MODULE 10: EL FILIBUSTERISMO IN GHENT (1891)

OVERVIEW OF THE MODULE:

This chapter includes Privations in Ghent; The Printing of El Filibusterismo; Ventura, the
Saviour of Fili; The Fili Comes of the Press; Dedicated to Gom-Bur-Za; The Manuscript
and the Book; ‘Noli” and “Fili” Compared; Rizal’s Unfinished Third Novel; and Rizal’s
Other Unfinished Novels

LEARNING OUTCOMES:
At the end of the session students are able to:
- Assess the characters, plot and theme of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, and
value the role of the youth in the development and future of the society.

PERIOD:
MIDTERM

WEEK:
11th WEEK

TIME ALLOTMENT:
3 hours /week

CONTENT DISCUSSION:

THE PUBLISHING OF EL FILIBUSTERISMO IN

GHENT (1891)

October, 1887- He begun writing it in Calamba

while practicing medicine. In 1888- He made
changes in the plot and revised the chapter already
written. He wrote more chapters in Paris, Madrid, and Biarritz On March 29, 1891- He
finished the manuscript in Biarritz after 3 years. From Brussels, Rizal moved to Ghent,
where printing was cheaper. On September 18, 1891- El Filibusterismo came off the
press.

Privations in Ghent

On July 5, 1891 Rizal left Brussels for Ghent Reasons: - The cost of living was lower -
The cost of printing in Ghent was cheaper than in Brussels - To escape from the
enticing attraction of Petite Suzanne. Owing to his limited funds Rizal lived in a cheap
boarding house, with Jose Alejandro as roommate. They lived frugally in Ghent for 3
months from July to September. To economize further on their living expenses, they
prepared their own breakfast.

The Printing of El Filibusterismo

The publisher F. Meyer-Van Loo Press, No. 66 Viaanderen Street who was willing to
print his book on instalment basis. He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down
payment and early partial expenses during the printing of the novel. Rizal became
desperate because his funds were running low. He received some money from Jose
Maria Basa and 200 from Rodriguez Arias for the copies of Morga’s Sucesos sold in
Manila but these funds were also used up.

July 1891 Rizal wrote a letter to Basa saying that if no money comes he will have to
stop its publication. On August 6 the printing had to be suspended, as Rizal feared,
because he could no longer give the necessary funds to the printer.

Valentin Ventura, Savior of the El Fili; and El Filibusterismo comes off the Press

Valentin Ventura heard Rizal’s predicament he immediately sent the amount of money
needed to finish the publication of the novel. September 18, 1891 the El Fili came off to
Press. Rizal immediately sent 2 copies to Hongkong one for Basa and the other to Sixto
Lopez. He gratefully gave the original manuscript of El Fili and a printed copy with his
autograph to Valentin Ventura. Filipino patriots praised the novel.

The members of the colony of Barcelona published a tribute in La Publicidad, a

Barcelona newspaper eulogizing the novel’s original style which “is comparable only to
the sublime “Alexander Dumas,” a model and precious jewel in the now decadent
literature of Spain.

The liberal Madrid newspaper, El Nuevo Regimen, serialized the novel in its issues of
October, 1891. All copies of the first edition (Ghent Edition) of El Fili were placed in
wooden boxes and shipped to Hong Kong, but almost all the boxes were confiscated
and all the books were lost. The book immediately became rare and few available
Ghent copies were sold at very high prices, reaching as high as 400 pesetas per copy.

Dedication of the Novel to Gom-Bur-Za

To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30
years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). The priests were executed in
Bagumabayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872. To straighten historical records,
however, we must rectify Rizal’s historical inaccuracies in his dedicatory note. The
martyrdom of Gomburza occurred on February 7, 1872. Father Gomez was 73 years
old – not 85, Father Burgos was 35 years – not 30, and Father Zamora was 37 years
old – not 35.

