1651 EE-ES-2019-1015-R0 Load Flow PQ Capability (ENG)

Company: Sterling & Wilson Solar Ltd.
Country: Chile
Project: Santa Isabel Photovoltaic Project
Description: Load Flow (reactive power analysis)
Project Code: EE-2019-125

Report Code: EE-ES-2019-1015
Version: 0
Power System Studies, Power Plant Field Testing

and Electrical Commissioning
ISO9001:2008 Certified
25 Nov. 19
Santa Isabel Photovoltaic Project
Load Flow (reactive power analysis)
This document EE-ES-2019-1015-R0 was prepared for Sterling & Wilson Solar Ltd. by Estudios Eléctricos.
For technical questions regarding the content of this, contact:
Ing. Gustavo Alvarado

Studies department
gustavo.alvarado@estudios-electricos.com
Ing. Pablo Fernández

Studies department
pablo.fernandez@estudios-electricos.com
Ing. David Perrone

Project Manager Studies department
david.perrone@estudios-electricos.com
Ing. Alejandro Musto

Studies department manager
alejandro.musto@estudios-electricos.com
This document contains 62 pages and was last saved on 25/11/2019 by Gustavo Alvarado; its versions and
digital signers are indicated below:
Version Date Comments Made by Revised by Approved by
A 5.8.2019 First issue for revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM
B 01.10.2019 Include internal revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM
C 18.10.2019 Include internal revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM
D 18.10.2019 Include internal revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM
Final version. Approved by Sterling & Wilson

0 25.11.2019 GuA/PaF DaP AlM
Solar Ltd.
All digital signatures can be validated and authenticated through the Electrical Studies website;
http://www.estudios-electricos.com/certificados.
2 / 62
Index
1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................. 5
2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION............................................................................................................................. 7
2.1 General description .......................................................................................................................... 9
3 PROJECT MODELLING ............................................................................................................................11

3.1 Internal grid ....................................................................................................................................11
3.2 Ana María 220kV substation ..........................................................................................................13
Environmental data .................................................................................................................................. 14
Conductors ............................................................................................................................................... 16
Conductor thermal rating ......................................................................................................................... 16
Conductor Model ..................................................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Don Antonio – Ana María 1x220kV OHL ........................................................................................19

Most representative structure ................................................................................................................. 19
Phase and ground conductor ................................................................................................................... 20
DIgSILENT model ...................................................................................................................................... 21
3.4 Lagunas - Encuentro 2x220kV (sectioning) ....................................................................................23

Most representative structure ................................................................................................................. 23
Phase and ground conductor ................................................................................................................... 24

DIgSILENT model ...................................................................................................................................... 25
3.5 Step-up transformer 220/23kV ......................................................................................................27

On-load tap changer ................................................................................................................................. 28
DIgSILENT model ...................................................................................................................................... 29
3.6 Zig-Zag Transformer .......................................................................................................................31

3.7 Medium voltage overhead line ......................................................................................................32
Structure................................................................................................................................................... 32
Phase conductor ....................................................................................................................................... 33
DIgSILENT model ...................................................................................................................................... 33

3.8 Medium voltage cable system .......................................................................................................35
3.9 Inverter step-up transformers .......................................................................................................39
3.10 Inverters .........................................................................................................................................44
DIgSILENT Power Factory Model ............................................................................................................ 46
3.11 Auxiliary services transformers ......................................................................................................48
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4 COMPLIANCE OF ARTICLE 3-8 ................................................................................................................49

4.1 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................49
4.2 Analysis...........................................................................................................................................50
4.3 Recommendations .........................................................................................................................53
4.4 Validation of recommendations.....................................................................................................54
5 CONCLUSIONS ........................................................................................................................................59
6 REFERENCES ...........................................................................................................................................61
6.1 General use documentation...........................................................................................................61
6.2 Project documentation ..................................................................................................................61
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TSGF SpA are developing 190.0152MWPeak/158.75MWAC Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Project called
"Parque Fotovoltaico Santa Isabel"(Santa Isabel Photovoltaic Pharm). Sterling & Wilson solar Limited are
awarded Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) Contract to build this Project by TSGF. This project will
be located at Antofagasta Region (Chile), 30km north of Maria Elena Village. The foreseen commercial operation
date is October 2020 and will have a dc installed power of 190MW and 158,75MW of full capacity delivered at
the point of interconnection with the Chilean “National Electric System” (referred to by Spanish acronym SEN).
Additionally, this project contemplates the building of a new substation one and a half breaker scheme named
“Ana María” which will split the existing transmission line 2x220kV Lagunas – Encuentro. That way, the energy
generated by photovoltaic plant will be evacuated through a single circuit 220kV line which will be connected
to the elevating substation (“Don Antonio” substation) and the sectioning substation “Ana Maria”.
In this context, Estudios Eléctricos is carrying out the design studies related with the Detailed Engineering
stage of the project. The main objective is to determine the requirements needed for the specification or
dimensioning of the equipment to be installed in Ana María and Don Antonio substation, and those in the
internal grid of the PV plant as well. Also, these studies aim to assess the compliance with the Chilean grid code
(NTSyCS) [1]. These studies are conducted in accordance with the scope letter “EE-VE-2019-0836-RD_Technical
Proposal - Interconnection Studies - Field Testing & Model Validation” [2] Considering the previous, the studies
that currently are being executed are (Stage 1 – Internal PV Plant Studies):
• DIgSILENT representation and modelling

