History

PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA
LEARNING COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

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University Road, Poblacion, Muntinlupa City
QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY
Issue No. 0 Revision No. 0 Effectivity Date 07 September 2020 Page No. 1 of 74
COURSE CONTENT
The course aims to expose students to different facets of Philippine history

through the lens of eyewitness. Rather than rely on secondary materials such
as textbooks, which is the usual approach in teaching Philippine history,
different types of primary sources will be used - written (qualitative and
quantitative), oral, visual, audio-visual, digital – covering various aspects of
Philippine life (political, economic, social, cultural). Students are expected to
analyze selected readings contextually and in terms of content (stated and
implied). The end goal is to enable students to understand and appreciate our
rich past by deriving insights from those who were actually present at the time
of the event.
Students are given opportunities to analyze the author’s background and main
Description arguments, compare different points of view, identify biases and examine the
evidences presented in the document. The discussions will tackle traditional
topics in history and other interdisciplinary themes that will deepen and
broaden their understanding in the Philippine political, economic, cultural,
social, scientific and religious history. Priority is given to primary materials
that could help students develop their analytical and communication skills. The
end goal is to develop the historical and critical consciousness the students so
that they will become versatile, articulate, broad-minded, morally upright and
responsible citizens.
For the clearer understanding about the history of the Philippines, this course
can be taught in English, Filipino or Both according to CMO No. 20, series of
2013.
At the end of the course, students should be able to:
1. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance

2. Analyze the context, content and perspective of different kinds of primary
sources
3. Determine the contribution of different kinds of primary sources in
Course
understanding Philippine history
Outcomes
4. Develop critical and analytical skills with exposure to primary sources
5. Demonstrate the ability to use primary sources to argue in favor or against a
particular issue
6. Effectively communicate, using various techniques and genres, their
historical analysis of a particular event or issue that could help others
understand the chosen topic
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1 – The Meaning of History, Sources of Historical Data, Historical Criticisms

2 – Knowing the Philippine History and Philippine Geographical and
Historical Foundation
3 – Colonization of the Philippines and the Conflicting Views: Site of the First
Mass
4 – Spanish Era in the Philippines
5 – Taxation and the Early Filipino Revolts Against the Tribute
6 – Awakening of the Filipino Nationalism
CHAPTERS 7 – Propaganda Movement
8 – Start of Filipino Armed Struggle
9 – Philippine Revolution under Aguinaldo’s Leadership
10 – The Start of American Era
11– Preparation for the Philippine Commonwealth Government
12 –Philippine Commonwealth Government
13 – The Japanese Occupation in the Philippines
14 – The Beginning of the Philippine Third Republic
15 – The People Power Revolution
Gerlie P. Sevilla
Lecturer, Political Science Department
Prepared by
Ghiebert Son L. Octavio, MAED, LPT
Faculty, College of Teacher Education
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CHAPTER THE MEANING OF HISTORY, SOURCES OF

1 HISTORICAL DATA, HISTORICAL CRITICISM
In this chapter, History as discipline and as a narrative is being

introduced. It discusses the limitation of historical knowledge, history
as the subjective process of recreation, and historical method and
historiography. This module also presents the sources of historical data,
the written and non-written sources of history, as well as the
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differentiation of primary and secondary sources of information data.
Historical criticisms such as external and internal criticisms are also
being discussed here. These are important aspects in ascertaining the
authenticity and reliability of primary sources upon narratives are
crafted.
At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Explain the meaning of history.
Objectives 2. Identify the importance of studying history
3. Differentiate primary and secondary sources
4. Understand the concept of historical criticism
MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS
• MEANING OF HISTORY
• SOURCES OF HISTORY
• HISTORICAL CRITICISMS
• BIRTH OF PHILIIPINE HISTORY
REQUIRED READING/S
• Levin, M., & Pforr, B. (1962). Ethnographic and Anthropological Materials as
Historical Sources. Arctic Anthropology, 1(1), 51-57. www.jstor.org/stable/40315540
• Baumgartner, J. (1981). NEWSPAPERS AS HISTORICAL SOURCES. Philippine
Quarterly of Culture and Society, 9(3), 256-258. www.jstor.org/stable/29791732
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Meaning of History
As everyone knows, History is derived from the Greek word “historia” which means learning
by inquiry. Aristotle, the Greek Philosopher, looked upon at the history as systematic
accounting of a set of natural phenomena, that is, taking into consideration the chronological
arrangement of the account. This explain that knowledge is derived through conducting a
process of scientific investigation of past events.
There are theories constructed by historians in investigating history: the factual history and
speculative history. Factual history presents readers the plain and basic information vis-à-vis
the events that took place (what), the time and date with which the events happened (when),
the place with which the events took place (where), and the people that were involved (who).
Speculative history, on the other hand goes beyond facts because it is concerned about the
reasons for which events happened (why), and the way they happened (how).
Sources of Historical Data
As we go along on the discussion, let us now focus on the sources of historical data.
Historical data are source from artifacts that have been left by the past. These artifacts can
either be relics or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to the past. Therefore, historical
sources are those materials from which the historians construct meaning. The historian deals
with the dynamic (the becoming) as well as the static (the being) and aims at being
interpretative (explaining why and how things happened and were interrelated) as well as
descriptive (telling what happened, when and where, and who took part). Besides, such
descriptive data as can be derived directly and immediately from surviving artifacts are only
small parts of the periods to which they belong.
There are written and non- written sources of history. Let us explain each.
First, written sources of history are usually categorized in three ways: (1) narrative or literary,
(2) diplomatic or juridical, and (3) social documents.
Narrative or literature are chronicles or tracts presented in narrative form, written to impart a
message whose motives for his or her compositions vary widely.
Examples:, biography, novel or film, and hagiography
Diplomatic Sources are understood to be those which document/ record an existing legal
situation or create a replacement one, and it's these sorts of sources that professional historians
once treated as the purest, the “best” source. Example: Charter
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Social documents are information concerning economic, social, political, or judicial

significance. They are records kept by bureaucracies.
Examples: government reports such as municipal accounts, research findings, and documents
like these parliamentary procedures, civil registry records, property registers, and records of
census.
Second, unwritten sources - these are as essentials as written sources. There are two types: the
fabric evidence and oral evidence.
Material evidence, also referred to as archaeological evidence is one among the foremost
important unwritten evidences.
Examples: pottery, jewelry, dwellings, graves, churches, roads, and others that tell a story about
the past.
Oral evidence is additionally a crucial source of data for historians. Examples of this are tale
sagas of an ancient peoples and the folk songs or popular rituals from the pre-modern period
of the Philippine history.
Primary versus Secondary Sources
It is very important to know the difference between primary and secondary sources. These two
concepts will help readers for better understanding of the past.
Primary sources are original, first -hand account of an occasion or period that are usually
written or made during or on the brink of the event or period. These sources are basically
original and factual.
Examples: Diaries, journals, letters, newspapers and magazines articles (factual accounts),
government records, photographs, maps, postcards, posters, recorded or transcribed speeches
Secondary sources are materials made by people long after the events. These sources provide
valuable interpretations of historical events. - interprets and scrutinizes primary sources.
Examples: biographies, histories, literary criticism
Historical Criticism
Historical Criticism examines the origins of the earliest text to appreciate the underlying
circumstance upon which the text came to be (Soulen & Soulen, 2001). It has two important
goals:
First, to discover the original meaning of the text in its primitive or historical context and literal
sense.
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Second, to create a restoration of the historical situation of the author and receivers of the text.
There are two parts to historical criticisms.
1. External criticism determines the authenticity of the source. The authenticity of the fabric
could also be tested in two ways, by paleographical (the deciphering and dating of historical
manuscripts) and diplomatic criticism (critical analysis of historical paper to understand how
the document came to be, the information transmitted, and the relationships between the facts
purported in the document and the reality).
2. Internal criticism determines the historicity of the facts contained within the document. It is
not necessary to prove the authenticity of the material or document. However, the facts
contained in the document must first be tested before any conclusion pertaining to it can be
admitted. In determining the worth of the facts, the characters of the sources, the knowledge of
the author, and therefore the influences prevalent at the time of writing must be carefully
investigated.
The Birth of the Philippine History
The history of the Philippines (according to H.O. Beyer’s Migration Theory) is believed to
have taken off with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or boats at least 67,000 years ago
as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man suggested. Negrito tribes first inhabited the isles and more
groups later migrated to the islands like the story of the Ten (10) Bornean Datus.
Philippines is rich in history however the written record started with the coming of the
Spaniards. Many believed that Spaniards destroyed the earlier records as completely as
possible. The same scenario happened when the Philippines was under the American and
Japanese colonization. Many precolonial records were lost and were no longer retrieved.
Therefore, much of what is known about Pre- Spanish days are still insufficient. There are still
much to be uncovered. Other said that some of our recovered records came from other countries
which were in touch with the islands. Take for example, Murillo-Velarde Map. It was a
hydrographical and chorographical chart of the Philippines Island drawn by the Jesuit Father
Pedro Murillo Velarde (1696-1753) and published in Manila in the year 1734. It was the first
and believed to be the most important map of the maritime routes from Manila to Spain and to
those colony of Spanish Empire in the new world. The map contains captions, it also shows of
great from the geographic point of view, and as an ethnographic document.
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History as Records of the Past
The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the past is very
important in order for us, readers to really understand history. Historians create their narratives
through a survey and analysis of primary sources available in the archives, libraries or the
antique collections of document enthusiasts. Relying on different materials and resources (both
primary and secondary) will truly help us to bring us back to the past events that may lead us
for better understanding of the present.
REFERENCE
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History, Malabon
City. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. Chapter 1 (pages 1-15)
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Directions: Encircle the letter of your choice.
1. Materials made by people long after the events being described had taken place.
a. Primary Source c. Scientific Source
b. Diplomatic Source d. Secondary Source
2. Which is not an example of a primary source?
a. Biographies c. a birth certificate
b. Letters d. a photograph
3. What is the historical tract typically composed to inform contemporaries or succeeding
generations?
a. Narrative c. Juridical tracts
b. Literature d. Scientific tract
4. This is an example of primary source.
a. Newspaper c. Painting
b. Electronic data d. Tape recorder
5. A product of record keeping of a bureau which contain information.
a. Minutes c. Formulas
b. Social document d. Content
6. These historical sources are materials by nature.
a. Unwritten sources c. Written sources
b. Reliable sources d. Tattoo
7. The third part of diplomatic source. The attestation of those responsible for the
document, which maybe the author, writer, counter signer, principal parties involved,
and witnesses to the enactment or the subscription.
a. Eschatocol c. Content
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b. Protocol d. Negotiable
8. Historians consider these sources as documents/ record and existing legal situation as
the best source.
a. Relic c. Oral Source
b. Remains d. Diplomatic Source
9. This is the evidence is considered as material evidence.
a. Recordings c. Diaries
b. Archaeological d. books
10. These are the original historical sources.
a. Static Sources c. Primary Sources
b. Descriptive Sources d. Interpretative Sources
Exercise No. 2
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on the space provided before each number.
_____1. Incompleteness of records has limited man’s knowledge of history.
_____2. These are the raw materials out of which history maybe written.
_____3. This historical method, historians investigate, collects and examine sources.
_____4. Historian’s ability to reconstruct historical events
_____5. Historians aim of searching the truth, authenticity and plausibility.
_____6. Objects/things that have since been forgotten or the experience of generation long
dead
_____7. The practice of historical writing
_____8. Learning by inquiry
_____9. Historical objectivity
_____10. The process of critically examining and analyzing the records and survivals of the
past.
A. Verisimilitude G. Aristotle
B. Limitation of historical knowledge H. Historia
C. Interpretative I. Historical method
D. Historiography J. Historical analysis
E. Historical Impartiality K. Historical bias
F. Artifacts or Documents
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Exercise No. 3
Define the following terms:

1. Diplomatics
___________________________________________________________
2. Verisimilitude
___________________________________________________________
3. Historiography
___________________________________________________________
4. Paleography
______________________________________________________________
5. Historical Criticism
___________________________________________________________
Identify what is being described in the following items.
__________________1. It determines the authenticity of the source.

__________________2. This is considered as hoax or misinterpretation from the genuine
document.
__________________3. It is a dictionary of biography that gives examples of handwriting.
__________________4. It is a historical seal that has been subject of special study of experts.
__________________5. This means that the historical texts are primitive and historical
contexts in the primitive sense.
__________________6. The criticism deals with more important matters than the external
form.
__________________7. This refers to the time/century when historical criticism was properly
formed.
__________________8. It determines that historicity of the facts contained in the document.
__________________9. This refers to the time /century when historical typewriting was
invented.
__________________10. This refers to the era when historical forgery was not known
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KNOWING PHILIPPINE HISTORY: PHILIPPINE

CHAPTER
2
GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL
FOUNDATIONS
This chapter discusses the life of the early Filipinos before the conquest
of the Westerners. It aims to prove that our ancestors had a high level of
culture even before the coming of the Spaniards. How the Filipinos
Description started building their communities along the mouth of the river and
coastal areas. It also presents here the different archaeological records
of the early Chinese and some Muslim scholars narrating the existence
of civilization in the archipelago even before Magellan landed.
1. Discuss how the physical environment of the Philippines shaped the

socio-cultural, political and economic facets of its society.
Objectives 2. Explain the traditional Filipino communities
3. Analyze the culture and structure of the ancient Filipino society to
determine the level of civilization attained during the pre-colonial era.
4. Critique the strengths and weaknesses of the early Filipino society.

