH CMe CEBAIS YT EMO FB te HOY EMU E m. RHIC LS KD tb DIRIRY THROM DO MEIU Es LERTSCLETS. SOMOUSRBH CML CBW 2 OMB ROY 77-7 (Pig. 11M) OMe RMARORMA COUN TCHM LCF or bP SL Pig. 11 6c MALE EVM. AYHYTRDSFLORMAPRICST SLRS HU, AIF YTBEPRCTS S EHO UO FHM e LOT, RAHM 1 0 Oat RH HO Et kl, BOOS KROPF Hie, RBRSHE (200m) OF HHUEE MET BULCLK RM CBOTRAY TY T RAMA SRMOAICOSHOCO SAL BRIMTRE DOCH MOMMA CREP NCO SOE RE bm Dd, BUA BM OD Oe RUCKMRM ERT BARE LEO RID We -~9-(o) RBH e fo BEML HO OMRRS SC Pig. 114 CRL EM, MBO le BIO eD ER HENLE OME Foy bSSL, Pe. 17 *HonS, HOES~N AA Pig. 11 4OKMCMNTSE0THS, SO &~N BOCA, MHCHR CMM ATE TE COMRE LENE THOM, COME RCRD BY De, BRA EY TRE CH DRM E TOMMBER CD uot, Cot RBM E COMBN EL Diy mB 104 BRET, NEL ge womMmT sMaRes, En outn OBS C MRICS NS, KELMRAMOBS 1 OMIT LA EN CR MeEvWOTH EW. RMOSS, HERERRS LEGER VERML CFO LEM, Choo POLS EMER, HO 2H OM OBS CH, MMO KHSRRRAEE BLEW CT ED bLIe (ft) 5597 ae ef MOC, BE ED EG NRBOMRE FZ OY HT SEL Fig. 11 BHM HHS, Pig. £1 7OE~NMOL ORS TVS RK TOM, GHRMBOBKEE ic UBRD TSM HA, Eg RE UVEn WTHOBR LARC RH nSre, oO BLK CME CHR NM CR DHOTHEVOL UML bOd, RBS 41 ORM GKEL DACOVCHRREM 7A ET SE Pig 119 RHENSMA, COMSORERECKLSHREOBRREA EBOOK, AM ICES 45 amOhORBHOF- FoF ayhLEM, BE SMO ROD Bbw CoP thes, BEMUCMACSS, MRR ORME OD REF HOT, MMIC op CHOKMKAERLLERURLAL—-KT SLI TH. COCHEATAER, 2og= 5 725K / ML N= 6B B00 T2ACEEOR OTHE PU CHEM LC SHRMAOSSIOL CHS, BHNRKROL EID PREM ICA EWA THM LTS. HO EBH1SARHRARERT LOT Bo COMBH LO SHEVIG DMB CRB LE LO TE EI1 PA RHRRE BLS 2HM AMS SOL EMHRMSS. SR CMATHKe LIK, 4 IHRE BIA A HRA RERCRRLEATCLUOO TRE DEBdDHD, {g) S—N mB BRAS MORRO SN MMe Pig. 120, KESMN LO Pig. 121 CRS, AUG Ch GRRE RERROLRHARRED < eH SPTHS, EKGNRM MHS, ABHRC SK LEMOC, COMBED =10-ECHO SE, EH1 PEA OMH TH, HRA KHER BOVE RK BWP, CROOK RALCKKAMN KO CHHRECAT SALAS THU CL ME bMS, BRARAROLI CML HOERMKS vA, MR OLSEBCRALKES KEMRERTESOOLUT, SHHONHMS LOK eMBIC LOT 2 Oa ORT NMALBV CHASE Pig. L2ZOLF CHS. HA LOTS, RAT THCKLOTO MEMS S41 CHS, ‘SS41_100¥201 45mm Flatspecimen $541 100 0300 a5 mn Putsating Tension ‘iat’ Speemen Trapezoital Wave Load (Holding 3300) Putsating Tension a ~ 16.2 0944 Yom Tae | 04d int q TT Seen] Som 7 PS 1 Vf} § roo g ~ i : i | ‘ + SH J & : : ACC 3 e 5 i ft | | 5 V7 vi J “Cararay ad 0 af a2 OF 0d 0 a 02 OF ae rape oe ac) ere ene ‘Strain & (%) 9.0.