• Short-Circuit Study
• Load Flow Study (reactive power capability analysis)
• Insulation Coordination Study
This document corresponds to the technical report EE-ES-2019-1015 DIgSILENT Load Flow Study (reactive
power capability analysis) corresponding to the analysis of injection/absorption of reactive power and the
assessment of the need to incorporate a capacitor bank in the internal grid of the PV plant. The analyses are
made considering the maximum admissible voltage at the point of connection (S/E Ana María), which
correspond to Emergency State in the utility (±10% from nominal voltage, i.e. 198kV y 242kV) and the reactive
power requirements stated in Article 3-8 of the Chilean Grid Code (NTSyCS). Additionally, the medium and low
voltage busbars voltages are monitored considering the internal grid requirements (tolerance in voltage of ±10%
from nominal voltage for low and medium voltage busbars) and the operation of each inverter in feasible points
considering its PQ curve, informed by the manufacturer.
The analyses are carried out considering the 220/23kV 176.25MVA power transformer on-load tap
changer of the PV Plant and the possibility to change the tap of the inverter transformers (no -load tap changer)
in order to find out which tap position results in the best performance of the inverters.
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Considering the mentioned above, load flow analyses are carried out for two cases: i) Compliance of
Article 3-8 and ii) analyses to determine the size of a capacitor bank which may allow compliance of Article 3-8
without reduction of the active power injection (i.e. maximum active power of the PV Plant with a reactive
power injection corresponding to a power factor of 0.95). In both cases it is considered a ±10% of variation in
the voltage at the point of interconnection (S/E Ana Maria), i.e. 220kV ±22kV, being the voltage at the23kV side
of the power transformer controlled by the on-load tap changer.
The main results are in Chapter 6 and are summarized as follows:
• For compliance with Article 3-8 it is found necessary the following:
i. Capacitor Bank of at least 13Mvar.

ii. To use an on-load tap changer (OLTC) mechanism in the power transformer with 17 steps
(220kV±10% in steps of 1.25%), there are 23kV buses with overvoltage (over 1.1pu). To
counter this 33kV switchgear shall be considered and for inverter transformer 23kV±11%
variation shall be considered on the MV side.
iii. Voltage setpoint at 23kV for the on-load tap changer around 1.05pu.
iv. Position of the tap for the inverter transformers in the one corresponding to 23kV+5%
(i.e. two steps of 2.5% from nominal position).
• In general, the following are found from the PQ analysis:
o The higher reactive losses are in the power transformer (about 30Mvar) and in the
inverter transformers (about 9Mvar in total).
o With the recommendations mentioned above it is possible to comply with Article 3-8,
keeping the medium and low voltage buses voltages within a safe range for the plant
equipment for every operating state of the utility (Normal, Alert and Emergency States).
o This allows, also, more flexibility to manage the internal grid voltages, giving more
security to the equipment and facilities of the internal grid for each condition in the utility.
o Finally, it is mentioned that according with the scope of this study, the resonance
phenomena is not considered here, but it will be analysed in the Stage II of the
Interconnection Studies contracted in the offer.
• Additionally, the internal grid is simulated in night conditions (without active power injection) and
with nominal voltage at the 23kV Don Antonio bus (1pu), with the objective of determining the
maximum voltages at the medium voltage buses. From this analysis, the following is found:
➢ The maximum voltage is 1,00049pu which is equivalent to a percentual increase of

0.049% relative to nominal voltage.
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2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION
TSGF SpA are developing 190.0152MWPeak/158.75MWAC Solar Photovoltaic Power Plant Project called
"Parque Fotovoltaico Santa Isabel"(Santa Isabel Photovoltaic Farm). Sterling & Wilson solar Limited are awarded
Engineering, Procurement, Construction (EPC) Contract to build this Project by TSGF. This project will be located
at Antofagasta Region (Chile), 30km north of Maria Elena Village. The foreseen commercial operation date is
October 2020 and will have a dc installed power of 190MW and 158,75MW of full capacity delivered at the point
of interconnection with the Chilean “National Electric System” (referred to by Spanish acronym SEN).
Additionally, this project contemplates the building of a new substation one and a half breaker scheme named
“Ana María” which will split the existing transmission line 2x220kV Lagunas – Encuentro. Energy generated by
Photovoltaic Plant at 23kV will be evacuated through an 23/220kV Elevating Substation at Plant to the 220kV
Sectioning Substation at Ana Maria. A Single Circuit 220kV Line with approximately 750m length will
interconnect 23/220kV Elevating Substation at Plant and 220kV Sectioning Substation at Ana Maria.
PV Santa Isabel
Figure 2-1: Santa Isabel PV reference location.
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The sectioning of the line Lagunas – Encuentro 2x220kV will be from the structure T071-1 through the
structure T070-1, as can be seen in the following figure.
S/E Ana María

(Seccionadora)
Figure 2-2: Line sectioning detail.
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2.1 General description