• Pre-Hispanic People
• Early Philippine Society
REQUIRED READINGS
• Macdonald, C. (2004). Folk Catholicism and Pre-Spanish Religions in the Philippines.

Philippine Studies, 52(1), 78-93. www.jstor.org/stable/42633685
Philippines Before the Conquest
Philippine history writing started during Spanish time when Ferdinand Magellan landed in the
Philippine archipelago in the year 1521, followed by Filipinos like Dr. Jose Rizal who
annotated Antonio Morga’s book “Sucesos De Las Islas Filipinas” (Events of the Philippine
Islands) and Americans. But before the Spaniards, there were archaeological records of the
early Chinese and some Muslim scholars narrating the existence of civilization in the
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archipelago even before Magellan landed. And if you have read the Rizal’s annotation on
Morga’s book, we can tell that there was already an organized
Let us take a look on the life of the native people of Philippine archipelago prior to the arrival
of the Spaniards.
The Early Philippine Society
There were group of people that the historians believed they existed here in the Philippine
Islands before the colonization period. They are as follow:
1. Tabon Man. The Tabon Man skull cap was discovered by Dr. Robert Fox an American
Anthropologist within the Tabon subside Palawan in 1962. According to research this Man
lived on the first days called Stone Age and inside the cave. He also founded evidence that this
early human already knew how to make and use tools. Experts said skeletal remains found in
Tabon was not a Negrito.
2. Negrito. Henry Otley Beyer, a known anthropologist introduced the “Theory of Migration”
that the first Human who came to the Philippine Archipelago through the Lan Bridges were
Negritos, the ancestors of the Aetas, but many anthropologist and experts opposed and
disproved the belief.
3. Callao Man. Dr. Armand Mijares of University of the Philippines led the team of
Archeologist in 2007. They found a foot bone inside the Callao cave in Cagayan. They said
this man existed 20,000 years older than the Tabon man. They needed to consume almost three
years to determine the age of the bone. They used the method called Uranium Series Dating
conducted in France. However, their team is still planning to conduct more excavations and
study to re- enforce their findings and theories.
The early Filipinos started building their communities along the mouth of the river or coastal
areas. They choose the place because of economic opportunities wherein they access the land
and the water for their everyday routines of life. Their community was a Barangay setup with
50 or 2000 people as residents.
There are social classes in the barangay namely:

1. Maharlika (Noble People)
2. Timawa (Free men)
3. Alipin (Slaves)
- Aliping Namamahay
- Aliping Saguiguilid
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The early Filipinos used caves for their housing until they learned to build houses outside using
wood or bamboo and nipa leaves or cogon grass for their roofing suited for our tropical climate.
Later on, they called Bahay Kubo. There were places in the Philippines particularly in the
mountainous areas where people make their houses at the top of the tree (tree house). This is
to protect them from wild animals that can hurt them. For those people residing beside the sea
like the Badjao or sea gypsies, their boats already serve as their houses.
Early Filipinos did not have religion, but they believed that there is a powerful being from the
sky and that they called God. They were pagans, they believe in different gods and goddesses.
Even prior to the coming of the Spaniards, Filipinos were already believers of superstitious
beliefs. Among them include aswang, kapre, dwende, tiyanak, and tikbalang which until now
still exist especially in the remote places of different provinces.
The Baybayin or the Alibata was the pre- Hispanic writing system in the Philippines. Filipinos
believed that this system originated from Kawi (a Javanese old script with a large number of
loanwords from Sanskrit. (Java is a place in Indonesia and a Sanskrit is a classical language of
India.)
The discovery of archeological artifacts in the Philippines manifested that during the Neolithic
means the last age of Stone Age and the beginning of Human development in technology. Since
the beginning in the Philippines, rice was already the principal crop aside from hunting,
trapping animals, and fishing.
A traditional music and dance is the reflection of life and culture of people of one place. In
music, we have instruments like kudyapi, kalaleng, a tingguian Nose flute, slit drum. Some pre-
Hispanic songs were called Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno at Oyayi o
Hele. Primitive dances of the early Filipinos were linked with rituals and to their daily lives.
Preservation of the Pre-Hispanic Culture and Traditions

It is not new to us that even prior the arrival of the Westerners, the early people of the Philippine
archipelago had already built and established their unique customs and traditions. As we
observe in the present time, there are still some group of Indigenous tribes who are preserving
their culture that we can call ours and not brought by the colonizers.
REFERENCES
Palado, D., De Silva, A., Reyes, C., et. al., (2018) Readings in Philippine History, Muntinlupa
City. Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (pages 2-4; 16-22)
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EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Multiple Choices
1. This class of people does not pay taxes in the community; they relatives of the Raja
or the Datu (The Nobles/Aristocrats).
a. Aliping Namamahay c. Maharlika
b. Timawa d. Aliping Sagigilid
2. This evidence found in many places in the Philippines proves that Chinese were the
first to trade with us during the Tang Dynasty.
a. Stone c. Musical Instrument
b. Porcelain d. Balangay
3. It is the year when the Islam was introduced here in the Philippines by Karim ul’
Makhdum.
a. 1380 c. 1412
b. 1256 d. 1521
4. It refers to the symbolic ceremony and preservation of friendship between the two
tribes.
a. Fiesta c. Sandugo
b. War Dance d. Umalohokan
5. It is the two-stringed boat shape guitar of the Maguindanaoans.

a. Kulintang c. Kalaleng
b. Batikok-kok d. Gangsa
Exercise No. 2
Essay
1. Describe the Philippines during the Neolithic Period.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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2. In your own opinion, which among the three are early people in the Archipelago? (Tabon
Man, Negrito, or Callao Man). Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. If the Spanish did not conquer our archipelago, what do you think is our culture now?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Do you believe in super natural creatures like aswang, kapre, tikbalang and tiyanak? Why
or why not? Justify your answer.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What is the importance of the discovery of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription to the
Filipino?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise No. 3
Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
_____________1. Baybayin or the Alibata was the pre- Hispanic writing system in the
Philippines.
_____________2. Filipios sing according to what they feel and that they are doing. Some pre-
Hispanic songs were called Kundiman, Kumintang o Tagumpay, Ang Dalit o Imno at Oyayi o
Hele.
_____________3. Aside from instruments, early Filipinos also expressed their culture through
acting and dancing.
_____________4. Aliping Saguiguilid was typically an alipin who had received a piece of
land from his master.
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_____________5. The discovery of archeological artifacts in the Philippines manifested that

during the Neolithic means the last age of Stone Age and the beginning of Human development
in technology.
_____________6. Aswang a tall big black muscular creature with a hairy feature with a strong
and smell that can get human attention and smoking a large tobacco while resting at the tree.
_____________7. According to archaeologist, the Chinese people were the first to trade with
us. Pieces of Chinese porcelains found in many places in the Philippines during the Tang
Dynasty of China are a proof to it.
_____________8. Since the beginning in the Philippines, corn was already the principal crop
aside from hunting, trapping animals, and fishing.
_____________9. Arab traders came to the Philippines through Jolo and Sulu, on their way to
Guangzhou China for trading their goods in the 1380s.
_____________10. Islam was introduced in the Philippines 1380 by Karim ul’ Makhdum the
Arabian trader who came to the Philippine archipelago while Christianism was only introduced
1521 upon the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan
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CHAPTER COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AND

3 THE CONFLICTING VIEWS: Site of the First Mass
This chapter discusses the discovery of the Philippine archipelago and

how Ferdinand Magellan proved that the eastern part of the world can
Description be reached through a westerly route. The arrival of his expedition in the
islands and his relationship with the Filipino natives. It also presents
here the conflicting views about the site of the first mass – Butuan or
Limasawa.
1. Explain how the radical changes that took place in Europe paved
the way for a new world historical epoch.
Objectives 2. Discuss vividly the impact of the church’s influences in the
political affairs of Europe.
3. Explain fully the factors that led to the Age of Discovery and
Exploration.
4. Describe how Magellan discovered a new sea route leading to
Asia that guided the succeeding explorers.

• Magellan’s Expedition
• Battle of Mactan
• Site of the First Mass
REQUIRED READINGS
• Bernard, M. E. (2002) “Butuan or Limasawa: The Site of the First Mass in the
Philippines: A Reexamination of the Evidence”, BUDHI A Journal of Ideas and
Culture, Vol. 5No.
3.6.1.https://journals.ateneo.edu/ojs/index.php/budhi/article/view/582/579
• LeRoy, J. (1903). The Friars in the Philippines. Political Science Quarterly, 18(4), 657-
680. doi:10.2307/2140780
Two Powerful Countries in Europe
The colonization in the Philippines started when the two powerful countries – Portugal and
Spain – had cold rivalry in conquering lands to expand their empire and to look spices as one
of the most prized goods which is equivalent like gold. To pacify the situation, the Pope in
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Vatican City, Pope Alexander VI mediated between the two to avoid further conflict (Portugal
and Spain are both Catholic Nations).
In this discussion, let us find out how did Magellan end up here in the Philippine archipelago
after long voyage from Spain.
Discovery of the Philippine Archipelago
It was Magellan’s expedition that paved way to the discovery of the Philippines during 1521.
Ferdinand Magellan was born in Portugal in 1480. In 1517, he decided to move to Spain to
look for an opportunity to offer his service to the Spanish Court. Timely enough, through the
Treaty of Tordesillas, King Charles I (later became King Charles IV) of Spain was convinced
about the proposed route plan of Magellan in looking for the Spice Island and gave his blessing
for a voyage under the Crown of Spain. The King gave him a fleet of five ships called Armada
and a rank commander of the expedition under the order of Santiago.
The Magellan’s Fleet:
1. The flagship Trinidad –under Magellan’s command

2. San Antonio –commanded by Juan de Cartagena
3. Concepcion –commanded by Gaspas de Quesada
4. Santiago – commanded by Joăo Serrăo
5. Victoria – named after the Church of Sta Maria de la Victoria de Triana, where Magellan
took an oath of allegiance to King Charles V; commanded by Luis Mendoza
From among the five ships sent by King Charles I, only three left to continue the mission of
expedition, the Trinidad, Concepcion, and Victoria. It was the first time for the European to
sail in Pacific Ocean. Magellan named it Mar Pacifico for its peace and calm unlike other
oceans that they travelled where the water was extremely rough.
On March 16, 1521, they reached the island of Homonhon at the eastern part of the province
of Samar. They landed there to gather food and also refresh the crew after their long voyage
from the Pacific Ocean.
Magellan had good relationship to the two kings named Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Humabon.
Aside from the spice island, other missions of Magellan expedition were to circumnavigate the
worlds and to spread Christianity. When they entered the Archipelago in 1521, their priority
was to Christianize all the early Filipinos they would meet. And Rajah Humabon was the first
native chieftain who embraced Christianity.
Many native leaders accepted Spain’s offer of friendship. However, there was one leader
named Lapu-Lapu (Leader of Mactan) who did not accept the friendship of Magellan. This
rejection angered Magellan and he devised a plan to subdue the native king.
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Unfortunately, Magellan did not expect that the people from Mactan were already anticipating
the battle and was ready to fight. Caught off-guard and outnumbered, most of the Spaniards
got injured and was forced to retreat. Magellan was killed in the battle.
The defeat of the Spaniards in Mactan and with the series of unfortunate events, Magellan’s
troops finally decided to leave the island and continue their journey to Moluccas island.
Among the five ships at the beginning of the expedition, only Victoria was able to successfully
went back to Spain.
There was controversy regarding where the site of the first mass was held in the Philippines
when Ferdinand Magellan reached our archiplegao – in (Masao) Butuan or Limasawa (Leyte)?
Magellan’s Contribution in the World History
The expedition initiated of Ferdinand Magellan was regarded as the greatest of all expedition
made by man. For the first time in history, man has circumnavigated the world and has proven
that the earth was round and not flat. The expedition also proved that the largest ocean in the
world was the Pacific Ocean. This new knowledge in geography provoked Europeans to
explore more territories and lands especially in the East. This journey also paved way for the
conquest of the Philippine archipelago and the conversion of the Filipinos to Christianity.
REFERENCES
City. Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (pages 6-13; 26-30)
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Read each question carefully and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. What route did the group of Pigafetta take from Humunu (Homonhon) Island going to the
site of the First mass.
a. West southwest c. North Southeast
b. West Northwest d. North Southwest
2. When did the first Holy Mass in the Philippines happen?
a. March 16, 1521 c. March 28, 1521
b. March 22, 1521 d. March 31, 1521
3. The flagship Magellan’s fleet.
a. Victoria c. San Antonio
b. Trinidad d. Concepcion
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4. This ocean called by Magellan as Mar Pacifico for its peace and calm unlike other oceans
that they travelled where the water was extremely rough.
a. Indian Ocean c. Pacific Ocean
b. Atlantic Ocean d. None of the above
5. First native chieftain who embraced Christianity.
a. Datu Sumakwil c. Rajah Kulambo
b. Rajah Humabon d. Datu Puti
B. Arrange the following events in chronological order. Number the events starting 1-5.
Write your answers on the space provided.
_________ The Battle of Mactan

