MINI PROJECT REPORTON

“CROP PREDICTION USING VGG

MODEL” BY
VAIBHAV BHOSALE
Course: MCA I Sem.:3
Roll No.:125
PRATIBHA INSTITUTE OF BUSINESS MANAGEMENT CHINCHWAD,
PUNE -411019
2021-2022
 DECLARATION:
Here I am gladly present this project report “CROP PREDICTION USING VGG MODEL”As
part of the 3rd semester MCA in Computer application . At this time of submitting this
report we use this opportunity to mention those people who with us along the work.
We extend our sincere and heartfelt thanks to our esteemed guide, Mr. Karan Gore for
providing us with the right guidance and advice at the crucial junctures and for
showing us the right way. Again We extend our sincere thanks to our respected Head
of the Division Mr. Manish Patankar sir, for allowing us to use the facilities available.
And heartiest thank to Mr. Rajnish Mishra sir to guide us. We would like to thank the
other faculty members also, at this occasion. Last but not the least; we would like to
thank friends for the support and encouragement they havegiven us during the course
of our work.

Submitted by

VAIBHAV BHOSALE
 AKNOWLDGEMENT

To deal with the stated challenges, a deep learning-based approach has been
introduced to recognize and classify the paddy crop stresses. The proposed
methodology consists of two main stages, namely, image dataset preparation and
deep learning-based classification.
In this project we are trying to classify the type pf crop from the image.
 Index

Sr. no. topic name page no.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction
1.2 Existing System and
Need for System

1.3 Limitations of existing

system
CHAPTER 2: PROPOSED SYSTEM 2.1 Problem statement/s

2.2 Module specifications

2.3

2.4 Detail Description of

Technology Used
Operating environment

2.5 Objectives of
proposed system

2.6 Scope of the system

CHAPTER 4 4.1 Drawbacks and

Limitations

4.2 Conclusion
INTRODUCTION:
To contribute to the development of nations, knowledge of agriculture sectors is crucial.
Agriculture is a one-of-a-kind source of wealth that develops farmers. For a strong country,
the development of farming is a necessity and a need in the global market. The world’s
population is growing at an exponential rate, necessitating massive food production in the
next 50 years.

The paddy crop cultivation is an integral part of Indian agricultural economy ranking first in
the area of cultivation with 43.92 million hectares with the production of 111.50 million
tons (Anonymous, 2018). Although the overall numbers are impressive, the rice production
has come under increased pressure in Asia due to population growth and changing socio-
economic factors. The major paddy producing belts in Asia regions achieves only 40% of
total production efficiency due to damage caused by drought, diseases, and pests. A more
integrated approach involving optimum crop improvement and resource management
practices such as nutrient management, irrigation regime, and other agronomic
management factors for paddy crop with the existing farmers' practices is a potential option
for minimizing the crop yield gap.

Today, we have Agriculture data set with us for better understanding and we’ll be focused
on how to think about these projects, rather than their implementation as many of us
getting trouble in initiating and doing the ending of projects.

LIMITATIONS:
Some of the limitations that currently exist with these simulators are that: there is no single
program or set of model parameters that have been identified for all global regions and crops,
there's limited precision to quantify crop responses to micronutrient stress, and there is a
limited amount of validation data ...

CHAPTER 2: PROPOSED SYSTEM

Agriculture is an important source of livelihood. Crop classification has become important
for precision agriculture and helps making many decisions for crop production. However, it's
challenging to achieve that precision in this field. Remote Sensing helps to achieve that crop
yield assessment, crop health and other parameters. My project focusses on how machine
learning algorithms can be used for the crop classification with the data images from
satellite. The model proposed and studied give highest accuracy for crop identification
2.1 PROBLEM DESCRIPTION:
There are multiple projects based on crop prediction which has given good results but the use
of vgg model(vgg16) gives a better accuracy for the classification.
1. Methodolgy:

To deal with the stated challenges, a deep learning-based approach has been
introduced to recognize and classify the paddy crop stresses. The proposed
methodology consists of two main stages, namely, image dataset preparation and
deep learning-based classification.
In this project we are trying to classify the type pf crop from the image.
Methodology adopted, aims at predicting the crop yield of a particular area by
providing the required dataset from that area. It involves the following steps.
• Collection of the dataset for agricultural crop mapping and monitoring.
• Performing the pre-processing on the satellite image for extraction of data features
for further analysis.
• Classifying the type of crop using various approach.
• Applying the machine learning for accurate results.

