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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND

TECHNOLOGY
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(034)722-4169/www.nonescost.edu.com
BACHELOR OF
PUBLIC
ADMINITRATION
COURSE MODULE IN
The Life and

Works of Rizal
2 Semester; A. Y. 2022 -2023
nd
COURSE FACILITATOR: RENE BOY L. LAGOYO, MEd.

FB/MESSENGER: Rene Boy Llavore Lagoyo
Email: reneboy.lagoyo@deped.gov.ph
Phone No: 09485689410 / 09277445276
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Module 3 | Page 1
MODUL
3
Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED
LESSON
1 EL FILIBUSTERISMO
6
HOURS
Jose Rizal had produced many literary works but the greatest of these are the
two novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. In this lesson, the discussion will
focus on El Filibusterismo. It’s making and the its characters and symbolism will be
highlighted. There will be also comparison with the two novels ‘Noli’ and ‘Fili’.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Discuss the background of the publication of El Filibusterismo;

2. Appraise important characters in the El Filibusterismo and their representation or
symbolism in Rizal’s time and at present;
3. Compare and contrast the characters, plot, and theme of Noli and El Fili; and
4. Analyze how characters of diverse gender are portrayed in Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo through character mapping.
Activity 1. Your Favorite Book

Have you read a book that made a profound impression to you? Give one title
of the book with the author/s’ name or if you still have the book, a photograph, that
you have read and state how this changed your point of view about something,
affected your decisions, or inspired your goals in life. Use the diagram on the next
page for your answer.
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Unauthorized copying, uploading, and / or editing is prohibited. (For Classroom Use Only) Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED
El Filibusterismo or the Reign of Greed is said to be dedicated by Jose Rizal
to the fathers GomBurZa who were wrongly accused and brought to garrote leading
to their untimely death. You will find out more about the novel as you go through with
the lesson. Also, there will be a comparison with ‘Noli’ and ‘Fili’
El Filibusterismo
This novel is a sequel to the Noli. It has a little humor, less idealism, and less
romance than the Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary and more tragic than the
first novel. It was written in dedication of the three martyred priests namely Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora popularly known as GOMBURZA (Don
Mariano Gomez, 73 years old; Don Jose Burgos, 35 years old; Jacinto Zamora, 37
years old) , whose tragic execution left unforgettable imprint in Dr. Rizal’s mind. It is
a political novel, book of the thought, work of the head and comprise bitterness,
hatred, pain, sorrow and violence.
Dr. Jose Rizal adhere to the political theory of John Locke and Jean Jacques
Rousseau that a violent revolution should be the last recourse of the aggrieved
people. Dr. Rizal believed that in winning a war, generals of war must combined
courage and wisdom. Dr. Jose Rizal opposed the planned revolution by the
Katipuneros because they lacked funds, personnel and ammunition, and
membership was strong among the poor and uneducated; they also lacked military
strategies and there was a need to organize cohesive and disciplined troops. But
Rizal counseled Pio Valenzuela to approach Gen. Antonio Luna to be the ‘go
between’ the masses and the educated rich for financial support.
The Making of El Filibusterismo
Rizal had begun writing El Filibusterismo in October, 1887, while practicing

medicine in Calamba, the following year (1888), in London; changes in the plot and
correction some chapters were made. Dr. Rizal wrote more chapters in Paris and
Madrid, and finished the manuscript in Biarritz on March 29, 1891. Said second
novel was done for three years.
On July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city in
Belgium. One of the reasons why Rizal preferred Ghent was the cost of printing in
Ghent was cheaper. F. Meyer-Van Loo Press (No. 66 Viaanderen Street), a printing
shop that give Rizal the lowest quotation for the publication of the novel, and was
willing to print on installment basis. On August 6, 1891, the printing of the book had
to be suspended because Rizal could no longer give the necessary funds to the

printer . Ventura learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent the necessary
funds thus Ventura is coined as the ‘the savior of the Fili’. Finally, on September 18,
1891, El Filibusterismo came off the press. Rizal immediately sent on this date two
printed copies to Hong Kong—one for Basa and other for Sixto Lopez . Rizal
gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed printed copy to
Valentin Ventura.
A Barcelona newspaper La Publicidad, published a tribute eulogizing the

novel’s original style which “is comparable only to the sublime Alexander Dumas”
and may well be offered as “a model and a precious jewel in the now decadent
literature of Spain” while El Nuevo Regimen, the liberal Madrid newspaper serialized
the novel in its issues of October, 1891
The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own handwriting is now