The Manuscript and the Book

The original manuscript of El Filibusterismo in Rizal’s own handwriting is now preserved

in the Filipiniana Division of the Bureau of Public Libraries, Manila. It had been acquired
by the Philippine Government from Valentin Ventura for 10,000 pesos. It consists of 279
pages of long sheets of paper. • The title page of El Fili contains an inscription written by
Ferdinand Blumentritt • Features that didn’t appear in the printed book.

FOREWORD

We have so often been frightened by the phantom of filibusterism that from only a
nurse’s narration it has become a positive and real whose name alone (in depriving us
of our serenity) makes us commit the greatest myths in order not to meet the feared
reality. Instead of fleeing, we shall look at its face, and with determined, if inexpert, hand
we shall raise the veil to uncover before the multitude the mechanism of the skeleton.

If upon seeing it, our country and its government reflect, we shall consider ourselves
happy no matter whether they censure us for the audacity, no matter we pay for it like
the young student of Sais who wished to penetrate the secret of priestly imposture. (On
the other hand, if in the face of reality, instead of being soothed, one’s fear is increased
and the trepidation of another is aggravated, then they will have to be left in the hands
of time which educates the living, in the hands of fatality which weaves the destinies of
peoples and their governments with the faults and errors that they are committing
everyday) –Europe, 1891- The Author

WARNING

They are going to waste their time who would attack this book by holding trifles, or who
from other motives, would try to discover in it more or less known physiognomies. True
to his purpose of exposing the disease, of the patient, and, in order not to divert himself
nor divert the reader, whilst he narrates only real facts which happened recently and are
absolutely authentic in substance, he has disfigured his characters so that they may not
turn to be the typical pictures some readers found in his first book. Man passes; his
vices remain, and to accentuate or show their effects, the pen of the writer aspires.
Inscription on the Title Page

The title page of El FIlibusterismo contains an inscription written by Ferdinand

Blumentritt. This inscription, which is not found in many published English translations
and is as follows:

It can be easily supposed that a rebel (filibuster) has secretly bewitched the league of
friar-zealots and retrogrades so that, unwittingly following his incitements, they should
favour and forment that policy which pursues one sole end; to spread ideas of rebellion
throughout the length and breadth of the land, and to convince every Filipino that there
is no salvation except through separation from the Mother Country. –Ferdinand
Blumentritt

Major Characters

• Simoun – the main protagonist of the story a rich jeweler.

• Dona Victorina – ridiculously a pro-spanish woman
• Tiburcio de Espadana – husband of Dona Victorina
• Paulita Gomez – beautiful niece of Don Tiburcio
• Ben-Zayb – Spanish journalist who writes silly articles about Filipinos
• Padre Sibyla – Vice-Rector of UST
• Padre Camorra – spanish priest of Tiani
• Don Custodio – pro-spanish Filipino holding a high position in the government
• Padre Salvi – Franciscan friar a former cura of San Diego
• Padre Irene – a kind friar who was a friend to Filipino students
• Padre Florentino – a retired scholarly and patriotic Filipino priest

Other Characters

• Isagani – nephew of Padre Florentino and lover of Paulita

• Basilio – son of Sisa a promising medical student
• Capitan Tiago – patron of Basilio
• Quiroga – rich Chinese merchant
• Cabesang Tales – father of Juli dispossessed of his land in Tiani by friars
• Juli – the lover of Basilio
• Makaraig – rich and leader of Filipino students in their movement to learn Spanish in
the academy
• Padre Millon – teaches Physics in UST w/o experiments
• Placido Penitente – student of Padre Millon who became disoriented bcause of the
poor methods of instruction
• Senor Pasta – old Filipino lawyer who refuses to help Filipino students in their
advocacy
• Tandang Selo – grandfather of Juli
• Mr. American – owner of the sideshow at the fair of Quiapo exhibiting an Egyptian
Mummy.
• Sandoval – a Spanish student who supports the cause of the Filipino students to
propagate the teaching of Spanish
• Cabesa Andang – mother of Placido Penitente
• Pepay – pretty dancer and mistress of Don Custodio
• Padre Fernandez – a good dominican friar and friend of Isagani
• Don Timoteo – father of Juanito Pelaez
• Tano – son Cabesang Tales and brother of Juli
• Chichay – the silversmith who made the bridal earring for Paulita Gomez

The Characters from El Filibusterismo were draw by Rizal from real life – Padre
Florentino was Father Leoncio Lopez – Isagani was Vicente Ilustre – Paulita Gomez
was Leonor Rivera.