_________ The arrival of Magellan in Homonhon
_________ The First Mass in the Philippine Islands
_________ Magellan’s fleet crossing the Pacific Ocean
_________ Ship Victoria reached its port of origin Seville, Spain
Exercise No. 2
Essay (5 pts each)
1. What is the significance of knowing where the first mass in the Philippines was held
for us Filipinos?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. When was the Philippine discovered? What events paved the way for its discovery?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. By making a timeline, trace the expedition of Magellan from the time that he left Spain
until his death.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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4. Did Spain pursue its interest in conquering the Philippines after the expedition of
Magellan? How?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. How will you prove the importance role played by the missionaries in the conquest of
the Philippines?
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Exercise No. 3
Write a position paper about the site of the first mass. Where do you believe it
happened? Butuan or Limasawa? Justify your answer by providing related information
and evidences in your writing.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
MODULE
CHAPTER
4
SPANISH ERA IN THE PHILIPPINES
Chapter 4 of this module deals with the arrival of Spanish forces to establish
their colonial government in the Philippines. This part of module expounds
on the different policies carried out by the Spaniards to control the lives of
the Filipinos especially in the political – (the establishment of national and
local government) economic – (the imposition of different taxes and
Description
policies) and cultural – (establishment of schools, constructions of
churches, convents, etc.) aspects. However, in spite of all the changes that
transpired, different reactions were witnessed from the Filipinos. This also
takes into account the involvement of other countries like Portugal,
Chinese, and British.
1. Compare and contrast the early Filipino society with that under
Spanish rule.
2. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages in the discovery of the
Objectives Philippines.
3. Illustrate how Legazpi succeeded in bringing the entire country
under the Spanish rule.
4. Identify the different Spanish colonial system and analyze the
causes and effects of Spanish colonization.
5. Differentiate the possible reasons why some places in the
Philippines easily conquered by Spaniards.

• Legaspi’s Expedition
• Colonial Government Structure
• Other Invasion Attempts
REQUIRED READINGS
• Skowronek, R. (1998). The Spanish Philippines: Archaeological Perspectives on

Colonial Economics and Society. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 2(1),
45-71. www.jstor.org/stable/20852896
MODULE
Spain’s Series of Expedition
After the Spain had celebrated El Cano’s return, King Charles I decided that the Spain should
conquer the Philippines. Five subsequent expeditions where then sent to the Islands.
1. Garcia Jofre Loiasa (1525)

2. Sebastian Cabot (1526)
3. Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)
4. Ruy Lopez de Villabos (1542)
5. Miguel Lopez de Legaspi (1564)
*Only the last two actually reached the archipelago, and only Legaspi succeeded colonizing the
Philippines.
When King Philip succeeded his father to his throne in 1556, he instructed Luis de Velasco,
the viceroy of Mexico, to organize another expedition – to be headed by Miguel Lopez de
Legaspi, who would be accompanied by Andres Urdaneta (a priest who had survived the Loaisa
mission.
Establishment of the Spanish Government in the Philippines
Legaspi’s expedition landed in Cebu island on February 13, 1565. After a diminutive struggle
with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made
a blood compact with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna as a symbol of friendship. On April 27, 1565,
Legaspi returned to Cebu; destroyed the town of Rajah Tupas and established a settlement.
As per King’s order, 2100 men arrived from Mexico. They build the port of Fuerza de San
Pedro which became the outpost and stronghold for the region. Hearing the riches of Manila,
an expedition of 300 men headed by Martin de Goiti left Cebu for Manila They found the
islands of Panay and Mindoro. Goiti arrived on May 8, 1570.
The hierarchical political set-up of the Philippines during Spanish regime may be seen in the
political institutions established by the colonial power. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was
a captaincy- general administered by the Spanish King through the viceroyalty of Nueva
España (Mexico). All Spanish possessions were governed by the Real y Supremo Consejo de
las Indias (Royal Supreme and Council of the Indies) established in 1524 by Charles V. It was
next to the King, the paramount lawmaker and administrator over-seeing the colonies of the
Spanish empire.
The form of government that they introduced to the early Filipinos was called Encomienda.
(The word encomienda came from the word encomendar which means to entrust.) The granting
of encomienda made its first appearance during Columbus’ time. Land discovered did not
always prove bountiful as was expected and so, in order to make the possession pay attractive,
the system of parceling out lands to conquerors was instituted. The system attracted many
adventures from the Mother Country who undertook expeditions either for private interest or
some governor who later recompense the service with a grant of land. Later, grants of
MODULE
encomienda were made not only to individuals who participated in the conquest of territory,
but also to civilians who would settle in the newly conquered colony.
When Philippines became official colony of Spain, they introduced some policies to control
the people in the archipelago such as Reduccion, Repartiamento and Instruccion.
Reduccion. They built a pueblo or town and forcibly obliged everyone and families to move in
the town they created. Then Spanish authorities built their outpost encircling the town for them
to monitor all movements confined in the said area.
Repartiamento. System of a forced labor to the natives of the colony. It was similar to a Polo y
servicio or a Tributo (Tribute). The natives were obliged to provide the basic needs of Spaniards
(the conquistadores).
Instruccion. The early education of Filipinos during Spanish period was through religion. It
was primarily exclusive for elite Filipinos to go to formal schools operated by friars from
different congregations in the first year of their operation.
There were six (6) Catholic Congregations who came here in the Philippines.
1. Augustinians
2. Franciscans
3. Jesuits
4. Dominicans
5. The Recollects
6. Benedictines
Spain established a Central Government that was located in Intramuros Manila. The King of
Spain was the central ruler and designated his alter ego – the Viceroy to Mexico which was
also under Spain. Its function is to supervise all the colony of Spain with his Council of Indies.
In 1821, Mexico regained its Independence over Spain. All remaining colonies went directly
under Spain. The King immediately sent its Governor General to govern every colony.
Colonial Structure of Government
Governor General. The highest ranking official in the Colony appointed by the King of Spain,
he also served as the Kings alter ego.
Residencia. A special judicial court whose mandate was to investigate the performance of the
Governor General during the term and before he would replace in the position. The report of
the investigation would be directly submitted to the King of Spain.
The Visita. Headed by a visitador general from the Council of Indies in Spain, he would conduct
a surprise visit to any from among the colonies of Spain to personally observe the conditions
in the colony under the leadership of Governor General.
The Royal Audiencia. The highest court of justice in the colony. It was an institution that help
the Governor General in governing the colony by securing the people from those abusive
Spanish Officials.
Alcadias (Provincial Government). It was headed by the Alcalde Mayor. The position was
exclusive only for Spanish and Mestizos.
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Corregimentos (Uncontrolled Provinces). Headed by designated Army Officers by the

Governor General. The province they held was not yet totally under their governance, there
were resistance from some Filipinos.
Ayuntamiento (The City Government). Headed by an Alcalde. It was a former town but when
it became the center of trade and commerce, it turned into a City.
Municipal or Pueblo de Indios. The leader was called Gobernadorcillo - highest political
position that the Filipino can have during those times.
KING OF SPAIN
GOVERNOR GENERAL
Executive and Legislative
JUDICIAL BRANCH SPECIAL JUDICIAL BRANCH

1. Royal Audiencia 1. Residencia
2. Lower Courts 2. Visita
ALCADIA MAYOR
Provincial Government
CORREGIDOR
AYUNTAMIENTO (Corregidores)
City Government Uncontrolled Municipal
Municipal/ Pueblo de Indios

(Gobernadorcillo)
Cabeza de Barangay / Teniente del Barrio

Barangay or Barrio Government
This structure was introduced as a replacement of the encomienda system
During the Spanish Era in the Philippines, there were also some invasion attempts such as:
1. Chinese Invasion through Limahong (The Chinese Pirate)

2. British Invasion
3. Portuguese Invasion
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Motives in the Conquest
There were three important motives that European countries like Spain drove to conquer new
lands. – God, Gold, and Glory. The first motive had something to do with the proliferation of
Christianity. The second motive was about the acquisition of natural resources and other
economic benefits from the colony. Third and last, they want to prove that they were more
powerful compared to other countries in the West.
REFERENCES
Agoncillo, T., (1990) History of the Filipino People (8th Edition), Quezon City, Garotech
Publishing. (75-78)
City. Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (32-41)
Diamonon, V., (1919) A Study of the Philippines during the Spanish Regime. MA (Masters of
Arts) Thesis, State University of Iowa,
https://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4112&context=etd
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Multiple Choices. Choose and encircle the letter of the correct answer.
1. Where can you find the tomb of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in the Philippines?
a. Cebu Cathedral c. Manila Cathedral
b. St, Augustine Church d. Port San Filipe
2. The word encomienda came from the word encomendar which means _________.
a. To govern c. To collect tribute
b. To entrust d. to be the highest
3. The highest ranking official in the Philippines appointed by the King of Spain.
a. The Visitador General c. Residencia
b. Governador General d. Viceroy
4. The patron saint of the Philippine navy
a. Our Lady of Perpetual Help c. Our Lady of la Naval
d. Our Lady of Manoag d. Our Lady of Antipolo
5. It was a system of forced labor to the natives which men from age 16-60 were to
render free service to the government.
a. Intruccion c. Reduccion
b. Ayuntamiento d. Repartamiento
6. The first religious congregation that entered the Philippines in 1565.
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a. Augustianians c. Jesuits
b. Dominicans d. Benedictines
7. The uncontrolled provinces of Spain in the Philippines
a. Alcaldias c. Pueblo
b. Corregimentos d. Audiencia
8. The second religious order in the Philippines in 1578.
a. Intruccion c. Reduccion
b. Ayuntamiento d. Repartamiento
9. He was the head of Municipal or Pueblo.
a. Gobernadorcillo c. Alcalde Mayor
b. Cabeza de Barangay d. Corregidores
10. The date when Spain promulgated an educational decree for reforming the
educational system in the Philippines
a. Educational Decree of 1889 c. Educational Decree of 1901
b. Educational Decree of 1886 d. Educational Decree of 1801
Exercise No. 2
Answer the following questions in your own understanding
1. Explain the function of the Royal Audiencia.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the reason of the Portuguese in attempting to invade the Philippine Archipelago.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How did the Spanish authority implement the Reduccion in the Philippines?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise No. 3
Write a position paper about your viewpoint why the Philippines was easily conquered? Justify
your answer by providing related information and evidences in your writing.
MODULE
CHAPTER TAXATION AND EARLY FILIPINO REVOLTS

5 AGAINST TRIBUTE
This chapter discusses the monatiscal supremacy in the Philippines during

Spanish Era by understanding the pamphlet written by Marcelo H. del Pilar
“La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas”. The taxation imposed during the
Description Spanish colonization and its effect to the people especially to the natives.
The different revolts of Filipino related to the imposition of taxes in the
entire archipelago and the abused of authority of other government officials
as well as the members of the church.