preserved in the Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila. It
consists of 270 pages of long sheets of paper. Two features in the manuscript do not
appear in the printed book, namely: the FOREWORD and the WARNING. The title
page of El Filibusterismo contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
The Characters Symbolism
The characters in El Filibusterismo were drawn by Rizal from real life. Padre
Florentino was Father Leoncio Lopez, Rizal’s friend and priest of Calamba; Isagani,
the poet was Vicente Ilustre, Batangueño friend of Rizal in Madrid and Paulita
Gomez, the girl who loved Isagani but married Juanito Pelaez, was Leonor Rivera .
Since the novel is a sequel of the Noli, most characters were retained and new
characters were introduced.
Simoun represents the revolutionaries during that time who supported the
idea of holding bloody revolt against the Spanish government. Simoun represents
the youth with a simple dream that one’s education will improve one’s social and
economic status in the future and is indifferent and selfish to the needs of society.
Isagani is the symbol of the youth whose love for the country is great to the point of
being branded as idealistic. Isagani is personified a typical Filipino who is content
with living a simple life and symbolizes the natives and farmers whose lands were
seized by the friars, an explanation as to why Filipinos became rebels. Makaraig
represented the well-to-do Filipino youth during the Spanish era who had good
dreams for the country. Makaraig’s character also provided readers a glimpse of how
different the rich and the poor were treated during that time in society. Paulita
Gomez is a caricature of a woman who chooses the best option for a more stable
future. Knowing what is best for the self and to get what Paulita wants, Paulita would
take advantage of admirers. Father Florentino represented the secular Filipino
priests in Rizal’s time.
The Characters
Simoun. Crisóstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a

revolution
Basilio. Sisa's son, now an aspiring doctor

Isagani. Poet and Basilio's best friend; portrayed as emotional and reactive; Paulita
Gómez' boyfriend before being dumped for fellow student Juanito Peláez
Kabesang Tales. Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay (barangay

head) who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin (Tagalog
for Hawkeye); whose father, Old Man Selo, dies eventually after Kabesang Tale’s
son, Tano, who became a guardia civil, unknowingly shoots Old Man Selo in an
encounter
Don Custodio. Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a

famous journalist who was asked by the students about the Academia de Castellano.
In reality, Don Custodio is quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich woman in
order to be a member of Manila's high society
Paulita Gómez. The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina. Paulita
dumped Isagani and married Juanito Pelaez for a better future.
Doña Victorina. The old India who pretended to be a Peninsular and the wife of the
quack doctor Tiburcio de Espadaña.
Father Florentino. Isagani's godfather, and a secular priest who was engaged to be
married, but chose the priesthood instead; and chose an assignment to a remote
place, living in solitude near the sea.
Huli. Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of
Kabesang Tales
Ben Zayb. Abraham Ibañez is the real name. A journalist who sees the self as
the only one thinking in the Philippines
Placido Penitente. A student of the University of Santo Tomas who is always

miserable, but controls the temper
Quiroga. A Chinese businessman who dreams of being a consul of a Consulate of

China in the Philippines. The one who hid Simoun's weapons in their house
Old Man Selo. The father of Kabesang Tales. The one who raised the sick and
young Basilio after Sisa died.
Father Fernandez. Isagani’s priest-friend who promised to Isagani, that together

with the other priests, they will give in to the students' demands
Attorney Pasta. One of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic Manila
Captain-General. (no specific name) the powerful highest official of the Philippines
Padre Sibyla. Hernando de la Sibyla, a Filipino friar and in the Novel became the
vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas (U.S.T.)

Summary of the Novel:
The hero of El Filibusterismo is a rich jeweler named Simoun who was
Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli, who, with Elias’ help, escaped from the pursuing
soldiers at Laguna de Bay. Simoun dug up the buried treasure, and fled to Cuba. In
Cuba, Simoun became rich and befriended many Spanish officials. After many
years, Simoun returned to the Philippine as a free person who is a powerful figure,
not only because of being a rich jeweler, but also as a good friend and adviser of the
governor general.
Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain but is secretly cherishing a terrible
revenge against the Spanish authorities. Simoun’s two magnificent obsessions are to
rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery of Santa Clara and to foment a revolution
against the hated Spanish masters.
The story of El Filibusterismo begins on board the clumsy, roundish shaped
steamer Tabo, so appropriately named. This steamer is sailing upstream the Pasig
from Manila to Laguna de Bay. Among the passengers are Simoun, the rich jeweler;
Doña Victorina, the ridiculously pro-Spanish native woman who is going to Laguna in
search of the henpecked husband, Tiburcio de Espadaña, who has deserted the
Doña; Paulita Gomez, Doña Victorina’s beautiful niece; Ben-Zayb (anagram of
Ibañez), a Spanish journalist who writes silly articles about the Filipinos; Padre
Sibyla, vice-rector of the University of Santo Tomas; Padre Camorra, the parish
priest of the town of Tiani; Don Custodio, a pro-spanish Filipino holding a position in
the government; Padre Salvi, the thin Franciscan friar and former cura of San Diego;
Padre Irene, a kind friar who was a friend of the Filipino students; Padre Florentino, a
retired scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest; Isagani, a poet-nephew of Padre
Florentino and a lover of Paulita; and Basilio, son of Sisa and promising medical
student, whose medical education is financed by patron, Capitan Tiago.
Simoun, a person of wealth and mystery, is a very close friend and confidante
of the Spanish governor general. Because of great influence in Malacañang,
Simoun was called the “Brown Cardinal” or the “Black Eminence”. By using wealth
and political influence, Simoun encourages corruption in the government, promotes
the oppression of the masses, and hastens the moral degradation of the country so
that the people may become desperate and fight. Simoun smuggles arms into the
country with the help of a rich Chinese merchant, Quiroga, who wants very much to
be Chinese consul of Manila. The first attempt to begin the armed uprising did not
materialize because of the sad news that Maria Clara died in the nunnery. In the
agonizing moment of bereavement, Simoun did not give the signal for the outbreak
of hostilities.
After a long time of illness brought about by the bitter loss of Maria Clara,
Simoun perfects the plan to overthrow the government. On the occasion of the
wedding of Paulita Gomez and Juanito Pelaez, Simoun gives a wedding gift to them
a beautiful lamp. Only Simoun and confidential associates, Basilio (Sisa’s son who
joined his revolutionary cause), know that when the wick of the lamp burns lower the
nitroglycerine, hidden in its secret compartment, will explode, destroying the house
where the wedding feast is going to be held killing all the guests, including the
governor general, the friars, and the government officials. Simultaneously, all the
government buildings in Manila will be blown by Simoun’s followers.
As the wedding feast begins, the poet Isagani, who has been rejected by
Paulita because of liberal ideas, is standing outside the house, watching sorrowfully
the merriment inside. Basilio, who is a friend, warns Isagani to go away because the
lightened lamp will soon explode.