Synopsis of the El Filibusterismo

In the events of the previous novel, Crisóstomo Ibarra, a reform-minded mestizo who
tried to establish a modern school in his hometown of San Diego and marry his
childhood sweetheart, was falsely accused of rebellion and presumed dead after a
shootout following his escape from prison. Elías, his friend who was also a reformer,
sacrificed his life to give Crisóstomo a chance to regain his treasure and flee the
country, and hopefully continue their crusade for reforms from abroad. After a thirteen-
year absence from the country, a more revolutionary Crisóstomo has returned, having
taken the identity of Simoun, a corrupt jeweler whose objective is to drive the
government to commit as much abuse as possible in order to drive people into
revolution.

Simoun goes from town to town presumably to sell his jewels. In San Diego, he goes to
the Ibarra mausoleum to retrieve more of his treasure but accidentally runs into Basilio,
who was then also in the mausoleum visiting his mother's grave. In the years since the
death of his mother, Basilio had been serving as Kapitán Tiago's servant in exchange
for being allowed to study. He is now an aspiring doctor on his last year at university as
well as heir to Kapitán Tiago's wealth. When Basilio recognizes Simoun as Crisóstomo
Ibarra, Simoun reveals his motives to Basilio and offers him a place in his plans. To
secure of his place in the world, Basilio declines.

At Barrio Sagpang in the town of Tiani, Simoun stays at the house of the village's
cabeza de barangay, Tales. Having suffered misfortune after misfortune in recent years,
Kabesang Tales is unable to resist the temptation to steal Simoun's revolver and join
the bandits.

In Los Baños, Simoun joins his friend, the Captain-General, who is then taking a break
from a hunting excursion. In a friendly game of cards with him and his cronies, Simoun
raises the stakes higher and higher and half-jokingly secures blank orders for
deportation, imprisonment, and summary execution from the Captain-General.

At the Quiapo Fair in Manila, a talking heads exhibit ostensibly organized by a certain
Mr. Leeds but secretly commissioned by Simoun is drawing popular acclaim. Padre
Bernardo Salví, now chaplain of the Convent of the Poor Clares, attends one of the
performances. The exhibit is set in Ptolemaic Egypt but features a tale that closely
resembled that of Crisóstomo Ibarra, María Clara, their fate under Salví, and ends with
an ominous vow of revenge. Deeply overcome with fear and guilt, Salví has the show
banned, but not before Mr. Leeds has already sailed for Hong Kong.

Simoun meets with Quiroga, a wealthy Chinese businessman and aspiring consul-
general for the Chinese empire. Quiroga is heavily in Simoun's debt, but Simoun offers
him a steep discount if Quiroga does him a favor—to store Simoun's massive arsenal of
rifles in Quiroga's warehouses, to be used presumably for extortion activities with
Manila's elite. Quiroga, who hated guns, reluctantly obliges.

Months have passed and the night of Simoun's revolution arrives. Simoun visits Basilio
in Tiago's house and gives him one last offer to join his revolution. Simoun's plan is for a
cannon volley to be fired, at which point Kabesang Tales, now a bandit who calls
himself Matanglawin, and Simoun who managed to deceive and recruit a sizable rogue
force among the government troops, will lead their forces into the city. The leaders of
the Church, the University, scores of bureaucrats, the Captain-General himself, as well
as the bulk of government troops guarding them are conveniently in one location, the
theater where a controversial and much-hyped performance of Les Cloches de
Corneville is taking place. While Simoun and Matanglawin direct their forces, Basilio
and several others are to force open the door of the Convent of the Poor Clares and
rescue María Clara.