1. Describe the condition in the Philippines and that in the Western
world during the latter part of the 19th century.
Objectives 2. Explain the major causes of the various Filipino revolts during
the Spanish colonization.
3. Explain and understand the message that the author wanted to
convey on his writing “La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas”

• Philippines in 19th Century
• Filipino Revolts during Spanish Colonization
• La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas by Marcelo H. del Pilar
REQUIRED READINGS
Plehn, C. (1901). Taxation in the Philippines. I. Political Science Quarterly, 16(4), 680-711.
doi:10.2307/2140422
Plehn, C. (1902). Taxation in the Philippines. II. Political Science Quarterly, 17(1), 125-148.
doi:10.2307/2140383
Marcelo H. del Pilar: La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas
One of the best patriots in the history was Marcelo H. del Pilar, one of his writings that awaken
the Filipinos nationalism was his pamphlet “La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas” It discusses
the political, religious and economic aspects that affect the lives of the people here in the
Philippines during 19th century.
MODULE
Tributes from Natives
Spanish government enjoyed revenues for more than three hundred years of their occupation
of the Philippine archipelago. Taxation during the Spanish period was compulsory, All Spanish
colonies in America and therefore the Philippines were required to pay taxes for two (2)
reasons:
a. as recognition of Spain’s sovereignty over the colonies

b. to defray the expenses of pacification (the act of forcibly suppressing hostility within
the colonies) and governance, thereafter.
Several colonial laws on taxation were made by the Real y Supremo Consejo de Las Indias
(Royal and Supreme Council of the Indies) for the Spanish monarch. These laws were
embodied within the compilation of legislations associated with the New World called the
Recopilación de leyes de los reynos de las Indias. It was a four- volume collection of laws
relating to the Indies, which was published in Madrid in 1861.
Taxes during the Spanish period in the Philippines were the tribute, sanctorum, donativo, caja
de communidad, and servicio personal.
Tribute. was a general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain which amounted to eight Reales. Those
who required to pay the tribute were the:
a. 18 – 50 years old males
b. the carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, tailors, and shoe makers
c. town workers such as those in road construction, and is public in nature
Sanctorum. Tax in amount of 3 reales. This was required for the cost of Christianization
including the construction of churches and purchase of materials for religious celebrations.
These taxes gave too much sufferings to the people. For they really had to work hard so that
they could feed their families and at the same time complied to pay taxes imposed by the
colonial government.
Who are the collectors during the Spanish Time?
Of course, there were collectors responsible in collecting taxes among the natives. They were
cabeza de barangay (barangay level), alcalde mayor (province level), mayor or corregidores,
alcalde (Ayuntamiento), and gobernadorcillos for municipality.
Why taxation is important? Paying taxes before is almost same why do we pay taxes at this
present time, the collection of money through taxation is used by the water carry out many
functions like expenditure on war, the enforcement of law and public order, protection of
property; economic infrastructure, public works, social engineering, subsidies, and therefore,
the operation of the government itself.
MODULE
However, during the Spanish time, most of the were not happy on paying their taxes for obvious
reasons. Revolts against paying tributes aroused.
1. Cagayan and Dingras (1589)

2. Agustin Sumuroy’s Revolt (1649-1650)
3. Francisco Maniago’s Revolt (1660-1661)
4. Andres Malong Revolt (1660-1661)
Due to these series of revolts, one of the good reforms which Spain introduced in the 19th
century was the Tax Reform of 1884, as provided by the Royal Decree of March 6, 1884, this
tax reform contained two important provisions:
1. Abolition of the hated tribute and its replacement of cedula tax
2. Reduction of the 40-day annual forced labor (polo) to 15 days.
La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar’s La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas, talks about the abuse of power of
the friars here in the Philippines. Friars who were supposed to guide people to Christianity but
instead of doing that they abused their powers given by the highest authority in Spain.
Undesirable Moments in the Philippines
We must admit that major changes in the Philippines were brought by the Spanish government
however, we must also accept the fact that major changes affect the lives of the Filipino people
both positively and undesirably. It can be observed as well during the undesirable moment in
history, uprisings and revolts were not successful in fighting for their cause. One of the reasons
was the lack of the spirit of nationalism during those times. Instead of uniting as one strong
force to overpower the colonizers, others sided with the Spaniards. Another reason was the lack
of national leader who supposed to encourage the natives to unite and carry out the goal of
liberating the country from the hands of the oppressors.
REFERENCES
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History. Malabon
City. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. (88-91)
MODULE
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
A. Write the word true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.
___________1. Trade of religious objects is one of the curates’ sources of income during the
Spanish era.
___________2. A provincial tax, while stamps and surcharges are indirect taxes.
___________3. The native’s submission and compliance to friar rule was due to profound
respect to authority.
___________4. Both curates and government officials during the Spanish period personified
despotism and tyranny,
___________5. The Filipinos paid direct taxes which consists of urban tax, municipal tax, and
personal cedula among others.
B. Identify what is being described in the following items.
_________________1. He was the leader of the revolt in Pampanga, who led the revolt against
the tribute, forced labor and rice exploitation.
_________________2. He was a Waray from the Palapag, the old Northern Samar, who led a
revolt against forced labor.
_________________3. It is a form of forced labor where able-bodied men were required to
work in construction and building of ships.
_________________4. The council which was responsible for the making of laws particularly
colonial laws on taxation.
_________________5. It is the decree which aimed to relieve the Filipino Catholics of tax
burden by reducing the number of feast days and having one patron saint only per diocese.
_________________6. A tax in the amount of half Real for the military campaign of the
government against the Muslims.
_________________7. A tax in amount of 3 Reales. This was required for the cost of
Christianization including the construction of churches and purchase of materials for religious
celebrations.
_________________8. In the 1660s, he was coaxed by Maniago to revolt against the abuses
of the Spaniards because they were experiencing the same abuses.
_________________9. First issued based on the Royal Decree on March 6, 1884. All men and
women residents of the islands -Spaniards, foreigners, and natives – who were over 18 years
old were required to obtain these.
_________________10. A general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain which amounted to eight
Reales.
MODULE
Exercise No. 2
Give a concise explanation/ discussion on the following items.
1. What is the relative importance of taxation to the economy of the country? Discuss clearly
the importance.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What was the powerful weapon held by the curates through which they maintained power
and influence?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. What is the essential idea in this phrase, “poverty of the government and opulence of the
vow of poverty”?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
4. How did the taxation start in the Philippines?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. Give at least 3 reasons why cedulas were so important during Spanish time.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
MODULE
CHAPTER
6
AWAKENING THE FILIPINO NATIONALISM
Chapter 6 of this module looks into the various factors that ignited the spirit
of nationalism and opened their eyes to the reality that the Filipinos became
slaves in their own land for more than three centuries of Spanish colonial
rule. It presents the different actions used by both Filipino elites and masses
Description
in order to attain the freedom they were dreaming for the longest time.
It also discusses here the conflicting views in the Philippine History with
regards to Cavite Mutiny.
1. Organize the events and trends that led to the birth of Philippine
Objectives nationalism.
2. Identify the leaders, specific cause and result of each revolt and
as well as the reasons why none of these were successful.
3. To understand and explain the conflicting views reading Cavite
Mutiny.

• Opening of Suez Canal
• Liberalism in the Philippines during Gov. Gen. Carlos Ma. Dela Torre
• Martyrdom of GOMBURZA
• Cavite Mutiny
REQUIRED READINGS
Trinidad Pardo de Tavera, Filipino Version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 274-
280)
Jose Montero y Vidal, Spanish Version of Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 269-273)
Rafael Izquierdo, Official Report on the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, Zaide 1990, vol. 7 pp. 281-286)
Rafael, V. (1990). Nationalism, Imagery, and the Filipino Intelligentsia in the Nineteenth
Century. Critical Inquiry, 16(3), 591-611. www.jstor.org/stable/1343641
Spirit of Nationalism
The spirit of nationalism was developed in Manila, other provinces perhaps started during the
revolts against tribute, even in Spain and in other parts of the world particularly in Europe. The
MODULE
concept of nationalism was also introduced when the Spain decided to open our country to the
world trade. Another contributory factor was the opening of the Suez Canal.
In this chapter, it discusses the short term of Carlos Ma. de la Torre being the Governor General
who brought liberalism in the country. It also states here how the Martyrdom of GOMBURZA
affect the relationship of the Filipino people and the Spaniards under the leadership of Gov.
General Rafael Izquierdo.
Liberalism arrived in the Philippines
Suez Canal was made in 1859 and finished within the year 1869; a synthetic water way with a
sea level located in Egypt from Mediterranean connecting to the Red Sea, and was officially
opened on November 17 ,1869. It was considered to be the shortest and important link between
the east and the west owing to its unique geographic location. It helped the propagation of
world trade. These also became an avenue for the Filipinos to access the west and got
influenced through their books, leaflets and other reading materials to enter in the Philippines
Archipelago. More Filipinos had the chance to go to Europe to study.
As travel time from the Philippines to Spain and the other way around was shortened to 30
days from quite two months, this helped to the expansion of agricultural exports, which brought
economic prosperity to native indios.
This development also paved the way for Filipinos “ilustrados” to send their children to
universities in Europe. The rise of the “illustrados” was inevitable and they became the new
patrons of the arts that led to the secularization of arts in the 19th century.
Ilustrados – the Filipino educated class during the Spanish colonial period in the late 19th
century.
Aside from the positive effects brought by the opening of Suez Canal, liberalism was also
brought here in the Philippines when the Spanish Revolution happened on September 1868. It
was the time when the Spaniards established the Republic of Spain and for the first time, since
Spanish occupation in the country, Filipinos enjoyed their rights and freedom.
One of the major effects of the founding of the Spanish Republic was the appointment of Carlos
Ma. de la Torre as the governor-general of the Philippines. As an advocate of liberal ideas, he
promised the Filipinos several reforms in the country. For his two-year term, he abolished the
censorship of the press and encourage the people to express their ideas about politics without
hesitations.
However, it was unfortunate that liberalism during the term of La Torre ended shortly when a
conservative monarch was enthroned in Spain. This event lead to the replacement of La Torre
by the conservative Governor General Rafael Izquierdo. He restored the traditional way of
governing the colony. One of the systems that re-established was the ban on the secularization
or the Filipinization of the parishes.
MODULE
One of the most critical events in the country was the uprising of that happened in Cavite as
well as the martyrdom of Gomburza.
Cavite Mutiny happened on January 20, 1872, there had been approximately 200 Filipino
soldiers from Manila and Cavite who revolted against the Spanish government. A Filipino
Sergeant named La Madrid led the revolt. The signal of the attack by the group from Cavite
was the fireworks to be made by the group from Manila. However, on the night of the attacked,
a celebration was held. When the fireworks display done in the celebration, the soldiers from
Cavite mistook it as signal for the attack. The soldiers invaded the Spanish arsenal and killed
some Spanish soldiers.
The uprising became an opportunity to the Spanish government to blame and accuse the
Filipino priests and leaders who were fighting for independence. All accused, together with the
Filipino priests, Father Mariano Gomez, Father Jose Burgos, Father Jacinto Zamora, were tried
in a military court and were charged of sedition and rebellion. Governor Izquierdo approved
the death sentence of the 41 members of the uprising and others were banished to Guam and
Marianas. It was believed that the trial of GOMBURZA was a hoax.
GOMBURZA Awakens the Filipinos National Consciousness
The execution of the GOMBURZA was considered as one of the biggest mistakes of the
Spaniards. The Catholic Church did not support the Spanish Colonial Government in the
decision to execute the rebels. The Filipinos were disappointed with the turn of events. The
death of the martyrs triggered the nationalistic feeling of the Filipinos and aimed at
overthrowing the Spanish sovereignty in the Philippines.
REFERENCES
Ligan, V., Espino, L., Andrada, J., et. al. (2018) Readings in the Philippine History, Malabon
City. Mutya Publishing House, Inc. (66-76)
Alcantara, V., (2009). Philippine History: Past and Present (Social Studies for First Year),
Quezon City. CJS Publishing. (159-164)
MODULE
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer.
1. Suez Canal was built in 1859 and finished in the year ________.
a. 1901 c. 1888
b. 1869 d. 1872
2. The Queen of Spain during the Revolution of Disgust.
a. Cristina c. Isabella II
b. Minerva d. Aguilera I
3. The date when the King issued the Royal Decree regarding secularization in the
Colony.
a. November 9, 1774 c. October 31, 1765
b. December 5, 1802 d. November 3, 1776
4. He was the ecclesiastical governor who died because of the earthquake.
a. Juan de Rojo c. Pedro Pelaez
b. Julian Maestre d. Jose Marquez
5. The governor general was sent by Francisco Serrano and let the Filipinos feel how
to be free and encouraged them to participate in the government.
a. Polavieja c. Terrero
b. Blanco d. Dela Torre
Exercise No. 2
Identify the following.

_____________________1. He is the only pure-blooded Tagalog priest among Gomburza.
_____________________2. It refers to the military governor of Cavite during the time of
Mutiny.
_____________________3. He is a Filipino scientist; historical researcher and a scholar who
wrote his version of Cavite Mutiny.
_____________________4. It refers to the term that Gen Izquierdo used in describing the
Cavite Mutiny.
_____________________5. Date when the Cavity Mutiny happened.
_____________________6. Governor General of the Philippines before Gen, Izquierdo.
_____________________7. A Spanish historian, in his book entitled, Historia General de
Filipinas.
_____________________8. Took charge of the causes in connection with the Cavite uprising,
passed the sentence of death on forty-one of the rebels.
_____________________9. Method by which the three martyr priests were executed.
_____________________10. A Filipino Sergeant who led the Cavite uprising.
MODULE
Exercise No. 3
Give a concise explanation on the following:
1.Why is the voyage in Europe and the opening of the Suez Canal contributory in the
awakening of the spirit of Filipino nationalism?
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Why did the Cavite Mutiny fail?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. How did the liberalism develop in the Philippines after the Spanish Revolution?
___________________________________________________________________________
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4. What the Filipino realize when Spain was defeated in the Seven Years War?
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
5. What was the implication of the death of the three martyr priests GOMBURZA to the
Filipino?
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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MODULE
CHAPTER
7
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
This chapter looks into the various factors that ignited the spirit of
nationalism and opened their eyes to the reality that the Filipinos became
slaves in their own land for more than three centuries of Spanish colonial
rule. It presents the different actions used by both Filipino elites and masses
Description
in order to attain the freedom they were dreaming for the longest time.
It also discusses here the conflicting views in the Philippine History with
regards to Retraction of Rizal.

