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RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED KINEMATIC VARIABLES OF

JUDO PLAYERS OF DIFFERENT HEIGHT IN

IPPON SEOI NAGE

BY
DHARMENDRA NARWARIA

A THESIS

Submitted To Department Of Teacher Education

Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education

Gwalior In Lieu Of a Paper for the Degree Of

Master of Physical Education

MAY 2011




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s/d;ŽŶƚĚ͘͘͘Ϳ

SEMINARS AND CONFERENCES



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ĞĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶͿ͘


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ƒ dƌĂŝŶĞĚƚŚĞ<͘'͘ĐŚŝůĚƌĞŶƐĐŚŽŽůĨŽƌŵĂƐƐĚĞŵŽŶƐƚƌĂƚŝŽŶͲϮϬϬϴ͘
ƒ ƐĂƚĞĐŚŶŝĐĂůŽĨĨŝĐŝĂůŝŶĚŝƐƚƌŝĐƚũƵĚŽĐŚĂŵƉŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŚĞůĚĂƚ'ǁĂůŝŽƌŝŶϮϬϬϴ͘
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,/sDEd^W>zZ

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ϰ



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dŚĞƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚƐĐŚŽůĂƌĞdžƚĞŶĚƐŚŝƐƐŝŶĐĞƌĞŐƌĂƚŝƚƵĚĞƚŽDĂũ͘'ĞŶ͘^͘^͘WĂǁĂƌ;s^DͿ͕ƚŚĞ
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ŚŝŵƚŚĞŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƚLJƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJĂŶĚĂůƐŽĨŽƌŚŝƐǀĂůƵĂďůĞĂƐƐŝƐƚĂŶĐĞ͕ĐŽŶƐƚƌƵĐƚŝŽŶ͕
ĐƌŝƚŝĐŝƐŵĂŶĚŶĐŽƵƌĂŐĞŵĞŶƚ͘

EŽǁĂƌĚƐĂƌĞĂĚĞƋƵĂƚĞƚŽĞdžƉƌĞƐƐƚŚĞƐĞŶƚŝŵĞŶƚƐŽĨĞǀĞƌůĂƐƚŝŶŐŐƌĂƚŝƚƵĚĞĂŶĚƌĞƐƉĞĐƚ
ƚŽŵLJŐƵŝĚĞWƌŽĨ͘ƌ͘'͘͘',/͕>ĂŬƐŚŵŝďĂŝEĂƚŝŽŶĂůhŶŝǀĞƌƐŝƚLJŽĨWŚLJƐŝĐĂůĚƵĐĂƚŝŽŶ͕'ǁĂůŝŽƌ
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ŐĂǀĞƚŚƌŽƵŐŚŽƵƚǁƌŝƚŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƚŚĞƐŝƐ͘

^ŝŶĐĞƌĞĂƉƉƌĞĐŝĂƚŝŽŶŝƐĂůƐŽŽĨĨĞƌĞĚƚŽĂůůƐƚƵĚĞŶƚƐǁŚŽƉĂƚŝĞŶƚůLJĂĐƚĞĚĂƐƐƵďũĞĐƚƐĨŽƌ
ƚŚŝƐ^ƚƵĚLJ͘

'ƌĂƚĞĨƵůƚŚĂŶŬƐĂƌĞĂůƐŽŐŝǀĞŶƚŽƚŚĞůŝďƌĂƌŝĂŶĂŶĚƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌƐƚĂĨĨƐŽĨƚŚĞ/ŶƐƚŝƚƵƚŝŽŶĨŽƌ
ƚŚĞƚŝŵĞůLJŚĞůƉĂŶĚĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶŝŶĐŽŵƉůĞƚŝŽŶŽĨƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJ͘

^ŝŶĐĞƌĞ ƚŚĂŶŬƐ ĂƌĞ ĂůƐŽ ĞdžƚĞŶĚĞĚ ƚŽ Ăůů ƚŚŽƐĞ ŶĂŵĞůLJ Dƌ͘ WĂƌĚĞĞƉ <ƵŵĂƌ͕ Dƌ͘
WƌĂƐĞŶũŝƚ ŝƐǁĂƐ͕ Dƌ͘ ƌƵŶ ^ŝŶŐŚ ZĂƚŚŽƌĞ͕ Dƌ͘ ZĂũŝǀ ^ŝŶŐŚ͕ ͕ Dƌ͘ ^ĂŶŐƌĂŵ ŚĂƚƚĂĐŚĂƌĂLJĂ͕
Dƌ͘hŵĂŬĂŶƚ͕Dƌ͘sŝǀĞŬZĂŬŚŽůĂ͕Dƌ͘hĚŝƚ͕Dƌ͘ZĂũĞƐŚ'ƵƐĂŝŶ ĂŶĚDƐ͘^ŚǁĞƚĂŝƐŚƚǁŚŽŚĂǀĞ
ŚĞůƉĞĚŝŶƐŽŵĞǁĂLJŽƌƚŚĞŽƚŚĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŬŝŶŐƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJĂƐƵĐĐĞƐƐ͕ǁŝƚŚŽƵƚǁŚŽƐĞĐŽŽƉĞƌĂƚŝŽŶ
ƚŚĞ^ƚƵĚLJǁŽƵůĚŚĂǀĞďĞĞŶŝŵƉŽƐƐŝďůĞ͘

>ĂƐƚůLJ͕ ƚŚĞ ƌĞƐĞĂƌĐŚ ƐĐŚŽůĂƌ ǁŽƵůĚ ůŝŬĞ ƚŽ ƚŚĂŶŬ Ăůů ƚŚŽƐĞ ǁŚŽ ŚĂǀĞ ďĞĞŶ Ă ƐŚŽǁĞƌ
ŝŶƐƉŝƌĂƚŝŽŶĞǀĞƌƐŝŶĐĞ ĂŶĚĚŝƌĞĐƚĞĚŵĞǁŝƚŚĞŶƚŚƵƐŝĂƐŵ͕ŵŽƌĂůƐƵƉƉŽƌƚĂŶĚƐŚĞĂƌŝŶŶŽǀĂƚŝŽŶ
ŐĞŶŝƵƐƚŽƵŶĚĞƌƚĂŬĞĂĐŽŵƉůĞƚĞƚŚŝƐƐƚƵĚLJ͘

ϱ



d>K&KEdEd

>/^dK&d>^

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ         WĂŐĞƐ

/͘/EdZKhd/KEϬϵͲϮϯ

^ddDEdK&WZK>D

>/D/dd/KE^

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,zWKd,^/^

&/E/d/KEEyW>/Ed/KEK&d,dZD^

^/'E/&/EK&d,^dhz

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ

//Zs/tK&Z>d>/dZdhZ   ϮϰͲϯϰ

ŚĂƉƚĞƌ

///WZKhZ      ϯϱͲϰϭ

^>d/KEK&^h:d^

Z/dZ/KED^hZ^

WZKhZ&KZD/E/^dZd/KEK&d^d

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ŚĂƉƚĞƌ

/sE>z^/^K&dEZ^h>d^K&d,^dhzϰϮͲϰϵ

&/E/E'^

/^h^^/KEK&&/E/E'^

d^d/E'K&,zWKd,^/^



ŚĂƉƚĞƌ

s^hDDZz͕KE>h^/KEEZKDDEd/KEϱϬͲϱϮ

^hDDZz

KE>h^/KE

ZKDDEd/KE^



/>/K'ZW,zϱϯͲϱϳ
 

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d>K&KEdEd;ŽŶƚĚ͘Ϳ

>/^dK&d>^ ǭ

 
^ů͘EŽ WĂŐĞ
dĂďůĞƐ EŽ͘

 
ϭ >ŽĐĂƚŝŽŶŽĨĐĞŶƚƌĞŽĨŐƌĂǀŝƚLJŽĨďŽĚLJƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƐ Ϯϯ

