36. Case-Study 1 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. ‘Suman was doing a project on a school survey, on the average number of hours spent on study by students selected at random. At the end of survey, Suman prepared the following report related to the data. Let X denotes the average number of hours spent on study by students. The probability that X can take the values x, has the following form, where k is some unknown constant. 0.2, ifx=0 kx, ifx =1or2 k(6—x), ifx=3o0r4 0, otherwise P(X=x)= (i) Find the value of k. (ii) What is the probability that the average study time of students is not more than 1 hour? (iii) What is the probability that the average study time of students is at least 3 hours? OR What is the probability that the average study time of students is exactly 2 hours?36. (i) We know that =P,=1 Then 0.2 +k + 2k + 3k+2k+0=1 = S8k=1-02=08>k=0.1 (ii) P(Average study time is not more than 1 hour) = P(X<1) = P(X =0) + P(X = 1) =0.2+0.1=0.3 (iii) P(Average study time is at least 3 hours) = P(X > 3) = P(X =3) + P(X =4) = 0.3 +0.2=0.5 OR P( Average study time is exactly 2 hours) = P(X =2)=0.237. Case-Study 2 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. Ajay enrolled himself in an online practice test portal provided by his school for better practice. Out of 5 questions in a set-I, he was able to solve 4 of them and got stuck in the one which is as shown. Let A and Bare independent events such that P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = 0.8, (i) Find P(A 9B). (ii) Find P(A UB). (iii) Find P(B| A). OR Find P(A | B).37. Here, P(A) = 0.6 and P(B) = (i) P(A CB) = P(A)-P(B) = (0. oo 8) = 0.48 (ii) P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)-P(AMB)=0.6+ 0.8-0.48=0.92 P(AMB) P(A) (iii) P(B| A) = _ P(A): P(B) ~ P(A) => P(B)= (‘A and B are independent events)OR P(AMB) P(B) _ P(A): P(B) ~ P(B) = P(B) =0.6 P(A|B)= (-. A and B are independent events)38. Case-Study 3 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. — Ina bilateral cricket series between India and South Africa, the probability that India wins the first matchis 0.6. If India wins any match, then the probability that it wins the next match is 0.4, otherwise the probability is 0.3. Also, it is given that there is no tie in any match. ar jy, OMA ore an j — se (i) Find the probability that India losing the first two matches, (ii) Find the probability that India winning the first three matches,38. (i) It is given that, if India loose any match, then the probability that it wins the next match is 0.3. Required probability = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7 Required probability = P(India losing first match) - P(India losing second match when India has already lost first match) = 0.4 x 0.7 = 0.28 (ii) Required probability = P(India winning first match) - P(India winning second match if India has already won first match) - P(India winning third match if India has already won first two matches) = 0.6 x 0.4 x 0.4 = 0.09637. Case-Study 2 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. Ina play zone, Aastha is playing crane game. It has 12 blue balls, 8 red balls, 10 yellow balls. and 5 green balls. Aastha draws two balls one after the other without replacement. ‘What is the probability that the frst bal is blue and the second ball is green? ‘What is the probability that the first ball is yellow and the second ball is red? What is the probability that both the balls are red? OR What is the probability that the first bal is green and the second ball is not yellow?37. Let B, R, Y and G denote the events that ball drawn is blue, red, yellow and green respectively. 5 . p(B)=22, P(r) = ©, p(y) =~ and P(G)=— 35 35 35 35 (i) P(GOB) = P(B)P(G | B) ee i I = = | 35 34 119 Gi) PRAY) =POPR| N= 23 = ” ~ I= 35°34. 119 (iii) Let E = event of drawing a first red ball and F = event of drawing a second red ball 8 7 = —and P(F)=— Here, P(E) aE (F) a : «. P(FOE) = P(E)P(F | E) = =: =< OR 35 34 85 5 24 12 P(Y’ AG) = P(G).(¥’ |G) = = =— ( ) (@).V I= s7 1937. Case-Study 2 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. On a holiday, a father gave a puzzle from a newspaper to his son Ravi and his daughter Priya. The probability pen ‘ of solving this specific puzzle independently by Ravi and Priya are and — respectively.