1. Understand the aims and objectives of the propaganda
movement
Objectives 2. Acknowledge and appreciate the works and writings of the
Ilustrados that paved way in achieving freedom and
independence
3. Make personal judgement with the to issue “Retraction of Jose
Rizal

• Propaganda Movement
• The Propagandists
• Retraction of DR. Jose Rizal
REQUIRED READINGS
• Anderson, W. (2010). Philippine Studies, 58(3), 434-436.

www.jstor.org/stable/42634645
Propaganda Movement
The years 1872 – 1892 were the period when the spirit of nationalism among the great Filipinos
in Europe were greatly evident. Little by little, they started propaganda to reveal the wrong
doings of both the Catholic Church and the Colonial Government. Most of the Ilustrados in
Europe were there for some important reasons: to study and to organize movement that would
help achieve the fair treatment of Spaniards to the Filipino people. The Propaganda movement
was an organization that promoted reforms in peaceful manner.
MODULE
However, not all Filipinos who went in Spain joined the propaganda movement. Most of them
went to Spain in the hope of studying and becoming successful. Those who established and
joined the movement were young and serious men who offered their talent and service for the
motherland.
Filipino Propagandists
The propaganda was two-sided movement, one rewarded in Spain for the extension to the
Philippines of open governmental institutions, for an honest administration and for the
replacement of the friars by the Filipino priests; and compensated in the islands themselves for
the improvement of the educational facilities, the removal of the spying upon the press and
public opinion, and most of all, awakening of the exhausted fellow Filipinos.
Prominent Filipino Propagandists
Marcelo H. del Pilar. He became the Editor-in-Chief of the Propaganda Newspaper La

Solidaridad when it already transferred from Barcelona to Madrid. He was also known as the
father of Freemasonry and Journalism in the Philippines.
Jose Rizal. He contributed numerous articles too the newspaper, La Solidaridad, published in
Spain. One of Rizal’s political plans was to integrate the Philippines as a province of Spain.
Rizal returned to the Philippines in June 26, 1892. He founded the La Liga Filipina, in Manila.
Graciano Lopez- Jaena. was known to publish a number of literary works that challenged the
status quo. One of his well-known works included the La Solidaridad, which was a newspaper
that played a very significant part in the propaganda movement that helped lead to the
Philippine Revolution.
Juan Luna. He was recognized as the first Filipino artist. He won gold and silver medal in the
1884 Madrid Fine Arts Exposition. He used his canvas to propagate the sentiments of the
Filipino people.
Felix Resurrection Hidalgo. He was also known as one of the great Filipino painters of the 19th
century, and is significant in Philippine history for having been an associate and inspiration for
the members of the Philippine propaganda movement which included Jose Rizal, Marcelo del
Pilar, Mariano Ponce and Graciano Lopez- Jaena.
Mariano Ponce. He was a doctor by profession and one of the leaders of the movement that
spread the idea of Philippine independence from Spanish colonial rule. He wrote in the
newspaper and was one among the founders of La Solidaridad and Asociacion Hispano-
Filipino.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela. He was the Editor-in-Chief of the newspaper of the Katipunan entitled
Kalayaan. He used nom de guerre or nom de plume in writing articles in the newspaper to hide
MODULE
his identity to the Spanish authorities like Dimas Arayan (Untouchable) and Madlang-Away
(Public conflict).
Propaganda Groups
When the propagandists saw the advantage of combining all their knowledge and talents, they
decided to established an organization that would bring to the Spanish authorities the
movement’s concerns.
1. Circulo Hispano- Filipino

2. La Solidaridad (Organization)
3. Free Masonry
4. La Liga Filipina
5. Revista del Circulo Hispano- Filipino
Propaganda Newspapers
1. Kalayaan
2. La Solidaridad (Newspaper)
3. Diariong Tagalog
4. La Independencia
5. La Libertad
Struggles of the Propaganda Movement
Propagandists were somehow succeeded on their goal of awakening the heart, mind and soul
of the Filipinos through their writings. However, due to lack of fund and other resources it was
really hard for them to continue the movement. The arrest of Rizal and the abolition of La Liga
Filipina marked as the end of the Propaganda Movement. The activities of the movement
completely ended with the closing of the La Solidaridad and the deaths of the two great
founders – Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez- Jaena due to death and disappointment.
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Identify what is being referred to each item. Write your answer on the space provided.
___________1. He was the author of Fray Botod, a novel about an abusive friar.
___________2. He used pen names in his articles like Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning
MODULE
___________3. A newspaper that was published on June 20, 1898 by Clemente Jose Zulueta.
___________4. It was the newspaper founded by Gen. Antonio Luna and came out on
September 3, 1898.
___________5. The titles of the one of the articles of Rizal in Diariong Tagalog, that in English
means “Beloved Homeland.
___________6. He wrote the Constitution and by Laws of La Liga Filipina
___________7. It was the novel written by Dr. Jose Rizal which he dedicated to the three
martyr priests.
___________8. It was the official newspaper of Propaganda Movement.
___________9. He was the Governor General who ordered the arrest of Rizal.
___________10. He was the appointed President of the Asociacion Hispano – Filipina.
Exercise No. 2
True or False. Write the word True if the statement is correct and False if not.
__________1. Dr. Jose Rizal was the President of La Liga Filipina.

__________2. Pascual Poblete was the Editor of the Tagalog section while Marcelo H. del
Pilar handles the Spanish section in Diariong Tagalog.
__________3. The Circulo Hispano- Filipino was established in 1883 by a group of Filipino
students in Madrid.
__________4. Juan Luna won gold and Silver Medal in the 1884 Madrid Fine Arts Exposition.
__________5. Francisco Calvo funded yhr Diariong Tagalog.
Exercise No. 3
Make your stand/opinion about the issue on Retraction of Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
MODULE
CHAPTER
8
THE START OF FILIPINO ARMED STRUGGLE
This chapter focuses on the creation of secret society initiated by Andres

Bonifacio. It discusses here the different challenges they faced to gain
Description
independence. This lesson also shows the internal conflict among the
Filipino leaders which caused deeper scars in the Philippine history.

1. Appreciate the bravery and sacrifices of the Filipino leaders
Objectives achieving Philippine independence through revolution.
2. Ignite the love of the youth today for the country by bringing up
the history

• Founding of Katipunan
• Leaders of Katipunan
• Official Organ of the Society
• Death of the Supremo
REQUIRED READINGS
• ILETO, R. (1984). BONIFACIO, THE TEXT, AND THE SOCIAL SCIENTIST.

Philippine Sociological Review, 32(1/4), 19-29. www.jstor.org/stable/41853618
Founding of Katipunan
The aims of the patriots to end up the three centuries colonization of the Spanish government
did not stop with the Propaganda Movement. When Jose Rizal was arrested after three days of
founding La Liga Filipina, Andres Bonifacio together with other men organized a secret
meeting on the night of July 7, 1892 in the house in Azcaraga Street. The attendees of the
meeting agreed to established a revolutionary secret society Kataas taasang Kagalanggalangan
na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan or simply known as Katipunan.
Leaders and Internal Conflicts in the Katipunan
Headed by Andres Bonifacio, the Katipunan had three objectives: political, civic and moral.
Political had something to do with the liberation of the Philippines from Spain; Moral aimed
at the teaching of good manners and right beliefs; and Civic aimed the principle of helping
oneself.
MODULE
The founding of Katipunan marked the end of the peaceful means of asking for reforms from
the government. The Filipinos decided to achieve independence through a revolutionary
government.
New recruits to the secret society underwent a rigorous initiation process, similar to Masonic
practices. Through the organizational structure of the Katipunan was constantly in flux. It is
generally believed that they formed small branches, governed by the sangguninag balangay,
these small branches formed larger provincial councils. All must be overseen/ supervised by
the Supreme Council of the Katipunan. The legislative body of the Katipunan was known as
Katipunan Assembly. It eas composed of the member of the Supreme Council, along with the
head of the popular and provincial council. Katipunan had a “Secret Chamber” composed of
Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Dr. Pio Valenzuela.
The Katipunan was not just entirely for men, it was during Ramon Basa when the secret society
organized a women auxiliary section called La Semilla. The women or the Katipuneras served
as caretakers of the important documents. They also served as distractions to the Spanish
soldiers. If ever there were secret meetings, women usually held parties in their home.
Kalayaan became the official organ of the society. Using pseudonyms, they were able to
expressed their love for the country through literary works which immediately influenced the
people from Central Luzon. The articles written by Jacinto and Bonifacio awakened and
reminded the people about their rights and responsibilities for the native land. The official
organ paved way to increase the members of the secret society from 300 to 3000.
The Katipunan discovered on August 19, 1896 when a member by the name Pedro Patiño
revealed the secret society. The Spanish government immediately took action to arrest the
Katipuneros. Bonifacio, Jacinto and other leaders managed to escape and proceeded to
Caloocan and other nearby towns.
In the middle of struggle of the katipuneros fighting for freedom, internal conflict aroused in
the organization. Katipunan in Cavite established two factions – Magdiwang led by Gen.
Mariano Alvarez and Magdalo led by Gen Baldomero Aguinaldo. They fighting the same
enemy but not helping one another. The Supremo visited the province to mediate on the said
conflict.
After settling the problems of the two factions, they proposed to the Supremo to formalize their
group and form a Revolutionary Government which had been approved by the latter. However,
the decision of Andres Bonifacio to Cavite and mediate was the beginning of his downfall
being the Supremo of Katipunan.
A captain from Kawit, Cavite Emilio Aguinaldo became the new leader of the revolution
replacing Andres Bonifacio. He was gradually rose to prominence because of his triumphs in
battles both in Cavite and Batangas.
The Tejeros Convention brought Andres Bonifacio in vain. The leaders agreed to elect leaders
of the Revolutionary Government and it was Emilio Aguinaldo who was elected as President.
MODULE
From the disagreement of Andres Bonifacio to the result of the convention and because of the
insult that he got from Aguinaldo’s men, the relationship of the two leaders broke up.
Aguinaldo took his Oath of Office as the President of the first Philippine Revolutionary
Government. Upon receiving the charges against Bonifacio, he immediately sent his men to
arrest the Supremo.
On May 10, 1897, the Supremo and his brother Procorpio Bonifacio were executed by a firing
squad on Mt. Nagpatong. Some accounts said that Andres was hacked to death in his Hammock
and his brother was the one who was shot. He died at age of 34.
Death of the Supremo
While the Filipinos were belligerent from the tyranny of the Spaniards, they were also
struggling from each other. The conflict between the two leaders in Katipunan – Emilio
Aguinaldo and Andres Bonifacio brought death to the Supremo himself.
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No.1
Identify the correct answer for the questions. Write your answer on the space provided.
______________1. He was the leader of Magdalo group.

______________2. She was known as the lakambini of the Katipunan.
______________3. This was the position won by Andres Bonifacio but was contested by
Daniel Tirona.
______________4. The Magdiwang faction of Katipunan in Cavite was headed by ______.
______________5. This was the place where the first Spanish – Filipino war was launched.
______________6. A place where the two factions in Cavite held the election for the
Revolutionary Government.
______________7. Date when the Bonifacio brothers were executed in Mt, Nagpatong.
______________8. The name of the women chapter in the Katipunan.
______________9. He revealed the secret society to Padre Mariano Gil.
______________10. He was considered as the brain of the Katipunan.
MODULE
Exercise No. 2
Answer the following questions.
1. Do you believe about the charges that they made to Andres Bonifacio? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Compared the Katipunan and the Propaganda Movement.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Who composed the Supreme Council of the Katipunan?

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Exercise No. 3
Make a position paper about the versions of the first cry of the revolution.
“Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin”
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MODULE
PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION UNDER AGUINALDO’S

CHAPTER
LEADERSHIP and the INFILTRATION OF THE
9
AMERICANS
This chapter focuses on the phases of the Revolution. It talks about the
Description establishment of the Biak na Bato Government as well as the infiltration of
the Americans in the Philippines.

1. Explain the different struggles experienced by the Filipino
Objectives leaders during their fight against the colonizers
2. Understand the transition of colonization from Spanish to
American and the situation of the Philippines

• Establishment of the Biak na Bato Government
• The Pact of Biak na Bato
• Aguinaldo in Hong Kong
• Battle of Manila Bay
REQUIRED READINGS
• LAURIE, C. (1989). The Philippine Scouts: America's Colonial Army, 1899-1913.

