Module-3 1stsem-A.y.-2021-22 Rizal Fernando Ccje

REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

OLD SAGAY, SAGAY CITY, NEGROS OCCIDENTAL
(034)722-4169/www.nonescost.edu.com
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE EDUCATION
COURSE MODULE IN
The Life and Works

of Rizal
st
1 Semester; A. Y. 2021 -2022
COURSE FACILITATOR: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED
FB/MESSENGER: Analie Sumaria-Fernando
Email: sumariaanalie16@gmail.com
Phone No: 09190963745
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Module 3 | Page 1
3
MODULE
Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED
LESSON
1 EL FILIBUSTERISMO
6 HOURS
Jose Rizal had produced many literary works but the greatest of these are his
two novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. In this lesson, the discuss will
focus about the El Filibusterismo. It’s making and the its characters and symbolism
will be highlighted. There will be also comparison with the two novels.
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:
1. Discuss the background of the publication of El Filibusterismo;

2. Appraise important characters in the El Filibusterismo and their representation
or symbolism in Rizal’s time and at present;
3. Compare and contrast the characters, plot, and theme of the Noli and El Fili; and
4. Analyze how characters of diverse gender are portrayed in Noli Me Tangere and
El Filibusterismo through character mapping.
Activity 1. Your Favorite Book

Have you read a book that made a profound impression to you? Give one title
of the book with the author/s’ name or if you still have the book, a photograph, that
you have read and state how this changed your point of view about something,
affected your decisions, or inspired your goals in life. Use the diagram on the next
page for your answer.
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Unauthorized copying, uploading, and / or editing is prohibited. (For Classroom Use Only) Prepared by: Analie S. Fernando, LPT, MAED
El Filibusterismo or the Reign of Greed is said to be dedicated by Jose Rizal to
the fathers GomBurza who were wrongly accused and brought to garrote leading to
their untimely death. You will find out more about the novel as you go through with
the lesson.
El Filibusterismo
This novel is a sequel to the Noli. It has a little humor, less idealism, and less
romance than the Noli Me Tangere. It is more revolutionary and more tragic than the
first novel. It was written in dedication of the three martyred priests namely Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora popularly known as GOMBURZA (Don
Mariano Gomez, 73 years old; Don Jose Burgos, 35 years old; Jacinto Zamora, 37
years old) , whose tragic execution left unforgettable imprint in his mind. It is
a political novel, book of the thought, work of the head and comprise bitterness,
hatred, pain, sorrow and violence.
The Making of El Filibusterismo
Rizal had begun writing his second novel El Filibusterismo in October, 1887,
while practicing medicine in Calamba, the following year (1888), in London; he made
some changes in the plot and corrected some chapters already written. He wrote
more chapters in Paris and Madrid, and finished themanuscript in Biarritz on March
29, 1891. It took him, therefore, three years to write his second novel.

On July 5, 1891- Rizal left Brussels for Ghent, a famous university city in
Belgium. One of the reasons why Rizal preferred ghent was the cost of printing in
Ghent was cheaper. F. Meyer-Van Loo Press (No. 66 Viaanderen Street), a printing
shop that give Rizal the lowest quotation for the publication of his novel, who was
willing to print his book on installment basis. On August 6, 1891, the printing of his
book had to be suspended because Rizal could no longer give the necessary funds
to the printer . When Ventura learned of Rizal’s predicament and immediately sent
him the necessary funds thus he is coined as the ‘the savior of the Fili’. Finally, on
September 18, 1891, El Filibusterismo came off the press Rizal immediately sent on
this date two printed copies to Hong Kong—one for Basa and other for Sixto Lopez .
Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an autographed
printed copy to Valentin Ventura.
A Barcelona newspaper La Publicidad, wherein it published a tribute

eulogizing the novel’s original style which “is comparable only to the sublime
Alexander Dumas” and may well be offered as “a model and a precious jewel in the
now decadent literature of Spain” while El Nuevo Regimen, the liberal Madrid
newspaper that serialized the novel in its issues of October, 1891
The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own handwriting in now

