Name: LORVEN JANE B. FLORES Yr.

/Course/Section: 3-BSABE-C
Instructor: RYAN ART M. TULING, ABE, EnP Date submitted: SEPTEMBER 1, 2022

MODULE 1

Module Assessment Direction:

Answer the following questions. Write your answer in a clean bond paper. Show your solution if
necessary.

1. Define the different processes involved in the hydrologic cycle.

ANSWER: Water evaporates from the water bodies (lakes, rivers, oceans and other free
water bodies), land surface, and transpires from vegetation (forests, cropland and other
vegetation) due to the energy from the sun, joins the atmosphere and thereby providing supply
of vapor to the atmosphere. Water vapor is transported and lifted in the atmosphere and
moves inland as clouds until it condenses and precipitates (in a form of rain, drizzle, snow, hail,
etc.) on the land or oceans. The precipitated water may be intercepted by vegetation, become
overland flow over the ground surface, infiltrate into the ground, flow through the soil as
subsurface flow or discharge into streams as surface runoff. Much of the intercepted water and
surface runoff returns to the atmosphere through evaporation and transpiration. The infiltrated
water may percolate deeper to recharge ground water, later emerging as springs or seeping
into streams to form surface runoff, and finally flowing to the sea or evaporating into the
atmosphere as the hydrologic cycle continues.

2. Why is hydrology important in the field of engineering?

ANSWER: Hydrology is a broad discipline that is essential to civilization and, specifically, the
work of civil engineers in creating infrastructure for water resources. In this crucial discipline,
hydrologists—those who study hydrology—apply their knowledge and skills to conserve the
earth's water resources, fight water pollution, and provide engineering hydrology, a branch of
engineering that focuses on water resources. In order to guarantee the quality, reliability, and
sustainability of infrastructure construction projects, hydrologists collaborate with civil
engineers. Dams and reservoirs are designed, constructed, and managed by civil engineers
using the hydrologists' knowledge, information, observations, and data.

3. What are the different ways water enters and leaves the atmosphere?
ANSWER: According to the hydraulic cycle, water enters the atmosphere through the
means of evaporation, excretion, sublimation and evaporation; The process of making rain is
known as transpiration, and it involves the water evaporating, condensing, and falling as rain as
well as trees.

4. How do human activities affect the cycle of water?

ANSWER: Humans directly change the dynamics of the water cycle through dams
constructed for water storage, and through water withdrawals for industrial, agricultural, or
domestic purposes that later on produces excessive CO2 and toxic pollutions that gets trapped
along with other harmful greenhouse gasses that correlates to excessive climate change that
will later on alter the water cycle and will subsequently impact water availability and demand.

5. How do engineers interact and address issues on water shortages and water surplus?
ANSWER: People all throughout the world have an insatiable thirst for water.
Unfortunately, increasing concerns such as population increase, climate change, and
deteriorating water infrastructure may make access to clean water impossible for many.
Because the risk to freshwater security is significant, engineers have devised several practical
technical solutions that can aid in the conservation of freshwater resources and, more
significantly, the conversion of copious salty water resources into freshwater resources.
Engineers have devised a variety of ways to assure freshwater security, including large-scale
desalination, efficient agriculture technologies, and efficient wastewater treatment
technologies.

6. Site a concrete example on the application of hydrology in your locality (on flood control,
drought mitigation, design of hydraulic works, agricultural production, and land conservation
whichever available). Provide an actual image, if possible.
ANSWER: The following pictures below are best categorized as the primary Flood Control
System (economic infrastructure) in the province of Davao del Sur, Digos City, Philippines.
These dams were built to help store water and protect countless of people from flood or
typhoons.