Philippine Studies, 37(2), 174-191. www.jstor.org/stable/42634583
• CANO, G. (2013). LeRoy's "The Americans in the Philippines" and the History of
Spanish Rule in the Philippines. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic
Viewpoints, 61(1), 3-44. www.jstor.org/stable/4263474
Philippine Revolutionary Government
After the death of the Supremo in the hands of our fellow Filipino under the leadership of
Aguinaldo, the revolution continues. The battleground transferred from Manila to Cavite. It
was the time when the two factions – Magdalo and Magdiwang finally get united. They merged
their forces to become one in the Revolutionary Government fighting against the common
enemy – the Spaniards.
Birth of Revolution
Tired of the endless battles, Gov. General Camilo de Polavieja asked his relief as Governor
General and was granted on April 15, 1987. He was replaced by Gov. General Fernando Primo
MODULE
de Rivera. When the new executive arrived in Manila he immediately conferred with the
military commanders regarding the general situation in the Philippines.
Biak na Bato Government
On October 1897, President Aguinaldo held a meeting in Biak na Bato where the attendees
decided to continue the cause of the revolution and established the Biak na Bato Government.
A Constitution was drafted and was patterned to Cuban Constitution and was ratified on
November un 1, 1897. The said constitution stated that the Biak na Bato Republic should be
dissolved after two years. It also indicated that the objective was to liberate the country and be
declared as an independent state. The constitution also contained a Bill of Rights that would
look after the rights of all individuals.
When Governor General Primo de Rivera realized that there was no way to prevent the
revolution, the Spaniards finally decided to make peace with the revolutionaries.
Pact of Biak na Bato
On December 14, 1897, they officially drafted the agreement between the Spanish government
through the Gov. General Fernando Primo de Rivera and the Biak na Bato, Republic by Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo. And to execute the pact, Gen. Aguinaldo and his men received money
amounting of Php 400,000.00 and an amnesty by the Spanish Government. The pact contained
three important documents as follows:
1. The first document known as the “Program” contained the provision that Gov. General
Primo de Rivera would pay all the revolutionaries of Php 800,000.00 and would allow
Aguinaldo and other revolutionaries to voluntarily exile themselves in Hongkong.
2. The second document known as “Act of Agreement” stressing the grant of general amnesty
for all those who would surrender and the promise that they would enjoy the privilege of living
in the country or any other place of their choice.
3. The third document contained the provision about the payment for the damages. According
to the provisions stated, Spain would have to pay Php1,700,000 where Php 800,000.00 were
already stated in the first document and the remaining Php 900,000.00 would be allocated to
the Filipinos who were victim of the war.
After the documents had been signed on December 14 and 15, 1897 Aguinaldo and the other
revolutionary leaders prepared to leave for Hongkong. He left together with other 28
revolutionists on December 27, 1897.
Maybe others might think that these group of men just saved themselves and left their fellow
countrymen in the hands of the Spaniards while others might think that they did heroic thing
for the country. For there were some revolutionists who did agreed in the said pact like Gen.
Miguel Malvar and Gen. Mamerto Alejandrino Natividad, Jr.
MODULE
American Infiltration in the Philippines
Due to that explosion on April 21, 1898, the United States declared war against Spain. The
causes of their conflict were many, but according to the American government the immediate
one was the first overseas war fought by the United States using their steel ships that brought
superiority to the name of America in their naval forces in the world at that time.
Again the question is how the Philippines got into this conflict. The American Spanish War
was because of Cuba.
The Philippines was silent after the Pact of Biak na Bato, because all of the tough revolutionary
leaders of the Philippines led by General Emilio Aguinaldo were exiled in Hong Kong. But
even though they went into silence, according to Aguinaldo the fight still continued. They re-
established their grouped and they called themselves and looked for the proper timing to come
back here in the Philippines to once again fight for the Philippine Independence.
Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo continued the operation of the revolutionary government in Hong Kong
which became known as the Hong Kong Junta and later on as the “Supreme Council of the
Nation”.
Perhaps because of the distance and means of communication, the revolutionists themselves
again subdivided through misunderstandings. Discontentment arose that made several changes
in the membership due to resignation of some members both in the Philippines and Hong Kong.
While in abroad, Aguinaldo continued his aim of reclaiming the Independence from Spain. He
went to Singapore to meet a friend and somehow to ask update about the situation of the
Philippines and the gather news about the conflict between America and Spain.
Battle of Manila Bay
It was known as the well-known Battle of Manila Bay, where the Spanish losses estimated at
more than 370 troops and all their warship known as Armada, while American casualties were
fewer than 10. The victory in Manilla Bay cleared the way for the US occupation of Manila in
August and the eventual transfer of the Philippines from Spanish control.
Battle of Manila Bay
The Battle of Manila Bay paved way to the Filipinos to get back their freedom from the
Spaniards after three centuries. However, unknown to the entire archipelago, the American and
Spanish forces already had a secret agreement that the Spaniards will surrender Manila to the
Americans after mock battle.
MODULE
REFERENCES
Publishing. (167-198)
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Discuss what the agreement in the “Pact of Biak na Bato”.
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
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___________________________________________________________________________
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Exercise No. 2
We all know that in history, it was Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo who became the 1st President of the
Philippines however, there are some historians that even today, consider the Supremo- Andres
Bonifacio as the Philippines First President.
Who do you believe is the first President? Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo or Andres Bonifacio? Make
a stand regarding this issue. Cite the references of your arguments.
MODULE
CHAPTER
10
THE START OF THE AMERICAN ERA
This chapter discusses the cooperation of Filipino leaders to the American

Description
in order to end the Spanish tyranny in the country.

Objectives 1. Recognize other Filipino heroes who dedicated their lives in
achieving the country’s ultimate goal – Independence
2. To know the hidden Agenda of the Americans in the country

• Establishment of the Biak na Bato Government
• Treaty of Paris
• Malolos Congess and Malolos Constitution
REQUIRED READINGS
• HUNT, C. (1988). Education and Economic Development in the Early American Period
in the Philippines. Philippine Studies, 36(3), 352-364. www.jstor.org/stable/42633100
American’s Insinuation in the Philippines
One of the achievements when the Spanish – American War started was the dictatorial
government headed by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo. When he was in Singapore, successive
meetings with E. Spencer Pratt and Rounceville Wildman were held. When he returned to
Cavite, he convinced the Filipino to side with the Americans in its fight against Spain.
But according to some documentaries, there was a denial of Spencer Pratt about the said claims
of Aguinaldo and he denied any “dealings of a political character” with Filipino General.
Admiral George Dewey also disproved Aguinaldo’s account, stating that he did not promise
anything for the Philippines.
Declaration of the Philippine Independence
June 12, 1898 was the declaration of the Philippine Independence in Cavite el Viejo (Kawit,
Cavite). While the Philippine flag was being raised and displayed in the balcony of Aguinaldo’s
house, the Philippine National Anthem was being played and Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista
played read the Declaration of Independence.
On June 18, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a decree formally establishing his dictatorial government
and on June 21 of the same year, he issued another decree replacing dictatorial to a
MODULE
revolutionary government (naming himself as President). It was Apolinario Mabini, the so

called “Brains of the Kaipunan” advised him for the said changes. Aguinaldo declared that
there would be an election of the representatives of the republican assembly that would serve
as the legislative branch of the government.
The Filipinos were not actually aware that a secret meeting was held between Juadenes,
Deweys and Meritt. They agreed that Spain would surrender Manila to the Americans after a
so-called “Mock Battle”. Americans immediately established military government right after
they acquired Manila on August 14, 1898 and appointed Gen. Wesley Meritt as the first
Military Governor. It is founded for the purpose of subduing different provinces that still
express their resistance to the American rule and to maintain peace and order in the entire
country
The Treaty of Paris was signed on December 10, 1898. One of its provisions was the secession
of Spain’s colonies to the United States of America which included the Philippines.
On September 15, 1898, the Malolos Congress was inaugurated at the Barasoain Church in
Malolos, Bulacan. Felipe Calderon headed the body that drafted the constitution. Emilio
Aguinaldo proclaimed the Malolos Constitution as the most important written law of the
country. On January 23, 1899 the First Republic or the Malolos Republic was proclaimed at
the Barasoain Church.
The unintentional killing of an American soldier by a Filipino soldier marked the beginning of
the Filipino-American War. Under the leadership of General Arthur McArthur, the American
forces were able to capture the seat of the Philippine government in Malolos. Emelio Aguinaldo
managed to escape and he transferred his government in the towns of San Fernando, Pampanga,
Tarlac, Bayambang, and eventually in Palanan, Isabela. The American finally captured
Aguinaldo in his headquarters in Palanan, Isabela.
General Gregorio del Pilar became known in our history as the Hero of Tirad Pass when he
courageously fought with the American until his death. The capture of Aguinaldo marked the
end of the republic that he founded. However, the battle whom General Miguel Malvar led
convinced the Filipinos to pursue the fight for independence. The last general to surrender to
the Americans was General Simeon Ola of Guinobatan, Albay.
America as the New Colonizer
It is awe-inspiring that finally after almost three centuries and three decades Filipinos got
independence from the Spanish government. They brought lot of changes in the country– in all
aspects – political, economic, cultural and social. However, we did not totally found the real
sovereignty because American took over after Spaniards. There were lot of brave Filipinos-
who fought for us despite the fact that our nation is not as matured as them when it comes to
governance. From the propagandists to the revolutionists, they sacrificed their lives for the
motherland.
MODULE
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
As history tells us, lot of brave men sacrificed their lives in achieving Philippine independence
from the hands of the oppressors. Make a compilation of the following heroes focusing on their
great contributions in the country.
1. Apolinario Mabini
2. Gen. Antonio Luna
3. Gen. Gregorio del Pilar
4. Gen. Miguel Malvar
5. Mariano Sakay
Exercise No. 2
Describe the following
1. June 12, 1898

___________________________________________________________________________
2. Biak na Bato Government

___________________________________________________________________________
3. Treaty of Paris
___________________________________________________________________________
4. Major Gen. Wesley Meritt

___________________________________________________________________________
5. Hon Kong Junta

___________________________________________________________________________
MODULE
Exercise No. 3
Essay
1. Do you think Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo was deceived by the Americans in Singapore for their
promise of recognition to the Philippine Independence after giving them support to fight against
the Spaniards?
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2. Give your own opinion about the real motive of America in the Philippines? Why did they
focus in our country than of Cuba?
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MODULE
CHAPTER Preparation for the Philippine Commonwealth

11 Government
This chapter focuses on the e of assistance of the United States of America

to the Philippines to achieve self-governance. The arrival of different
Description
commissions sent by the President of US helped to monitor the situation of
our country.

Objectives 1. To know the different laws implemented in the Philippines
and its contribution to the development of the country
2. Understand the Commonwealth Government

• The Cooper Act of the Philippine Organic Act of 1902
• The Jones Law
• The National Socialist Party
REQUIRED READINGS
• Powell, I. (1936). The Commonwealth of the Philippines. Pacific Affairs, 9(1), 33-43.
doi:10.2307/2751014
Conquest of the Philippines by the United States
After bringing independence from Spain, Filipino thought that finally we were free from the
oppressors, but they were wrong. Another series of colonization once again happened in the
Philippine history. Americans may not be strict as Spaniards but still they controlled the
archipelago. But unlike Spaniards, they did not fully express their intention to make Philippines
a colony. According to the proclamation of McKinley (US President, 1899) “The Philippines
are ours, not to exploit, but to develop, to civilize, to educate, to train in the science of self-
government.” Known as the Benevolent Assimilation Policy, President McKinley said that the
Filipinos would be trained and prepared for self-rule while the Americans are in the Philippines.
The Philippine Commissions
To observe the military government in the Philippine, McKinley sent a commission to find out
whether the policies implemented were getting positive outcomes. US President appointed
Schurman Commission on January 20, 1899. Based on the observation, the commission headed
by Jacob Schurman recommended the following:
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1. Establishment of a territorial government with legislative branches

2. Removal of military government in the pacifies areas
3. Opening of free elementary schools
4. Establishment of independent local government
5. Conservation and preservation of the natural resources
The second commission brought by the US Government was the Taft Commission headed by
William Howard Taft. The said commission assumed some legislative posts in the government.
Some Filipinos like Cayetano Arellano, Dr. Pardo Paz de Tavera and Pedro Paterno supported
their projects like constructions of roads and bridges as they also spearheaded the founding of
Federal Party in 1900. It promoted the restoration of peace.
Americans continued bringing vicissitudes in the country especially when the Congress passed
an amendment indicated that the US president is given the authority to create the civil
government in the Philippines. Several changes happened in the governance for many Filipinos
were given chance to hold high positions.
Cayetano Arellano – 1st Chief Justice of the Supreme Court

Gregorio Araneta - Secretary of Finance and Justice
Members of the Philippine Commission
Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Tavera
Benito Legarda Sr.
Jose Luzuriaga
The Cooper Act or more known the Philippine Organic Act 1902 provided for the creation of
an elected Philippine Assembly. Year after the institution of the civil government, Theodore
Roosevelt (US President) declared the official end of Philippine - American War.
Several laws passed and enacted such as Jones Law, Hare-Haws-Cutting Law and Tydings
McDuffie Law.
To fulfill the mandate of Tydings- McDuffie Law, a Philippine general election was the first
election of the commonwealth of the Philippines. It was time that the country is given
recognition of independence as a separate self-governing nation after a 10- year transition
period.
The first national elections in the Philippines took place on September 16, 1935. Three from
political parties and one independent candidate ran for presidency.
Developments under the American Rule
As compared to the Spanish period, it can be noted that during the American period, The
Philippines experience greater development especially in economy. Some programs were the
development of agriculture sector, implementation of the trade, and the establishment of
several industries.
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The ideals of democracy were considered the greatest legacy of the Americans to the Filipinos.
As American gave chance to us to assume positions in the government and participate in
political affairs.
REFERENCES
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Identify the following.
_______________1. He authored the Philippine Organic Act of 1902

_______________2. The law that became the mission of Osmeña and Roxas
_______________3. The second commission brought by the US Government
_______________4. It was the first US law passed that set a process and a date for the
Philippines to gain independence from United States
_______________5. Also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act 1916
_______________6. The Political Party founded by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo
_______________7. He was the independent candidate for Presidency in the 1935 Elections
_______________8. The Tydings McDuffie Act, officially the Philippine Independence Act
_______________9. He revived the Republican Party only for his intention to run for
presidency in 1935 elections
_______________10. A Political Party of Manuel Quezon and Sergio Osmeña in 1935
Elections
Exercise No. 2
Compare the votes of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and Manuel Quezong during 1935 Elections,
why do you think, Quezon won over Aguinaldo? Explain.
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CHAPTER
12
The Philippine Commonwealth Government
This chapter focuses on the development brought by the Americans through

Commonwealth Government in the Philippines. It tackles the various
Description projects that had been made and implemented by the Filipino lawmakers
under the leadership of the 1st Commonwealth President Manuel L. Quezon
with the supervision of the United States.