preserved in the Filipiana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila. It
consists of 270 pages of long sheets of paper. Two features in the manuscript do
not appear in the printed book, namely: the FOREWORD and the WARNING. These
were not put into print to save printing cost. The title page of El Filibusterismo
contains an inscription written by Ferdinand Blumentritt.
The Characters Symbolism
The characters in El Filibusterismo were drawn by Rizal from real life. Padre
Florentino was Father Leoncio Lopez, Rizal’s friend and priest of Calamba; Isagani,
the poet was Vicente Ilustre, Batangueño friend of Rizal in Madrid and Paulita Gomez,
the girl who loved Isagani but married Juanito Pelaez, was Leonor Rivera. Since the
novel is a sequel of the Noli, most characters were retained and new characters were
introduced.
Simoun represents the revolutionaries during that time who supported the
idea of holding bloody revolt against the Spanish government. His death in El
Filibusterismo tells readers that Rizal does not support the armed revolution. He
represents the youth with a simple dream that his education will improve his social
and economic status in the future and is indifferent and selfish to the needs of
society. Isagani is the symbol of the youth whose love for the country is great to the
point of being branded as idealistic. He personified a typical Filipino who is content
with living a simple life. He also symbolizes the natives and farmers whose lands
were seized by the friars, an explanation as to why Filipinos became rebels. Makaraig
represented the well-todo Filipino youth during the Spanish era who had good
dreams for the country. His character also provided readers a glimpse of how
different the rich and the poor were treated during that time in society. Paulita
Gomez is a caricature of a woman who chooses the best option for a more stable
future. She knows what is best for her and would take advantage of her admirers to
get what she wants. Father Florentino represented the secular Filipino priests in

Rizal’s time. It was also through his character that the author stressed his
disapproval of a bloody revolt.
The Characters
Simoun. Crisóstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a

revolution
Basilio. Sisa's son, now an aspiring doctor
Isagani. Poet and Basilio's best friend; portrayed as emotional and reactive; Paulita
Gómez' boyfriend before being dumped for fellow student Juanito Peláez
Kabesang Tales. Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay (barangay

head) who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit Matanglawin (Tagalog
for Hawkeye); his father, Old Man Selo, dies eventually after his own son Tano, who
became a guardia civil, unknowingly shoots his grandfather in an encounter
Don Custodio. Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a

famous journalistwho was asked by the students about his decision for the
Academia de Castellano. In reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who married a rich
woman in order to be a member of Manila's high society
Paulita Gómez. The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece of Doña Victorina, the old
India who passes herself off as a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor
Tiburcio de Espadaña. In the end, she and Juanito Peláez are wed, and she dumps
Isagani, believing that she will have no future if she marries him
Father Florentino. Isagani's godfather, and a secular priest; was engaged to be

married, but chose the priesthood instead, the story hinting at the ambivalence of his
decision as he chooses an assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the
sea.
Huli. Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the youngest daughter of
Kabesang Tales
Ben Zayb. Abraham Ibañez is his real name. He is a journalist who thinks he is
the onlyone thinking in the Philippines
Placido Penitente. A student of the University of Santo Tomas who is always

miserable, and therefore controls his temper
Quiroga. A Chinese businessman who dreamt of being a consul of a Consulate of

Chinain the Philippines. He hid Simoun's weapons inside his house
Old Man Selo. The father of Kabesang Tales. He raised the sick and young Basilio
after his mother Sisa had died
Father Fernandez. the priest-friend of Isagani. He promised to Isagani that he and

the other priests will give in to the students' demands
Attorney Pasta. One of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic Manila
Captain-General. (no specific name) the powerful highest official of the Philippines
Padre Sibyla. Hernando de la Sibyla, a Filipino friar and now vice-rector of the
University of Santo Tomas (U.S.T.)
Summary of the Novel:

The hero of El Filibusterismo is a rich jeweler named Simoun. He was
Crisostomo Ibarra of the Noli, who, with Elias’ help, escaped from the pursuing
soldiers at Laguna de Bay, dug up his buried treasure, and fled to Cuba where he
became rich and befriended many Spanish officials. After many years he returned to
the Philippines, where he freely moved around. He is a powerful figure not only
because he is a rich jeweler but also because he is a good friend and adviser of the
governor general.
Outwardly, Simoun is a friend of Spain. However deep in his heart, he is
secretly cherishing a terrible revenge against the Spanish authorities. His two
magnificent obsessions are to rescue Maria Clara from the nunnery of Santa Clara
and to foment a revolution against the hated Spanish masters.
The story of El Filibusterismo begins on board the clumsy, roundish shaped
steamer Tabo, so appropriately named. This steamer is sailing upstream the Pasig
from Manila to Laguna de Bay. Among the passengers are Simoun, the rich jeweler;
Doña Victorina, the ridiculously pro-Spanish native woman who is going to Laguna in
search of her henpecked husband, Tiburcio de Espadaña, who has deserted her;
Paulita Gomez, her beautiful niece; Ben-Zayb (anagram of Ibañez), a Spanish
journalist who writes silly articles about the Filipinos; Padre Sibyla, vice-rector of the
University of Santo Tomas; Padre Camorra, the parish priest of the town of Tiani;
Don Custodio, a pro-spanish Filipino holding a position in the government; Padre
Salvi, thin Franciscan friar and former cura of San Diego; Padre Irene, a kind friar who
was a friend of the Filipino students; Padre Florentino, a retired scholarly and
patriotic Filipino priest; Isagani, a poet-nephew of Padre Florentino and a lover of
Paulita; and Basilio, son of Sisa and promising medical student, whose medical
education is financed by his patron, Capitan Tiago.
Simoun, a man of wealth and mystery, is a very close friend and confidante of
the Spanish governor general. Because of his great influence in Malacañang, he was
called the “Brown Cardinal” or the “Black Eminence”. By using his wealth and political
influence, he encourages corruption in the government, promotes the oppression of
the masses, and hastens the moral degradation of the country so that the people
may become desperate and fight. He smuggles arms into the country with the help
of a rich Chinese merchant, Quiroga, who wants very much to be Chinese consul of
Manila. His first attempt to begin the armed uprising did not materialize because at
the last hour he hears the sad news that Maria Clara died in the nunnery. In his
agonizing moment of bereavement, he did not give the signal for the outbreak of
hostilities.
After a long time of illness brought about by the bitter loss of Maria Clara,
Simoun perfects his plan to overthrow the government. On the occasion of the
wedding of Paulita Gomez and Juanito Pelaez, he gives a wedding gift to them a
beautiful lamp. Only he and his confidential associates, Basilio (Sisa’s son who

