+ Lets pure resistance R, pure inductance L and an ideal capacitor of capacitance C be connected in series to 2 source of alternating emf, E=Eosinut. At any instant of time t, suppose rate of change of current in the circuit = Q= charge on capacitor, | = current in the circuit and ¢ = Potential difference across capacitor = Q/C Potential difference across inductor = L& Potential difference across resistor = RI + Voltage equation of the circuit is, I+ RI+ 2= E = Eysinwt ai_ ag a Hence, voltage equation becomes, #9 940,07. £24 n222- esinut -D ‘This is like the equation of a forced, damped oscillator. Let us assume a solution as, Q=Qosin(wt+ 8) #e = 2 agweostwt+ 8) => Qow'sin(wt+ 6) Substituting these values in equation ©), LL-Qotw? sin(wt+ 6))+R(Qow cos(wt+ 6) + HOosin(wwt+ ©) =Eosinut = Qow[Reos(wt+ 8) - whsin(wt+ 8) + esin(wte 6) = Eosinust Since wh=X, & 1/tC =Xe, Qew[Reos(wt+ 8) + (X-X)sin(ust+ 8)] = Eosinwt Muhiplying & dividing by Z, ie., 2= /R? + (Xc —X1)2, we get, Qe2| Scos(wt+ 6) + Xe *tsin(wt+ 8)) = Eosinust Xe=X ae Rg Let 5= cos andAfter replacing, Qow2Z[cos(wt+8)cosO + sin(wt+ 8)sin@] = Epsinwt = QowZcos(wt+6 - ©) = Epsinwt [cosA cosB + sinA sinB = cos(A-B)} = QowZcos(wt+8 - ©) = Eacos(> -wt) [sin9 = cos(& -8)] = ApwZcos(wt+8 - ©) = Eacos(wt-5) Comparing both sides of equation, Eo= Qow2 = loz, where lo= wO —@) and @-@=-2 =+0 —@ a. Sao sin(wt+ 0) Hence, 1 = wQocos(wt+ 8) = locos(wt+ 8) © [From @)] Substituting from @) in G), I= locos(wt + 0-4 = 1= Io sin(wt + ©) or@ = = Current in the circuit , |= e-X From equation (2), @ = tan* =< 2 o As cos’@ + sin’=1, = ($) + (Ss => RP+ (Xe-Xi)?= 22 = Z= (RE + (Xi — Xo* Thus equations for impedance, current & phase agree perfectly with the corresponding equations obtained by phasor-diagram method.