1. Identify the major projects during the Commonwealth
Objectives Government
2. To appreciate the help and support of the American Government
to the Filipino leaders.

• Commonwealth Government
• Achievements of President Manuel L. Quezon during his term
• Succession of Sergio Osmeña after Quezon’s Death
REQUIRED READINGS
• MacIsaac, S. (2002). The Struggle for Economic Development in the Philippine

Commonwealth, 1935-1940. Philippine Studies, 50(2), 141-167.
Commonwealth Government
Although the Philippines experienced more freedom during the American period, they were
still determined in achieving absolute freedom from other countries. So, in preparation for the
independence from United States, there was a Commonwealth Government – a ten – year
transitional government from 1935 -1945. During this period, President Manuel Quezon (the
first president of the Commonwealth Government) advocated the social justice.
Achievements of Manuel L. Quezon Administration
Commonwealth was the turning point in the history during American Period. It was the
realization of the Filipinos efforts to manage themselves and take initiative for their future. On
November 15, 1935, the Commonwealth Government inaugurated in front of the Legislative
Building. The secretary of War, George H. Dern read the speech in behalf of US President
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Roosevelt. The speech was followed by the proclamation and sworn to office of the newly
elected Manuel Quezon, Sergio Osmeña and members of the National Assembly.
Achievements of Manuel Quezon Administration under the Commonwealth government were

the following:
1. Restructuring the of the government through the creation of National Defense, Institute
of National Language and, National Council for Education, Filipinization of the
Supreme Court and the lower courts
2. Women’s Suffrage
3. Creation of the New Chartered Cities –
4. Promotion of national language based on Tagalog
5. Promotion of Social Justice
6. Required training for the youth in the Armed Forces under the leadership of Gen.
Douglas McArthur
7. Creation of the Philippine Census of 1939
8. Development of the Philippine economy by promoting agriculture, commerce and
industry
9. Creation of the Joint Preparatory Committee on Philippine Affairs (JPCPA)
a. Granting of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946 as indicated in Tydings
MacDuffie Law
b. Expansion of the terms of preferential trade between the Philippines and United
States until December 30, 1960
10. Passing of three amendments of 1935 Constitution as ratified by a National Plebiscite
a. Tenure of the President and Vice- President was four years with reelection for
another term
b. Establishment of a Bicameral Congress of the Philippines
c. Creation of an Independent Commission on Elections composed of three members
to supervise
Significant Legislations Enacted During Commonwealth Period
1. 1935 Constitution
2. Commonwealth Act No. 178
3. National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) 1936
4. Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937
5. Rural Program Administration
6. Commonwealth Act No. 441
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President Manuel Quezon failed to witness the reestablishment of the Commonwealth

Government in the Philippines because he already passed away in New York on August 1,
1944.
Sergio Osmeña took his oath of office as the new President of the Commonwealth.
Developments under Commonwealth Government
There were lot of development under the Commonwealth Government. As we can see,
Filipinos were able and capable of leading the country of their own. There were advancements
in almost every aspect such as
✓ Education
✓ Public health and welfare
✓ Trade, commerce, and industry
✓ Transportation and Communication
✓ Individual Freedom
✓ Political Consciousness
✓ Language and Literature
But of course, behind these positive results, there were also negatives and one of these was the
mental attitude that despises one’s own and loves anything foreign as the natural result of
Americans “altruism”.
REFERENCES
City. Panday-Lahi Publishing House, Inc. (134-137).
Publishing. (371-380)
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/tag/commonwealth-of-the-philippines/
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EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Enumeration. Give the accomplishments of President Manuel Quezon during his term in the
Commonwealth Government,
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Exercise No. 2
Explain the following Legislations enacted during the Commonwealth
A. 1935 Constitution
B. Commonwealth Act No. 178
C. National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC) 1936
D. Commonwealth Act No. 461, 1937
E. Rural Program Administration
F. Commonwealth Act No. 441

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CHAPTER
13
THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION
This chapter discusses the conflict between America and Japan and how
the Philippines got involved. It focuses on the interruption of the
Description
Japanese in the ten-year preparatory period of America to Philippines
for self- rule which is called the Commonwealth.

1. Learn and understand the tactics of Japan in invading the
Philippines
Objectives 2. Appreciate the sacrifices of the fallen soldiers of Bataan during
Death March
3. Analyze the political situation during Japanese Occupation and
the creation of the puppet government in the leadership of the
Filipino elites

• Manila as Open City
• Fall of Bataan
• Death March
• Philippines under Puppet Government
REQUIRED READINGS
• Yu-Jose, L. (1996). World War II and the Japanese in the Prewar Philippines. Journal
of Southeast Asian Studies, 27(1), 64-81. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
• Hayase, S. (1999). Japan and the Philippines. Philippine Studies, 47(1), 30-47.
Retrieved July 26, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/42634299
• GOODMAN, G. (1988). The Japanese Occupation of the Philippines: Commonwealth
Sustained. Philippine Studies, 36(1), 98-104. Retrieved July 26, 2020, from
• SERIZAWA, T. (2015). Japanese Solidarity Discourse on the Philippines during the
Second World War. Philippine Studies: Historical & Ethnographic Viewpoints, 63(1),
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Beginning of World War II
Philippines is indeed a country reach in experiences of dealing with other countries.

Unexpectedly, the Commonwealth era in the Philippines was interrupted by the Japanese in
early 1940s when the latter country bombed Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on December 8, 1941.
Apparently, our country was not the target of Japan – it was the America. It was just happened
that America occupied some areas in the Philippines for military base.
The Second World War II is being regarded as the biggest and most destructive war in the
World History. Even before the outbreak of the war in December 1941, Filipinos already made
some preparations. And as the tension grew, President Roosevelt called Gen. Douglas
McArthur again for active service and he became the head of United States Armed Forces in
the Far East (USAFFE).
Japanese Attack in the Philippines
The largest Japanese force headed by Gen Masaharu Homma docked in Lingayen. President
Manuel Quezon together with his family and some members of the cabinet left Manila on
Christmas eve and transferred the seat of the Commonwealth to Corregidor. It was December
26, when McArthur declared Manila as an Open City to avoid further destructions and killings
of the civilians left in the city. Due to the health and critical condition of President Manuel
Quezon, US President Roosevelt that President Manuel Quezon and his family be brought in
US. Aside from Quezon family, Roosevelt also ordered the departure of McArthur for Australia
so that he could organize a new army that could possibly fight the Japanese troops. Gen.
McArthut left the Philippines and when he reached Australia, he mentioned his most famous
line “I shall return”. He was replaced by Gen. Jonathan Mainwright as head of USAFFE.
April 9, 1942 – Bataan fell in the hands of the Japanese. They had no choice but to surrender
to avoid and minimize the killings of the Filipino as well as the American soldiers. The Death
March took place. From Mariveles, Bataan, prisoners marched to San Fernando, Pampanga.
From San Fernando Pampanga, they boarded on the train and were brought to prison in Tarlac.
The Fall of Bataan marked the temporary end of American regime in the Philippines. Even
Gen. Mainwright failed to defend Corregidor from the Japanese troops.
When the Japanese finally took over the Philippines from America, Gen. Masahru Homma
established a military government in the city on January 3, 1942. They wanted to administer
the political, economic and cultural system of the country.
The Japanese planned to establish a puppet government and they succeed. The said government
was headed by the prominent Filipino in the society. The Philippine Executive Commission
(PEC) was established on January 23, 1942 with Jorge Vargas being the appointed Chairman.
PEC abolished all the political parties that were established during American times in the
country on December 8, 1942, by virtue of Proclamation No. 109 creating the “Kapisanan sa
Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas” (Association for Service to the New Philippines).
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When the Japanese took over the Philippines, they actually, they actually expressed their main
objective- to liberate all the oppressed in East Asia and establish the Greater East Asia Co-
Prosperity Sphere for the development of the countries in the East.
The PCPI (Philippine Commission for Philippine Independence) elected its twenty
representatives for the framing of the constitution for the established Philippine Republic. The
said commission was headed by Jose P. Laurel.
The arrival of Gen. McArthur in Leyte on October 20, 1944 marked the end of the Second
Philippine Republic. With him was a fleet of 700 Marine Vessels with 174,000 men on board.
When the Japanese Imperial Forces was informed of the coming of the American liberation
forces, they feared the massive assault might happen.
Gen. McArthur declared the Philippine liberation on July 5, 1945. The defeat of Japan
happened when two atomic bomb where launch in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. They formally
surrendered in ceremony held at the USS Missouri docked in Tokyo Bay.
Results of Japanese Occupation
Japanese had the shortest period of stay here in the country but they really left scars in the
Philippine history. During their occupation, life was most trying and dangerous. According to
Agoncillo - Men in the cities and plains had five mortal enemies:
- Japanese Military
- Diseases
- Guerillas
- Hunger
- Japanese -Filipino spies
Owing to McArthur who delivered his promise of coming back, the agony of the Filipino
people stopped.
REFERENCES
MODULE
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
ESSAY
1. Gen. McArthur declared Manila as Open City when the Japanese arrived in the country. Do
you think he made a wise decision? Why and Why not. Explain.
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2. Discuss how the Second Republic established in the Philippines during Japanese Occupation.
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Exercise No. 2
Identify the following:
________________1. He was tasked by the Japanese to write the constitution of the Second
Philippine Republic.
________________2. An organization that was established to carry the primary objectives of
Japanese occupation in the Philippines.
________________3. He was the leader of the Japanese forces when they occupied the
Philippines.
________________4. Place which bombed by the Japanese that marked the beginning of the
World War II.
________________5. He was the President of the Philippine Second Republic.
________________6. In this place, the Japanese accepted their defeat and formally surrendered
to the Americans.
________________7. He was appointed as the head of USAFFE when McArthur left the
Philippines and moved to Australia.
________________8. This commission had 20 representatives for the framing of the
constitution for the established Philippine Republic.
________________9. Date when Bataan fell in the hands of the Japanese.
________________10. This was the famous line of Gen. Douglas McArthur.
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CHAPTER BEGINNING OF THE PHILIPPINE THIRD

14 REPUBLIC
This chapter presents the continuation of the interrupted commonwealth

Description government after the Japanese occupation and the accomplishments of
the Philippine Presidents of the Third Republic.

1. Know the different administration during the Third Republic
Objectives 2. Understand the effects of projects and other programs to the
Filipinos implemented by the Presidents.
3. Assess the achievements of each of the President