(i) Find the probability that both Ravi and Priya solved the puzzle. (ii) Find the probability that puzzle is solved by Ravi but not by Priya. (iii) Find the probability that puzzle is solved. OR Probability that exactly one of them solved the puzzle.37. Let E, be the event that Ravi solved the puzzle and E, be the event that Priya solved the puzzle. Then, P(E,) = 1/4 and P(E,) = 1/5 (i) Since, E, and E, are independent events. P(both solved i puzzle) = P(E, 7 E,) xe 1 1 = P(E,)- P(E.) = — =— =— X100% =5% (Ei) PUB) = Xe 99 7 99 = (ii) P(puzzle is solved by Ravi but not by Priya) E 1\1 41201 = P(E,)P(E,) = (:-)4 oa. 4°54 5(iii) P(puzzle is solved) = P(E, or Ey) = P(E, U E;) = P(E) + P(E,) - P(E, 0 E,) OR P(Exactly one of them solved the puzzle) = P[(E, and E,) or (E, and E,)] = P(E, E>) + P(E,A E,) = P(E,) x P(E) + P(E;) x P(E) 14 1.3 = =—x—+-x=— ‘s P(E ,)=1- P(E,)] 4°55 4 tS) ev) 4.307 “30° 20 2036, Case-Study 1 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. A factory has three machines A, B and C to manufacture bolts. Machine A manufacture 30%, machine B manufacture 20% and machine C manufacture 50% of the bolts respectively. Out of their respective outputs 5%, 2% and 4% are defective. A bolt is drawn at random from total production and it is found to be defective (i) Find probability that defective bolt drawn is manufactured by machine A. (ii) Find the probability that defective bolt is not manufactured by machine B. (iii) Find probability that defective bolt drawn is manufactured by machine C. OR Find probability that defective bolt drawn is manufactured by machine B.36. Let E, E, E, be the events of drawing a bolt produced by machine A, B and C, respectively. 30 3 20 1 Then P(E, )= — =—, P(E,)=——=— (E,) 770 (E,) 10 ~ 100 5 and P(E) =—— = 1 100 2 Also, let E be the event “ drawing a defective bolt. 2 ii Then P(E|E,) = —-=— = Peele = 00 50°41 100 25 (i) Probability that the defective bolt is manufactured by machine A = P(E,|E) P(E|E,)x P(E;) ~ P(E|E,)- P(E) + P(E | E>): PCE,) + P(E | Es)- PEs) [Using Bayes’ Theorem] P(E|Es)= _ 31000 5 11 200 39) «13 o 10 Seal 344, v 20 10 50 5 25 2 (ii) Probability that the defective bolt is not manufactured by machine B i.e., it is manufactured by machine A or C _15 20 _ 35 + ~ 39° 39 39 (iii) Probability that the defective bolt is manufactured by machine C= P(E;|E) _ P(E | E3)-P(E3) P(E|E,) P(E,) + P(E | Ey) P(E,) + P(E|E3)- P(E) lvl a 252 aio or te =x = |+] —x=|+] —x> 20 “10)*\s0°5) (25° 2 1 Lue 20 50° 39 39 OR Probability that the defective bolt is manufactured by machine B = P(E,|E) - P(E|E,)- P(E) P(E|E,)- P(E,) + P(E| Ey): P(Ey) + P(E | Es): P(E3) 101 ae 50 5 G 3 1 :) Lol —x— 1+] — x= +] —x> 20°10) (505) \25°2 1 1000. 4 “35039 39438, Case-Study 3 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. Box I contains 1 white, 3 black and 2 red balls. Box II contains 2 white, 1 black and 3 red balls. Box IT contains 3 white, 2 black and 1 red balls. One box is chosen at random and two balls are drawn with replacement. ——— oe Yo" pH — Let E,, Ey, E, be the events that the balls drawn from box I, box Il and box III respectively and E be the event that balls drawn are one white and one red. (i) Find the probability of occurrence of event E given that the balls drawn are from box I. 3 (i) Find the value of Y P(E|Ej)- A38. We have, P(E,) = P(E) = P(E3) = ; (i) P(E|E,) = Probability of drawing red and white ball, if box I is selected. = P(red) x P(white) + P(white) x P(red) _2 1,1./2 4 1 = xl+]xl=—=- ~ 6 $ 6 6 36 9 (ii) > PCE|E)) = PCE | E,) + PCE | Ey) + PCE | Es) i=l A +2 Bo 6 44+12+6_ 22 ll ~ 36 * 36 36 36 36 — 1838. Case-Study 3 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. Inn office three employees Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal process incoming copies of a certain form. Vinay process 50% of the forms, Sonia processes 20% and Iqbal the remaining 30% of the forms. Vinay has an error rate of 0.06, Sonia has an error rate of 0.04 and Iqbal has an error rate of 0.03. (i) Find the probability that Sonia processed the form and committed an error. (ii) ‘The manager of the company wants to do a quality check. During inspection he selects form at random from the days output of processed forms. If the form selected at random has an error, then find the probability that the form is NOT processed by Vinay.38. Let A be