Ϯ tĞŝŐŚƚŽĨďŽĚLJƐĞŐŵĞŶƚƐƌĞůĂƚŝǀĞƚŽƚŽƚĂůďŽĚLJǁĞŝŐŚƚ Ϯϰ

ϯ ZĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŽĨƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĂŶŐƵůĂƌŬŝŶĞŵĂƚŝĐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐĂƚƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ Ϯϳ
ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶŝƉƉŽŶƐĞŽŝŶĂŐĞŽĨ
ƐŵĂůůŚĞŝŐŚƚŐƌŽƵƉ

ϰ ZĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŽĨƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĂŶŐƵůĂƌŬŝŶĞŵĂƚŝĐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐĂƚƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ Ϯϴ
ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶŝƉƉŽŶƐĞŽŝŶĂŐĞŽĨ
ŵĞĚŝƵŵŚĞŝŐŚƚŐƌŽƵƉ

ϱ ZĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŽĨƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚĂŶŐƵůĂƌŬŝŶĞŵĂƚŝĐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐĂƚƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚ Ϯϵ
ŵŽŵĞŶƚƐǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶŝƉƉŽŶƐĞŽŝŶĂŐĞŽĨ
ƚĂůůŚĞŝŐŚƚŐƌŽƵƉ

ϲ ZĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŽĨůŝŶĞĂƌŬŝŶĞŵĂƚŝĐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐĂƚƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŵŽŵĞŶƚƐ ϯϬ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶŝƉƉŽŶƐĞŽŝŶĂŐĞŽĨƐŵĂůůŚŝŐŚƚ
ŐƌŽƵƉ

ϳ ZĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŽĨůŝŶĞĂƌŬŝŶĞŵĂƚŝĐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐĂƚƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŵŽŵĞŶƚƐ ϯϭ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶŝƉƉŽŶƐĞŽŝŶĂŐĞŽĨŵĞĚŝƵŵ
ŚŝŐŚƚŐƌŽƵƉ

ϴ ZĞůĂƚŝŽŶƐŚŝƉŽĨůŝŶĞĂƌŬŝŶĞŵĂƚŝĐǀĂƌŝĂďůĞƐĂƚƐĞůĞĐƚĞĚŵŽŵĞŶƚƐ ϯϮ
ǁŝƚŚƚŚĞƉĞƌĨŽƌŵĂŶĐĞŽĨƐƵďũĞĐƚƐŝŶŝƉƉŽŶƐĞŽŝŶĂŐĞŽĨƚĂůůŚŝŐŚƚ
ŐƌŽƵƉ

ϴ



Chapter I
INTRODUCTION

Biomechanics is the sport science field that applies the laws of

mechanics and physics to human performance, in order to gain a greater
understanding of performance in athletic events through modelling,
simulation and measurement. It is also necessary to have a good
understanding of the application of physics to sport, as physical principles
such as motion, resistance, momentum and friction play a part in most
sporting events.

Biomechanics is the study of the structure and function of biological

V\VWHPVE\PHDQVRIWKHPHWKRGVRI³PHFKDQLFV´± which is the branch of
physics involving analysis of the actions of forces. :LWKLQ ³PHFKDQLFV´
there are two sub-fields of study: (1) statics, which is the study of systems
that are in a state of constant motion either at rest (with no motion) or
moving with a constant velocity; and (2) dynamics, which is the study of
systems in motion in which acceleration is present, which may involve
kinematics (i.e., the study of the motion of bodies with respect to time,
displacement, velocity, and speed of movement either in a straight line or in
a rotary direction) and kinetics (the study of the forces associated with
motion, including forces causing motion and forces resulting from motion).

Biomechanics is therefore not kinesiology (which is often another

name for physical education). There are numerous titles of books that are
confusing, especially since the titles suggest more than the definition of
ϵ



biomechanics that was stated earlier. Examples include, but are limited to,
Fundamentals of Sports Biomechanics, The Mechanics of Athletics,
Scientific Principles of Coaching, Biomechanical Analysis of Sport,
Biomechanics of Sports Techniques, Biomechanics of Human Motion, and
Mechanical Kinesiology.

Athletes use biomechanics as a way to improve their form. By

improving their form they will better optimize their performance levels that
could be the difference between winning the gold and not even making the
final. Today video analyses are a must for elite athletes.

It is this way that they can watch themselves and point out even the
smallest mistakes and can then work hard to rectify them.

$ VSULQW UDFH FDQ EH RYHU LQ DV OLWWOH DV  VHFRQGV 7KH DWKOHWHV¶
biomechanical form must be near perfect to perform at the elite level where
1/100 of second makes a huge difference. The process of getting out the
blocks as quickly as possible and into a desirable position to promote
absolute speed and power has turned into an art form for some sports
biomechanics specialists.

There are 6 steps in the principle of achieving biomechanical

efficiency out of the starting blocks.
x To establish a balanced position in the starting blocks.
x To obtain a body position where the center of gravity is as high as is
practical and slightly forward of the base of support.

ϭϬ



x To apply force against the blocks in a line through the ankle, knees and
hip joints, the center of the trunk and the head.
x To apply this force against the blocks and through the body at an angle
of approximately 45 Degrees.
x To establish the optimum knee joint angles in both the front and rear leg.
x To clear the blocks on balance and with the greatest possible velocity.

Sports biomechanics can help an athlete work out the technical kinks
in their armor so that they can take the next development step forward.
Biomechanics not only help athletes to perform at maximum performance
but can also help athletes avoid injuries and help in the rehabilitation.
Technology today has improved in such a way as athletes can see where
their deficiencies are and help build that area to stop from being injured.
Doctors can see where an athlete is compensating certain muscles in order
to protect others. From that they can seek out the problem a lot of the time
before the athlete realizes there is a problem.

In general, there are two approaches used to study mechanical

aspects of human movement. There is the quantitative approach that
involves the use of numbers. This approach helps to eliminate subjective
description and relies on data from the use of different instruments. It is a
more scientific, publishable, and predictable analysis than the qualitative
approach that implies that the movement is described without the use of
numbers. This approach is used a lot in coaching and during the teaching
of sports. skills. Both quantitative and qualitative descriptions play
important roles in the biomechanical analysis of human movement.

ϭϭ



Biomechanical analyses can be divided into four areas.

(1) Non-cinematographic analysis.
(2) Basic cinematographic analysis.
(3) Intermediate cinematographic analysis.
(4) Biomechanics research.

Non-cinematographic analysis is the most common analytical

technique used in sports by coaches, athletes, and others. No film or
videotape is used in capturing the performance and/or component parts of
the execution of the motor skill. It requires a disciplined approach to
observing and, then, analyzing skills, but does not require intricate
mathematical calculations. It does require a full understanding of
biomechanical principles. Obviously, a qualitative analysis is subject to
some error in interpretation.

Basic cinematographic analysis involves the use of film or videotape

for improving performance. It does not involve any mathematical
calculations. One advantage of noncinematographic analysis is that you
can see the movements in slow motion (frame by frame). The analysis
allows for seeing what actually occurred versus what you may think took
place. It is helpful in reducing the amount of guess work and, thus error in
correcting motor skills since it is a qualitative analysis.
Intermediate cinematographic analysis requires some mathematical
computations to enhance the analysis. The use of film is necessary to
capture the motor skill and subsequent analysis. It is a quantitative
analysis, where velocity and force (along with other data) are calculated,

ϭϮ



thus allowing for a significant reduction in guess work in analysis of

component parts of a given skill. As a result, the analysis increases the
chances of teaching the skill correctly.