The PV plant will have an installed dc capacity of 190MW with a maximum power in the point of
interconnection of 158,75MW. In the following figure the main characteristics of Santa Isabel PV plant are
shown.
PLOT 2:
88,75MW
PLOT 1:
70MW
LT 2X220kV Lagunas - Encuentro
Figure 2-3: General information of the PV Plant.
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That way, the Project contemplates the following:
• One sectioning substation 220kV one and a half scheme, that will section the 2x220kV Lagunas –
Encuentro line.
• One 220kV overhead line single circuit, 750m long that will evacuate the energy generated and
will connect Santa Isabel PV plant to the SEN.
• One 220/23kV 176.25MVA step-up transformer.
• Zig-Zag Transformer connected to the medium voltage side of the power transformer.
• 23kV internal collector system, consisting in both underground cable and overhead lines.
• Inverters with their respective step-up transformers.
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3 PROJECT MODELLING
3.1 Internal grid
In the following figure can be seen the internal grid of the PV Santa Isabel project and the sectioning
substation Ana Maria 220kV.
5
10
8 7
7
10
Figure 3-1: Internal grid DIgSILENT representation.
1. Ana María sectioning substation
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2. 1x220kV S/E Ana María – S/E Don Antonio overhead line, 750m
3. Lagunas – Encuentro 2x220kV overhead line extension (250m)
4. 220/23kV Transformer (Don Antonio substation)
5. Zig-zag transformer
6. 2x23kV overhead line
7. Cable system made of 240mm2, 400mm2 and 630mm2 cables.
8. Inverter step-up transformer
9. Inverters
10. Auxiliary service transformer
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3.2 Ana María 220kV substation

Ana Maria sectioning substation will have a one and a half breaker scheme, will be air insulated (AIS), will
have two full diagonals (three breaker each) for the sectioning of the line 2x220kV Lagunas – Encuentro, a half
diagonal for the transmission line that will connect the PV plant to the SEN. Each busbar Will have three
conductor per phase type AAAC COWSLIP 2000MCM. In the following table are shown the corresponding bay of
each transmission line.
PAÑO DESCRIPCIÓN
J1-J2 Ana María - Lagunas 2x220kV C1
J2-J3 Ana María - Encuntro 2x220kV C1
J4-J5 Ana María - Lagunas 2x220kV C2
J5-J6 Ana María - Encuentro 2x220kV C2
J7-J8 Ana María - Don Antonio 1x220kV
Table 3-1: Ana Maria 220kV substation bays
The next figure shows the detailed model of Ana Maria substation in DIgSILENT PowerFactory, which
present the same order as in the substation single line diagram [12].
Figure 3-2: Ana María substation DIgSILENT model.
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In Table 3-2 are detailed each busbar stretch as can be seen also in Figure 3-2.
Longitud
Barra Tramo Terminal i Terminal j
[m]
B1-J1_B1-J4 J1 J4 18
Barra 1
B1-J4_B1-J8 J4 J8 18
B2_J3-B2_J6 J3 J6 18
Barra 2
B2-J6_B2-J9 J6 J9 18
Table 3-2: Ana Maria 220kV busbar stretches*.
*Note: Referential distances to be confirmed.
Environmental data
Ana Maria substation will be built in Maria Elena substation, Tocopilla village, Antofagasta region. Figure
3-3 show the approximate georeference of the location of the substation.
Based on the above, Table 3-3 shows the environmental data considered. Some of them are obtained
from [9] other data is obtained from Google Earth using the SEN georeferences 1.
Parámetro Valor Unidad Referencia
Velocidad del Viento 0,61 [m/s] [9]

Ángulo entre el Viento y el Conductor 90 [º] [9]
Hora del día 12 [hs] [9]
Día del año 355 - [9]
1
Altitud 1080 [msnm]
1
Latitud -27 [º]
Temperatura Ambiente 32 ºC [9]
Table 3-3: Environmental data in the zone of Ana Maria.
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Figure 3-3: Ana María 220kV georeferenced.
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Conductors
According with the collected information [12] three conductors per phase will be used for the busbar
modelling and two conductors per phase for the connection to the bay and diagonals. Any case, a AAAC
COWSLIP 2000MCM conductor type will be used, whose main characteristics are presented in the following
table.
Conductor
Parámetro Unidad
AAC COWSLIP 2000MCM
Diameter 41,41 [mm]
GMR 16,125 [mm]
DC resistance at 20°C 0,02784 [ohm/km]
AC resistance at 25°C 0,0312 [ohm/km]
AC resistance at 75°C 0,0373 [ohm/km]
Mass per unit of length 2,791 [kg/m]
Calorific Capacity 2665,4 [J/(m*°C)]
Maximum Temperature 75 (*) [°C]
Emissivity Factor 0,5 [9] -
Absorption Factor 0,5 [9] -
Table 3-4: AAAC COWSLIP 2000MCM parameters.
(*) 75ºC has been considered in a conservative way.
Conductor thermal rating

Calculation methodology
To determine the thermal rating admissible in stationary regime, a thermal balance must be made by heat
interchange according to IEEE Std. 738/2012 [9]. The following equation describes the thermal balance, which
allows to relate the current flowing through the conductor with its temperature.
𝑞𝑐 + 𝑞𝑟 = 𝑞𝑠 + 𝐼 2 𝑅(𝑇𝑐 )
𝑞𝑐 + 𝑞𝑟 − 𝑞𝑠
𝐼=√
𝑅(𝑇𝑐 )
Where:
𝑞𝑐 : convection losses
𝑞𝑟 : radiation losses
𝑞𝑠 : solar contribution in heat increase
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The parameters 𝑞𝑐 , 𝑞𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞𝑠 are determined according the technical information of the conductor and
environmental data associated to the location of the substation (Table 3-3).
Finally, using the previous equation, the relationship between permissible current flowing through the
conductor and the ambient temperate can be found.
Steady state rating