• Restoration of the Commonwealth Government
• Sergio Osmeña
• Elected Presidents of Third Republic
REQUIRED READINGS
• Rabasa, A., Gordon, J., Chalk, P., Grant, A., McMahon, K., Pezard, S., . . .
Zimmerman, S. (2011). The Philippines. In From Insurgency to Stability: Volume II:
Insights from Selected Case Studies (pp. 9-40). RAND Corporation.
www.jstor.org/stable/10.7249/mg1111-2osd.10
• TAKAGI, Y. (2014). The "Filipino First" Policy and the Central Bank, 1958–1961
Island of State Strength and Economic Decolonization. Philippine Studies: Historical
& Ethnographic Viewpoints, 62(2), 233-261. www.jstor.org/stable/24672296
Restoration of the Commonwealth Government
The Third Republic of the Philippines started after the defeat of Japanese here in the
Philippines. Gen. McArthur did his promise of returning to the country with enough troops to
defeat the Japanese forces. Puppet government was overthrown. There was a restoration of the
Commonwealth Government and a one- year transitional period in the preparation of
independence. Political parties revived like Nacionalista Party and the creation of new Political
Party- Liberal Party which was able to produce the first president of the Third Republic –
Manuel Roxas.
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Presidents of the Philippine Third Republic
One of the programs of the President Sergio Osmeña after the Japanese occupation was the
rehabilitation of the country. He actually asked financial assistance from United States
regarding this program for it requires budget.
April 23, 1946 – Commonwealth government decided to held last election. Sergio Osmeña of
National Party and Manuel Roxas of the new established Political Party ran for presidential
post.
Manuel Roxas. He won the election and the Third Republic was officially inaugurated on 4 th
of July 1946. One of the most challenging part in Roxas’ administration was the rehabilitation
of the Philippines. It was hard for him to ask financial aid from United States. During his term,
he really tried to revived the Philippine culture and also to maintain peace and order.
Elpidio Quirino. – After the untimely death of Roxas, Quirino became the president. He
immediately declared that he will continue all the projects and programs started by Roxas.
President Quirino created the President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration or
PACSA, the Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration or ACCFA, and the
establishment or Rural bank nationwide.
Ramon Magsaysay. He won over Quirino as President in the succeeding elections. His simple
and humble lifestyle won him the title “Savior of Philippine Democracy” and “Man of the
Masses”. He loved by the Filipinos for he was the first President who focused on the Barrio’s
rehabilitation. He prohibited costly gatherings that would spend much money of the
government. He made sure that all his employees were with high moral standards to avoid
corruption and nepotism. He initiated to wear Barong Tagalog as symbol of nationalism.
During Magsaysay’s term, the country signed in several treaties and agreements like the
Laurel-Langley Agreement, Reparations Agreement and Treaty of San Francisco.
Carlos P. Garcia. He became the next president after the death of Pres. Magsaysay in a plane
crash. Some of the programs of Garcia were the protection of human rights and to promote
democracy. One of his remarkable policies was the “Filipino First Policy” - which aimed to
help the Filipinos to strengthen the business industries of the country.
Diosdado Macapagal. He became the fifth President of the Philippine Republic. He changed
the date of our celebration of Independence Day from July 4 to June 12. One of his programs
was the Agricultural Land Reform Code that aimed to sell lands to poor and small farmers at
reasonable terms. President Macapagal also used the Filipino language in government
transaction and even in documents.
Marcos Era and the Declaration of Martial Law
Ferdinand Marcos. He took his office as the sixth president of the Philippines. Upon his oath,
he immediately faced the problem of the lack of funds in the national treasury due to the costly
MODULE
administration of Macapagal. When Ferdinand Marcos and Fernando Lopez won in the election
in 1969, they were considered to be the first president and vice president to be reelected for the
said positions. President Marcos’ second term was met by many problems and challenges as
compared to his first term. Many Filipinos became unemployed and the peso devaluated.
Added the corruptions in the government and poverty of the majority of the Filipinos.
Martial Law is a measure used by a leader of a state to secure the welfare of the people against
dangers of violence, anarchy, rebellion or even conquest. President Marcos used Martial Law
in order to extend his term of office. Another reason of declaring Martial Law was that Marcos
wanted to establish “New Society”.
Marcos also founded the National Economic Development Authority (NEDA) which was
tasked to administer and plan programs for the national economy. Inspite of these reforms,
Filipinos still experienced economic and political challenges. Majority of the people were in
poverty.
Even though that Marcos reinstated democracy, he was still in control of the government. The
Batasang Pambansa that he created which was composed of 132 members were also under his
supervision.
January 17, 1981, President Marcos signed Presidential Decree 2045 declaring the end of
Martial Law after eight years and four months. On June 16, 1981, the first elections after
Martial Law was lifted, took place. Of course, Marcos won.
The death of Senator Ninoy Aquino triggered the thirst of the Filipinos for real democracy. He
was killed at the Manila International Airport on August 21, 1983. President Marcos
immediately ordered the trial of Aquino – Galman case. Under the Sandiganbayan
Challenges Continue under the Philippine Presidents
Different struggles stirred after we claim our independence from colonizers. After the ten-year
program of United States in the country through Commonwealth, finally there was the Third
Republic. But the crises did not stop, at first there were post- war problems followed by
different challenges faced by different administrations of the Third Republic.
REFERENCES
MODULE
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Make a summary of the terms of office of the previous Presidents of the Philippines
President Vice- President Political Party Achievements Term of Office
Emilio
Aguinaldo
Manuel L.
Quezon
Sergio Osmeña
Manuel Roxas
Eldpidio
Quirino
Ramon
Magsaysay
Carlos Garcia
Diosdado
Macapagal
Ferdinand
Marcos
Exercise No. 2
Essay
1. Ferdinand Marcos was the only President who was reelected, compare his first and second
term.
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___________________________________________________________________________
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2. Why Ramon Magsaysay called “Man of the Masses” and “Savior Philippine Democracy”?
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3. What was the result of Ninoy Aquino’s Assassination?

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CHAPTER
15
THE PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION
This chapter talks about success of the bloodless revolution in Asia –

EDSA People Power and rebirth of democracy in our country after
Description
Martial Law. This topic focuses on the great achievements of the
presidents of the Fifth Republic.

1. Understand the situation of the Philippines during Martial Law
under the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos
Objectives 2. Know the different administration during the after People Power
and their achievements during their term (From C. Aquino – D.
Duterte)

• Martial Law
• EDSA People Power
• Fifth Republic
REQUIRED READINGS
• RINGUET, D., & ESTRADA, E. (2003). Understanding the Philippines' Economy and
Politics since the Return of Democracy in 1986. Contemporary Southeast Asia, 25(2),
• Clarke, G. (1993). PEOPLE POWER? NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANISATIONS
AND PHILIPPINE POLITICS SINCE 1986. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and
Society, 21(3), 231-256. www.jstor.org/stable/29792123
Death of Ninoy Aquino and the People Power Revolution
To the millennials like us, for sure every time that the democracy of our state is at stake, we
always heard or see the whoop of “Never Again.” It’s like this phrase symbolizes the Marcos
Regime in the Philippine History – his dictatorship and the absence of democracy.
The death of Ninoy Aquino pushed the people to challenge the credibility of Ferdinand Marcos
being the President. To prove that Marcos is still in control he called for a special election
which is the history’s unforgettable “snap elections” of 1986. His opponent for the presidency
was the wife of Ninoy Aquino- Mrs. Corazon Aquino.
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Presidents of the Philippine Fifth Republic and their Legacies
There was a widespread violence during the elections. There were opposite results between
NAMFREL (National Citizens Movement for Free Election) and COMELEC (Commission on
Elections). NAMFREL declared Aquino and Laurel as the winners in the elections but the
COMELEC declared Marcos and Tolentino as the President and Vice- President of the
Republic of the Philippines. The CBCP immediately ask support for the people to conduct
protests against the result of elections.
As we all know, People Power held on February 24 and 25, 1986 along EDSA. The first
bloodless Revolution that ever happened in Asia. It was actually a peaceful merging of the
church, the military, and the Filipinos expressing their non-violent objection against the
government.
Corazon Aquino sworn her oath of office being the first woman President of the Republic of
the Philippines on February 25, 1986. On the night of the same date, Marcos and his family
left Malacañang and went to Hawaii.
President Aquino restored the democracy in the country. She released the political prisoners
during Martial Law. Her administration was for the implementation of the land reform known
as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program.
Presidents of the Republic of the Philippines under 1987 Constitution after Pres. Corazon
Aquino.
Fidel Ramos. He was inaugurated as the 12th President of the Philippines. Ramos introduced
the “Philippine 2000” policy. Under his administration, our country came to be known as a
“Tiger Economy” in Asia because of the remarkable growth in the economy and an increase of
investors.
It was also Ramos administration when the government entered into peace negotiations with
the New People Army (NPA) and Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) led by Nur Misuari.
The President also declared amnesty for the rebel officials of the Reform the Armed Forces
Movement (RAM). Another achievement of his administration was when our country hosted
the 4th APEC (Asia Pacific Economic Conference Summit Meeting in 1996.
There were three historical events that took place in our country from May – June 1998
1. National Elections held on May 1998

2. 100 Year Celebration of Philippine Independence
3. Oath- Taking of the newly elected President Joseph Ejercito- Estrada at Barasoain
Church
Joseph Estrada. His first year of term as president was already shattered with lot of problems
and anomalies he got involved in. Estrada was the first President to be impeach. He did not
MODULE
finish his term. When the evidence reveled against the President, People immediately proceed
to EDSA to launch the Second People Power. When the people marched towards the
Malacañang Palace, Estrada and his family was forced to leave. He was deposed to presidency
and his Vice -President Gloria Macapagal –Arroyo (daughter of former President Diosdado
Macapagal) took an office as President on January 20, 2001 at the Edsa Shrine.
Gloria Macapagal – Arroyo. The second woman president who assumed her presidency in
2001 to continue the term of Estrada. She was bombarded with criticisms by former president’s
supporters albeit that the Supreme Court declared the legality of Arroyo’s presidency. In spite
of her declaration that she will not run for 2004 elections, she changed her mind and decided
to run for another term. Under 1987 Constitution of course it was legal for she just continued
the unfinished term of Estrada. She won in the elections held on May 10, 2004.
Benigno Simeon Aquino III. At first, he has no plan of running for presidency until her mother
late president Cory Aquino died. The supporters of the former president gathered in spirit of
EDSA Revolution once again revived. After the burial of his mother, people started to shout
Noynoy for President until consolidated larger number of peoples support for his candidacy
and became known as Noynoy Phenomenon.
Some of President Noynoy Aquino’s priority programs were: No "wang wang” policy to
eliminate abusive person in using their sirens for their personal interest; Reproductive Health
Bill which is now a law known as “Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of
2012 (R.A. No. 10354); Enhance Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA) which the Pres.
Aquino signed the agreement bwtween our country and United States of America to re-
strengthen our military and defense alliance and other reforms.
There were also lot of criticisms about his term: The Manila Hostage Crisis, Typhoon Haiyan
(Yolanda), and of course who will forget the 44 Fallen Heroes of Mamasapano Massacre.
Rodrigo Roa Duterte. His political slogan “Change is coming” made him the 16th president of
the Republic of the Philippines. Now is the 4th year of his term being the President. Before he
became the President, he was one among the longest- serving mayor in the country.
Some events that happened during his term are which we are fully aware are as follows:
1. Anti- Drug Campaign

2. Salary Increase of the AFP and PNP
3. Declaration of Martial Law in Mindanao
Philippines as a Democratic State
The Philippines was under the leadership of former President Ferdinand Marcos for almost 20
years. Our country was praised worldwide in 1986, when the so-called bloodless revolution
erupted, called EDSA People Power’s Revolution - marked a significant national event that has
been engraved in the hearts and minds of every Filipino. This part of Philippine history gives
us a strong sense of pride especially that other nations had attempted to emulate what we have
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shown the world of the true power of democracy. However, after regaining the democracy we
can see that our presidents of different terms still faced their own challenges on their respective
administration.
REFERENCES
https://www.philippine-history.org/edsa-people-power-revolution.htm
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/aquino-administration/
EXERCISES
Exercise No. 1
Identify what is being referred to in each item. Write your answers on the space before each
number.
____________________1. Place in abroad where Marcos family settled after People Power
Revolution.
____________________2. He was elected vice president in the 2004 Elections.
____________________3. This was the name used in the alleged bank account of First
Gentleman Arroyo to deposit the money used for the campaign of President Arroyo.
____________________4. He was regarded as the most-travelled president of the Philippines.
____________________5. Former friend of Estrada who revealed the involvement of the
President in jueteng.
____________________6. He was the 16th President of the Philippines.
____________________7. He was considered as the Centennial President.
____________________8. Date of EDSA People Power Revolution I
____________________9. He was the founder of Philippine Special Arm Forces before he
became the President.
____________________10. The first woman President in Asia.
Exercise No. 2
Give your assessment to the Philippine politics and government under President Rodrigo
“Digong” Duterte.
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MODULE
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PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MUNTINLUPA

LEARNING COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The course aims to expose students to different facets of Philippine history

At the end of the course, students should be able to:

1. Evaluate primary sources for their credibility, authenticity and provenance

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

1 – The Meaning of History, Sources of Historical Data, Historical Criticisms

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

CHAPTER THE MEANING OF HISTORY, SOURCES OF

In this chapter, History as discipline and as a narrative is being

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Sources of Historical Data

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Social documents are information concerning economic, social, political, or judicial

Primary versus Secondary Sources

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

There are two parts to historical criticisms.

The Birth of the Philippine History

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

History as Records of the Past

Directions: Encircle the letter of your choice.

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Define the following terms:

Identify what is being described in the following items.

__________________1. It determines the authenticity of the source.

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

KNOWING PHILIPPINE HISTORY: PHILIPPINE

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

1. Discuss how the physical environment of the Philippines shaped the

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

• Macdonald, C. (2004). Folk Catholicism and Pre-Spanish Religions in the Philippines.

Philippines Before the Conquest

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

The Early Philippine Society

There are social classes in the barangay namely:

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Preservation of the Pre-Hispanic Culture and Traditions

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

5. It is the two-stringed boat shape guitar of the Maguindanaoans.

1. Describe the Philippines during the Neolithic Period.

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Write true if the statement is correct, otherwise, write false.

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

_____________5. The discovery of archeological artifacts in the Philippines manifested that

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

CHAPTER COLONIZATION OF THE PHILIPPINES AND

This chapter discusses the discovery of the Philippine archipelago and

At the end of this module, students should be able to:

MAIN POINTS AND HIGHLIGHTS

Two Powerful Countries in Europe

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Discovery of the Philippine Archipelago

The Magellan’s Fleet:

1. The flagship Trinidad –under Magellan’s command

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

Magellan’s Contribution in the World History

QD/CAS/0_ GE 2: READINGS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

_________ The Battle of Mactan