Upon hearing the horrible secret of the lamp, Isagani realizes that Paulita was
in grave danger. To save Paulita’s life, Isagani rushes into the house, seizes the
lightened lamp, and hurls it into the river, where it explodes.
The revolutionary plot was thus discovered. Simoun was cornered by the
soldiers, but escaped. Mortally wounded, and carrying the treasure chest, Simoun
sought refuge in the home of Padre Florentino by the sea.
The Spanish authorities, however, learns of Simoun’s presence in the house
of Padre Florentino. Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil informs the priest by letter
that they would come at eight o’clock that night to arrest Simoun.
Simoun eluded arrest by taking poison. The dying Simoun, confesses to
Padre Florentino, revealing self, including the true identity, the dastardly plan to use
wealth to avenge the self, and the sinister aim to destroy friends and enemies.
The confession of the dying Simoun is long and painful. It is already night
when Padre Florentino, wiping the sweat from the wrinkled brow, rises and begins to
meditate. Consoling the dying person, Padre Florentino said: “God will forgive you
Señor Simoun. God knows that we are fallible; and, has seen that you have suffered,
and in ordaining that the chastisement for your faults should come as death from the
very ones you have instigated to crime, we can see God’s infinite mercy. God has
frustrated your plans one by one, the best conceived, first by the death of Maria
Clara, then by a lack of preparation, then in some mysterious way. Let us bow to
God’s will and render thanks!”
Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear conscience and at peace with
God. Padre Florentino prays for the dead jeweler then takes the treasure chest and
throws it into the sea; as the waves close over the sinking chest.
On Reading ‘Noli’ and ‘Fili’:
 Useful aids in reading which employs analysis and synthesis are: kinds of
reading comprehension and questions to be asked in reading a material,
learning from reading, literary theories, identification of writing orientation,
kinds of literary devices and different reading perspective
 The theme of Noli and Fili is ‘social cancer’ and its nucleus lie ‘greed for
power’
 Noli Me Tangere is light, humorous and a reflection of the author’s optimism
and idealism while El Filibusterismo is pessimistic and menacing
 The language used in Noli and Fili is Spanish because the novels are meant
to be read by the Filipinos, the authorities in the church , and by the civil
government in the Philippines and in Europe
 Noli Me Tangere deals with the Filipinos’ customs and traditions: the people’s
virtues and vices while El Filibusterismo is a reflection on revolution
 The protagonists or the round characters that possess depth and
involvedness are: Ibarra, Tasio, Sisa and Ma. Clara in Noli; Simoun, Isagani,
Tales and Fr. Florentino in Fili
 The antagonists or the flat characters are: Fr. Damaso, Fr. Salve, the Alferez,
Doña Consolacion and Doña Victorina in Noli; Señor Pasta, Basilio and Doña
Victorina in Fili
 In Noli Me Tangere, Dr. Jose Rizal describe the following as agent of cultural
transmission:

-the Family where strong ties serve as a strong motive for one to seek
justice and avenge the wrong done as shown in the stories of Tales,
Basilio, Crispin, Elias and the Tulesanes
-the school characterized by obscuranticism
-the church which has an unending conflict with the State
Comparison to Noli
The two novels both talk about about how Spaniards oppressed the Filipinos,
especially the abuses of the friars. Noli Me Tangere, is a Latin title meaning“touch
me not” refers to the letter of John 20:17 in King James version of the Bible as Mary
Magdalene tried to touch the newly risen Jesus, who said “Touch me not; for I am
not yet ascended to my Father”. Meanwhile, El filibusterismo is Spanish title which is
known in English as The Reign of Greed. Noli is a novel, dedicated to our homeland
while El fili is a political novel associated with revenge and anger and is dedicated to
GOMBURZA.
Noli is a “work of the heart”. It has freshness, color, humor, lightness, and wit.
It contains 64 chapters. Whereas, Fili is a “work of the head”, a book of the thought.
It contains bitterness, hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow. It contains 38 chapters.
Personality and Traits Ibarra was an earnest and idealistic young man.
Influenced by European education, Ibarra sought to improve the country; as part of
this, Ibarra believed in the power of education to enact reforms and made efforts to
establish a school in San Diego to this end’ Noli showed a soft spoken, patient,
compassionate and idealistic Crisostomo Ibarra while El Fili featured a different
Ibarra who portrayed the angry and vengeful one and disguised as the wealthy
jeweller named Simoun. Noli is written in the idea that would expose the ills of
Philippine society after Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. In general Noli
is more on the reformist side of Rizal while El fili is on the revolutionist side.
The Portrayal of Characters of Diverse Gender in Noli and El Fili
The characters of both novels are interesting males and females from
different sectors of the society. It is said that much of the “intelligent” discourse is
also granted to male characters by Rizal. Ibarra or Simoun being the leading man is
portrayed as handsome, educated and kind, a true masculine charm for a hero
based on a hyper-masculine standard. But Ibarra and Simoun both failed and
suffered tragic end. Other male characters include Elias, Pilosopong Tasyo, Basilio
and even the antagonists friars such as Padre Damaso and Padre Sibyla.
Among the women who really stood out were Maria Clara
and Sisa. Maria Clara represents the ideal woman. Maria Clara
is portrayed as soft-spoken, devout attendees at mass and
subservient, which is a hyper-feminine image. These very traits
made Maria Clara as weakling and dumb. On the other hand,
one historian, Nick Joaquin understood Maria Clara in a different
way. This historian contends that contrary to most people’s
opinion, Maria Clara is a strong woman, one who went to the
Retrieved from
ouquorice.tumblr.com/

nunnery not out of weakness but out of strength. Maria Clara gathered the strength
to defy her parents’ wish for her to marry the man of their choice, and this is not
common during Philippine colonial times. Maria Clara, Nick argues, finds the
strength to live in spiritual confinement rather than to marry or to commit suicide. The
character of Maria Clara may suffer a very sad fate in the story but definitely showed
the strength of a woman.
Sisa was a caring but submissive woman. Unable to stand

up to an abusive husband, and later the Guardia Civil. Sisa went
from one traumatic event to another, causing for Sisa to
eventually lose sanity due to the mental burden. This insanity
manifested in wandering around San Diego, calling out one’s
children's names, and singing songs out of nowhere. Before
Sisa’s descent into madness, however, Sisa was a generous
mother, as well as amiable towards people like one’s neighbor
Retrieved from
://louquorice.tumblr.com/ Pilosopo Tasio.
Gender stereotyping is common in Philippine literature such in the case of

Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. This is due to the fact that gender ideology in
the Philippines is widely patriarchal. Much effort had been taken to rectify this
situation at present. Education had been one of the primary tools in bringing this
issue into light at same time, instill gender equality among the people. Read further
on the next page for more information.
A stereotype is a widely accepted judgment or bias about a person or group even though it’s overly simplified
and not always accurate. Stereotypes about gender can cause unequal and unfair treatment because of a person’s
gender. This is called sexism. Exaggerated gender stereotypes can make relationships between people difficult.
Hyper feminine folks (women who believe that their success is determined by maintaining a romantic
relationship with a man, and that their sexuality can be used to maintain this relationship) are more likely to endure
physical and emotional abuse from their partners. Hyper masculine folks are more likely to be physically and
emotionally abusive to their partners. Extreme gender stereotypes are harmful because they don’t allow people to fully
express themselves and their emotions and may limit them instead of achieving their full potential. For example, it’s
harmful to masculine folks to feel that they’re not allowed to cry or express sensitive emotions so they need alcoholic
drinks before they can express. And it’s harmful to feminine folks to feel that they’re not allowed to be independent,
smart or assertive and were deprived to realizing their full potential and in contributing to development. Breaking down
gender stereotypes allows everyone to be their best selves.
Gender Equality is the concept that women and men, girls and boys have equal conditions, treatment and
opportunities: -for realizing their full potential, human rights and dignity, -for contributing to (and benefitting from)
economic, social, cultural and political development. It is the equal valuing by society of all genders. It is based on
women and men being full partners in the home, community and society . Gender equality means that the individual’s
rights, responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on their SOGIESC. It implies that the interests, needs and
priorities of each gender groups are taken into consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups It also implies
that all human beings are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices without the limitations set by
stereotypes and prejudices about gender roles. It is a matter of human rights and is considered a precondition for, and
indicator of, sustainable people-centered development Women’s Empowerment.
Furthermore, gender equality refers to promoting women’s sense of self-worth, their ability to determine
their own choices, and their right to influence social change for themselves and others. It is the provision, availability,
and accessibility
Activity of opportunities, services, the observance of human rights which enable women to actively participate
2. Symbolism
and contribute to the political, economic, social, and cultural development of the nation This shall provide women equal
Choose ten (5) characters that you think are the most important from the
access to ownership, management, and control of production, and of material and informational resources and benefits
novel
in the El Filibusterismo.
family, Discuss
community, and society briefly
its core lies intheir symbolism
the ability of a womanand how her
to control they
owncontributed
destiny . To beto
national
empowered,consciousness
women must have and equal revolution from
capabilities (such as the timeand
education of Rizal; and access
health) equal their tosymbolism
resources andto
opportunities (such as land and employment),
the present, maximum of five (3) sentences. the agency to use those rights, capabilities, resources, and opportunities
to make strategic choices and decisions (such as is provided through leadership opportunities and participation in
political o women must live without fear of coercion and violence, for them to exercise agency(actions are self- motivated
Important
and directed, freeCharacters
from constraints). Rizal’s Time Today/Present