Table 3-5 shows the results found for steady state current versus ambient temperature, from 0ºC to 45ºC,
in steps of 5ºC.
I adm[A]
T amb [ºC]
CON SOL SIN SOL
0 1796,0 1975,0
5 1727,2 1912,7
10 1654,9 1847,7
15 1578,7 1779,7
20 1497,7 1708,3
25 1411,3 1633,1
30 1318,3 1553,4
35 1217,2 1468,6
40 1105,7 1377,5
45 980,1 1278,9
Table 3-5: Conductor rating as function of ambient temperature.
Figure 3-4: Current vs ambient temperature curve for AAAC COWSLIP 2000MCM.
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From the calculated values, 30ºC for ambient temperature with presence of sun is considered for Ana
Maria busbar conductor capacity. Thus, for the diagonals (2 conductors per phase) it is 2x1.318,3A = 2.636,6A
(~1.000MVA), while for each bar (3 conductors per phase) it is 3x1.318,3A = 3.955A (~1.500MVA).
Conductor Model
For conductor modelling of the busbar stretches (AIS) those parameter of [9] are used and for its thermal
rating the analysis of the previous section are used.
In the following figure, it can be seen the DIgSILENT model typo of AAAC COWSLIP 2000MCM conductor
Figure 3-5: AAC COWSLIP 2000MCM DIgSILENT model.
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3.3 Don Antonio – Ana María 1x220kV OHL

Santa Isabel PV Plant will evacuate its generated energy through a single circuit transmission line 220kV,
400 meters long, not considering transpositions. While at the beginning the line will have just one circuit, the
structure type is double circuit. Also, this line Will have OPGW ground wire to bring line protection from
atmospherics discharges and to provide a communication channel between both ends substations. In the
following sections are presented the main characteristics of its conductor, structures and its DIgSILENT model.
Most representative structure

The line modelling in DIgSILENT is done considering the most representative tower in the whole line
stretch, which correspond to the D/DT model whose diagram can be seen in the figure below.
Figure 3-6: D/DT type structure.
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For this tower, the basic height measured with a 3m foot, is considered H=25,5m.
Also, to improve the line representation, the conductor sag and length of insulators chain is considered
2
to better estimates the altitude of each conductor. For this, the following equation is used: ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎 = ℎ𝑠 − 3 𝐹 .
Then, for this line modelling is considered 7m for sag distance and 3,4m for the insulators chain, getting this way
the mean height for each conductor as shown in table below.
Altura de
Altura altura media
Ítem suspensión del
Cruceta del conductor
conductor
Cruceta inferior [m] 25,5 22,1 19,8
Cruceta media [m] 31,5 28,1 25,8
Cruceta superior [m] 37,5 34,1 31,8
Canastillo [m] 40,5 40,5 40,5
Figure 3-7: Conductor positions.
Phase and ground conductor

According with [12], each circuit will have one conductor per phase. The conductor type is FLINT
740,8MCM whose main characteristics are presented in the table below.
Conductor
Parámetro Unidad
FLINT 740,8MCM
Diámetro 25,16 [mm]
GMR 9,80 [mm]
Resistencia DC a 20°C 0,0892 [ohm/km]
Resistencia AC a 25°C 0,0921 [ohm/km]
Masa por unidad de longitud 1,028 [kg/m]
Capacidad Calorífica 914,92 [J/(m*°C)]
Temperatura máxima 75 (*) [°C]
Factor de Emisividad 0,5 [9] -
Factor de Absorción 0,5 [9] -
Table 3-6: Phase conductor characteristics.
(*)75ºC has been considered from a conservative basis.
For ground wire modelling, typical parameter data is used knowing the diameter of the wire chosen. The
main information is shown in the table below.
Figure 3-8: Ground wire characteristics.
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DIgSILENT model
The following figure shows the equivalent circuit of a three-phase line used in DIgSILENT for static and
rms analysis, where the self-impedances and mutual impedances can be seen.
Figure 3-9: Overhead line equivalent circuit.
The following figures shows the parametrization used to represent the main characteristics of the project
transmission line.
Figure 3-10: Phase and ground conductor DIgSILENT modelling.
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The tower modelling was made from a generic reference double circuit 220kV structure. In the following
figure the tower DIgSILENT model is presented.
Figure 3-11: Tower model.
As it is projected to lay one line-circuit at the date of connection, for modelling purposes the tower model
has just one circuit. This have no implications in the resulting parameters.
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3.4 Lagunas - Encuentro 2x220kV (sectioning)

The new substation will section the existing line Lagunas – Encuentro 2x220kV. To do this, approximately
250 meters will be added to the sectioned lines in double circuits towers and same conductor of this line (AAAC
FLINT). Following are a general description of the main characteristics of conductor type, structure and the final
DIgSILENT model.
Most representative structure

The line modelling in DIgSILENT is done considering the most representative tower of Lagunas – Encuentro
2x220kV line [10].
Figure 3-12: Tower geometry.
23 / 62
Phase and ground conductor

Each circuit will have one conductor per phase. The conductor type is FLINT 740,8MCM whose main
characteristics are presented in the table below.
Conductor
Parámetro Unidad
FLINT 740,8MCM
GMR 9,80 [mm]
Masa por unidad de longitud 1,028 [kg/m]
Capacidad Calorífica 914,92 [J/(m*°C)]
Temperatura máxima 75 (*) [°C]
Factor de Emisividad 0,5 [9] -
Factor de Absorción 0,5 [9] -
(*) 75ºC has been considered from a conservative basis.
For ground wire modelling, information has been gotten from Chilean National Coordinator website [10].
The main information is shown in the table below.
Figure 3-13: Ground wire characteristics.
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DIgSILENT model
The following figures show the model of both conductors in DIgSILENT.
Figure 3-14: Phase and ground conductor DIgSILENT modelling.
In the following figure the tower DIgSILENT model is presented.
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Figure 3-15: Tower model.
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3.5 Step-up transformer 220/23kV