= 10mm Fig. 19 6-€ Disgram (1) Stress 6 (ina?) Hit \ rr rr rr re Strain & 0%) gl = 60mm Pig. 110 6-€ Disgram toE (%) Elongation (9.6, = 60mm) 50 ‘Stress Range 20845 "nm? t \ 10} H %) I é Elongation ( 9.8. 50mm ) Flat Specimen Mild Steel SSA} 100 1 20x45 mm Palsating Tension Mild Steel S341 100 « 2045 mn Flat Specimen Aulsating Tension Stress Range 204 = 45 Ym? 00 50 Number of Cycles N Fig. 111 €-n Diagram (i) Wid Steet S541 1320450+8mm. Fat Secomen Puisating Tension 0 05200 ~~«SO Number of Cycles N Pig. 112 €-n Diagram @) <— Fig. 113 €-n Diagram () o 7 munber of Ogies =12-Hlometion £691 é ge Siirss | meets 3 tsa | z0-s0.800 curso | 8m | ett Specmen | |_Petsarng Tension r 0 oe ember of Cyiea [mee eee a TZ Number or Cycles @ Fracture WN Fig. 114 €-n Diagram (4) Fig. 115 Sép)-N Diagram 22050 8m += Finat elongation (9. € =100mm) & Frat Specimen == Mean Elongation at he 7 Patsating enon Senter ec og & “0 Rena EEE r Te g PER NT “| cH Shc eH I 2] [IAT ; t rr z7 MS + § “EET 7 reel [VE Soo maT Pte tothe s ay stare tesien + state lepton deep — ee * J Tes 6 7 8 9D Fig. 116 Distribution of Fracture Ductility -13- 621 €nT T an + Sim ° Awa «Final Elompaton lat Fracture void angen «ee 7 Stem, | Reece || 2 RR 7 a ee ol _ coimdes ee ? a! £ ‘D's eee 87 : g: [as i = by 3 rr L 4 ; : Pig. 117 €f-Ns Ep-N Diegram A &f = Final Elongation at Fracture (9.2 ~i00mm)} co Fe | | €m= Mean Elongation at the Begining fee i of Necking ° j | Point_@a@ correspond to Static Tension Elongation E (%) ace a =6 0 Flat Specimen Patsating Tension em | ; = °. t Ec 20 a5 w w Stress Range 20a ( "9/mnt) Pig. 118 Oa-€r, oa-€m Diagram -14-Elongation at Fracture & (%) awczan| : 4 + w) : 4 ween i o ‘Mud Steel $541 Flot Specimen Putsting Tension ‘ » - 220 550 8 (00770 a3 nm Be 100 mn — | "28" 60mm” ~~ : @ Static Tension 2 Sion Tension wta000 +9088 rpm © Pasetg Tension T x ren Hlg 9500 | | Lem mieig see L l sa 38 @ 7 a aa Stess Range 26 an") Stress Reage 264 (Mit) = Stress Range 204 ("%/nnt) Fig. 119 6,-€f Diagram 5 wis « Number of Gyles fo Fracture Pig. 120 8-N Diagram (1) Tara Te 0 ra Number of Gxies to Fracture N Pig. 121 8-N Diagram (2) -15-& "| s g y Stress Range/ Tensile Strength 2 (%) / x Fig. 122 8-¥ Diagram 1:3 44 F7VYFTON—-TRB 1+3+1 BRAS LORRAE BMS ALCO THAPV IIA V—FORBRME TE, 7 FRE OBAKSILERERAE eB, BBR adie 11 CR