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 3. Compare and Contrast

Compare and contrast the characters, plot, and theme of the Noli and El Fili.
You can review your previous lesson about the Noli Me Tangere. Use Venn Diagram
for your answer. Sample is shown below.
Activity 4. Character Mapping

Analyze how characters of diverse gender are portrayed in Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo through character mapping. Discuss briefly their character
traits based on two novels
Simoun

Maria
Unauthorized copying, uploading, and / or editing isClara
prohibited. (For Classroom Use Only) Padre
Prepared Damaso
by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED
The Characters
of Noli Me
Pilosopong
Sisa
Tasyo
Paulita Gomez
LESSON
JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE
2 NATIONALISM -
BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN
6
HOURS

The martyrdom of Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan had brought immense impact to
the Philippines especially its fight against the Spanish tyranny. Rizal’s death, had put
Rizal’s life even more in the spotlight when more and more Filipinos believed in the
said Hero. In this lesson, you learn how Jose Rizal is uplifted as a national hero, and
if Rizal really deserved to be called as one.

1. Assess the concepts of bayani and kabayanihan in the context of Philippine
history and society;
2. Provide interpretation of the concepts ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’ as a part of the
new generation; and
3. Advocate the values that Rizal’s life encapsulates by honoring people that they
consider as a bayani by presenting a tribute in a creative way.
Activity 1. Your Point of View

Express your opinion about the question below. State your answers briefly.
Do heroes need to have super power?
Can a hero do it all for everyone? Why or why not?
Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/
The death of Jose Rizal became a turning point in the history of Philippine
revolution and triggered the full-scale revolution that resulted in the declaration of
Philippine independence by 1898. Under the American colonial government, Rizal
was considered as one of the most important Filipino heroes of the revolution and
was even declared as the National Hero by the Taft Commission, also called the
Philippine Commission of 1901. In this study, we will learn what is really takes to be
a hero.

Bayani and Kabayanihan
The word “Bayani” or hero in Filipino is someone who saves lives. However,
this word carries a deeper context wherein only those people who are willing to
sacrifice for the good of the country are worthy enough to be called as such. Being
called a hero requires a greater act of bravery. Take a look at the meaning of the
word ‘bayani’ based on a Filipino dictionary.
1
ba-ya-ni png. (pangngalan) Taong matapos mamatay ay
ipinagbubunyi ng bayan dahil sa kanyang hindi pangkaraniwang
paglilingkod sa bayan o sangkatauhan; taong may di
pangkaraniwang tapang at tigas ng loob sa harap ng panganib o
kaya ay katatagan ng kalooban sa paghihirap at pasakit.
2
ba-ya-ni, pd. (pandiwa) Nauukol sa paggawang hindi
binabayaran ang gumagawa. sk (singkahulugan): pakisuyo,
tulong, bataris, suyuan.
Source: Diksyunario ng Wikang Pilipino published in 1989 by the Linangan ng mga Wika
sa Pilipinas (LWP), formerly known as the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa
"Bayani" as concept and word can have any of these three applications:
"bayani as a person; "kabayanihan" as a heroic act; and "bayani"as a heroic group,
community or nation.
The core value in being "bayani" is recognition of and deference to the

interest of what is bigger than the individual, like the group, the community, the
nation, even humanity and nature. This deference is conscious even if almost
instinctive and habitual.
For one to be "bayani" in meeting with various challenges both in daily life
and in critical historical moments, one must have all or at least most of the
following: (1) determination; (2) perseverance; (3) courage; (4) diligence; (5)
enthusiasm; (6) humility; and (7) inspiration and effect of inspiring others.
Definition of Bayani and Kabayanihan from Precolonial Philippines to Present
Meanings of a word can evolve from its use up to the present times. Same
with the words ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’. Bayani is hero in English, and when you
google the word today, it refers to a person who is admired or idealized for courage,
outstanding achievements, or noble qualities such as "a war hero".