The elevating substation (S/E Don Antonio) has a 220/23kV 140MVA ONAN (176,25MVA ONAF) step-up
three phase power transformer, vector group YNd11 (earthed at 220kV side), with on-load tap changer. In the
following figure can be seen the main characteristics of the transformer.
Figure 3-16: Nameplate extract. Don Antonio Step-up transformer 220/23kV 140MVA.
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In the next sections are presented the main characteristics of the on-load tap changer and the DIgSILENT
model.
On-load tap changer

As mentioned above, the transformer will have an on-load tap changer at the 220kV side. It will have 16
steps (17 positions, considering the neutral position), each of 1.25% of transformer nominal voltage (220kV). In
the following table can be seen the relation between step and voltage.
Table 3-8: Nameplate extract. Voltage per tap.
It is foreseeing the automatic operation of the tap change, controlling the medium voltage busbar.
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DIgSILENT model
The following figure shows the model used to represent the transformer.
Figure 3-17: Two windings transformer | DIgSILENT model.
In the following figure is shown the parametrization used in the model, according with the information
provided [13].
The impedance dependence with tap position has been modelled using as reference standard values.
Nevertheless, this is relevant for the load flow study (PQ capability) where the influence in tap change is
considered. In this sense, this model must be updated when the FAT documentation is available.
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Figure 3-18: DIgSILENT model.
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3.6 Zig-Zag Transformer

The main objective of zig-zag transformer is to provide a ground connection in a system that, otherwise,
would be unearthed. For example, with the step-up transformer vector group (YNd11) and a fault at MV side,
the residual current (3I0) could not be enough for a reliable operation of the protection schemes. Also, in a
phase to ground fault, each not faulted phase will have “phase to phase” between that phase and earth,
resulting in more severe requirements for equipment insulation definition. For this reason, the engineering of
the project considers an zig-zag transformer at 23kV side. In the following figure can be seen the DIgSILENT
model and the parametrization used.
Figure 3-19: Zig-zag transformer DIgSILENT model.
Preliminarily, the zig-zag transformer is modelled in such a way that after a single phase to ground fault
the residual current is 3𝐼0 = 750𝐴 as is informed by S&W [13]. Then, the zero-sequence impedance is calculated
𝑈𝑙−𝑙
as: 𝑍0 = 3 ∗
√3∗3𝐼0
Figure 3-20: Zig-zag transformer model.
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3.7 Medium voltage overhead line

The so called “Plot 2” side of the PV plant will be connected to the step-up Don Antonio substation through
an overhead line, double circuit, 2.2km long. Each phase will be made with two AAAC DARIEN 559.5MCM
conductor. A typical design as the one shown in the figure below will be used because of there is no definition
of the specific geometry.
Structure
0, m
0, m
0, m
0m , m
Figure 3-21: Medium voltage pole.
32 / 62
Phase conductor
Each circuit will have two conductor per phase. The conductor type is DARIEN 559,5MCM whose main
characteristics are presented in the table.
Conductor
Parámetro Unidad
DARIEN 559,5MCM
GMR 8,251 [mm]
(*) 75ºC has been considered from a conservative basis.
DIgSILENT model
The following figures show the conductor model in DIgSILENT
Figure 3-22: Phase conductor DIgSILENT modelling.
The tower geometry shown previously is used to model the tower type as can be seen in the figure below.
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Figure 3-23: Medium voltage OHL DIgSILENT model.
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3.8 Medium voltage cable system

The medium voltage collecting grid will be made with underground cable system, directly buried, trefoil
scheme. There will be used two sizes:
• Cable XLPE 400mm2: ~16861 metres

• Cable XLPE 240mm2: ~8269 metres
The following table indicates the relevant distances between converter stations and the main medium
voltage switchgear.
Plot-1
HT CABLE LENGTH
MV Panel -1
CABLE SIZE
FEDDER NO. FROM TO NO OF INV. NO. FO RUN LENGTH
Sq MM
BLOCK-1 MCR 2 1 1CX400 Al 356
1
BLOCK-2 BLOCK-1 2 1 1CX240 Al 380
2
3
4
5
6 BLOCK-7 MCR 2 1 1CX240 Al 2267
Plot -2
HT CABLE LENGTH
MV Panel -5
CABLE SIZE
FEDDER NO. FROM TO NO OF INV. NO. FO RUN LENGTH
Sq MM
1
BLOCK-15 MCR 2 1 1CX400 Al 1133
2
BLOCK-18 MCR 2 1 1CX400 Al 1020
3
BLOCK-19 MCR 2 1 1CX400 Al 1026
4
MV Panel -6
BLOCK-20 MCR 2 1 1CX400 Al 1440
5
BLOCK-23 MCR 2 1 1CX400 Al 1350
6
BLOCK-25 MCR 2 1 1CX400 Al 1770
7
8 BLOCK-12 MCR 2 1 1CX240 Al 402
Table 3-10: Cable system detail.
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The following figure shows each cable type model.
Figure 3-24: Cable system model.
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Figure 3-25: Cable Al 400mm2
37 / 62
Figure 3-26: Cable Al 240mm2
38 / 62
3.9 Inverter step-up transformers