LEME SMD LOT, RBA THM Fig. 12 51m TR, BRAD Lo Pig. 11 OSOLAUTHS, RRBLMMiCM tk boxe Bu, 63 0 cpm os MBRVOUME OH OTE emze, RABERER, OC, 43 OR LU-77OD4BCHKOK, B ROBT ORMH RHR EOMAMRHS 4OTHOL, CODHARK Lk, —4 3 Cn BSnR ks LUMA Z aX ey, ~ 77 OOBAR EI TARET NI VEAL LCR He RBH CHB Hs LO ORE MADDY Pig. 124, HORE Y FCR RM ERKEAMEA Ge BHT SHRO LOC, TOWNES ys Ye CH RIB Lo Fig. 123 Dimension of Test Specimen =16—courte Stee Caliper Sh Bam Tad Fig. 124 Low Temperature Extensometer 1-3-2 BR OR OR I\~ FMA Pig, L25HL UKs. 126K, MM CHEE Pig. 1.11 ~Pig. 114 CMNSSEOTHS, BI GOPHCKFWMELEC LHL, RRBM OC HC ECRHERH CHO RET LE~ NAR CRE BRE BRS CERTHS, COMOZI-FREL LCI IH OL CHTS SMO TA Dio €pE MRE AFA FELTEHCHL TFA hSSE Pig. 127 DLFCHO, OFTAMEOBREGAL AE RMARCHS. EK, AMKBH 42g / MIC HH SOTAR LR EOMARR Pig. 126 OES KHD, OTH RROMKLEUE ROMA ARBKICES, CHHOMRRRRARD WO CES CHMERE CHM SOLER H SM TAP IFII-~T mis A SDOMELBRCHSOLEMRL WS EOLHROENSD, PAV IPP) — FRB MH CTS RRERR CE by TMB LE EERETARAT SCR SBRIRKW ED ThE, BRR SEEF ME BHA C, RRR ROMRBHIC TTL EES SEX AKVORRETH DE, =17-sep lone Elation £006) (96 000 ) Fig. 125 Cyclic Creep Diagram 8 [wie seer S507 | 3 i vat Soecimen i— 2 Pasting onsen , 3 z & ° Tae ay ‘Munber of Ones Fig. 126 Oyclic creep Diagram Tne Stresg at € +20% 6 % @ Fiat Spine J | sore: 2015008 n0 mK elena Ft na 40 ry ~ Nominel Stress Renge (1/mm!) -18- Fig. 127 Variation of Rate Steady State Flow with Stress Rengeicele 2 22045048 mm [#201 2518mm % lei -504 smn? 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Th bd Pig.2 3128841 OF RH, Pig.2 4 KAMMOPMH, Fig. 25 KAM MOMHORH (a= 2.75), Pig. 2 6 KAMMORAAMKH (a= 52), Fig.27RH TS OH OPMH, Fig. 2GRHTS OH OMHAKH, Fig 29HHTSOMORAAMKH, Flga210R HT 6 OH OFM, Fig. ZARA TSOMOFMMRH (aA=-24)Fig21 2H TSOOHOV EH Kt (a-82) 9 omaxnMBCHS, CHhHOMK BW CHRMABKGH Cmax (kg/m) eRL, RMB ETO WE LANY TRENHHERRETOS, CASO omax-N BMP bd Mm S15 C, Omax-N MBB, FHGHNO KS S CR BR Rc MIC RPT —ODRBL, FHENOKTTC LIT OMMABE HENRESHRORHRARL CAMHS, oePMC ALFELAR, Thbb. MAGKHOMVERCeUTR, RRA M bORKGNHL ORHRECKRETS OC, FHENKAROT EL, BRKGEN BRELOAH, CORFMERALAL RSH, CHMSORSAMRZ, BH DARKO, ULAMHMRER LS OLHRTKETH SI. BIC, MAD MR eM eM CH CO, FRR DMB CG DR AEVELBHBHCH (4S. EK, FHGISLUGARR HAS LOBE, BORED DEW OY Bi RH ICH CS, THORMICH UTS, PHBH HES, AM GIRAEVBEH EOSHRPONEVBSEY, bh OM ICT