joined his revolutionary cause), know that when the wick of his lamp burns lower the
nitroglycerine, hidden in its secret compartment, will explode, destroying the house
where the wedding feast is going to be held killing all the guests, including the
governor general, the friars, and the government officials. Simultaneously, all the
government buildings in Manila will be blown by Simoun’s followers.
As the wedding feast begins, the poet Isagani, who has been rejected by
Paulita because of his liberal ideas, is standing outside the house, watching
sorrowfully the merriment inside. Basilio, his friend, warns him to go away because
the lightened lamp will soon explode.
Upon hearing the horrible secret of the lamp, Isagani realizes that his beloved
Paulita was in grave danger. To save her life, he rushes into the house, seizes the
lightened lamp, and hurls it into the river, where it explodes.
The revolutionary plot was thus discovered. Simoun was cornered by the
soldiers, but he escaped. Mortally wounded, and carrying his treasure chest, he
sought refuge in the home of Padre Florentino by the sea.
The Spanish authorities, however, learns of his presence in the house of Padre
Florentino. Lieutenant Perez of the Guardia Civil informs the priest by letter that he
would come at eight o’clock that night to arrest Simoun.
Simoun eluded arrest by taking poison. As he is dying, he confesses to Padre
Florentino, revealing his true identity, his dastardly plan to use his wealth to avenge
himself, and his sinister aim to destroy his friends and enemies.
The confession of the dying Simoun is long and painful. It is already night
when Padre Florentino, wiping the sweat from his wrinkled brow, rises and begins to
meditate. He consoles the dying man saying: “God will forgive you Señor Simoun. He
knows that we are fallible. He has seen that you have suffered, and in ordaining that
the chastisement for your faults should come as death from the very ones you have
instigated to crime, we can see His infinite mercy. He has frustrated your plans one
by one, the best conceived, first by the death of Maria Clara, then by a lack of
preparation, then in some mysterious way. Let us bow to His will and render Him
thanks!”
Watching Simoun die peacefully with a clear conscience and at peace with
God. Padre Florentino falls upon his knees and prays for the dead jeweler. He takes
the treasure chest and throws it into the sea; as the waves close over the sinking
chest.
Comparison to Noli
The two novels both talk about about how Spaniards oppressed the Filipinos,
especially the abuses of the friars. Noli Me Tangere, is a Latin title meaning“touch
me not” refers to the letter of John 20:17 in King James version of the Bible as Mary
Magdalene tried to touch the newly risen Jesus, He said “Touch me not; for I am not
yet ascended to my Father”. Meanwhile, El filibusterismo is Spanish title which is
known in English as The Reign of Greed. Noli is a love story or a romantic novel,
dedicated to our motherland while El fili is a political novel associated with revenge
and anger and is dedicated to GOMBURZA.
Noli is a romantic novel, it is a “work of the heart”, a book of feeling”. It has

freshness, color, humor, lightness, and wit. It contains 64 chapters. Whereas, Fili is a
political novel, it is a “work of the head”, a book of the thought. It contains bitterness,
hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow. It contains 38 chapters.