However, Basilio reports to Simoun that María Clara died just that afternoon, killed by
the travails of monastic life under Salví, who always lusted after her. Simoun, driven by
grief, is distracted and crestfallen throughout the night. It will be reported later on that he
suffered an "accident" that night, leaving him confined to his bed. His revolution is
aborted.

The following day posters threatening violence to the leaders of the university and the
government are found at the university doors. A reform-oriented student group to which
Basilio belonged is named the primary suspects; the members are arrested. They are
eventually freed through the intercession of relatives, except for Basilio who is an
orphan and has no means to pay for his freedom. During his imprisonment, he learns
that Capitan Tiago has died, leaving him nothing (but Tiago's last will was actually
altered by Padre Írene, Tiago's spiritual advisor who also supplies him with opium); his
childhood sweetheart has committed suicide to avoid getting raped by the parish priest
when she tried to approach him on Basilio's behalf; and that he has missed his
graduation and will be required to study for another year, but now with no funds to go
by. Released through the intercession of Simoun, a darkened, disillusioned Basilio joins
Simoun's cause wholeheartedly.

Simoun, meanwhile, has been organizing a new revolution, and he reveals his plans to
a now committed Basilio. He will use the wedding of Juanito Peláez and Paulita Gomez
to coordinate the attack upon the city. As the Peláez and Gomez families are prominent
members of the Manila elite, leaders of the church and civil government are invited to
the reception. The Captain-General, who declined to extend his tenure despite Simoun's
urging, is leaving in two days and is the guest of honor.

Simoun will personally deliver a pomegranate-shaped crystal lamp as a wedding gift.

The lamp is to be placed on a plinth at the reception venue and will be bright enough to
illuminate the entire hall, which was also walled with mirrors. After some time the light
will flicker as if to go out. When someone attempts to raise the wick, a mechanism
hidden within the lamp containing fulminated mercury will detonate, igniting the lamp
which is actually filled with nitroglycerin, killing everyone in an enormous blast.

At the sound of the explosion, Simoun's mercenaries will attack, reinforced by

Matanglawin and his bandits who will descend upon the city from the surrounding hills.
Simoun postulates that at the chaos, the masses, already worked to a panic by the
government's heavy-handed response to the poster incident, as well as rumors that
German ships are at the bay to finish what the revolution fails to destroy, will step out in
desperation to kill or be killed. Basilio and a few others are to put themselves at their
head and lead them to Quiroga's warehouses, where Simoun's guns are still being kept.
The plan thus finalized, Simoun gives Basilio a loaded revolver and sends him away to
await further instructions.

Basilio walks the streets for hours and passes by his old home, Kapitán Tiago's
riverside house on Anloague Street. He discovers that this was to be the reception
venue – Juanito Peláez's father bought Tiago's house as a gift for the newlywed couple.
Sometime later, he sees Simoun enter the house with the lamp, then hastily exit the
house and board his carriage. Basilio begins to move away but sees Isagani, his friend
and Paulita Gomez's former lover, sadly looking at Paulita through the window. Noting
how close they were to the condemned house, Basilio tries to head Isagani off, but the
young man was too dazed with grief to listen to him. In desperation, Basilio reveals to
Isagani how the house is set to explode at any time then, but when Isagani still refuses
to heed him, Basilio flees, leaving Isagani to his fate.

Isagani is temporarily, rather belatedly unnerved by Basilio's revelation. Isagani runs

into the house, seizes the lamp leaving the hall in darkness, and throws it into the river.
With the house not exploding and the church and government authorities having been
spared, Simoun's second revolution is aborted as well.

In the following days, as the trappings at the reception venue are torn down, sacks
containing gunpowder are discovered hidden under the boards all over the house.
Simoun, who had directed the renovations, is exposed. His friend, the Captain-General,
having left for Spain, Simoun, without his protector, is forced to flee. A manhunt ensues
and Simoun is chased as far away as the shores of the Pacific. He then spends the rest
of his days hiding in the ancestral mansion of Padre Florentino, Isagani's uncle.