Santa Isabel PV plant will have 25 step-up inverter transformers of 6.8MVA (three winding: 23/0.6/0.6kV),
1 step-up inverter transformer of 3.4MVA (two winding: 23/0.6kV) All of them will be delta connected at 23kV
side and star unearthed at 0.6kV side.
The following figure shows the main characteristics of these transformers.
2750 kVA
Figure 3-27: Step-up inverter transformers.
39 / 62
The following table shows the distribution of the inverter transformer by inverter station (Block).
Table 3-11: Detail of inverter transformer type per inverter station.
40 / 62
The following figures show the model of each inverter transformer in DIgSILENT.
Figure 3-28: Inverter step-up transformer 23/0.6/0.6kV 6.8MVA.
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Figure 3-29: Inverter step-up transformer 23/0.6/0.6kV 6.8MVA (continued).
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Figure 3-30: Inverter step-up transformer 23/0.6kV 3.4MVA.
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3.10 Inverters
50 inverters of 3125kW and one of 2750kW will be used. These equipments will take the energy generated
by the arrays of photovoltaic cells, in the form of direct current and convert it into alternating current for
transport at a voltage level of 23kV to the lifting substation. The main characteristics of investors are:
• Apparent power [MVA]: 50x3437kVA + 1x 2874kVA

• Nominal Voltage [V]: 600V
The following figure shows the capability curves of the inverters, with their temperature dependency.
Figure 3-31: PQ curves inverter type SG3125.
For the design of the PV plant, an operating temperature of 40ºC is considered in the inverters. Thus,
considering 40°C, these inverters deliver a maximum active output power of 3.437MW (@ 0Mvar) and a
maximum reactive power of ± 2.062Mvar (@2.75MW).
Similarly, for the 2874kVA inverter, an operating temperature of 40ºC is considered. In this way, these
inverters deliver a maximum active output power of 2.874MW (@ 0Mvar) and a maximum reactive power of ±
1.72Mvar (@ 2.3MW).
Regarding the contribution to the short-circuit current, a contribution equal to 1.1 times the nominal
current of the inverter is considered.
44 / 62
Figure 3-32: Power derating dependence with (above) ambient temperature and (below) ac grid voltage.
In the section below, the model of investors in DIgSILENT is presented.
45 / 62
DIgSILENT Power Factory Model

The inverter modelling is developed using a “Static Generator” (“ElmGenstat”) representation considering
the information provided by Sterling and Wilson in DIgSILENT format[14] [15]:
Figure 3-33: Inverter model in DIgSILENT 3.437MVA.
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Figure 3-34: Inverter model in DIgSILENT 2.874MVA.
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3.11 Auxiliary services transformers

The Santa Isabel Photovoltaic Farm will have one (1) auxiliary service Transformers, which more relevant
characteristics are presented:
Figure 3-35: Main characteristics – Auxiliary service Transformers – Santa Isabel PV plant.
Following figure shows the principal parameters in the DIgSILENT Power Factory representation:
Figure 3-36: Auxiliary service Transformer – DIgSILENT Power Factory representation.
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4 COMPLIANCE OF ARTICLE 3-8

In this chapter are presented the analyses corresponding to the assessment of Article 3-8 of the Chilean
Grid Code (NTSyCS) [1], which refers to the performance of the PV plant related to its capability of
injection/absorption of reactive power at different voltage levels at the point of interconnection with the SEN
(S/E Ana María 220kV). For this, the most demanding conditions are assessed related to the voltage limits at the
point of interconnection and the internal grid requirements (range of tolerance for low and medium voltage
busbars voltages and the inverters PQ curves)
4.1 Methodology
The PV Plant performance related to its capability to inject and absorb reactive power is assessed for the
condition of Emergency State in the utility and, as a result, the need of incorporate capacitor bank in the internal
grid is determined. The analyses are made considering the maximum and minimum admissible voltages at the
point of interconnection for Emergency State (±10% from nominal voltage, i.e. 198kV and 242kV) and the
requirements stated in Article 3-8 of the NTSyCS. Additionally, the low and medium voltage buses voltages are
monitored considering the internal grid’s own requirements (voltage tolerance of ±10% from nominal voltage)
and the operation in admissible points of the inverters is verified, according with the PQ curve informed by
manufacturer.
The analyses are carried out considering the operation of the on-load tap changer of the power
transformer and the possibility to change the no-load tap of the inverter transformers.
49 / 62
4.2 Analysis
From the analyses carried out it is found that the most severe condition correspond to those in which the
voltage at the point of connection is 1.1pu and the inverters are injecting about 95% of rated power with a
reactive power corresponding with a power factor of 0.95 in order to achieve the highest injection of active and
reactive power requested in Article 3-8 (about 150MW and 49Mvar). In this scenario, the voltage at the inverter
terminals may be higher than 1.1pu, that is why is made the recommendation of use the tap position of the
inverter transformer in that corresponding to 23kV+5% (2 steps from nominal).
The following figures show the results of the simulations for the operating conditions with voltage of
1.1pu and 0.9pu at the interconnection point, considering the tap position recommended for the inverter
transformers. The yellow surface indicates the no-compliance area.
Curva PQ Punto de Conexión, Vpcc=1,1pu

180
160
No-compliance
140
120
100
MW
80
60
40
20
0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
MVAr
Figure 4-1: Operating points with OLTC an v=1,1pu at PCC.
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Curva PQ Punto de Conexión, Vpcc=0,9pu

180
160
No-compliance
140
120
100
MW
80
60
40
20
0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
MVAr
Figure 4-2: Operating points with OLTC an v=0,9pu at PCC.
As can be seen from the above figures, the OLTC with 17 steps plus the recommendation are not enough.
Based on the above, it is recommended a capacitor bank of 13Mvar. The following figure shows the load flow
with capacitor bank of 13Mvar, OLTC 220kV±8x1.25% and tap position of the inverter transformer in +5% (2
steps) for the condition with voltage at the point of interconnection of 1.1pu and generation of 95% of maximum
active power with reactive power corresponding to a power factor of 0.95% (related to maximum active power).
51 / 62
Figure 4-3: Verification with capacitor bank of 13Mvar and OLTC 220kV±8% in steps of 1.25%.
As can be seen from the above figure, even though the active and reactive power are in accordance with
Article 3-8, there are 23kV buses with overvoltage (over 1.1pu). To counter this 33kV switchgear shall be
considered and for inverter transformer 23kV±11% variation shall be considered on the MV side. The following
sections shows the validations of all the recommendations made.
52 / 62
4.3 Recommendations
Based on the results pointed out previously, the following recommendations are made to comply with
Article 3-8:
i. Capacitor bank of at least 13Mvar.