Biomechanics research involves highly sophisticated biomechanical

equipment, such as high speed cameras, EMG for muscle involvement,
force plates, transducers, computers, and much more. The equipment
allows for very accurate determination of factors that influence human
performance. It is the method for publishing in scientific journals, and
usually a doctorate in biomechanics is needed. As you might imagine, it
takes a lot of time to reduce the data before treated with statistical
procedures.

There are two ways to assess mechanical efficiency. The first is

based on mathematics. I($WKOHWH$¶VYHUWLFDOOHDSLV;QXPEHURILQFKHV
ZKHUHDVDWKOHWH %¶V YHUWLFDO OHDS LV<DPRXQWRI LQFKHV Thus, you have
calculated their efficiency based on pure numbers.

When applied to bodybuilding, you can question your strength on a

certain lift. If it has remained stagnant for some time, you will want to
approach that lift so as to increase your ability in the area. This is a non
VXEMHFWLYHDSSURDFKDQGLVNQRZQDV³TXDQWLWLYHDVVHVVPHQW

The second method in the study of mechanics is much more

subjective. For example, you might have someone film you during a posing
routine on stage. Or, during a certain exercise such as the squat. By

ϭϯ



viewing your squat you can pick out mechanical errors in your approach
and fix them. Such an approach calls for a trained eye, and a sufficient
knowledge base in posture and alignment. Such an approach is deemed a "
qualitive " assessment.
Judo in the wide sense can be physical culture in the narrow sense a
sports. As a physical it can be an entrance into a special form of physical
experience an expression of an intrinsic need, an increase of awareness of
what the body is capable of doing. As a sport the individual can participate
LQ YLROHQW FRPSHWLWLRQ H[SHULHQFH WKH FRQIOLFWV RI RQH¶V VNLOO RSSRVH WR
another as a man made skill it can develop the bed as well as the good in
any personality.

Judo, which is translate as the gentle way teach the principle of

flexibility in the application of technique. This is the flexible or efficient
use of balance, leverage and movement in the performance of judo throw
and other skill. Skill, technique and timing rather than the use of brute
strength are the essential ingredients for success in judo.

The principle physical qualities which determine the efficiency in

contest of judo, are technique, power and fitness other factors also play an
important role in the makeup of the efficient player; therefore the contest
player should strive to develop all such qualities. In sporting competition
the aim is ultimately to match the playing ability of competitors, related to
skill and to arrive at an order of merit.

ϭϰ



At elite levels of the sport it is important that the coach can explain to
his/her students in precise detail to execute techniques in order for them to
achieve the ippon they desire in contest and to apply their knowledge to
create chances and learn new technique. There are a vast number of
different throw in judo but the best approach would be to make the
opponent off balance with the help of kuzushi, so that his centre of gravity
moves away from its base, and a throwing technique can be applied to the
side opponent is falling. From this definition and through experience, the
fundamental constituent of a successful throw are breaking balance and
then being able to turn and control the opponent onto his/her back.

The human frame is well balanced on its two legs when standing
upright. In order to throw or apply any technique successfully this
equilibrium needs to be upset by moving the centre of gravity outside the
supportive base. The balance exists if the gravity line passes vertically with
in the area of support.
The centre of gravity of a human being is normally located little
above the naval during normal standing position however its location can
change with body movement, for example when raising the arms center of
gravity moves up and it is more difficult to maintain balance. The increased
VWDELOLW\IURPORZHULQJRQH¶VFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\LVGXHWRWKHIDFWWKDWWKHUHLV
a greater angular displacement is greater in sitting then in raised arm
standing position when concerning lateral force.

Many books have been published about judo to explain its technique,
yet it must be appreciated that to every basic technique there are personal

ϭϱ



variation or adjustment made. However, every technique retains the basic

principle of breaking the balance and controlling the opponent on to their
back. Failure to do this results in a reduction in technical value and score.
Tai-otoshi (side body drop, a hand technique in judo) can basically be
broken down into two sections, the breaking of balance and then the control
of the opponent onto his/her back. Both sections can be explained
technically and mechanically.

The execution of tai-otoshi is best done when uke is advancing

towards tori and ideal timing is just before the leading foot of uke lands on
WKHIORRU$WWKLVSRLQWXNH¶VFHQWUHRIJUDYLW\LVDWLWVKLJKHVWSRLQWGXULQJ
transfer of the weight from the back leg to the leading foot. This when a
pulling force is applied tKURXJK WKH JULS WR EULQJ XNH¶V FHQWUH RI JUDYLW\
beyond of near the border of the stable base, and at the same time tori
VSLQH¶V LQ D KDOI FLUFOH DQG VWHSV DFURVV WR WKH EORFN WKH OHJ RI XNH 7KLV
SUHYHQWV XNH¶V UHJDLQLQJ EDODQFH $W WKLV SRLQW WRUL KDYH Vturdy and white
supportive base, using the level of the belts as a visual guide, tori also have
lower centre of gravity.

The final part of a successful tai-otoshi throw is pull and push action
RI WRUL¶V DUPV WR URWDWH XNH RYHU DQG RQWR KLV EDFN LQ IURQW of him. The
stable base of tori and demonstrates uke off balance and already beginning
to fall. Tori turns uke by puling the sleeve toward his body and driving the
arm holding the lapel away from the body, this cause an axis of rotation
approximately runniQJ WKURXJK WRUL¶V EORFNLQJ OHJ DQG UHVXOWV LQ XNH
landing on his/her back. These forces are acting approximately at equal

ϭϲ



distances from the axis of rotation and in equal and opposite directions, thus
a couple force is acting on uke to effect rotation.

So the biomechanics is of fundamental importance to a competitive

judoka and shown how its principles are required in judo techniques. At
competitive level of the sports this detail is of great significance in order to
understand the application of force to produce motion of the opponents
body so that they are vulnerable to throws fighter will be able to feel the
PRYHPHQWRIRSSRQHQWNQRZWKHGLVWULEXWLRQRIXNH¶VZHLJKWRYHUKLVIHHW
and react instantly when balance has been broken and capitalize on created
opportunities feeling the movement of uke can affect the reflex action and
when the timing is correct the speed will prevent uke from regaining
balance and react in time to counter.

In competition, contests can last up to five minute of fighting, so it

will be in the best interest of the competitive judoka to appreciate the
mechanical principles of movement and technique in order to achieve the
ippon and the contest with minimal amount of effort with bio-mechanical
understanding under paining technique there timings and efficiency are
enhanced and this knowledge can b transferred to the other aspect of judo
such as strangles, arm locks and hold downs to achieve similar success
without exertion good techniques come from good movement as a moving
body is easier to throw then a stationary one.