Noli showed a soft spoken, patient, compassionate and idealistic Crisostomo
Ibarra while El Fili featured a different Ibarra who portrayed the angry and vengeful
side of him and disguised himself as the wealthy jeweller named Simoun. Noli is
written in the idea that would expose the ills of Philippine society after Harriet
Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin. In general Noli is more on the reformist side of
Rizal while El fili is on his revolutionist.
The Portrayal of Characters of Diverse Gender in Noli and El Fili
The characters of both novels are interesting males and females from
different sectors of the society. It is said that much of the “intelligent” discourse is
also granted to male characters by Rizal. Ibarra or Simoun being the leading man is
portrayed as handsome, educated and kind, a true masculine charm for a hero. Other
male characters include Elias, Pilosopong Tasyo, Basilio and even the antagonists
friars such as Padre Damaso and Padre Sibyla.
Among the women who really stood out were Maria Clara
and Sisa. Maria Clara represents the ideal woman. Maria Clara is
portrayed as soft-spoken, devout attendees at mass and
subservient, the very essence of femininity. These very traits
made Maria Clara as weakling and dumb. On the other hand, one
historian, Nick Joaquin understood Maria Clara in a different
way. This historian contends that contrary to most people’s
opinion, Maria Clara is a strong woman, one who went to the
Retrieved from
https://louquorice.tumblr.com/
nunnery not out of weakness but out of strength. Maria Clara
gathered the strength to defy her parents’ wish for her to marry
the man of their choice, and this is not common during Philippine colonial times.
Maria Clara, Nick argues, finds the strength to live in spiritual confinement rather
than to marry or to commit suicide. The character of Maria Clara may suffer a very
sad fate in the story but definitely showed the strength of a woman.
Sisa was a caring but submissive woman. Unable to stand

up to an abusive husband, and later the Guardia Civil. Sisa went
from one traumatic event to another, causing for Sisa to
eventually lose sanity due to the mental burden. This insanity
manifested in wandering around San Diego, calling out one’s
children's names, and singing songs out of nowhere. Before
Sisa’s descent into madness, however, Sisa was a generous
mother, as well as amiable towards people like one’s neighbor
Retrieved from
https://louquorice.tumblr.com/ Pilosopo Tasio.
Gender stereotyping is common in Philippine literature such in the case of

Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo. This is due to the fact that gender ideology in
the Philippines is widely patriarchal. Much effort had been taken to rectify this
situation at present. Education had been one of the primary tools in bringing this
issue into light at same time, instill gender equality among the people. Read further
on the next page for more information.

A stereotype is a widely accepted judgment or bias about a person or
group even though it’s overly simplified and not always accurate. Stereotypes
about gender can cause unequal and unfair treatment because of a person’s
gender. This is called sexism. Exaggerated gender stereotypes can make
relationships between people difficult.
Hyper feminine folks (women who believe that their success is determined
by maintaining a romantic relationship with a man, and that their sexuality can be
used to maintain this relationship) are more likely to endure physical and
emotional abuse from their partners. Hyper masculine folks are more likely to be
physically and emotionally abusive to their partners. Extreme gender stereotypes
are harmful because they don’t allow people to fully express themselves and their
emotions and may limit them instead of achieving their full potential. For
example, it’s harmful to masculine folks to feel that they’re not allowed to cry or
express sensitive emotions so they need alcoholic drinks before they can
express. And it’s harmful to feminine folks to feel that they’re not allowed to be
independent, smart or assertive and were deprived to realizing their full potential
and in contributing to development. Breaking down gender stereotypes allows
everyone to be their best selves.
Gender Equality is the concept that women and men, girls and boys have
equal conditions, treatment and opportunities: -for realizing their full potential,
human rights and dignity, -for contributing to (and benefitting from) economic,
social, cultural and political development. It is the equal valuing by society of all
genders. It is based on women and men being full partners in the home,
community and society . Gender equality means that the individual’s rights,
responsibilities and opportunities will not depend on their SOGIESC. It implies that
the interests, needs and priorities of each gender groups are taken into
consideration, recognizing the diversity of different groups It also implies that all
human beings are free to develop their personal abilities and make choices
without the limitations set by stereotypes and prejudices about gender roles. It is
a matter of human rights and is considered a precondition for, and indicator of,
sustainable people-centered development Women’s Empowerment.
Furthermore, gender equality refers to promoting women’s sense of self-

worth, their ability to determine their own choices, and their right to influence
social change for themselves and others. It is the provision, availability, and
accessibility of opportunities, services, the observance of human rights which
enable women to actively participate and contribute to the political, economic,
social, and cultural development of the nation This shall provide women equal
access to ownership, management, and control of production, and of material and
informational resources and benefits in the family, community, and society its
core lies in the ability of a woman to control her own destiny . To be empowered,
women must have equal capabilities (such as education and health) equal access
to resources and opportunities (such as land and employment), the agency to use
those rights, capabilities, resources, and opportunities to make strategic choices
and decisions (such as is provided through leadership opportunities and
participation in political o women must live without fear of coercion and violence,
for them to exercise agency(actions are self- motivated and directed free from

Activity 2. Symbolism
Choose ten (5) characters that you think are the most important from the
novel El Filibusterismo. Discuss briefly their symbolism and how they contributed to
national consciousness and revolution from the time of Rizal; and their symbolism to
the present, maximum of five (3) sentences.
Important Characters Rizal’s Time Today/Present
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Activity 3. Compare and Contrast

Compare and contrast the characters, plot, and theme of the Noli and El Fili.
You can review your previous lesson about the Noli Me Tangere. Use Venn Diagram
for your answer. Sample is shown below.