The Tagalogs' "bayani" is situated in one’s (the word "bayani" is not gender-
specific) relation to the community spirit -- working for free- the way we have always
known the "bayanihan" spirit to be. Thus, heroism can be discovered and cultivated
in each of us.
LWP 's Diksyunaryo meaning of ‘bayani’ is that one has to be dead to be a

"bayani”. It may have discouraged many of us from aspiring to be heroes. But this
meaning has been attached only during this almost one century that has passed
since the days of the Katipunan. Rizal's execution at Bagumbayan and the
proclamation of Rizal as "pambansang bayani" may have contributed much to it.
The qualifier in the first meaning of "bayani" given in the Diksyunaryo

produced by the Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas, to the effect that one becomes
a hero upon being recognized as such after death was not there much earlier in the
history of usage of the word. The Katipunan, under the leadership of Andres
Bonifacio, used the word "bayani" as the label for its third- grade members, the
highest rank in their "katipon" and "kawal." One became a "bayani" after being
elected to any of the organization's collegial leadership councils.
The Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, Compuesto por Varios Religiosos

Coctos y Graves republished ("reimpresso") in Manila in 1860 by Imprenta de
Ramirez y Giraudier, carries two entries of the word "bayani." The first definition
carries the words "Valiente" and "animoso," and the second one begins with "obra
comun." These two definitions run parallel to the two entries in LWP's Diksyunaryo,
but conspicuously absent in the 1860 book's entries are the words "muerte" or
anything similar to it (like "morir"), to put in the sense of one having to die first.
What does it take to be a hero? The heroism in real life does not require
someone to sacrifice one’s life to be called a bayani. The people that we set up as
heroes are people that generally go above and beyond in terms of the call of duty,
they do things that are extraordinary. The act of heroism is debatable to some
people however, for any hero, it's enough just knowing they helped someone else.
Read an excerpt from a column written by Ambeth Ocampo about ‘bayani’.
If you look up “bayani,” you will find many meanings. Vito C. Santos in his
Vicassan’s dictionary (1978), gives the following: hero, patriot (“taong makabayan”),
cooperative endeavor, mutual aid, a person who volunteers or offers free service or
labor to a cooperative endeavor, to prevail, to be victorious, to prevail (“mamayani”),
leading man in a play (often referred to as the “bida”—from the Spanish word for life,
“vida”—who is contrasted with the villain or “kontrabida” from the Spanish “contra vida,”
against life). These words help us better understand the word for the lifesaver, the
inflatable rubber tube or “salbabida,” from the Spanish “salvar vida,” to save life.”
Not content with the hefty Vicassan’s dictionary, I looked up the UP
Diksiyionaryong Filipino (2001) that lists three meanings for bayani : a person of
extraordinary courage and ability; a person considered to possess extraordinary talents
or someone who did something noble (“dakila”); leading one in a play. It was added that
a bayani or hero from mythology were those who had the qualities of the gods,
extraordinary strength, bravery, or ability.
Then there is the Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala by the Jesuits Juan de
ThisNoceda
document and Pedro
is a property de Sanlucar, first published in 1754 butModule
of NONESCOST better known
3 | Page 14 for its 1860
edition that can be found in Manila and covered with pigskin. This once-rare book has
been made readily available again by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino in an edition by
Almario, Ebreo and Yglopaz translated from the original Spanish into Filipino. Bayani in
De Viana, et al defines bayani or heroism from the concept of different
sections. For government administrators who are concerned with economic
development heroes are synonymous to overseas contract workers who remit dollars
to our country, thereby adding to our dollar reserves which is badly needed to keep
us competitive in the global market. For environmentalists, heroes are those who
keep the environment clean and green, making sure that it could be used and
enjoyed by future generations. For ordinary Filipinos, heroes are those who simply
do the right thing without ifs and buts, those who do good for others without asking
for anything in return.
Activity 2. The Past and Present

Compare the meaning of ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’ from the past to the
present. Use the diagram below for your answer.
‘bayani’/ ‘kabayanihan’
Past Present

Activity 3 . Your Own Interpretation
What about you? As part of the new generation, how do you interpret the
concepts ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’. Use the diagram below for your answer.
Bayani/
Kabayanihan
Activity 4. A Tribute
Who is the ‘Rizal’ in your life. Honor the people that you consider as a bayani
by presenting a creative tribute. Mention a particular instance when you had witness
or experience his ‘kabayanihan’. Include a photo of the person. The poem should be
in five (5) stanzas, free style.
Please see rubric for scoring.
CRITERIA POINTS
Content/ Focused on Assigned Topic (Full knowledge, interpretation, ideas) 30

Organization & Creativity (Ideas, reasoning of points is logical) 10
Skillful Language (Correct spelling, grammar….) 10
Total 50

LESSON
3 JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE

NATIONALISM - NATIONAL SYMBOL
6
HOURS
The name Jose Rizal became synonymous to the word ‘hero’. This is maybe
because of the Rizal’s life and values, which is an example of every Filipino. In this
lesson, you will learn more about Rizal’s values. The criteria for national heroes will
also be discussed.