One day, the lieutenant of the local Guardia Civil informs Florentino that he received an
order to arrest Simoun that night. In response, Simoun drinks the slow-acting poison
which he always kept in a compartment in his treasure chest. Before dying, Simoun
makes his final confession to Florentino. Simoun reveals his true name, to Florentino's
shock. He then goes on to narrate how thirteen years before, as Crisóstomo Ibarra, he
lost everything in the Philippines despite his good intentions. Crisóstomo swore
vengeance. Retrieving the treasure buried beneath the Ibarra mausoleum in the forest,
Crisóstomo fled to foreign lands and engaged in trade. He took part in the war in Cuba,
aiding first one side and then another, but always profiting. There Crisóstomo met the
Captain-General, who was then a major, whose goodwill he won first by loans of
money, and afterwards by covering for his criminal activity. Crisóstomo bribed his way
to secure the major's promotion to Captain-General and his assignment to the
Philippines. Once in the country, Crisóstomo then used him as a blind tool and incited
him to all kinds of injustice, availing himself of the Captain-General's insatiable lust for
gold.

The confession is long and arduous, and night has fallen before Crisóstomo has
finished. In the end, Florentino assures Crisóstomo of God's mercy, but explains that his
revolution failed because he has chosen means that God cannot sanction. Crisóstomo
bitterly accepts the explanation. After a while, he dies in silence.

Realizing that the arresting officers will confiscate Crisóstomo's possessions, Florentino
divests him of his jewels and casts them into the Pacific, proclaiming that if they should
be needed for some righteous cause, God will provide the means to draw them out. For
the time being, hidden under the sea, they will not be used to distort justice or to incite
greed.

Noli and Fili Compared

Noli FILI - Romantic Novel - political novel - Work of the heart - work of the head - A
book of feeling - a book of thought - It has freshness, color, - it contains bitterness,
humor, lightness, and wit hatred, pain, violence, and sorrow.
The original intention of Rizal was to make the FIli longer than the Noli. As printed,
however, it is shorter than the Noli. It contains 38 chapters as against the Noli’s 64.
Rizal had to cut the Fili drastically owing to lack of funds.

The issue of which is the superior novel. Noli or the Fili is purely academic. Both are
good novels from the point of view of history. Both depict with realistic colors the actual
conditions of the Philippines and the Filipinos during the decadent days of Spanish rule.
Both are instrumental in awakening the spirit of Filipino nationalism. Both are
responsible in paving the ground for Philippine Revolution that brought about the
downfall of Spain and El Fili is a true twin of Noli.

Rizal’s The Unfinished 3rd Novel

September 22, 1891 Rizal wrote to Blumetritt saying that he’s thinking of writing a third
novel where ethics will play principal role. October 18, 1891 boarded the steamer
Melbourne in Marseilles bound for Hong Kong. During the voyage he wrote the third
novel in Tagalog in which he intended for Tagalog readers. In Hong kong he continued
it, but did not finish it because his Tagalog was inadequate for literary purposes. The
unfinished 3rd novel has no title. It consists of 44 pages in Rizal’s handwriting. The
manuscript is still preserved in the Bureau of Public Libraries. The hero of the novel was
Kamandagan, a descendant of Lakan-Dula, last king of Tondo. He plotted to regain the
lost freedom of his fathers. It is said that Rizal was fortunate not to finish this novel,
because it would have caused greater scandal and more Spanish vengeance on him.

Rizal’s Other Unfinished Novels

• Makamisa - a tagalog novel - written in light sarcastic style - incomplete with only 2
chapters - consists of only of 20 pages
• Dapitan - written in Ironic Spanish - he wrote it while in Dapitan to depict the town life
and customs - Consists of 8 pages
• A novel in Spanish about the life in Pili, a town in Laguna - consist of 147 pages -
without title
• Another unfinished novel of Rizal, also without title, is about Cristobal, a youthful
Filipino student who has returned from Europe - consists if 34 pages
• The beginning of another novel are contained in two notebooks. The first notebook
contains 31 written pages while the second contains 12 pages - written in Spanish and
the style is ironic.