FAROE. PHRMCEOHMER LTS, KERR, HT 6 ODMHIC OW CARH CRASS 2. FRAC (Pig.2108R) SEHR BAI OF PAIN OREKS CHM REET CH OR, FHRNOBO FRED 4 0K97 MOBS TL, COMRK2K 105 KAPHA ETHOTHS, EEL VIF ROBE (Pie.21 2S), BAPRYD OMS 1 OSH TT AMR CHH hO, FRGH4 OG /m Ome 2 x1 0484 Pr CHA MOTUS, HT SO YLAOBE ORR CLARO OAXRdreTW3M, 105~106 44 ABE OF FD WED, BT 6 0OMER EME THRE. CHS Omaxl MAP SCN RMS mL REAL OMRERT om" Rew CCLMTIS, CO-HELT, ATSOORARUYRHO om—-v MMe Fig-213 RL on—N MS 6 Omex—N MAL MRC, 2AOHMTCHMTS CL MCE S, omax -NBRCRY CT. FHRNOKT SCH MPbST, MH CREFGK- OBR CHEOENLGRR, oon BOCK, PHGIOKE SOL CTH H-AOUR CHWS HN, CHSOTMOBRPHARNIOBKBL< MOTHS, CRG Onn FHS, SHURE CK SPE HENOK Me RT HAR Bem CoOL MCHES, Pig.214~ Fig. 2235 CSMHORMMHRAMHe RL Ko CHS ORAM ARE ic tis T, MRI GH) ORL FED RSL OH Og /oBe AL, RMF H EH LY MSL OL ome ERT, CHE OM BWC. FSGHOORMMOLOSRH RD RROBRERL, HAMS 45°O RMT ROUROORBMRERT. Pig. 2150 KAMMERH ORY BLURS HMO ORME Mas LU Pig. 21 6 OKAMMALDKARH OMB ORRERT EM OMA MORRBA (8S 41) RRA LES OTHS, MARK Pig218, Pig219 8 LU Fig221 OF KD ORBER LM AMORRBREINA LR LO THI. ~23-CAH OBGHARMRR2AORMTCHM EHS, COMAMB ceo, Hh MARL MIO omax—-NRHS Si oe NRBiwd ENA SACHS FB. PRCHAMA CHOC, FAM SAMO HME BORMCH., LM HOEDMKRLW SCL KB, tes, CDRP ORB CONTR AR CHMCRAT SOC, CO CRe mS Be 24 6 F U S841, KAM, HTSOBLUHT 60048 OMMKONT, FHENE BEALE RHRRL AKL, FHRNONMCOWTHELE, ChE ORRE ROG, KEFEOUL ERR BR. a) RADNER ELKEORRE RS omax— NBO, RAC RT Te oR L, PRORHAEMEOGAOGRMCEUV ENS, MMC Pk RMU Sr PERT, RR Kd SARRKED ORARELCRET SLOT, BKE HIAFLOKRAPSHASREOCL, CORAMERBREBLY. 2k. BRORHMBNAT HMA, BORPOKEWSORERL, EL FHBN DG LOREBEVRERTHS rd, WHORAMMCHO TR, PAE NOB SORE, BORKENCHRS, >) NRRL MEME ON Re RT co— NM & omax—N MRL MR 2AOH BCHMUSH, COR HM S Ki omex-NMBOKHAMSACHETS. ©) SOROS REM BABA LY, MACH AT SAMO PSEA MR SBS OR MBMREMSOL ATES, CORM MAME > omax —N Bee RZ * OEM CHUAN, COM nM SAM omax—N BOR NM SACHBTS. SAG OKHRRR, LOLLHMH LOCH OC, BHM OOH BE VMK CHOBITS CL, KBR CL ORARRY AK LESS THEI © CARs 2 Ww Oo RB B) —24-Tadle 21 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Base Metal of wo T ( Dindtease | sates ae kau Garam? [ar7 | cos | o68 [aor - seer 45am) [ary | 06 | a80[aore ~ | - [ose [ase [ae ° meresom2 mm) |ar7/aas| ra faor joors| - | - | se | sas | at . a tesoctoam) [ara] acs! x14 faoze fase | aos| or | vse | oe rm . Table 22 