Technique is the correct and efficient performance of judo

movements. It is not a mechanical process in its true aspects. It is developed

ϭϳ



by an intelligent practice. These specific actions are effected without

conscious effort. Perhaps 75% of more of the completed judo technique of
the throwing is in the kuzushi (unbalancing) of the opponent without
kuzushi, judo cannot be affected. A thorough study of the principles of
kuzushi must be by all judo exponents regardless of its level of proficiency.
WKH VWXG\ LV QRW D ³RQH WLPH´ DIIDLU EXW UDWKHU D FRQVWDQW VWXG\ DQG
reappraisal to improve and apply the method of unbalancing the opponent it
is usually performed along with one or two lines the first of these is the
direct method in which the opponent is brought into unbalance by the
attacker applying a form of happo no kuzushi (8 forms of kuzushi) ,
LPSDUWLQJLWE\DFWLRQRIRQH¶VERG\IRUFHVDJDLQVWWKHRSSRQHQWVZHDNOLQH
of balance. The second case is termed as hando no kuzushi (reactions form
of kuzushi) and is an imbalance that the opponent imposes on himself by
KLVERG\UHDFWLRQWRRQH¶VGLYLVLRQDU\DWWDFN

The theories tsukuri (blending action ) and kake (execution part of

throw ) are expressing the principle frRPZD]D¶VWHFKQLTXH¶VYLHZSRLQW
tsukuri is made up of kuzushi which means to destroy your opponent
SRVWXUH DQG EDODQFH DQG ³KROGLQJ \RXUVHOI UHDG\´ WR PDNH \RXU DWWDFN
easier. To actually apply your contemplated technique, when opponent
posture has already been broken by tsukuri is called kake. Tsukuri and kake
can also be called technical principle of judo. While you are practicing
WVXNXUL DQG NDNH  ERWK GHSHQG XSRQ WKH IXQGDPHQWDO RI ³PXWXDO ZHOIDUH
DQG EHQHILW´ DQG ³PD[LPXP HIILFLHQF\´ \RX FDQ XQGHUstand the principle
which can be applied to all phase of human life. The nagewaza (throwing
technique) is divided in to te waza (hand technique), koshi waza (waist/hip

ϭϴ



technique), ashi waza (leg technique) and suetmi waza (scarifices

techniques) the division is more of convenience then from a partical
standard point, no hand tricks, for instance being carried to a successful
completion by the use of hands along but by the cooperation of all bodily
action.

Judo throw are developed on the principle of utilization or meeting

giving condition. The throw to be applied depend on the nature of
circumstance or opening, which is the state of combat or competition, is
transitory a seen as it pass. For practical purposes, an opening, therefore
must be predicted and prepare for with a feint. For such tactics, the
opponent characteristics in the movement, reaction, stance and the size of
the body should be carefully studied and find ways of utilizing them.

Every major technique has must to offer any player who adopts it as a part
of his repertoire each is so evolved that to mastery comes only after serious
study of the mechanical principle involved, and diligent kinesthetic practice
of the movement required putting these into action even the most
experience players need never stop learning; every contest randori, in every
experience with in judo provide food for thought.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study was to find out the relationship of the
selected kinematical variables with the performance of Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

ϭϵ

 

DELIMITATIONS

1. The study was delimited to male player of age to 19 ± 22year.

2. The study was confine to the Ippon-Seoi-Nage technique.
3. The study was delimited to the university level judo player.
4. In this study the researcher was use digital photography for the collection of
kinematics variables. The selected kinematical variables are as follows:-
5. The study was further delimited to following linear kinematic variables:
x Height of centre of gravity of tori (attacker) at selected moments.
x The study was further delimited to following angular kinematic
variables:
x Ankle joint (right & left)
x Hip joint (right & left)
x Knee joint (right & left)
x Shoulder joint (right & left)
x Elbow joint (right & left)
x Wrist joint (right & left)

LIMITATIONS

1. Lack of cinematography was the major limitation of the study.

2. Other limitations were weather conditions and time of testing.

ϮϬ



HYPOTHESIS

It is hypothesized that there would be no relationship between the

selected kinematical variables with the performance of the judo player in
Ippon-Seoi-Nage at all heights.

DEFINITION AND EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS

Kinematics

Kinematics is that branch of biomechanics i.e. concerned with describing

the motion of the body. Thus kinematics deals with such things as how far a
body moves, and how consistency it move. It is not concerned at all with
what causes a body to move in the way it does.

Centre of Gravity

The centre of gravity of any object is that point at which all the weight of
an object may be considered to be concentrated.

Judo

An oriental form of wrestling originally developed from jujitsu as an art of

self-defense.

Ϯϭ



Ippon-Seoi-Nage

Many of the throwing technique in judo are derived from the hip throw.
This basic technique teaches the use of hip, legs, and hands to throw. It is
very important to use the hand and back to lift.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

In view of tremendous progress being brought about in the field of

game and sports, it has become essential to develop an objective creation
for qualifying the technique of sports person in order to determine the
effectiveness of training program.
The present study will be of immense benefit to the judo players, coaches
and physical education teachers in the following ways:-
1. The findings of the study will help to form the basis of efficient
structure of the Ippon-Seoi-Nage for the competitive judo
performance.
2. The knowledge of the scientific basis of Ippon-Seoi-Nage will help
in teaching and coaching of Ippon-Seoi-Nage.
3. The finding of the study will the judokas for self evaluation and
better understanding in the practice and learning process of Ippon-
Seoi-Nage.
4. The result of the study will formulate the basis of developing a
scientific training program for Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

ϮϮ



ϱ͘ The result of the study will help the judokas and coaches in general
understanding of the biomechanical and anthropometric aspect of
Ippon-Seoi-Nage.



Ϯϯ



Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The scholar made sincere attempt to locate literature by going

through various sources. Some of the relevant reviews have been cited
below.

CRITICAL LITERATURE

F.kerimov et.at. (2001) studied the kinetics analysis of the ura-nage

(a hip technique) in judo. One of the important criterions of technical skill
in judo is a high level of results of the actions of a fighter and its stability
for the confusing actions. Technical preparation of a fighter is impossible
without the biomechanical analysis of the actions that are being performed
by him during his training sessions or while competing.The central problem
of the technical perfection of a fighter is a problem of a essential
parameters, phase and element of co-ordination and their reflection in the
rhythm of the technical action. The rhythm of the technical action reflects
the effort and other singularities of the movement. While analyzing rhythm
and pace of the technical actions mentioned above the cinematography
(CM) method was used. with the help of this cm the three points can be
achieved i.e. the singularities of kinetic of ura nage in judo can be
exposed ; the competitive analysis of ura nage performed as simple or
compound attacks can be made ; the variations of the ura nage in
connection with changing the direction of its preparatory phase can e
considered .

Ϯϰ



7KHLQYHVWLJDWRUPDGHUHYHDOHGGLIIHUHQWVLGHRIXUDQDJHµVVWUXFWXUH
The ura nage performed with any preparatory action has different rhythmic
structure. The time of separate phase of the throw depends on the
directedness of the preparatory action.
If the preparatory action has the same direction as that of the movement of
the throw, the time of basic phase decrease. Preparatory action directed
against the movement of basic phase, forms quite another rhythm, than that
made standard position. Thus, cinematographic analysis of ura nage
revealed the dependence of the temporal phase upon the character and
direction of the preparatory action.

J M Pucsok, K Nelson, E D Ng (1998) conducted a study to analyze

and compare the kinetic and kinematic characteristics of the throwing
technique, Harai-goshi of novice and advanced judo competitors. A
heterogeneous group of 28 male and female judo competitors participated
in this study. Each subject was required to perform three successful trials.
Kinetic and kinematic data were collected by utilizing the Kistler
Instrument Corporation Multicomponent Force Measuring Platform System
and the Peak Technologies Motion Video Analysis System. Data were
collected in order to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze the horizontal
and vertical forces of the support leg, and the horizontal and vertical
velocities of the sweeping leg during execution of the throwing technique,
Harai-goshi (hip sweep). The study revealed a significant difference in
horizontal force application, between novice and advanced judo
competitors. In addition, we found numerous significant relationships
among mean horizontal ground reaction force application and horizontal leg

Ϯϱ



sweep velocity in 19 of the 28 participants when analyzed individually. The

results suggest (1) leg sweep velocity is a function of ground reaction force
application; and (2) horizontal leg sweep velocity plays a primary role in
good technical execution of the Harai-goshi throw.