Activity 4. Character Mapping
Analyze how characters of diverse gender are portrayed in Noli Me Tangere
and El Filibusterismo through character mapping. Discuss briefly their character
traits based on two novels

LESSON
JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE
2 NATIONALISM -
BAYANI AND KABAYANIHAN
6 HOURS
The martyrdom of Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan had brought immense impact to

the Philippines especially its fight against the Spanish tyranny.His death, had put his
life even more in the spotlight when more and more Filipinos believed in him. In this
lesson, you learn how Jose Rizal is uplifted as a national hero, and if he really
deserved to be called as one.

1. Assess the concepts of bayani and kabayanihan in the context of Philippine
history and society;
2. Provide interpretation of the concepts ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’ as a millenial;
and
3. Advocate the values that Rizal’s life encapsulates by honoring people that they
consider as a bayani by writing a tribute in an essay or poem.
Activity 1. Your Point of View
Express your opinion about the question below. State your answers briefly.
1. Do you love superhero movies or shows?
2. What particular superhero movie or show that you love the most?
3. What made you like those movies or shows?

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The death of Jose Rizal became a turning point in the history of Philippine
revolution. His death activated the full-scale revolution that resulted in the
declaration of Philippine independence by 1898. Under the American colonial
government, Rizal was considered as one of the most important Filipino heroes of
the revolution and was even declared as the National Hero by the Taft Commission,
also called the Philippine Commission of 1901.
Bayani and Kabayanihan
The word “Bayani” or hero in Filipino is someone who saves somebody’s lives.
However, this word carries a deeper context wherein only those people who are
willing to suffer and sacrifice themselves for the good of the country are worthy
enough to be called as such. Being called a hero requires a greater act of bravery.
Take a look at the meaning of the word ‘bayani’ based on a Filipino dictionary.
1
ba-ya-ni png. (pangngalan) Taong matapos mamatay ay
ipinagbubunyi ng bayan dahil sa kanyang hindi pangkaraniwang
paglilingkod sa bayan o sangkatauhan; taong may di
pangkaraniwang tapang at tigas ng loob sa harap ng panganib o
kaya ay katatagan ng kalooban sa paghihirap at pasakit.
2
ba-ya-ni, pd. (pandiwa) Nauukol sa paggawang hindi
binabayaran ang gumagawa. sk (singkahulugan): pakisuyo,
tulong, bataris, suyuan.
Source: Diksyunario ng Wikang Pilipino published in 1989 by the Linangan ng mga Wika sa
Pilipinas (LWP), formerly known as the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa

"Bayani" as concept and word can have any of these three applications:
"bayani as a person; "kabayanihan" as a heroic act; and "bayani"as a heroic group,
community or nation.
The core value in being "bayani" is recognition of and deference to the

interest of what is bigger than the individual, like the group, the community, the
nation, even humanity and nature. This deference is conscious even if almost
instinctive and habitual.
For one to be "bayani" in meeting with various challenges both in daily life
and in critical historical moments, he or she must have all or at least most of the
following: (1) determination; (2) perseverance; (3) courage; (4) diligence; (5)
enthusiasm; (6) humility; and (7) inspiration and effect of inspiring others.
Definition of Bayani and Kabayanihan from Precolonial Philippines to Present
Meanings of a word can evolve from its use up to the present times. Same
with the words ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’. Bayani is hero in English, and when you
google the word today, it refers to a person who is admired or idealized for courage,
outstanding achievements, or noble qualities such as "a war hero".
The Tagalogs' "bayani" is situated in his or her (the word "bayani" is not
gender-specific) relation to the community spirit -- working for free the way we have
always known the "bayanihan" spirit to be. Thus, heroism can be discovered and
cultivated in each of us.
LWP 's Diksyunaryo meaning of ‘bayani’ is that one has to be dead to be a

"bayani”. It may have discouraged many of us from aspiring to be heroes. But this
meaning has been attached only during this almost one century that has passed
since the days of the Katipunan. Rizal's execution at Bagumbayan and his
proclamation as "pambansang bayani" may have contributed much to it.
The qualifier in the first meaning of "bayani" given in the Diksyunaryo

produced by the Linangan ng mga Wika sa Pilipinas, to the effect that one becomes
a hero upon being recognized as such after death was not there much earlier in the
history of usage of the word. The Katipunan, under the leadership of Andres
Bonifacio, used the word "bayani" as the label for its third- grade members, the
highest rank in their "katipon" and "kawal." One became a "bayani" after being elected
to any of the organization's collegial leadership councils.
The Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, Compuesto por Varios Religiosos