Testing Conditions teat Uatvereity [Osaka | wippon Ma seudient conductea lor Torro | Univeresty |xaist Kyoxai| Heavy oy Induetey Kings of | soe | saan Br60 Kau feee ars0 i Testing |Lowoyole | Low-oyele |Lowcyole | tow-cyeie Macnine | Fatigue fatigue — |Fatigue Fatigue i Teeting [resting | teasing [T0*8EE | renting Macnini Machine = (Magia Macnia. | Peleater | rovz0 |w>100 1~30 | 10~s0 25 260,520 lycroo 1 Giana) { Oonas. Load lat vernasing O~ Tension 20,25,30 | toad en=ases, 35 (eat ssee asses] in Tenaton Am Tenetoi Piaia Plain Pein wos, Morenea (e=2482) | (e=27582) Wig.24 (a)| vig.24 (a) 21 (0) Pte. 21 (0) =25-re = BE urs 6 17 sg 0 op 220 a5 peer eee wy uf we #Y } Detots of Meth U-Nerchee V-notched 7: Notched Specimen Notched Specimen (1b) Specimens for KAM and HI. 50 (C) Specimens for HI60 Fig, 21 Shapee and Dimensions of Test Specimen (unitjmm) Pig. 22 Test Machine = 16ae © = aen! (0760) & 2 20%e 066! 2 25iee (05506) o 2 20% (04e08) 10 10? 10° —= Mumber of Cycles N —> Max, Stress Tmax (ma) oxbe Fig. 23 Omex-N Curvea for 8841 (Plain Specimen) er BT ~I0Mhan! (06506) © 0 ~25H%an! (05508) > Max. Stress Cmax ('Ynm?) i 0 i 10 10 of —+ Number of Cycles N Pig. 24. Oma-N Curves for KAM (Plain Specimen) gs 8 a8 & —> Max. Stress Tmax ("¥/nm?) 8 t 0 Cae 10? wot 0s —= Number of Cycles N Pig. 25 OmgN Curves for KAM(Notched Specimen g=z75) oe= Max, Stress Tmax 49/nmn? ) —> Max. Stress Tnax ("Ynm*) ——> Max. Stress Cmax (Ha/am?) © =36Ynnt (08206 ) © =20Mant (0.6902) © +25 Wan! (0.5700) 10 10? 0 uw oe —> Number of Cycles N Pig. 26 Omx-N Curves for KAM (Notched Specimen a=52) 0. G- =2942 "nm! 0.5505) | 0 10 10 104 108 —+ wumber of Cycles N Fig. 27 Cmy-N Curves for HT50 (Plain specimen) © $44.6 am? (08008) BO = 9608 "0! 065Ca) © 7 = 3053 oat (0.5508 ) 0 oF 10? wot 105 —+ Number of Cycles N Fig. 28 Omx-N Curves for HT50 (Notched Specimen a=275) -28-—> Max, Stress Gnax (Yam?) Te = to t HT O = 44 "ant (06006) 7 1 = SETS nm (06505) | - an f - =3025 Waal (a3s05) | 2 a 0 102 10? tt 105 ——+ Number of Cyctes N Fig. 29 Omx-N Curves for HT50 (Notched Specimen a=52) Ss 8a Max. Stress Tmax ("Yrm®) 8 (02906) (00105) i i Hil woe 108 ws ——> Number of Cyctes N 0 Fig. 210 Smx-N Curves for HT60 (Plain Specimen) a) § 2 2 a bal Ba & = a t (© nin = 40 "hom? (058%) 0 = (02806) Oonn= 1 = (O01) ay » o ra a of —+ Number of