Rodney T. Imamura et.al. (1987) phases of the harai-goshi throw

under competitive and non-competitive conditions. A third degree black
belt subject served as the tori (thrower) for both conditions.Two black belt
participants ranked as first degree and fourth degree served as the uke
(faller) for the competitive and non-competitive conditions, respectively.
Two video cameras (JVC 60 Hz) and a three dimensional motion analysis
system (Vicon-Peak Performance Technologies, Inc., Englewood, CO)
were used to collect and analyze peak velocity for the center of mass
&20 RI XNH DQG WRUL DQG SHDN DQJXODU YHORFLW\ RI WRUL¶V WUXQN 7$9
Data were smoothed using a 4th order zero lag Butterworth filter with a cut-
off frequency set by the Peak software optimization technique. All variables
were normalized by time as a percentage of the KT phase. In general, the
COM directional velocity patterns were similar between conditions.

8NH¶V GHIHQVLYH efforts during the competitive condition created

differences in timing and magnitude of peak COM and TAV velocities.
During competition, tori created larger peak COM velocities onto uke
which indicated greater throwing power.
3HDN YHORFLWLHV IRU WRUL¶V &20 were larger during the noncompetitive
FRQGLWLRQVLQFH XNH¶VUHVLVWDQFHZDV PLQLPDO )LQGLQJVRI WKHFRPSHWLWLYH
FRQGLWLRQ VXJJHVWHG WKDW PHGLRODWHUDO &20 PRYHPHQW WRZDUGV WRUL¶V

Ϯϲ



pulling (left) hand can be an ideal set-up movement prior to execution.

7RUL¶s TAV was also greater during the competitive condition. Two distinct
TAVs were observed, a counterclockwise TAV created by tori turning their
hips during the entrance of the throw and a clockwise TAV created by the
shoulders turning to complete the 180 degree body turn with the
simultaneous leg sweep. It is thought that the counterclockwise rotation
aids in producing a pre-stretch of trunk muscles which helps to create
greater trunk rotation power.

Masumoto et. al. (1963) studied that investigation on the

GLVWULEXWLRQ RI WKH ERG\ ZHLJKW GXULQJ ³NDPDH´ QDWXUDO SRVLWLRQ
³NX]XVKL´ WVXNXNUL DQG NDNH  7KH UHVXOW UHYHDOHG LQ JHQHUDO WKDW WKH
distribution of body weight was more in the front foot than on the rear. This
tendency was greater in defensive posture than in the basic natural posture.
This distribution of body weight during the basic natural posture and when
assuming the right natural posture the right and left side were well
balanced. When assuming left natural posture the distribution of body
weight was to the right foot, but no significant change was found in the
balance. While breaking the posture of the opponent to the front, he put
most of the weight forcefully to the frontal aspect of the feet when the
subject applied the seoi nage.

Ϯϳ



ALLIED LITERATURE

Ray Burdett (1982) conducted a study in which the lifting technique

of 10 world class weight lifters were compare to those of 26 skilled
colligate weightlifter while performing the first portion of the snatch , from
the lift off of the barbell to the catch of the barbell overhead with the body
in a squatting position. Cinematography was use to measure the joint angle,
position of the centre of gravity of the body, and the position of the barbell.
result indicate that the world class weight lifters raised the barbell to a
relatively lower height , assumed more flexed positions at the hip and knees
with a smaller angle between the shank and floor during certain stages of
the lift, and lowered their bodies more rapidly during the squatting portion
of the lift than the collegiate weightlifter.

6ORERGDQ -DULü, 'XãDQ 5LVWDQRYLü and Daniel M. Corcos(1999);

Kinematic variables of the vertical jump (jumping height, jump phase
durations and joint angles) were measured on 39 male physical education
students. In addition, kinetic parameters of the hip and knee extensors, and
of the plantar flexors (maxima voluntary force and its rate of development)
were recorded on the same subjects, in isometric conditions. The results
demonstrated significant positive correlations between kinetic parameters
of the active muscle groups and jumping height (r í 7KH
dominant effect on these correlations was due to the knee extensors.
Correlations between these parameters and the duration of the jump phases
were much weaker. Correlation coefficients between kinetic parameters and
limb angles in the lowest body position showed that fast force production in

Ϯϴ



one muscle group was related to a significant decrease in the joint angles of
distant body segments. Multiple correlation coefficients between leg
extensor parameters and kinematic variables (ranging between 0.256 for the
duration of the counter-movement phase and 0.616 for jump height)
suggested that kinetic parameters could explain more than a quarter of the
variability of this complex human movement. Therefore, the conclusion
was drawn that an extended set of measurements of the relevant musculo-
skeletal system parameters could predict a considerable amount of the
variability of human movement. However, high correlation coefficients
between the same kinetic parameters of different muscle groups suggest
that not all active muscle groups have to be included in the measurements.

Paolo Domenici and Robert W. Blake (1997) Fast-starts are brief,

sudden accelerations used by fish during predator±prey encounters. The
kinematics and performance of fish during fast-start manoeuvres have
received a lot of attention since they may determine the outcome of
predator±prey interactions in terms of feeding success or survival. We will
discuss recent progress on (1) the kinematics of escape responses and
feeding strikes, (2) the fast-start performance of species with different
body.

Ceri e diss(2001):The purpose of this study was to assess the

reliability of 24 kinetic and kinematic variables from three synchronized
systems used to represent normal running gait. Five male runners (mean
23.4 years, mass 80.2 kg) ran down a runway at a constant velocity (3.5±4.0
m/s). This was repeated until 10 acceptable trials had been performed

Ϯϵ



which was then repeated 7 days later. The mean of the 10 trials was used
for kinetic analysis and the mean of 5 trials for the kinematics. All of the
kinematic variables achieved a reliability greater than 0.93. The 6 variables
that were able to demonstrate a high reliability (>0.94) from a single trial
came from all systems. This suggests that variables and systems used to
collect and analyse gait should be assessed for their reliability using the
population to be studied before actual data collection.

^ůŽďŽĚĂŶ :Ăƌŝđ, ƵƓĂŶ ZŝƐƚĂŶŽǀŝđ and ĂŶŝĞů D͘ ŽƌĐŽƐ(1999);

Kinematic variables of the vertical jump (jumping height, jump phase
durations and joint angles) were measured on 39 male physical education
students. In addition, kinetic parameters of the hip and knee extensors and
of the plantar flexors (maxima voluntary force and its rate of development)
were recorded on the same subjects, in isometric conditions. The results
demonstrated significant positive correlations between kinetic parameters
of the active muscle groups and jumping height (r í 7KH
dominant effect on these correlations was due to the knee extensors.
Correlations between these parameters and the duration of the jump phases
were much weaker. Correlation coefficients between kinetic parameters and
limb angles in the lowest body position showed that fast force production in
one muscle group was related to a significant decrease in the joint angles of
distant body segments. Multiple correlation coefficients between leg
extensor parameters and kinematic variables (ranging between 0.256 for the
duration of the counter-movement phase and 0.616 for jump height)
suggested that kinetic parameters could explain more than a quarter of the
variability of this complex human movement. Therefore, the conclusion

ϯϬ



was drawn that an extended set of measurements of the relevant musculo-

skeletal system parameters could predict a considerable amount of the
variability of human movement. However, high correlation coefficients
between the same kinetic parameters of different muscle groups suggest
that not all active muscle groups have to be included in the measurements.