Coctos y Graves republished ("reimpresso") in Manila in 1860 by Imprenta de
Ramirez y Giraudier, carries two entries of the word "bayani." The first definition
carries the words "Valiente" and "animoso," and the second one begins with "obra

comun." These two definitions run parallel to the two entries in LWP's Diksyunaryo,
but conspicuously absent in the 1860 book's entries are the words "muerte" or
anything similar to it (like "morir"), to put in the sense of one having to die first.
What does it take to be a hero? The heroism in real life does not require
someone to sacrifice his or her life to be called a bayani. The people that we set up
as heroes are people that generally go above and beyond in terms of the call of duty,
they do things that are extraordinary. The act of heroism is debatable to some
people however, for any hero, it's enough just knowing they helped someone else.
Read an excerpt from a column written by Ambeth Ocampo about ‘bayani’.
If you look up “bayani,” you will find many meanings. Vito C. Santos in his
Vicassan’s dictionary (1978), gives the following: hero, patriot (“taong makabayan”),
cooperative endeavor, mutual aid, a person who volunteers or offers free service or labor
to a cooperative endeavor, to prevail, to be victorious, to prevail (“mamayani”), leading
man in a play (often referred to as the “bida”—from the Spanish word for life, “vida”—who
is contrasted with the villain or “kontrabida” from the Spanish “contra vida,” against life).
These words help us better understand the word for the lifesaver, the inflatable rubber
tube or “salbabida,” from the Spanish “salvar vida,” to save life.”
Not content with the hefty Vicassan’s dictionary, I looked up the UP
Diksiyionaryong Filipino (2001) that lists three meanings for bayani : a person of
extraordinary courage and ability; a person considered to possess extraordinary talents
or someone who did something noble (“dakila”); a leading man in a play. It was added
that a bayani or hero from mythology were those who had the qualities of the gods,
extraordinary strength, bravery, or ability.
Then there is the Vocabulario de la lengua Tagala by the Jesuits Juan de Noceda
and Pedro de Sanlucar, first published in 1754 but better known for its 1860 edition that
can be found in Manila and covered with pigskin. This once-rare book has been made
readily available again by the Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino in an edition by Almario,
Ebreo and Yglopaz translated from the original Spanish into Filipino. Bayani in this
dictionary has several meanings: someone who is brave or valiant, someone who works
toward a common task or cooperative endeavor (“bayanihan”).
It is significant that bayani comes a few words under “bayan,” which is defined
as: the space between here and the sky. Bayan is also a town, municipality, pueblo, or
nation, and can refer to people and citizens (“mamamayan”) who live in those
communities, or to those who originate or come from the same place (“kababayan”).
Bayan also refers to the day (“araw”) or a time of day (“malalim ang bayan”) or even to
the weather, good or bad (“masamang bayan”).
Bayani is a richer word than hero because it may be rooted in bayan as place or
in doing something great, not for oneself, but for a greater good, for community or
nation.Old heroes were those who contributed to the birth of nation. Maybe the modern
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De Viana, et al defines bayani or heroism from the concept of different
sections. For government administrators who are concerned with economic
development heroes are synonymous to overseas contract workers who remit
dollars to our country, thereby adding to our dollar reserves which is badly needed to
keep us competitive in the global market. For environmentalists, heroes are those
who keep the environment clean and green, making sure that it could be used and
enjoyed by future generations. For ordinary Filipinos, heroes are those who simply do
the right thing without ifs and buts, those who do good for others without asking for
anything in return.
Activity 2. The Past and Present

Compare the meaning of ‘bayani’ and ‘kabayanihan’ from the past to the
present. Use the diagram below for your answer.
Past Present
Activity 3 . Your Own Interpretation

What about you? As a millennial, how do you interpret the concepts ‘bayani’
and ‘kabayanihan’. Use the diagram below for your answer.
Activity 4. A Tribute (Project-50 points)

Who is the ‘Rizal’ in your life. Honor the people that you consider as a bayani
by writing a tribute through a poem. Mention a particular instance when you had
witness or experience his ‘kabayanihan’. Include a photo of the person. The poem
should be in five (5) stanzas, free style.
Please see rubric for scoring.
CRITERIA POINTS
Content/ Focused on Assigned Topic (Full knowledg e, interp retation, id eas) 30
Organization & Creativity (Ideas, reasoning of points is logical) 10
Grammar and Mechanics (Correct spelling, grammar) 10
Total 50

LESSON
3 JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE

NATIONALISM - NATIONAL SYMBOL
6 HOURS
The name Jose Rizal became synonymous to the word ‘hero’. This is maybe
because of the life he lived and the values he tried to teach his fellowmen. In this
lesson, you will learn more about the Rizal’s values. The criteria for national heroes
will also be discussed.