Cycles N Fig. 211 Omg"N Curves for HT60(V-Natched Specimen d=24) ole30} —> Max. Stress Tmax ("9/mm* ) 0 a wo wt we we a —— Number of Cycles N Fig. 212 Omx-N Curves for HT60 (Votched Specimen a=82) egtee — Vout) © Smee Me 108662) 8-205 - 10650) 4 Gn aBW25 » (05505) a7 7° ee Fig. 213 6,-N Curve for HT§0 (Notched Specimen a=52) —30-S os SS é oF a to i Ze od ail 1 au = 0 i ol i Sar eB AAS 8 ar a0 0 a aE aS Os 0 OF SF as ee Pig. 214 O- GN Diagram for S841 Fig. 215 GyGyN Diagram for KAM Safin “spoctmen) tein Srecimon) Fp a A o a ¥ oq Lt ¥ opt LI +a 1 ad a 7 pt i 43 03 T pS al ~ ; N ; eae ae re ew se — "6, —-Infgy Pig. 216 6-GyN Diagram for KAM Pig. 217 6-Gn-N Diagram for KAM (Notched Specimen d=275) (Notched Specimen a=52) IN eS € som 1 ad . = a eT ad 4 0 7 im i, egaigadgel pertasgerpeuragespe Eeeigerg erga peeyergeig ciara > Onfay Pig. 218 O.-GcN Diagram for BTSO (Plain specimen) fy Fig. 219 OyGyN Diagram for HTS0 (hed specimen 29275) eetT ail 5e ° 1 Oe) 07 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 ° 0 af a2 03 04 a5 af a7 08 as 10 + Cove, — %, ‘4g. 220 Gy-G,N Diagram for HTS0 (Wotened Specimen a=52) Fig. 221 SgGy¥ Disgrem for RTso (biein Specimen) a I ° ol 0 af 02 a3 a4 a5 06 07 08 0 10 ‘0 0) a2 03 a4 05 08 a7 08 09 10 + tng, —= Sng Pig. 222 GyGcN Diagram for HT60 Fig. 223 Gg-GyN Diegram for ET60 (v-Notched Specimen a=24) (V-Notched Specimen a=82) eSBie PRR TORI AIBA 31 BEA BF PAR OWRICB YW TH, COMMBBLOLI GERRI CHOLLI RAE OC MASH SPEMID REL CERCMT SH EH eMK sce BLESS, fh AMIE Th. COMAMSERTNAEMBRV SVS HS, Cn 50 HE MOPPS., LPGAYABXYARLE CERO AYRE, MK RRR EM OGRE SEL SR EBA RHRES LOEB RRAHRR EL DD UC. BH OH RHOTBHY SARL Ky EVR KCMBL RSL Bons BARR OHH ORC OW TS MAL Ke 3:2 BRP BRBRA OR 7 LRH (44: WRECKS LS SMH) FHENAPMEKSR SMB KOUTH, FETS COUR SM, KO1 PRA CDW CORRE EE Dt oy ABER IE AD AMEE IC as UCB BB OY CF ARS he URPBESARFRMARN ON RUE HME HS DICT S DK Tie NK OTH So 3+2+1 HRMSELURBAL RAN. BPAMHOSM AT RLUSM5 OC. EDEMA DO ICH Me Me tavre a1 CRT, RERTAKCAKS MTS S, KRHOBRE LUTHER Figs 31 KRENZER TCHS, KT 2MORBAE MEL. RE OFHESRK, SREFHBER. SM 41 once s Fe 10%, SMSEOTHS, 10 15. EKER 20%THS, EK, SRBHIC tH ENOMEO FRESE S MIC FMERBEL TC. AMRRH ONT, BY-YRIVRHC BO CHFARICL 1) PIR aH. EM: — RABI 3 11-12(1949) 3114 ZOFH Bika, Wh: — HBR, 10, 97% (9836) 786/791 ZO Lyst: —Mat,Ros,& Standards 2 