Paolo Domenici and Robert W. Blake (1997) Fast-starts are brief,

sudden accelerations used by fish during predator±prey encounters. The
kinematics and performance of fish during fast-start manoeuvres have
received a lot of attention since they may determine the outcome of
predator±prey interactions in terms of feeding success or survival. We will
discuss recent progress on (1) the kinematics of escape responses and
feeding strikes, (2) the fast-start performance of species with different body
morphologies and from different habitats, and (3) the functional
significance of fast-start kinematics and performance within the context of
predator±preyinteractions.

Ceri E Diss (2001); The purpose of this study was to assess the
reliability of 24 kinetic and kinematic variables from three synchronized
systems used to represent normal running gait. Five male runners (mean
23.4 years, mass 80.2 kg) ran down a runway at a constant velocity (3.5±4.0
m/s). This was repeated until 10 acceptable trials had been performed
which was then repeated 7 days later. The mean of the 10 trials was used
for kinetic analysis and the mean of 5 trials for the kinematics. All of the
kinematic variables achieved a reliability greater than 0.93. The 6 variables
that were able to demonstrate a high reliability (>0.94) from a single trial

ϯϭ



came from all systems. This suggests that variables and systems used to
collect and analyse gait should be assessed for their reliability using the
population to be studied before actual data collection.

Robert J. Neal, Barry D. Wilson (2002); Three-dimensional

kinematics and kinetics for a double pendulum model golf swing were
determined for 6 subjects, who were filmed by two phase-locked
Photosonics cameras. The film was digitally analyzed. Abdel-Aziz and
Karara's (1971) algorithm was used to determine three-dimensional spatial
coordinates for the segment endpoints. Linear kinematic and kinetic data
showed similarities with previous studies. The orientation of the resultant
joint force at the wrists was in the direction of motion of the club center of
gravity for most of the downswing. Such an orientation of the force vector
would tend to prevent wrist uncocking. Indeterminate peak angular
velocities for rotations about the X axis were reported. However, these
peaks were due to computational instabilities that occurred when the club
was perpendicular to the YZ plane. Furthermore, the motion of the club
during the downswing was found to be nonplanar. Wrist uncocking
appeared to be associated with the resultant joint torque and not the
resultant joint force at the wrists. Torques reported in this study were
consistent with those reported by Vaughan (1981).

Escamilla RF, et.al.(2003) proposed that learning proper hitting

kinematics should be encouraged at a young age during youth baseball
because this may help reinforce proper hitting kinematics as a player
progresses to higher levels of baseball in their adult years. To enhance our

ϯϮ



understanding between youth and adult baseball hitting, kinematic and

temporal analyses of baseball hitting were evaluated with a high-speed
motion analysis system between 12 skilled youth and 12 skilled adult
baseball players. There were only a small number of temporal differences
between youth and adult hitters, with adult hitters taking significantly
greater time than youth hitters during the stride phase and during the swing.
Compared with youth hitters, adult hitters a) had significantly greater (p <
.01) lead knee flexion when the hands started to move forward; b) flexed
the lead knee over a greater range of motion during the transition phase (31
degrees versus 13 degrees); c) extended the lead knee over a greater range
of motion during the bat acceleration phase (59 degrees versus 32 degrees);
d) maintained a more open pelvis position at lead foot off ground; and e)
maintained a more open upper torso position when the hands started to
move forward and a more closed upper torso position at bat-ball contact.
Moreover, adult hitters had greater peak upper torso angular velocity (857
degrees/s versus 717 degrees/s), peak left elbow extension angular velocity
(752 degrees/s versus 598 degrees/s), peak left knee extension angular
velocity (386 degrees/s versus 303 degrees/s), and bat linear velocity at bat-
ball contact (30 m/s versus 25 m/s). The numerous differences in kinematic
and temporal parameters between youth and adult hitters suggest that
hitting mechanics are different between these two groups.

Oliver GD, Keeley DW. (2005) conducted a study to examine the

kinematics of the pelvis and torso and determine their relationship to the
kinematics of the shoulder in high-school baseball pitchers. A single group,
repeated-measures design was used to collect pelvis, torso, and shoulder

ϯϯ



kinematics throughout the pitching motion. Subjects threw a series of

maximal effort fastballs to a catcher located the regulation distance
(18.44m) from the pitching mound, and those data from the fastest pitch
passing through the strike zone were analyzed. After test trials, kinematic
data were analyzed using a series of descriptive statistics to identify outliers
and determine the nature of the distribution before testing for the presence
of relationships between the various parameters. Results indicated that for
several parameters, the actions at and about the shoulder are strongly
related to the actions of the pelvis and torso throughout the pitching motion.
However, although pelvis and torso kinematics throughout the pitching
motion were inversely related to both shoulder elevation and the plane of
shoulder elevation, only the rate of axial torso rotation was significantly
related to these shoulder parameters. More importantly, the rate of axial
torso rotation is significantly related to these shoulder parameters in a way
that may help explain the high rate of shoulder injury in high-school
pitchers. Therefore, strength training should focus on developing a strong
stable core including the gluteal musculature in an attempt to control the
rate of torso rotation during the pitch.


ϯϰ



Chapter III
PROCEDURE

In this chapter, the source of data, criterion measure, and reliability

of data, filming protocol, analysis of film and collection of data and
analysis of the data was described.

SELECTION OF SUBJECTS

Nine university level players were selected as subjects for the study.
The levels of subject were decided according to their achievement in
competitive judo. Since the subject has been undergoing training for a
considerable period, therefore it was considered that subjects possess
responsible level of technique of Ippon-Seoi-1DJH 7KLV VXEMHFW¶V ZHUH
explaining about the objectives of the study.

CRITERION MEASURE

The performances of the each trail were judged by three experts and
the average of these will be recorded and the best was considered for
analysis purposes.

The throw was judged according to three factors:-

1. Target ± the part of the body the opponent lands on.
2. Speed ± how quickly the action is performed.
3. Force ± the force with the opponent lands.

ϯϱ



The most important factor would target, but score will reduced if the throw
is lacking or if it applied too slowly.

On the basis of these factors judokas were marked on 10 point scale.

RELIABILITY OF DATA

To obtain various measurements, standard and calibrated equipments

were used.
An expert professional photographer operated the camera. Therefore, the
various biomechanical variables obtained from the photographs were also
considered reliable.

COLLECTION OF DATA

The subjects were divided into three categories:

Small height group : 165 Cm and Below
Medium height group : 166 Cm ± 169 Cm
Tall height group : 170 Cm and Above

Filming Protocol
Digital photography was employed in order to register the technique
of Ippon-Seoi-Nage. The subjects were filmed only in Saggital plane. The

ϯϲ



camera being used for the purpose was Nikon D- 100. Only two moment of
technique of Ippon-Seoi-Nage was selected for the analysis i.e.
x Tsukuri = Fitting action.
x Kake = Execution of throw

The throwing technique of Ippon-Seoi-Nage of different subjects was

filmed at Lakshmibai National University of Physical Education, Gwalior.
The photographic sequences were taken under controlled conditions. The
subjects were performing the technique thrice and the middle score was
retained for the purpose of analysis.

Analysis of the Film

The photographs were obtained by the using digital photography and were
analyzed (Median Trail) by standard analysis method. Only two selected
moments were analyzed. Selected variables were as under:-

a) Linear kinematic variables were :

i. Height of the centre of the gravity of Tori (attacker) at a selected

moment.

b) Angular kinematic variables were represented by the angles at

selected joints i.e.