the event of commiting an error and E,, E, and E; be the events that Vinay, Sonia and Iqbal processed the form. (i) Required probability = P(A > E,) =0.04x = = 0.008 100 (ii) Using Bayes’ theorem, we have P(E,):P(A|E,) P(E,)- P(A|E,)+ P(E,)- P(A| Ey) +P(E,)-P(A| Es) 0.5x 0.06 1 ~ 0.5X0.06+0.2X0.04+0.3x0.03 47 Required probability = P(E, | A) 3017 =|— A)=1-—= 1— P(E |A) 47 47 P(E, |A)=36. Case-Study 1 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. On a holiday, a father gave a puzzle from a newspaper to his son Ravi and his daughter Priya. The probabiliy 1 1 : of solving this specific puzzle independently by Ravi and Priya are and = respectively. (i) Find the chance that both Ravi and Priya solved the puzzle. (ii) Find probability that puzzle is solved by Ravi but not by Priya. (iii) Find the probability that puzzle is solved. OR Find probability that exactly one of them solved the puzzle.36. Let E, be the event that Ravi solved the puzzle and E, be the an that Priya solved the puzzle. Then, P(E,) = 1/4 and P(E,) = 1/5 (i) Since, E, and E, are independent events. P(both solved the puzzle) = P(E, A E;) 1 1 1 = P(E.) - P(E,) = — — =— x 100% = 5% (,)- P) = 2xE=5=50 % = 5% (ii) P(puzzle is solved by Ravi but not by Priya) 7 _ 1) 1 _4. i _l(iii) P(puzzle is solved) = P(E, or E,) = P(E, U Ey) = P(E,) + P(E,) ~ P(E, 0 E,) 1 1 8.2 i 45 20 2 5 OR P(Exactly one of them solved the puzzle) = P[(E, and E,) or (E, and E,)] = P(E, 0 E,) + P(E, E,) = P(E,) x P(E, ) + P(E,) x P(E, ) =i x24ix2 [+ PCE) =1- PLE] 4 3 7 a ~ 20° 20° 20°37. Case-Study 2 : Read the following passage and answer the questions given below. Ina family there are four children. All of them have to work in their family business to earn their livelihood at the age of 18, BUSINESS() Whats the probability that all children are girls, if it is given that elder child is a boy? (ii) What is the probability that all children are boys, if two elder children are boys ? (ii) Find the probability that two middle children are boys, if itis given that eldest child is a girl. OR Find the probability that all children are boys, if it is given that at most one of the children is a girl.37. Let Band G denote the boy and girl respectively. If a family has 4 children then each of four children can either boy or girl. Sample space is given by S = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, BBGG, BGBG, BGGB, BGGG, GBBB, GBBG, GBGB, GBGG, GGBB, GGBG, GGGB, GGGG} (i) Let E = All children are girls. + E={GGGG} ie, (BE) =1 F = Elder child is a boy -. F = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, BBGG, BGBG, BGGB, BGGG) ie, n(F) =8 Now, n(E0 F) = (EnP) n(F) (ii) Let £ = All children are boys. E = {BBBB} i.e., n(E) = 1 F = Two elder children are boys F = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BBGG} i.e., n(F) = 4 Now, n(EO F)=1 nEQF)_1 nF) 4 (ii) Let E = Two middle children are boys. E= (BBB, BBBG, GBBB, GBBG) ie., n(E) = 4 F = Eldest child is a girl F = {GBBB, GBBG, GBGB, GBGG, GGBB, GGBG, GGGB, GGGG} ie, n(F) =8 Now, (EF) =2 -. P(E|F) = *. P(E|F) = 2. P(E|F)= OR Let E = All children are boys, E = {BBBB} i.e., n(E) =1 F= At most one child is girl, F = {BBBB, BBBG, BBGB, BGBB, GBBB} ie, n(F) =5 Now, n(EA F)=1 1 PEIF)= =38. Case-Study 3: Read tl a low. 3: Read i the following passage and answer the questions given below. ‘There are two antiaircraft guns, named as A and B. Th 1 > . The probabilities that th th airplane are 0.3 and 0.2 respectively. Both of them fired one shell at an aera ey os me ime. (i) Whats the probability that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane? (ii) If it is known that the shell fired from exactly one of them hit the plane, the i . hi il eed en what is the probability that38. (i) Let P be the event that the shell fired from A hits the plane Q be the event that the shell fired from B hits the plane. The following four hypotheses are possible the trial, with the guns operating independently: E, = PQ, Ey = PQ, E; = PQ, Ey = PQ Let E = The shell fired from exactly one of them hits the plane. P(E) = 0.3 x 0.2 = 0.06, P(E) = 0.7 x 0.8 = 0.56,P(E3) = 0.7 x 0.2 = 0.14, P(E,) = 0.3 x 0.8 = 0.24 (tele _ -p| & _p| = P(E) = P(E;) lz ere lz 2 +n) #( Ese Z} = 0.14 + 0.24 = 0.38 ; ‘ E (ii) By Bayes’ Theorem, (2) E nevals E E E PE) of Esme oz prene{E reno] 0.147 0.38 19