Dataset Description:

Training data:
Dataset (Crop Images) contain 40+ images of each Agriculture crop(Maize, Wheat,
jute, rice and sugarcane)
Dataset (kag2) contains 159+ augmented images of Crop Images of each
class. Augmentation contain Horizontal flip, roatation, horizontal shift,
vertical shift. Agriculture crop images | Kaggle

Testing data:
https://www.kaggle.com/aman2000jaiswal/testssss

Technology and Platform used:

Tools/Technology: Python
Platform: Kaggle
Packages: numpy, pandas, sklearn, matplotlib, tensorflow, keras
Modelling: Deep learning (vgg model)

CNN model configuration and architecture:

The proposed work has employed the pre-trained VGG-16 CNN model for the
classification. The VGG model, or VGGNet, that supports 16 layers is also referred to
as VGG16, which is a convolutional neural network model. In VGG architecture, all
the convolutional layers use filters of the size of 3 x 3 with stride =1 and same
padding, and all the max-pooling layers have a filter size of 2 x 2 with stride = 2. With
each set of a convolutional layer, the number of filters doubles and with each
pooling layer, the width and height of the image reduces by half.

1. Input: The VGGNet takes in an image input size of 224×224. For the ImageNet
competition, the creators of the model cropped out the center 224×224 patch in
each image to keep the input size of the image consistent.
2. Convolutional Layers: VGG’s convolutional layers leverage a minimal receptive
field, i.e., 3×3, the smallest possible size that still captures up/down and
left/right. Moreover, there are also 1×1 convolution filters acting as a linear
transformation of the input. This is followed by a ReLU unit, which is a huge
innovation from AlexNet that reduces training time. ReLU stands for rectified
linear unit activation function; it is a piecewise linear function that will output
the input if positive; otherwise, the output is zero. The convolution stride is fixed
at 1 pixel to keep the spatial resolution preserved after convolution (stride is the
number of pixel shifts over the input matrix).
3. Hidden Layers: All the hidden layers in the VGG network use ReLU. VGG does
not usually leverage Local Response Normalization (LRN) as it increases memory
consumption and training time. Moreover, it makes no improvements to overall
accuracy.
4. Fully-Connected Layers: The VGGNet has three fully connected layers. Out of
the three layers, the first two have 4096 channels each, and the third has 1000
channels, 1 for each class.

Steps involved are:

Step1: Load the data (Set up the working directories, initialize the images, resize, and
perform test-train splits)
Step2: Configure the model (Data augmentation, build the model, set up the
callbacks and other hyper-parameters)
Step3: Train the model (Train and monitor the progress)
 Step4: Evaluation and prediction (Get a classification report and predict class labels
of new unseen images)

5. Results:
The complete system is designed using Python. The output of the used algorithm
shows an accuracy of 0.94.

Operating environment

TECHNOLOGY USED PYTHON

TOOL JUPYTER

ANALYSIS MOVIE REVIEW DATA

MODEL NLP, vgg,

Objectives of proposed system

OBJECTIVES:
Agriculture is an important source of livelihood. Crop classification has become important
for precision agriculture and helps making many decisions for crop production. However, it's
challenging to achieve that precision in this field. Remote Sensing helps to achieve that crop
yield assessment, crop health and other parameters. My project focusses on how machine
learning algorithms can be used for the crop classification with the data images from
satellite. The model proposed and studied give highest accuracy for crop identification.

Scope of the system

The best performing pre-trained deep learning model VGG-16 has been used in the
classification task.
The results obtained are encouraging as the work considers more number of paddy crop
classification. But still, there is a scope for improvement. The classification performance of
the VGG-16 model will be compared with the similar state-of-the-art models such as
ResNet, GoogLeNet, Inception-v3, and LeNet as a future scope. The generality of the
proposed approach can make it applicable to a wide range of field crops, such as wheat,
maize, barley, soybean etc. The effects of environmental conditions such as extreme
temperatures and soil factors, the presence of combinatorial stresses, the quantification of
stresses, and the prediction of the gap between yield potential and yield under stress can be
the factors for further studies.

CHAPTER 4:

LIMITATIONS:

The obtained result for the crop yield prediction using SMO classifier gives less accuracy
when compared to naïve Bayes, multilayer perceptron and Bayesian network.
Previously yield is predicted on the bases of the farmers prior experience but now weather
conditions may change drastically so they cannot guess the yield.
Companies need a large or high-quality small dataset to have accurate classifications
Noise (e.g., emojis, slang, or punctuation marks) can reduce accuracy
Costs are higher compared to traditional, rule-based methods.
DRAWBACKS
The Difference in Growing conditions
Certain locations and their climates are more favorable for monoculture, meaning a certain
kind of crop. Other crops, other than that specific type of crop, cannot grow well in that
specific type of temperature and soil conditions.
Obligatory Crop Diversification
For crop rotation to work, one has to plant different crops every time. Nonetheless, it does
not allow a farmer to specialize in a single type of crop. The farmer is not able to produce a
single crop on a large scale over a long period of time because of the damage it will do to
the soil.
Improper Implementation Can Cause Much More Harm Than Good
Improper implementation of this technique causes much more harm than good. If one lacks
the technical know-how of crop rotation, there is no need to experiment because there can
be nutrient buildup that will take a longer time to correct. One has to have the skills to know
what crops can be planted after the other and in which season for the process to be
successful.