1. Create a cluster diagram on the values highlighted by Rizal’s life;
2. Demonstrate critical understanding of the criteria for national heroes by the
National Heroes Committee created by Executive Order No. 75, 1993; and
3. Express appreciation to the values Rizal advocated through writing a speech.
Activity 1. Some Artifact
Aside from monuments or busts, we can see the face or

name of Jose Rizal in anywhere else. Example is the one-peso coin
on the left. Look for things or streets that has the face or name of
Jose Rizal then take a selfie of this and add a brief caption and
paste in your answersheet.

You may have slight or deep knowledge about Jose Rizal, the thing is he is
kind of immortal for the us Filipinos. His ingenuity is legendary but his values and
heroism touched us all.
Rizal as a National Symbol
There is no law or proclamation which directly made Rizal a hero. Rizal's hero
status was made by the acclamation of the Filipino people. Rizal has become a
symbol of the Philippine struggle for independence. December 30, the date of Rizal's
execution in 1896, is celebrated as a national holiday in the Philippines. The Jose
Rizal College was dedicated to his honor in Manila in 1919. There are
commemorative monuments to Rizal in Manila near the site of his execution in
Luneta Park, in his hometown and most Filipino towns, in Heidelberg, and
Chicago.The region around Manila, including his hometown of Calamba, was
designated a province and named Rizal. His novels are required reading for Filipino
high school students. Jose Rizal can perhaps be best summarized using his own
words from the poem he wrote from his cell the night before execution. One of the
last stanzas of "Ultimo Adios" (Final Farewell) shows his selfless devotion to his
country, his loyalty to his family, his deep spirituality despite criticism of the church,
and his artistic grace.
Criteria for National Heroes
Who is a hero? In the study of the life of heroes, it is important to put in mind
that a hero is a human being. Heroes are made. Heroes like ordinary human beings,
are a product of their time. They are those who faced challenges with an
extraordinary response.
The National Historical Institute (NHI; presently the National Historical

Commission of the Philippines), the country's agency in charge of historical matters,
prescribes the passage of 50 years before a person is confirmed as a hero. If the
person is still being admired after that period and his ideas and ideals are still
invoked and appreciated, the person has passed the test of time and is considered a
hero.The NHI also laid down the definition of a hero.
In 1965, its predecessor office, the National Heroes Commission, released a

criteria on the definition of a national hero. It was approved by a committee headed
by Director Carlos Quirino of the National Library.
According to their definition, a hero is defined as:

a. an admirable leader towering over his peers,
b. who is serving a noble cause,

c. possessing exceptional talent,
d. distinguished valor and/or hold enterprise,
e. exercising a determinative influence over the spiritual life of his people in
a particular remarkable event
f. the hero must, during extreme stress and difficulties, project himself by
his own fortitude, by his own sacrifices to be the inspiration of his
countrymen in leading them to their rightful destiny.
g. He must exhibit self-denial and abandon his personal interests to place
those of his country before any other,
h. and whose deeds and acts are proudly emulated by a grateful people
that, after his death, render him singular tribute, honor him with public
worship, and acknowledge his meritorious services to mankind by
spontaneous national recognition."
The historical committee of the National Heroes Commission came out with
the characteristics of a person to be examined before he could be considered a hero.
These are the extent of the person’s sacrifices for the welfare of the country.
1. Motives and methods employed in the attainment of the ideal (e.g., welfare of
the country). In the attainment of the ideal, did the person concerned sacrifice
purely and exclusively for the welfare of the country or were there any selfish or
ulterior motives in the making of such sacrifices? Were the methods employed in
the attainment of the ideal morally valid?
2. The moral character of the person. Did he do anything immoral to taint his
personal character? If there was any immorality, did it affect his work, society, or
ideal?
3. The influence of the person to his age or epoch and the succeeding eras.
On March 28,1993, then-President Fidel V. Ramos issued Executive Order

No.75,creating the National Heroes Committee whose aim is "to study, evaluate,and
explicitly recommend Filipino national personages as national heroes in due
recognition to their sterling character and remarkable achievements for the country."
A round-table discussion for the criteria for national heroes was held on June 3, 1993,
which was attended by historians Onofre D. Corpuz, Carmen Guerrero-Nakpil,
Dr.Samuel K.Tan, Dr. Marcelino Foronda, Dr. Alfredo Lagmay, Dr.Bernardita R.
Churchill, Dr. Serafin D. Quiason, and Professors Ambeth R. Ocampo and Minerva
Gonzales. The body adapted the definition of a hero drafted by Dr. Corpuz. He said,
"Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle
for the nation's freedom." He explained that our own struggle for freedom was
begun by Bonifacio and finished by Aguinaldo, the latter formally declaring revolution
a success. He also added that "Heroes are those who define and contribute to a
system of life and freedom and order for a nation. Freedom without order will only
lead to anarchy. Dr. Corpuz cited that persons who make the country. Constitution
and laws could be heroes, like Apolinario Mabini and Claro M. Recto. An important
element in considering heroism is the person's nationalism.
According to the group, a person could be considered a hero if he has a

concept of nation and thereafter aspires and struggles for the nation's freedom.
The person to be considered a national hero must be guided by the conviction of
national identity. This means that the person must identify himself with the nation
and would be willing to sacrifice for its benefit. Examples of these persons are Jose