1. Create a cluster diagram on the values highlighted by Rizal’s life;
2. Demonstrate critical understanding of the criteria for national heroes by the
National Heroes Committee created by Executive Order No. 75, 1993; and
3. Express appreciation to the values Rizal advocated through writing a speech.
Activity 1. Some Artifact
Aside from monuments or busts, we can see the face or

name of Jose Rizal in anywhere else. Example is the one-peso coin
on the left. Look for things or streets that has the face or name of
Jose Rizal then take a selfie of this and add a brief caption and
paste in your answersheet.
Some may have slight or deep knowledge about Jose Rizal, who is kind of
immortal for us, Filipinos. Rizal’s ingenuity is legendary. Dr. Rizal’s values and
heroism touched us all.

Rizal as a National Symbol
There is no law or proclamation which directly made Rizal a hero. Rizal's hero
status was made by the acclamation of the Filipino people. Rizal has become a
symbol of the Philippine struggle for independence. December 30, the date of Rizal's
execution in 1896, is celebrated as a national holiday in the Philippines. The Jose
Rizal College was dedicated to honor Rizal in Manila in 1919. There are
commemorative monuments to Rizal in Manila near the site of execution in Luneta
Park, in Rizal’s hometown and most Filipino towns, in Heidelberg, and Chicago.The
region around Manila, Calamba, was designated a province and named Rizal.
Rizal’s novels are required reading for Filipino high school students. Jose Rizal can
perhaps be best summarized using words from the Rizal’s written in the cell the night
before execution. One of the last stanzas of "Ultimo Adios" (Final Farewell) shows
Rizal’s selfless devotion to the Philippine, loyalty to the family, deep spirituality and
artistic grace.
Criteria for National Heroes
Who is a hero? In the study of the life of heroes, it is important to put in mind
that a hero is a human being. Heroes are made. Heroes like ordinary human beings,
are a product of their time. They are those who faced challenges with an
extraordinary response.
The National Historical Institute (NHI; presently the National Historical

Commission of the Philippines), the country's agency in charge of historical matters,
prescribes the passage of 50 years before a person is confirmed as a hero. If the
person is still being admired after that period and one’s ideas and ideals are still
invoked and appreciated, the person has passed the test of time and is considered a
hero.The NHI also laid down the definition of a hero.
In 1965, its predecessor office, the National Heroes Commission, released a

criteria on the definition of a national hero. It was approved by a committee headed
by Director Carlos Quirino of the National Library.
According to their definition, a hero is defined as:

a. an admirable leader towering over one’s peers,
b. who is serving a noble cause,
c. possessing exceptional talent,
d. distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise,
e. exercising a determinative influence over the spiritual life of one’s people
in a particular remarkable event
f. the hero must, during extreme stress and difficulties, project one’s self by
one’s own fortitude, by one’s own sacrifices to be the inspiration of one’s
countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny.

g. One must exhibit self-denial and abandon one’s personal interests to
place those of one’s country before any other,
h. and whose deeds and acts are proudly emulated by a grateful people
that, after one’s death, render one a singular tribute, honor one with
public worship, and acknowledge one’s meritorious services to the
people by spontaneous national recognition."
The historical committee of the National Heroes Commission came out with
the characteristics of a person to be examined before one could be considered a
hero. These are the extent of the person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country.
1. Motives and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (e.g., welfare of the
country). In the attainment of the ideal, did the person concerned sacrifice purely
and exclusively for the welfare of the country or were there any selfish or ulterior
motives in the making of such sacrifices? Were the methods employed in the
attainment of the ideal morally valid?
2. The moral character of the person. Did one do anything immoral to taint one’s
personal character? If there was any immorality, did it affect one’s work, society,
or ideal?
3. The influence of the person to one’s age or epoch and the succeeding eras.
On March 28,1993, then-President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order