ϯϳ



x Ankle joints
x Knee joints
x Hip joints
x Shoulder joints
x Elbow joints
x Wrist joints

The scholar had developed stick figures on the photographs, from

which selected kinematical variables was calculated. The stick figures were
developed by using joint ± point method. The centre of gravity of each
subject, at all two selected moments (tsukuri and kake) was located by
using segmentation method.

Location of Centre of Gravity

The following steps were followed for locating the centre of gravity
of each subject at the time of performing Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

1. On the photograph the reference points associated with each segment

were marked.
2. A stick figure representation of the subject by the subject by ruling
straight lines between appropriate reference points was
prepared.(trunk line was obtained by joining the midpoint of the line
between right and left hip joints to the midpoint of the trunk at the
level of the suprasternal notch ).

ϯϴ



3. The length of each segment line was measured and divided into
appropriate ratio as indicate in table 2. At the point of division the
marks were made (i.e. the centre of gravity of the segment) on their
respective lines.

Table: - 1
S.No. Segment Centre of gravity expressed as percentage of total
distance between reference points
1 head 46.4% to vertex; 53.6 % to chin-neck intersect.
2 Trunk 43.8% to supra-strenal notch; 56.2%to hip axis.
3 Upper arm 43.1% shoulder axis; 50.9% to elbow axis.
4 Fore-arm 41.8%to elbow axis; 58.2% to wrist axis.
5 Hand 82%to wrist axis;18%to knuckle III
6 Thigh 40% to hip axis; 60% to knee axis.
7 Calf 41.8% to knee axis; to 58.2%ankle axis.
8 foot 44.9% to heel; 55.1% to tip of longest toe.

4. To arbitrary axis (OY AND OX), one to the left and one below the
stick figure were ruled out.
5. A form was prepared (appendix A) and in column the weight of the
segment was entered. The weight of the body segments are given in
table 3.

ϯϵ



Table: - 2
WEIGHT OF BODY SEGMENTS RELATIVE TO TOTAL BODY WEIGHT

Sl.no. Segment Relative weight

1 Head 0.073
2 Trunk 0.507
3 Upper arm 0.026
4 Fore-arm 0.016
5 Hand 0.007
6 Thigh 0.103
7 Calf 0.043
8 Foot 0.015

6. For each segment, the perpendicular distance from its centre of

gravity to the line OY was measured and entered in the appropriate
place on the form in column 2.
7. To find the moment about OY, the weight of each segment was
multiplied by the distance of its centre of gravity from the line OY
and these value were entered at appropriate places on the form in
column 3.
8. The sum of moments about OY was found out by adding the content
of column 3 on the form.
9. $QLPDJLQDU\OLQH2¶<¶SDUDOOHOWR2<ZDVUXOHGDWDGLVWDQFH[IURP
it (x= sum of moment about OY), the centre of gravity of the subject
lies on this line.
10.The step from 5 to 9 were repeated, taking moments OX, which
EURXJKWRXWDQRWKHULPDJLQDU\OLQHR¶[¶SDUDOOHOWR2;DWDGLVWDQFH

ϰϬ



Y from OX (Y= sum of moment about OX), the centre of gravity of

the subject lies on this line.

Since the C.G lies on the boWK2¶<¶ 2¶;¶DQGWKHVHWZROLQHVKDYH

only one point in common (the point where they intersect), it is here that the
centre of gravity of the subject is situated.

ANALYSIS OF DATA

The product moment correlation (Pearson) were used in order to find

out the relationship between selected kinematic variables with the
SHUIRUPDQFH RI MXGR SOD\HU¶V LQ ,SSRQ-Seoi-Nage. In order to test the
hypothesis, the level of significance was set at 0.05.

LEVEL OF SIGNIFICANCE

The level of significance was set at 0.05 level.

ϰϭ



Chapter IV
ANALYSIS OF DATA AND RESULTS OF THE STUDY

The statistical analysis of the data, collected on nine judokas has

been presented in this chapter.
The data were collected on nine judokas following the standard
SURFHGXUH3HDUVRQ¶VSURGXFW PRPHQWFRUUHODWLRQZDVXVHGWR ILQGRXWWKH
relationship of selected kinematical variables with the performance of
judokas in Ippon-Seoi-Nage (hand technique).
In order to test the hypothesis the level of significance was set at
0.05.

FINDINGS

The score of each independent variable of angular and linear

kinematic variables were correlated with the performance of subject in
Ippon-Seoi-Nage. Selected moments were tsukuri (fitting action) and kake
(execution).

The value of coefficient of correlation of selected angular kinematics

variables i.e. angles of selected joints at selected moments with the
performance of subject in Ippon-Seoi-Nage is presented from table.3 to 5.

ϰϮ



Table: - 3
RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED ANGULAR KINEMATIC VARIABLES AT
SELECTED MOMENTS WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS IN
IPPON SEOI NAGE OF SMALL HEIGHT GROUP

Coefficient of correlation
S.NO VARIABLES
TSUKURI KAKE
1. ANKLE JOINT (RIGHT) 0.363 -0.913
2. ANKLE JOINT (LEFT) 0.346 -0.805
3. KNEE JOINT (RIGHT) 0.363 -0.988
4. KNEE JOINT (LEFT) 0.097 -0.925
5. HIP JOINT (RIGHT) -0.432 0.534
6. HIP JOINT (LEFT) -0.878 0.562
7. SHOULDER JOINT (RIGHT) 0.672 0.058
8. SHOULDER JOINT (LEFT) -0.839 -0.655
9. ELBOW JOINT (RIGHT) -0.974 -0.888
10. ELBOW JOINT (LEFT) -0.945 0.108
11. WRIST JOINT (RIGHT) -0.540 0.735
12. WRIST JOINT (LEFT) -0.969 -0.112
*Significant, r.05(7) = .997

Since the value of coefficient of correlation required to be significant

for 1 degree of freedom is .997 the above table clearly shows that in case of
left ankle joint (left & right), knee joint (left & right), hip joint (left &
right), shoulder joint (left & right), elbow joint (left & right), wrist joint
(left & right) is lesser than table value therefore it have no significant
relationship with performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

ϰϯ



Table: - 4
RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED ANGULAR KINEMATIC VARIABLES AT
SELECTED MOMENTS WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS IN
IPPON SEOI NAGE OF MEDIUM HEIGHT GROUP

Coefficient of correlation
S.NO VARIABLES
TSUKURI KAKE
1. ANKLE JOINT (RIGHT) -0.075 -0.457
2. ANKLE JOINT (LEFT) 0.787 -0.959
3. KNEE JOINT (RIGHT) 0.181 -0.999*
4. KNEE JOINT (LEFT) 0.894 -0.703
5. HIP JOINT (RIGHT) -0.312 0.831
6. HIP JOINT (LEFT) -0.023 0.343
7. SHOULDER JOINT (RIGHT) 0.141 -0.512
8. SHOULDER JOINT (LEFT) -0.777 -0.405
9. ELBOW JOINT (RIGHT) -0.822 -0.998*
10. ELBOW JOINT (LEFT) 0.406 0.973
11. WRIST JOINT (RIGHT) -0.665 -0.122
12. WRIST JOINT (LEFT) 0.369 -0.004
*Significant, r.05(7) = .997

Since the value of coefficient of correlation required to be significant

for 1 degree of freedom is .997 the above table clearly shows that in case of
left ankle joint (left & right), knee joint (left), hip joint (left & right),
shoulder joint (left & right), elbow joint (left), wrist joint (left & right) is
lesser than table value therefore it have no significant relationship with
performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage where as correlation value is
higher in case of knee (right) and elbow (right) indicating significant
negative relationship with performance.