11 (1962)751/753 —55-0, FERHEMA CH, RBA PRM, AEH FBAFRON TOBE LBbmoe, Ek, CHER, LOOOxX LS OOmORe, EEFOKNRD. HHA KL STR OROMEBCER EK, CHLOE KO MRRAI OU TERR eT Ok, AX LOOBCKRROBRS XO CENTS, FEOFELSALRBHR. KRKEDKRKAH, 250°C %15SAMMRE S SOALMMRME NK, BMETH. cHeAROdBOBRE EET TCRHR BALL Ro RAL CMERHRBRR, SOY RROTAAI—-HHER BR KkRAEL PRRRERI OP KLOTHS. Tedd, CRBKMEAALK MERIC L ERPEMAE LOC. AML URG eG bek, RRREHE OR MURR Y 4 7 RHRATH). FRAME I PY EL KE, EK. BHR BLRERAEEA1IALLE. 3°22 RRBRELUVEOSR (a) FB e way RHRRE TI CECD THE PHM OMRTMEL R, 2M ORMHIC Dt. REFSLGIR KK, 25001 SFOALHMEML EL OL, BES BKEORERMEERE LDC ONT. HRORRETMROK, COL IOME LPOMMOSMSOKML TO 2He Fig 5 2 HKMLC SMSO DUCOFSLUROMSTREOMRE Pe 35 KART. KHL, Pla, 3 2D ORRFRKSASMOMBRICHTSLOTHY. Fig, KI OMRFBE BREEDEHIKES LOCH S, CHOOMKASHSL IM, ALTHMELS BORED LHCRESLVSORSD, RHREO LAKE. RMT TSS DOLMERENS, EK. HMM CBHRMEREAT SC EAMB SRE COBO LAELA LRMOBSOMEABETH EOC. RHRESOR BS Meee Mens, (ot) FRLRY1 Ar RHRE MHRBIC. Mig, R1OTMRRN EAL ES, Bork s— NRE. Fig, & 4 LUMI RT, Pe, SAGEM AIH IHS SEOTHD. & ANISM SES OKHTSLOTHS, COT. CHSOMOMMK EL OERAGH Rh. FEESREROMBCHPTSARENTHS, CHO ONHSbHMSLIK RABEHOFHL SLC. P-OALHME BL EBA, FERH KEE EMRE SB OTNS, Fie, SSR SMREL TRL OMRERT EOC. (MRS M41 KOWT, HIMH SMS TOKO THLORRT, COKAHHS —34—LG, FEMI SWS CR, MHRES SC, MRE TERIAL CH C0. FRRIW MLC. H2%O BM CM MTS, KHL. FHA 15 We BTL. COMMHAPOMATEIFTHS, Cn oOBRA, FHHORAR ER YRRSCLAT SLD ROMER, O17 EH REO BEER BOLERL THOS, Pte, ARFHESARROMMCHTSEUCRELT SOS, MHROEABERLAEARMHOTERALT SOT, MEOLREL TH, CHL OOMR CHK OLA ED AMM BbHS, Pe, 56, CD ED GAMO, MRURKAEL MME COMBLBKLOMRERL KP NM Bel. SUSOKHATSEO THE, COMRMOATR, FEHR AHRENS WER So ME Lk 7a)H LUE AHRRE OM ARO KILL RT ATH, FERRO VEERIORMCL MH HROMSRAES, Leg VOMMED ACRACMHL COLH, FERARC ESL MOORES, BHOtHE LAER CD, RM EMC ERM RDEET, EKON SOMME bMS He CUR EEROTRD. FHOSU HA BRM i RO Do Die. ML FE CAR EN CHEM T SHRM CM ROM DESL ITH. MBRO AICHE OT, RRA ICTS ABO we TOR. TORMERLAOM Ma, SG alwk VOTHS, MROTL EMS, 25. BCR. OTHE CROOMR. Pig, K7LMUMBLRL TUS, 36203 EF EH REORPRLD, MEPORMCLOC, MHC NRAEKREBFELEC EE LTS, CORR MCR ROMRL ZG SRY, FRM OBE EDS RH ME LETH SCE PRAM HBS HK, Table 31 Chemical conpositions and Mechanical Properties of the Materials used su 41 Pig. 31 Test specimen used in the Pre—strained Condition ~35—load ws Aten - Pau 25601 54%) ead at AOE, fem Oy (mae! pda a fe $053] 18% 5 0 6 ~ logon fre-Strain (%) Fig-&2 Load—Biongation Pig.33 Relation between the Diagrams Tensile Strength and the Pre—strain g 888 SwaT. Pre ~Strain Pre Strain Pre Strain. 