7. Discuss comprehensively the factors to consider in designing the following hydraulic works,
and how it operates:

a) Dams
- Hydraulic engineering of dams and their ancillary structures is one of the most important
responsibilities in designing safe water-retaining reservoirs for hydroelectric power production,
flood retention, irrigation, and water supply demands.
- the major hydraulic aspects of dam engineering, taking into account recent advances in
research and construction, such as spillway overflow, conveyance, and dissipation structures,
river diversion facilities during construction, bottom and low-level outlets, and intake
structures. Furthermore, the book discusses reservoir sedimentation, impulse waves, and dam
break waves, all of which are important subjects in terms of reservoir sustainability and safety.

b) Culverts and bridge crossings

- The two primary forms of flow in culverts are inlet and outlet control. The flow through
the culvert is regulated by the headwater on the culvert and the inlet shape under inlet control.
The flow through the culvert is largely regulated by the culvert slope, roughness, and tailwater
height under outlet control. When constructing a culvert, the designer must consider both inlet
and outlet control conditions within the restrictions of the design (e.g., discharge, headwater,
tailwater, outlet velocity, etc.). The suitable control for the culvert design is determined by the
control condition that provides the greatest energy loss for the design condition. Culvert
hydraulic calculations must be undertaken utilizing rating nomographs and/or culvert hydraulic
analysis programs. Culvert designs must incorporate a study of channel stability at the outflow,
which is controlled by a maximum permitted mean velocity. This design technique implies that
a particular channel segment will stay stable up to a maximum allowable velocity.

- Bridges are required over virtually all open channels at some point, hence sizing the
bridge apertures is critical. Open channels with poorly planned bridges will either experience
excessive scour or deposition or will be unable to carry the intended flow. Confining flood
waters by bridges can generate excessive backwater resulting in flooding of upstream property,
backwater damage suits, overtopping of highways, costly maintenance, or even loss of a bridge.
Bridge openings must be constructed to have as minimal influence on the flow characteristics
as reasonable, compatible with good design and economics.

c) Dykes and levees

- A dam often spans or passes through a body of water, while a dike typically runs beside or
parallel to one, such a river or the sea. A dam has water on both sides, unlike a dike which only
has water on one side. A dike's primary function is to prevent flooding on the area behind it
(closing dike), whereas a dam's main function is to hold back water.

- Levees and dikes are embankments built to stop floods. Levees can arise naturally or via
human intervention. They stop the water from flooding adjacent places when it overflows.

- Dikes are barriers that keep the sea at bay. If the dikes failed, the area would be
inundated. The first purpose of the dikes was to recapture land from the sea. When sea levels
rise as expected, they will be required in nations like Bangladesh and Egypt.

d) Spillways and Diversions

- Spillways are divided into four groups, each of which, when built for the expected
function and discharge, will perform successfully for a particular site condition.
a. Flow-through spillway. Usually, a concrete gravity dam is utilized in combination with this
kind of spillway. The overflow spillway is a crucial component of the concrete dam structure
and is either gated or ungated.
b. Chute Spillway. Chute spillways are also used in concrete gravity dams, but they are
more frequently used in conjunction with earth- or rock-filled dams. These situations often
include a dam that is situated in a small canyon with no room for an overflow spillway. The
chute spillway is often found through the dam's abutment.
c. Spillway in a side channel. Similar situations to those of the chute spillway call for the
adoption of this type of spillway. A side channel spillway may be placed on a small dam
abutment because of its distinctive design. Although side channel spillways are typically
ungated, there is no reason why gates cannot be used. A side channel spillway is seen in Figure
l-3.
 d. Spillway for Limited Services. The limited-service spillway is built with the understanding
that when it does operate, harm may occur notwithstanding how rarely it does so. Damage
cannot be severe enough to result in a disastrous reservoir water spill.
- Water conveyance facilities called diversions are built to catch surface runoff and send it
to the main drain. The main goal of the diversion is to transport runoff at a non-erosive velocity
to an appropriate disposal location. The entire surface water disposal system consists of
ditches, grassed streams, and diversion channels. At the point when soil is likely to erode
because surface runoff has reached an erosive velocity, diversion structures are built. Diverting
it over the slope of grassed streams, the diversions are built across the slope that is now there.
Both ditches and diversion take the shape of channels or trenches and have a moderate slope.
The channels in a ditch, however, are deeper than those in a diversion.

e) Drainage system
-The sciences of hydrology and hydraulics, which deal with the engineering properties of
fluids in motion, are the foundations upon which drainage structures are designed. The former
deals with the occurrence and form of water in the natural environment (precipitation,
streamflow, soil moisture, etc.).