Rizal, Andres Bonifacio,Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del.Pilar, who sought
to uplift the social conditions of the Philippines and not just a particular region or
ethnolinguistic group, The body also said that heroes are those who contribute to the
quality of life and destiny of a nation.
In another meeting of historians held on November 15, 1995, the National

Heroes Committee decided to adapt a criteria stating that "a hero is part of the
people's expression." However, the process of the people's internalization of a hero’s
life and works takes time with the youth forming part of that internalization. This
means that the appreciation of a person's contribution to history would require a
period of analysis and younger generations who are not part of the hero‘s era would
play a part in the objective study of his role.
Activity 2. Question and Answer

Read the question carefully. Answer directly in five sentences.

_____________________________________________
Jose Rizal as a national _____________________________________________
symbol, is not officially declared _____________________________________________
as a national hero. Why?
_____________________________________________
______________________________
Activity 3. Question and Answer

Enumerate the criteria for national heroes by the National Heroes Committee
created by Executive Order No. 75, 1993; and give a brief reaction.
(Criteria for National Heroes)
(Your Reaction)
Activity 4. The Speech (Endterm Exam-50 points)

Express your appreciation to the values advocated by Jose Rizal as our

National Hero through delivering a speech.
a. Speech Writing . You will write your own speech. The speech should not be
less than three paragraphs but not more than five. You will pass a copy of
your speech together with your other activities. (25 points)
b. Delivering your Speech . You will deliver the speech that you have written in a
video. The video should not be more than 5 minutes. Wear proper attire. (25
points)
Please see rubric on the next page for grading.
CRITERIA POINTS
Content/Topic (Specific, and has full knowledge) 30
Organization (Ideas, reasoning of points is logical) 10
Use of Language and other Mechanics (Gets Attention, 10
Appropriate to Speech)
Total 50


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REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

The Life and Works

This document is a property of NONESCOST

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

1. Discuss the background of the publication of El Filibusterismo;

Activity 1. Your Favorite Book

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 2

The Making of El Filibusterismo

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 3

A Barcelona newspaper La Publicidad, wherein it published a tribute

The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own handwriting in now

The Characters Symbolism

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 4

Simoun. Crisóstomo Ibarra reincarnated as a wealthy jeweler, bent on starting a

Basilio. Sisa's son, now an aspiring doctor

Kabesang Tales. Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de barangay (barangay

Don Custodio. Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de Monteredondo, a

Father Florentino. Isagani's godfather, and a secular priest; was engaged to be

Placido Penitente. A student of the University of Santo Tomas who is always

Quiroga. A Chinese businessman who dreamt of being a consul of a Consulate of

Father Fernandez. the priest-friend of Isagani. He promised to Isagani that he and

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 5

Attorney Pasta. One of the great lawyers of mid-Hispanic Manila

Summary of the Novel:

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 6

Noli is a romantic novel, it is a “work of the heart”, a book of feeling”. It has

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 7

The Portrayal of Characters of Diverse Gender in Noli and El Fili

Sisa was a caring but submissive woman. Unable to stand

Gender stereotyping is common in Philippine literature such in the case of

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 8

Furthermore, gender equality refers to promoting women’s sense of self-

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 9

Important Characters Rizal’s Time Today/Present

Activity 3. Compare and Contrast

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 10

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 11

The martyrdom of Jose Rizal in Bagumbayan had brought immense impact to

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Activity 1. Your Point of View

1. Do you love superhero movies or shows?

3. What made you like those movies or shows?

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 12

Bayani and Kabayanihan

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 13

The core value in being "bayani" is recognition of and deference to the

Definition of Bayani and Kabayanihan from Precolonial Philippines to Present

LWP 's Diksyunaryo meaning of ‘bayani’ is that one has to be dead to be a

The qualifier in the first meaning of "bayani" given in the Diksyunaryo

The Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala, Compuesto por Varios Religiosos

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 14

Read an excerpt from a column written by Ambeth Ocampo about ‘bayani’.

Activity 2. The Past and Present

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Activity 3 . Your Own Interpretation

Activity 4. A Tribute (Project-50 points)

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 17

This document is a property of NONESCOST Module 3 | Page 18

3 JOSE RIZAL AND PHILIPPINE

At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Activity 1. Some Artifact

Aside from monuments or busts, we can see the face or