Department: BBA 1st semester

Group Members:
Muskan (225207)
Amna (225209)
Muniba (225208)
Shazia (225214)
Irza (225211)
Hajira (225212)
Ayesha (225222)
Bazgha (225227)

SINDH:
Sindh includes Kirthar Basin and southeastern part of Sulaiman Basin. It is the
third largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second largest province by
population after Punjab.

Mineral Resources in Sindh:

Iron, Laterate and ochre are reportedly found in Lakhra, Meting Makli hills, Nagar
Parker, Jhal Dhand, Sohnari Dhand and Noriabad; Nari Formation and in
Manchar/Vihowa group in the eastern Kirthar foldbelt.
Celestite in Thano Bula Khan
Limestone is found in Khairpur, Dadu, Jamshoro, Karachi, Thatta, Larkana and
Sukhur.
Tunsgton/Sheelite, Gold and other heavy mineral concentrates are found in the
Indus River and mollase rock like Vihowa group, Manchar group and recent sea.
Zircon is found in shore areas, Nai, Shales of Ranikot group and Nari/Gaj group
and at Shah Hussain near Trimi.
Alum, Trona (source of Na) and Potash salt associated with rock salt deposits and
lakes are in the vicinity of sind coast.
Gypsum is found in Jamshoro and Thar Parkar.
Ceramic Mineral resources/Clays are found in Laki, Kirthar, and Vihowa/Manchar
groups.
China Clay is found in Nagar Parkar and Islamkot Thar, Dhed Vero, Parodhoro,
Kharhi, Dungri, Motijo, Vandio, Ramji-jo-Vandio, Didwa/Jhimpir; Laki group,
Ranikot group and Vihowa/Manchar group of eastern Kirthar football.
Orthclase feldspar from Nagar Parkar.
Silica Sand is found from Meting to Jhimpur railway stations and in Eocene and
Oligocene strata near Thano Bula Khan in Dadu district and Jangshahi deposits.
Quartz Deposits of Cretaceous Pab Formation in the eastern slope of Lakhi range
district Dadu.
Radioactive Mineral/Uranium Resources from fluviatile cross bedded
sandstones/placer of Vihowa/Manchar group.
Coal Resources are in Thar, Lakhra, Badin, Sonda-Thatta, Meting-Jhimphir.
Marble is found in Thatta and Jamshoro.
Large Construction Stone, Dolomite and Industrial rocks Resources are in Kirthar
and Lakhi ranges, Thar and Cholistan desert; granite and other Igneous along with
some metamorphic rocks from Nagar Parker.
Water Resources are in alluvial and bed rocks.
Gemstone like agate and chalcedony are located in Nagar Parker, chert, flint, and
jasper from Vihowa/Manchar group from eastern Kirthar and Lakhi range and
other areas.
Natural Gas is mostly found in Qadirpur gas field located at a distance of 8
kilometres from Ghotki.
Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, dates,
bananas and mangoes as the most important crops.

Uses:
Coal:
Industrial retail/users
Electric Uilities
Steel Industry
For Export
Natural Gas:
Heating Building
Power Generation
Provide heat and power to industries
Manufacturing of fertilizers
Domestic Use
Aviation
Used in manufacturing of fabrics, glass, steel, plastic paint and ither products
Used in refrigeration and in cooling equipment.
Limestone:
Used for construction
In steel mills
Cement factories
Chemical industries
Marble:
Used in buildings and handcrafts.
Gypsum:
Used in cement, plaster of Paris and soil fertilizers
Dolomite:
Used in steel mills, glass making, road metal and pigments.
Clay:
Used in cement factories

Advices:
Reduce waste while mining.
Do not use explosives during mining.
Use minerals in a planned manner.
Use alternative renewable resources

Natural Resources Degradation:

Reports show that annual cost of natural resources and natural disasters in Sindh
equals 4% to 6% of estimated GDP, with agricultural crop loses resulting from
salinity and waterlogging contributing about 46% of total annual cost, natural
disasters about 33% and the rest the result of different categories of natural
resources depletion.
Water salinity has been a long problem in Sindh. Agriculture relies mostly on
surface water from Indus River basin because most groundwater is saline. At the
same time, surface water is becoming scarce in the downstream Indus River.
People are therefore forced to spend resources trying to ensure a sufficient water
flow.
The irrigation system built in the Sindh more than 80 years ago is deteriorating.
Briscoe and Qamar (2005) report that substantial parts of the main irrigation
canal leak and a substantial amount of water never reaches the crop zone. In
addition, some water is wasted for irrigation purposes as it is mixed with saline
groundwater.
This waste of irrigation water is causing waterlogging in head command areas, as
well as water deprivation at the far end of the canals. Salinity and waterlogging
are still important problems for farmers in Sindh.

Suggestions for Protection:

1-Enhancing long-term sustainability of the irrigation system through
participatory irrigation management and developing institutions for improving
operation and maintenance of the system and cost recovery.
2-Less use of vehicles to conserve petroleum and natural gas.
3-Using carbon capture method to preserve coal. Reuse and recycling can also
reduce the environmental effects of coal production and use.
4-Enforcment of rules and regulations pertaining to exploitation of the resources.