8. Enumerate and discuss different farming methods or techniques (traditional and modern)
that promote land and water conservation.
ANSWER: Traditional farming techniques are still in use today. It is an outdated farming
technique. Only a few prominent traditional farming techniques are still in use. By using these
techniques, farmers offer cultural and ecological services to people. The conventional approach
has improved food security, maintained biodiversity, and protected natural resources. Modern
equipment is introduced as technology advances daily and to make farming quick and effective.
The use of pesticides, fertilizers, software for herbicides, and more seeds can all be made
possible by technological advancements in agriculture. A significant part of the growth of
agriculture is genetic engineering. This increases the ability of the vegetation to withstand pests
and drought.

Benefits of conventional farming techniques include:

1. Planting and keeping trees for crop protection is known as agroforestry. We may obtain
a variety of goods, including food, fuel, and wood. This improved soil quality, decreased
soil erosion, improved soil structure, stored more carbon, and restored soil nitrogen
fertility, all of which raised farmers' revenue.
2. Crop rotation is the practice of planting several crops on the same property according to
the seasons. It improves soil fertility, uses less herbicides and pesticides, and produces a
higher yield.
3. Intercropping is the simultaneous seeding of more than two crops. The resources
cannot be effectively used by a single crop. This promotes biodiversity, enhances pest
control, inhibits weed development, and boosts soil organic matter.

Benefits of Modern Farming Method:

1. Plant genetic modification involves inserting stretches of DNA into the plant's genome
to give it unique features. It promotes plant growth and tolerance to specific diseases.
2. The use of synthetic fertilizers improves soil fertility. The fertility of the soil is reduced
when agricultural land is used repeatedly. As a result, the usage of fertilizers aids in the
preservation of soil fertility.
3. Bugs that devour younger vegetative stems and leaves are reduced by chemical pest
control. When applied correctly, pesticides produce the desired outcomes. This allows
for the cultivation of healthy and productive plants.

Even the tools have progressed from traditional to contemporary farming. Traditional farming
enhances food and soil quality. Traditional agricultural instruments include the sickle, plough,
spade, winnower, khurpa, bamboo sieve, weeder, and axe. When herbicides and fertilizers are
utilized in the proper amounts, the contemporary approach offers an advantage. Because plant
survival is critical in agriculture, improved irrigation technologies are the primary driver of
agricultural progress. Modern agricultural equipment include the combine, automatic inrow
weeder, drag, player, tillage planter, and drones.
9. As a future Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer, how can you apply hydrometeorology in
optimizing agricultural production without compromising the sustainability of safe water?
ANSWER: Considering the fact that there is water scarcity specially on urban areas of
agricultural facilities, it is right to utilize waste water from these facilities. However, due to
contaminants, it might not be cheap yet it can alleviate water losses from these facilities. Whilst
more people focused on damming bodies of water, it wasn't still enough to supply other places
in localities. Indeed, it is a great step to venture such field of engineering. There's not much
thing we can do other than recycling things that can be recycled.

10. Explain the process/es involve in some of the ways to mitigate droughts, such as water
impoundments, groundwater pumpage, inter-basin transfer, water conservation, and
augmentation of atmospheric precipitation through cloud seeding.
- An impoundment facility, often a major hydroelectric plant, stores river water in a
reservoir using a dam. The reservoir's discharged water runs through a turbine,
turning it and activating a generator, which produces power.
- Ground water pumping is an integral part of many pump-and-treat systems, which
are among the most widely utilized ground water remediation technologies at
polluted sites. Ground water pumping may be used to remove dissolved pollutants
from the subsurface or to control polluted ground water to avoid migration.
- Inter-basin transfer is the movement of water from a watershed with a surplus
(donor basin) to a watershed with a deficit (receiver basin) (recipient basin). Water
is delivered across vast distances to alleviate water scarcity in the destination basin
using complicated pipeline and canal systems.
- Water conservation measures include reducing water requirements, increasing
efficiency, and decreasing pollution at the home, industrial, and government
sectors. Improved technology, methods, and policy may all be utilized to preserve
water and avoid issues such as water shortage.
- Cloud seeding is a method for altering the weather that involves introducing tiny ice
nuclei into specific kinds of subfreezing clouds in order to increase their capacity to
produce rain or snow. These nuclei act as a foundation for the growth of
snowflakes. Following cloud seeding, the freshly formed snowflakes quickly develop
and fall from the clouds back to the Earth's surface, boosting the snowpack and
streamflow.