REFERENCES

BOOKS:
Dumol, Paul Arvisu, and Camposano, Clement (2018) A Nation as a Project, Vibal
Group Inc. Araneta Avenue cor. Maria Clara Street, Talayan, Quezon City, Philippines

Ramos, John Ray, Bayani Biographies: Jose Rizal, Saint Matthew’s Publishing,
Copyright 2018

Zaide, Gregorio, and Zaide, Sonia, Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius
Writer, Scientist, and National Hero, National Bookstore, Mandaluyong, Metro Manila,
1984

NEWSPAPERS/ JOURNALS/ UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS:

INTERNET/ ELECTRONIC REFERENCES:

DIGITAL IMAGES AND VIDEOS:

LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ RUBRICS:

I. Multiple Choice. DIRECTIONS: Encircle the letter that corresponds to the statements
provided below.
1. The publisher F. Meyer-Van Loo Press, No. 66 Viaanderen Street who was willing to
print his book on instalment basis. He pawned his jewels in order to pay the down
payment and early partial expenses during the printing of the novel. Rizal became
desperate because his funds were running low. He received some money from Basa
and 200 from Rodriguez Arias for the copies of Morga’s Sucesos sold in Manila but
these funds were also used up.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels
.
2. Makamisa - a tagalog novel - written in light sarcastic style - incomplete with only 2
chapters - consists of only of 20 pages.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

3. Dapitan - written in Ironic Spanish - he wrote it while in Dapitan to depict the town life
and customs - Consists of 8 pages.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

4. After a thirteen-year absence from the country, a more revolutionary Crisóstomo has
returned, having taken the identity of Simoun, a corrupt jeweler whose objective is to
drive the government to commit as much abuse as possible in order to drive people into
revolution.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

5. Quiroga, a wealthy Chinese businessman and aspiring consul-general for the

Chinese empire. Quiroga is heavily in Simoun's debt, but Simoun offers him a steep
discount if Quiroga does him a favor—to store Simoun's massive arsenal of rifles in
Quiroga's warehouses, to be used presumably for extortion activities with Manila's elite.
Quiroga, who hated guns, reluctantly obliges.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

6. To the memory of the priests, the novel El FIlbusterismo was authored, Don Mariano
Gomez (85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora (35
years old). The priests were executed in Bagumabayan Field on the 28th of February,
1872.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

7. Valentin Ventura heard Rizal’s predicament he immediately sent the amount of

money needed to finish the publication of the novel. September 18, 1891 the El Fili
came off to Press. Rizal immediately sent 2 copies to Hongkong one for Basa and the
other to Sixto Lopez. He gratefully gave the original manuscript of El Fili and a printed
copy with his autograph to Valentin Ventura.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels
8. A novel in Spanish about the life in Pili, a town in Laguna - consist of 147 pages -
without title.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

9. Placido Penitente – student of Padre Millon who bacame disoriented bcause of the
poor methods of instruction.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

10. Ben-Zayb – Spanish journalist who writes silly articles about Filipinos.
A. The Printing of El Filibusterismo
B. Dedication of the Novel “El Fili” to GOMBURZA
C. Major and Other Characters of El FIlibusterismo
D. Rizal’s Unfiinshed Novels

II. Essay Writing. DIRECTIONS: Your essay will be scored using the following criteria:
1. Comprehension in given questions (3 points) 2. Clarity of Content (3 points), 3.
Logical Organization of Ideas (2 points), 4. Accuracy in the following conventions (2
points) (Grammar, Capitalization, Punctuation, and Spelling)

Answer the following questions:

1. What has conspired Dr. Jose Rizal to write the El Filibusterismo novel?
2. What has been the biggest struggle or conflict in the creation process and in the
publishing process of the El FIlibusterismo novel? Explain your answer.
3. Did the El FIlibusterismo depict the lives of Filipinos and Spaniards in the Philippines
during that time? How were it so?