No.75,creating the National Heroes Committee whose aim is "to study, evaluate,and
explicitly recommend Filipino national personages as national heroes in due
recognition to their sterling character and remarkable achievements for the country."
A round-table discussion for the criteria for national heroes was held on June 3,
1993, which was attended by historians Onofre D. Corpuz, Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil,
Dr.Samuel K.Tan, Dr. Marcelino Foronda, Dr. Alfredo Lagmay, Dr.Bernardita R.
Churchill, Dr. Serafin D. Quiason, and Professors Ambeth R. Ocampo and Minerva
Gonzales. The body adapted the definition of a hero drafted by Dr. Corpuz who said,
"Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and
struggle for the nation's freedom." Dr. Corpuz explained that our own struggle for
freedom was begun by Bonifacio and finished by Aguinaldo, the latter formally
declaring revolution a success. Dr. Corpuz also added that "Heroes are those who
define and contribute to a system of life and freedom and order for a nation.
Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy. Dr. Corpuz cited that persons who
make the country. Constitution and laws could be heroes, like Apolinario Mabini and
Claro M. Recto. An important element in considering heroism is the person's
nationalism.
According to the group, a person could be considered a hero if one has a

concept of nation and thereafter aspires and struggles for the nation's
freedom. The person to be considered a national hero must be guided by the
conviction of national identity. This means that the person must identify one’s
self with the nation and would be willing to sacrifice for its benefit. Examples of
these persons are Jose Rizal, Andres Bonifacio,Graciano Lopez Jaena, and
Marcelo H. del.Pilar, who sought to uplift the social conditions of the Philippines and
not just a particular region or ethnolinguistic group, The body also said that heroes
are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation.

In another meeting of historians held on November 15, 1995, the National
Heroes Committee decided to adapt a criteria stating that "a hero is part of the
people's expression." However, the process of the people's internalization of a hero’s
life and works takes time with the youth forming part of that internalization. This
means that the appreciation of a person's contribution to history would require a
period of analysis and younger generations who are not part of the hero‘s era would
play a part in the objective study of one’s role.

Activity 2. Question and Answer
Read the question carefully. Answer directly in five sentences.
_________________________________________
Jose Rizal as a national _________________________________________
symbol, is not officially declared _________________________________________
as a national hero. Why? _________________________________________
_________________________________________
_____
Activity 3. Enumeration
Enumerate the criteria for national heroes by the National Heroes Committee
created by Executive Order No. 75, 1993; and give a brief reaction.
(Criteria for National Heroes)
(Your Reaction)

Activity 4. The Speech
Express your appreciation to the values advocated by Jose Rizal as our
National Hero through delivering a speech.
a. Speech Writing . You will write your own speech. The speech should not be
less than three paragraphs but not more than five. You will pass a
copy of your speech together with your other activities. (25 points)
b. Delivering your Speech . You will deliver the speech that you have written
in a video. The video should not be more than 5 minutes. (25 points)
Please see rubric on the next page for grading.
CRITERIA POINTS
Content/Topic (Specific, and has full knowledge) 30
Organization (Ideas, reasoning of points is logical) 10
Use of Language and other Mechanics (Gets Attention, 10
Appropriate to Speech)
Total 50


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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND

The Life and

COURSE FACILITATOR: RENE BOY L. LAGOYO, MEd.

This document is a property of NONESCOST

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the background of the publication of El Filibusterismo;

Activity 1. Your Favorite Book

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 2

The Making of El Filibusterismo

Rizal had begun writing El Filibusterismo in October, 1887, while practicing

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 3

A Barcelona newspaper La Publicidad, published a tribute eulogizing the

The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own handwriting is now

The Characters Symbolism

Simoun. Crisóstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a

Basilio. Sisa's son, now an aspiring doctor

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 4

Kabesang Tales. Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay (barangay

Don Custodio. Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a

Placido Penitente. A student of the University of Santo Tomas who is always

Quiroga. A Chinese businessman who dreams of being a consul of a Consulate of

Father Fernandez. Isagani’s priest-friend who promised to Isagani, that together

Attorney Pasta. One of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic Manila

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 5

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 6

On Reading ‘Noli’ and ‘Fili’:

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 7

The Portrayal of Characters of Diverse Gender in Noli and El Fili

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 8

Sisa was a caring but submissive woman. Unable to stand

Gender stereotyping is common in Philippine literature such in the case of

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 9

Activity 3. Compare and Contrast

Activity 4. Character Mapping

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 10

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 11

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Activity 1. Your Point of View

Do heroes need to have super power?

Can a hero do it all for everyone? Why or why not?

Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 12

The core value in being "bayani" is recognition of and deference to the

Definition of Bayani and Kabayanihan from Precolonial Philippines to Present

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 13

LWP 's Diksyunaryo meaning of ‘bayani’ is that one has to be dead to be a

The qualifier in the first meaning of "bayani" given in the Diksyunaryo

The Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, Compuesto por Varios Religiosos

Read an excerpt from a column written by Ambeth Ocampo about ‘bayani’.

Activity 2. The Past and Present

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 15

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 16

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 17

3 JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Activity 1. Some Artifact

Aside from monuments or busts, we can see the face or

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 18

Criteria for National Heroes

The National Historical Institute (NHI; presently the National Historical

In 1965, its predecessor office, the National Heroes Commission, released a