(220kV±10% in steps of 1.25%), there are 23kV buses with overvoltage (over 1.1pu). To counter
this 33kV switchgear shall be considered and for inverter transformer 23kV±11% variation shall
be considered on the MV side.
iii. Voltage setpoint for the OLTC around 1.05pu at the 23kV bus.
iv. Tap position for the inverter transformer in +5% from nominal voltage (i.e. 2 two steps)
v. For the condition when the voltage at the interconnection point is close to 0.90pu, it is
recommended to switch off the capacitor bank, that way the PV plant can operate absorbing
reactive power with no injection of active power, with no undervoltage condition in the inverter
buses (below 0.90pu).
vi. For any other condition different of the one mentioned above, it is recommended to operate
the PV plant with the capacitor bank connected.
53 / 62
4.4 Validation of recommendations

The following figures show the results of the simulations where the validation of the recommendations is
found in full compliance with Article 3-8.
Curva PQ Punto de Conexión, v= 1,1pu en el punto de conexión

180
160
140
120
100
MW
80
60
40
20
0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
MVAr
Figure 4-4: Operating points with capacitor bank of 13Mvar, OLTC 220kV ±10% in steps of 1.25% and v=1,1pu at PCC.
54 / 62
Curva PQ Punto de Conexión, v=0,90pu en el punto de conexión BBCC conectado

180
160
140
120
100
MW
80
60
40
20
0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
MVAr
Curva PQ Punto de Conexión, V=0,90pu en el punto de conexión. BBCC desconectado

180
160
140
120
100
MW
80
60
40
20
0
-150 -100 -50 0 50 100 150
MVAr
Figure 4-5: Operating points with capacitor bank of 13Mvar, OLTC 220kV ±10% in steps of 1.25% and v=0,9pu at PCC.
55 / 62
In the following figures are shown the load flows for the most demanding conditions regarding the voltage
level at the interconnection point (1,1pu and 0,9pu) and active power injection of 95% with reactive power
corresponding to a power factor of 0.95.
Figure 4-6: Load flow with capacitor bank of 13Mvar, OLTC 220kV ±8% in steps of 1.25% and v=1,1pu at PCC.
56 / 62
Figure 4-7: Load flow with capacitor bank of 13Mvar, OLTC 220kV ±10% in steps of 1.25% and v=0,9pu at PCC.
57 / 62
The following figure shows the load flow for the condition with voltage level at the interconnection point
of 0,9pu, no active power injection and with reactive power corresponding to a power factor of 0.95 (absorbing).
Figure 4-8: Load flow without capacitor bank of 13Mvar, OLTC 220kV ±8% in steps of 1.25% and v=0,9pu at PCC.
58 / 62
5 CONCLUSIONS
The PV Plant performance related to its capability to inject and absorb reactive power is assessed for the
condition of Emergency State in the utility and, as a result, the need of incorporate capacitor bank in the internal
grid is determined. The analyses are made considering the maximum and minimum admissible voltages at the
point of interconnection for Emergency State (±10% from nominal voltage, i.e. 198kV and 242kV) and the
requirements stated in Article 3-8 of the NTSyCS. Additionally, the low and medium voltage buses voltages are
monitored considering the internal grid’s own requirements (voltage tolerance of ±10% from nominal voltage)
and the operation in admissible points of the inverters is verified, according with the PQ curve informed by
manufacturer. The analyses are carried out considering the operation of the on-load tap changer of the power
transformer and the possibility to change the no-load tap of the inverter transformers.
The main results are in Chapter 6 and are summarized as follows:
• For compliance with Article 3-8 it is found necessary the following:
i. Capacitor Bank of at least 13Mvar.

(220kV±10% in steps of 1.25%), there are 23kV buses with overvoltage (over 1.1pu). To
counter this 33kV switchgear shall be considered and for inverter transformer 23kV±11%
variation shall be considered on the MV side.
iii. Voltage setpoint at 23kV for the on-load tap changer around 1.05pu.
iv. Position of the tap for the inverter transformers in the one corresponding to 23kV+5% (i.e.
two steps of 2.5% from nominal position).
• In general, the following are found from the PQ analysis:
o The higher reactive losses are in the power transformer (about 30Mvar) and in the
inverter transformers (about 9Mvar in total).
o With the recommendations mentioned above it is possible to comply with Article 3-8,
keeping the medium and low voltage buses voltages within a safe range for the plant
equipment for every operating state of the utility (Normal, Alert and Emergency States).
o This allows, also, more flexibility to manage the internal grid voltages, giving more
security to the equipment and facilities of the internal grid for each condition in the utility.
o Finally, it is mentioned that according with the scope of this study, the resonance
phenomena is not considered here, but it will be analysed in the Stage II of the
Interconnection Studies contracted in the offer.
59 / 62
• Additionally, the internal grid is simulated in night conditions (without active power injection) and
with nominal voltage at the 23kV Don Antonio bus (1pu), with the objective of determining the
maximum voltages at the medium voltage buses. From this analysis, the following is found:
➢ The maximum voltage is 1,00049pu which is equivalent to a percentual increase of

