REMEDIAL MEASURE – ANSWER KEY – BATCH 001_2021

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL MACHINES – UG11T4307

DATE:- 06/03/2023 MONDAY

1. Explain with a neat diagram of Auto-Transformer starting of 3-phase induction

motor. (7 Marks)

Theory of Auto transformer Starter

Auto-transformer starter (Variable Autotransformer) can be used with any squirrel

cage induction motor, motor supplied through taps of three-phase auto transformer
starter.In Auto-transformer Starter, Motor is directly connected on secondary of
autotransformer. The taps provided on auto-transformer limit the starting voltage and
supply motor in steps of 50% 65% or 80% of nominal voltage. Using auto transformer for
starting purpose the line current is always less than motor nominal current during start,
because of motor connected to the secondary side of auto-transformer starter during
acceleration. If motor connected to 50% tap of auto transformer, the motor current would
be reduced up to 50% of nominal starting current. But the line current will be only 25% of
nominal starting current. The difference between line current and motor current due to
auto transformer is in the circuit.
Due to the lower line, current auto transformer starter is a very popular type of reduce
voltage starter. Since the motor starting current is greater than the line current with
autotransformer starter, the starter produced more torque per ampere of line current than
any other type of reduce voltage starter
Working of Auto transformer starter:
Stage 1 - At starting auto-transformer is star-connected by activating Star contactor KM1,
and then the Run contactor KM2 is closed. This arrangement start an induction motor with
reduced voltage and the value of voltage depends upon the ratio of tap selected. The
standard taps are 50%, 65% and 80% of the full line voltage
Stage 2 - After the preset time delay, the Star contactor KM1 is opened, and the auto-
transformer acts as an inductor connected in series with the motor. The supply to the motor
is, thus, maintained during the transition. This transition is normally timed to occur when
the motor speed has stabilized at the end of the run-up period.
Stage 3 - The transformer is shunted completely by energizing Main contactor KM3, so
that the motor is directly connected to the supply and KM2 is opened.
Advantages Auto transformer starter:
1) The autotransformer starter limits significantly the inrush current.
2) It is used for large motors, in which start by direct connection to the network is not
possible. For large motors also the star-delta starter cannot be used, especially if they are
started with a significant load.
3) The circuit has an advantage over starting with a regular autotransformer, which needs
to be at some point completely disconnected during the start inducing high voltage
impulses, which can damage the electrical insulation of the stator.
4) The most effective ratio of the autotransformer is between 65-80%.
5) Highest torque per ampere of supply current.
6) Motor current larger than supply current.
7) This method is suitable for long starting periods.
8) Adjustment of starting voltage by selection of proper tap on the auto transformer.
Drawbacks/disadvantages Auto transformer starter:
1) The circuit is quite complex and involves relatively expensive autotransformer.
2) Due to the physical size of the whole device, it might not be possible to add the
Korndorfer starter to an existing machine if space is scarce.
3) Low power factor

2. Discuss about the conditions necessary for paralleling of two three phase alternator.
(7 Marks)

Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator or Alternator

Need for Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator: -

1. More than one generator can supply power to the larger load.
 2. Many generators in a system enhance consistency of the system, in certain cases, if one of the
generators are not working then there will be no effect on the total load, that can occur in case of
the single generator.
3. If more than one generator is working in the system and if an issue of repair arises in the system,
we can easily remove it and repair without effecting the capability of other generators to deliver
power to the load.
4. Rather than using one generator with a higher power rating we can use multiple generators with
lower power rating so that, as per the load requirements we can adjust the working of alternators
in parallel.
Conditions for Parallel Operation of Synchronous Generator