8 ax lant) & Fig.34 (e) Ogax—N Diagrams of SM41 Shinae (*/mn®) x [fe-strain | 20% DB |Pre-stran | 15% 4 | Pre-strain | 0% © | Pre strain 5% © | Pre- strain @ 7 0 oF GF N Fig. 54 (0) Ouax-N Diagrams of SM50 T 7 (@) — % SM 50 | a = 60) : Wet g Wao _| 5 wewe w= toe L L | 20 S 0 8 2 Pre-Strain % o C7 sma a S 4 7 : § ga 4 eh |_| 20 5 earn co: Pre-Strain % Fig.35 Relation between Fatigue Strength and Pre—strain -37- raa ° e Max Load, % wl Fig.36 Pre stain Pre strain Pre-strain 7 70 107 Relation between Maximum Load and Number of Reversals of Strese Sectional oe a Sestinal Aree Pig. 37 (a) Change of Sectionar Area during Fatigne Teeting of sM4t Fig.37 (0) Change of Sectional Area during Fatigue Testing of SMSO Fig. 38 (a) Change of Actual Stress due to the Increase ofNumber of Reversals of etress(SM41) -38- at detal Fig-38(t) Change of Actual strese due to the Increase of the Namber of Reversaie of stresa(sM50)393 SHBRARBORRICHD SR HE CHES ¢ Brie e8 (RAT OT) ER. SRHAOEMICKY ORR, FC RHMECHTS RAL TORK mix seared te< 2~ 9) xt, RMA LR LORS OES Ch. RHR REORRAHE LC. LRH REM BATHE LCRA RNS KM, YN DH BLO 6 OF SRRYHO SBR, THOOKBCHHDS SHURA SEB SOT SAM THKOKEOTHSS 3:3+1 ARMELURRAE PRAHA S S41, YN DS SHLORT SOOT. PHM 344" tho, BR RRR IC te to SHA OLEA HERE Tadre & 21 TRA MBORBOLE CT. MEO RA MRS Tk bkmo ae MARE TS HLT. BBHS- 19 6 COM THMIURRR, OU CV SIF YH E-GRRRER BL Ko URARA AE 1 4mm LAP RRR Ae. FTMAB 1 2, BBR EI a, BES O°, MR EO 8 mas LUO 2S mMOVMBL ATS 2OONKRBN OH SMELL, Fam LOhYTAAG—-MRBME RAL. MRP LEN THOME IC RRLER WCRML I, WE, F-Y ORAS OMEL KS AHARCRABAOE HT RHRRRe HL, DRAMA RAL AB OGRE LI, RRA UKE RRR O BEL SHED IMRT. TOK RARMIZR A Petorson OHAKCIH. CHEK, 1 ZHKELOS TSS, DROOLETRER F< CHARBECREL TC. WOMRORTHLODAK FG he RBH ORM 3 MO MRM AACR ERNE TZ TY CRA KOR MSRKERERRN KA SHRORMME MIM AL c BEB HI. A HEA HAReARKAAAALAREL RHR SL. +2%OMANTHER MCRL ISLIML Ke CORMOM MEN, HEL CHERRET HS” 2.4% Zambrow & KG Fontana!—Trans, ASM,, 41, 1949. 3% Spretnak, MO Fontana and HR Brooke:—Trana AsM., 45, 1951. 4) AAG, RH: — ME. 50, 209 (8829) 5) WK, JI]? erat, 311, (29) malo