0.049% relative to nominal voltage.
60 / 62
6 REFERENCES
6.1 General use documentation
[1] NORMA TÉCNICA DE SEGURIDAD Y CALIDAD DE SERVICIO. Comisión Nacional de Energía. Mayo
2018.
[2] EE-VE-2019-0836-RD_Technical Proposal - Interconnection Studies - Field Testing & Model
Validation.
[3] FIJACIÓN DE PRECIOS DE NUDO DE CORTO PLAZO. INFORME TÉCNICO DEFINITIVO ENERO 2019.
Comisión Nacional de Energía.
[4] Cuadros-ITD-Enero.xlsx
[5] Informe-Catastro-de-Proyectos-CNE-2019.07.xlsx
[6] DU SEN 2018.06.22_RA.dwg Diagrama unilineal General del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional.
Coordinador Independiente del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional. 22/06/2018.
[7] Base de datos del SEN: https://www.coordinador.cl/operacion/documentos/modelacion-del-
sen/modelos-digsilent/base-de-datos-digsilent/
[8] Mapa SEN: Mapa_Sistema_Electrico_Nacional_mayo_2019.pdf. Coordinador Independiente del
Sistema Eléctrico Nacional.
[9] IEEE 738-2012 - IEEE Standard for Calculating the Current-Temperature Relationship of Bare
Overhead Conductors.
[10] https://infotecnica.coordinador.cl/instalaciones/secciones-tramos
6.2 Project documentation

[11] EE-ES-2019-1004-RA_Requested_Information
[12] TSGF - Santa Isabel - Etapa I - Fase I - SE Ana Maria-Layout1. DIAGRAMA UNILINEAL FUNCIONAL
S.E. ANA MARIA.
[13] TSGF - Santa Isabel - Etapa I - Fase I - SE Don Antonio-PLOT-1--WITH 24kV. DIAGRAMA UNILINEAL
FUNCIONAL S.E. DON ANTONIO
[14] TI_20190524_SG3125HV-20 Characteristic Curve_V10_EN
[15] SG3125HV_Chile_V2.pfd modelo DIgSILENT
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1651 EE-ES-2019-1015-R0 Load Flow PQ Capability (ENG)

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1651 EE-ES-2019-1015-R0 Load Flow PQ Capability (ENG)

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Company: Sterling & Wilson Solar Ltd.

Project Code: EE-2019-125

Power System Studies, Power Plant Field Testing

Ing. Gustavo Alvarado

Ing. Pablo Fernández

Ing. David Perrone

Ing. Alejandro Musto

Version Date Comments Made by Revised by Approved by

A 5.8.2019 First issue for revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM

B 01.10.2019 Include internal revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM

C 18.10.2019 Include internal revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM

D 18.10.2019 Include internal revision GuA/PaF DaP AlM

Final version. Approved by Sterling & Wilson

3 PROJECT MODELLING ............................................................................................................................11

Conductor Model ..................................................................................................................................... 18

3.3 Don Antonio – Ana María 1x220kV OHL ........................................................................................19

Phase and ground conductor ................................................................................................................... 20

DIgSILENT model ...................................................................................................................................... 21

3.4 Lagunas - Encuentro 2x220kV (sectioning) ....................................................................................23

Phase and ground conductor ................................................................................................................... 24

3.5 Step-up transformer 220/23kV ......................................................................................................27

3.6 Zig-Zag Transformer .......................................................................................................................31

Phase conductor ....................................................................................................................................... 33

DIgSILENT model ...................................................................................................................................... 33

3.11 Auxiliary services transformers ......................................................................................................48

4 COMPLIANCE OF ARTICLE 3-8 ................................................................................................................49

• DIgSILENT representation and modelling

The main results are in Chapter 6 and are summarized as follows:

• For compliance with Article 3-8 it is found necessary the following:

i. Capacitor Bank of at least 13Mvar.

• In general, the following are found from the PQ analysis:

➢ The maximum voltage is 1,00049pu which is equivalent to a percentual increase of

Figure 2-1: Santa Isabel PV reference location.

S/E Ana María

Figure 2-2: Line sectioning detail.

2.1 General description

LT 2X220kV Lagunas - Encuentro

Figure 2-3: General information of the PV Plant.

That way, the Project contemplates the following:

• One 220/23kV 176.25MVA step-up transformer.

• Inverters with their respective step-up transformers.

Figure 3-1: Internal grid DIgSILENT representation.

1. Ana María sectioning substation

3.2 Ana María 220kV substation

Figure 3-2: Ana María substation DIgSILENT model.

*Note: Referential distances to be confirmed.

Parámetro Valor Unidad Referencia

Velocidad del Viento 0,61 [m/s] [9]

Figure 3-3: Ana María 220kV georeferenced.

(*) 75ºC has been considered in a conservative way.

Conductor thermal rating

Steady state rating

Figure 3-5: AAC COWSLIP 2000MCM DIgSILENT model.

3.3 Don Antonio – Ana María 1x220kV OHL

Most representative structure

Figure 3-6: D/DT type structure.

Phase and ground conductor

(*)75ºC has been considered from a conservative basis.

Figure 3-8: Ground wire characteristics.

Figure 3-9: Overhead line equivalent circuit.

Figure 3-10: Phase and ground conductor DIgSILENT modelling.

Figure 3-11: Tower model.

3.4 Lagunas - Encuentro 2x220kV (sectioning)