In above-given diagram, there are two generators that are connected in parallel. First generator is G1
provides electrical power to output with the second generator G2, is connected with the first by a switch
S1. If the switch is closed switch randomly, the connected generators can cause serious damage to both
the generator the load. Since the voltages at the terminals of both generators without synchronisation are
different, it will produce high circulating currents that will damage generators. To remedy this situation,
all three phases of both generators should be at same voltage level, have same phase angles and same
frequency. It means phase ‘a’ has an equal voltage level to the phase ‘a’’, and phase ‘b’ is equal to phase
‘b’’ and ‘c’ is equal to ‘c’’.
To get this same matching of the phases we must follow some conditions that are described here.
 Condition 1: - The root mean square (rms) voltage of these 2 generators should be same.
 Condition 2: -The phase sequence of both of the generators should be same, which means ‘a’ is
connected with a’ of other generator, b with b’ and c with c’.
 Condition 3: -The phase angle of two similar phases should be equal. Means (a) phase of both the
generators have same angle, and so on.
 Condition 4: -The frequency of the generator that is going to connect also called the ongoing
generator should be a little bit higher than the generator that is already in working condition.
Procedure

1. Set the field rheostat R2 of alternator

G2 to the maximum resistance position.
2. Knowing the number of field poles in
alternator G2 determine the speed
required to generate the desired
frequency.
3. Energize the prime mover to bring
alternator G2 up to the required speed.
4. Set Switch S to read the ac voltage
across one phase of G2 Adjust field
rheostat R2 until the output voltage is
equal to the rated voltage of the load
circuit.
5. Close the load switch and switch S4 to
feed the load circuit. Readjust the speed
of the prime mover to maintain the
predetermined speed required for the
desired frequency.
6. Readjust R2 to obtain the rated ac
voltage of the load circuit.
7. Energize the prime mover to drive the
second alternator, G1 Adjust the speed of
the alternator to the approximate value
required to match the frequencies of the
alternators.
8. Set switch S3 to measure the ac
voltage across one phase of G1. Adjust field rheostat R1 until the ac voltage is equal at either position of
switch S3. The voltage output of both alternators is now equal.
9. Phase Rotation
With paralleling switch S2 open, close switch S1.
The three sets of lamps across the terminals of the open switch will respond in one of two ways:
a. The three lamps will brighten and then dim in unison.
b. Two lamps will brighten in unison as the remaining lamp dims. Then the two bright lamps will dim as
the dark lamp brightens.
10. If the lamps respond as in 9a, the alternators are connected for the proper phase rotation. The operator
then may proceed to the next step in synchronizing the alternators.
11. If the lamps respond as in 9b, the alternators are not in the proper phase rotation. To correct the
condition, interchange any two alternator leads at the terminals of switch S2. All three lamps should dim
together and brighten together. No attempt to parallel the alternators should be made until the lamps
respond in this manner.
12. The three lamp sets will flicker (dim and brighten) at a rate equal to the frequency difference between
the two alternators. Adjust the speed control of prime mover M1 to make the lamps flicker at the lowest
possible rate.
13. Interchange two lamp set leads (not alternator leads) at the terminals of switch S2 so that the
alternators can be synchronized using the two bright, one dark method.
14. Again adjust the field rheostat of alternator G1 until both alternators have the same output voltage as
measured at either position of the voltmeter switch S3.
15. With one hand on switch S2 watch the lamps. Close the switch at the exact instant that two lamps are
at their brightest and the other lamp is out. This operation shunts out the synchronizing lamps and
parallels the alternators.
16. Ammeters I1 and I2 indicate the amount of load current carried by each alternator. If the load circuit
has a unity power factor, then the sum of the ammeter readings should equal the reading of the ammeter
in the load circuit.
17. Note that a change in the field excitation of either alternator does not appreciably change the amount
of current supplied to the system. Such a change in field excitation does, however, affect the power factor
of the specific alternator. The field rheostat of each machine should be adjusted to the highest power
factor as indicated by the lowest value of current from the individual machine. Increasing or decreasing
the mechanical power to either alternator will increase or decrease the load current of that machine. As a
result, the division of the load between the alternators can be changed by slight changes in the alternator
speed.