ϰϰ



Table: - 5
RELATIONSHIP OF SELECTED ANGULAR KINEMATIC VARIABLES AT
SELECTED MOMENTS WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS IN
IPPON SEOI NAGE OF TALL HEIGHT GROUP

Coefficient of correlation
S.NO VARIABLES
TSUKURI KAKE
1. ANKLE JOINT (RIGHT) -0.992 0.160
2. ANKLE JOINT (LEFT) -0.798 0.580
3. KNEE JOINT (RIGHT) 0.921 0.940
4. KNEE JOINT (LEFT) 0.988 0.937
5. HIP JOINT (RIGHT) 0.452 0.682
6. HIP JOINT (LEFT) 0.849 -0.226
7. SHOULDER JOINT (RIGHT) -0.838 0.481
8. SHOULDER JOINT (LEFT) 0.181 -0.007
9. ELBOW JOINT (RIGHT) 0.956 0.830
10. ELBOW JOINT (LEFT) 0.513 -0.871
11. WRIST JOINT (RIGHT) 0.740 0.959
12. WRIST JOINT (LEFT) 0.987 0.292
*Significant, r.05(7) = .997

Since the value of coefficient of correlation required to be significant

for 1 degree of freedom is .997 the above table clearly shows that in case of
left ankle joint (left & right), knee joint (left & right), hip joint (left &
right), shoulder joint (left & right), elbow joint (left & right), wrist joint
(left & right) is lesser than table value therefore it have no significant
relationship with performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

ϰϱ



The relationship of selected linear kinematic variables at selected

moments with the performance of subject in Ippon-Seoi-Nage is presented
in table 6 to 8.

Table: - 6
RELATIONSHIP OF LINEAR KINEMATIC VARIABLES AT SELECTED
MOMENTS WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS IN IPPON SEOI
NAGE OF SMALL HEIGHT GROUP

SL.
Coefficient of correlation
NO. VARIABLES

1 Height of CG (Tsukuri) -0.988

2 Height of CG (Kake) 0.329

*Significant, r.05(7) = .997

Since the value of coefficient of correlation required to be significant

for 1 degree of freedom is .977 the result of table 7 shows that height of CG
at selected moments has insignificant relationship with performance of
subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

ϰϲ



Table: - 7
RELATIONSHIP OF LINEAR KINEMATIC VARIABLES AT SELECTED
MOMENTS WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS IN IPPON SEOI
NAGE OF MEDIUM HEIGHT GROUP

SL.
Coefficient of correlation
NO. VARIABLES

1 Height of CG (Tsukuri) 0.993

2 Height of CG (Kake) 1.000*

*Significant, r.05(7) = .997

Since the value of coefficient of correlation required to be significant

for 1 degree of freedom is .977 the result of table 8 shows that height of CG
at kake is significantly positive where as in case of tsukuri it shows
insignificant relationship with performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

ϰϳ



Table: - 8
RELATIONSHIP OF LINEAR KINEMATIC VARIABLES AT SELECTED
MOMENTS WITH THE PERFORMANCE OF SUBJECTS IN IPPON SEOI
NAGE OF TALL HEIGHT GROUP

SL.
Coefficient of correlation
NO. VARIABLES

1 Height of CG (Tsukuri) -0.827

2 Height of CG (Kake) -0.856

*Significant, r.05(7) = .997

Since the value of coefficient of correlation required to be significant

for 1 degree of freedom is .977 the result of table 9 shows that height of CG
at selected moments has insignificant relationship with performance of
subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

In case of kinematic variables the value of coefficient of correlation

at selected moment were found insignificant for small and tall height group,
but this trend does not mean that the angles of different joint at selected
moments do not play any important role while executing or performing
Ippon-Seoi-1DJH 7KLV FDQ EH DWWULEXWHG WR WKH IDFW WKDW WKH RSSRQHQW¶V
height was not equal to the performer and also were from varying weight
categories where as there was significant negative correlation in case of

ϰϴ



right elbow and knee of medium height group indicating that more bending
of elbow and knee can prove beneficial for scoring more point.

The relationship of selected linear kinematic variables (height of CG

at selected moments) with the performance of the subjects at Kake of
medium height group was found significant and rests all were found
insignificant. As in this study the researcher was only confined to the
relationship of height of C.G. at selected moments with the performance of
subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage but significant relationship may be obtained by
studying the path or displacement of C.G. in whole movement.

On the whole it may be ascertained that the low value of coefficient

of correlations shown by the selected variables does not mean that these
variables are not contributing to the performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-
Nage. The insignificant value of coefficient of correlations of these
variables with the performance may be due to small sample size and non
availability of sophisticated equipments.

DISCUSSION OF HYPOTHESIS

The analysis of data reveals that the null hypothesis as stated earlier
may be accepted for small and tall height group where as it is partially
rejected in case of angular kinematic variable of knee (right), elbow (right)
and linear kinematic (Fitting) for medium height group.


ϰϵ



Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

SUMMARY

The purpose of the study was to analysis the relationship of selected

kinematics variables with the performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage
(hand technique). The subjects for the study were nine judokas of inter-
varsity level. The subjects were further divided into three groups (small,
medium and tall height group) according to their height with three subjects
in each group.

Angular kinematic variables were ankle (left &right). Knee joint (left
&right), Hip joint (left &right), shoulder joint (left &right), elbow (left
&right), wrist joint (left &right) and linear kinematic variables were height
of center of gravity.

The digital camera (Nikon D-100) was employed to register the

technique of Ippon-Seoi-Nage at selected moments. The subjects were
photographed at the moment of tsukuri (fitting action) and kake (execution)
in sagittal plane. From the photographic sequence, the stick figures were
prepared by using joint point method. The angles and center of gravity were
calculated at selected moments.

In order to find out the relationship of selected kinematic variables

and the performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage at selected moments,

ϱϬ

 

the PearsRQ¶V SURGXFW PRPHQW FRUUHODWLRQ ZDV FDOFXODWHG 7KH OHYHO RI
significant was 0.05. Significant Correlation was found only in case of two
angular kinematic variables at kake (Right Elbow and Right Knee) and
Linear Kinematic (Height of C.G) at the moment of Kake, of Medium
height group. This indicated that for medium height judokas these
kinematic variables can play an important role in performance.

CONCLUSION

Based on the analysis and within the limitation of present study,

following conclusion may be drawn:
1. The right knee joint at the moment of kake (execution) in medium group
has negative relationship with the subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.
2. The right elbow joint at the moment of kake (execution) in medium group
has negative relationship with the subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.
3. In linear kinematics at the moment of kake (execution) in medium group
has positive relationship with the performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-
Nage.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the conclusion, drawn in this study, the following

recommendations have been made:
1. The variables such as different angles and center of gravity may be
kept in mind as the factor contributing to performance of player in
Ippon-Seoi-Nage.

ϱϭ



2. Similar study can also be conducted on female judo players.

3. The results of this study may be helpful in preparing a model of
Ippon-Seoi- Nage technique for judo player.
4. The results of this study may help the coaches and researcher to
evaluate the performance of subjects in Ippon-Seoi-Nage.
5. The judo player can make self assessment with the result of the
study.
6. Similar study may be conducted by using sophisticated equipments
and subjects of different level.
7. Similar study may be undertaken to analysis other techniques of judo
and other games.

ϱϮ

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BOOKS

Barrow, Harold m. Man and movement: principle of physical education 3rd ed.
Philadelphia:lea and febiger, 1983.

Butcher,alex. Judo London: new Holland publishers ltd, 2001.

Dull,Charles e. modern physics new York: Rinehart and Winston inc., 1960.

Geoff, Gleeson. Know the game judo 2nd ed.,England: e.p. publishing limited,
1988.

Glass, geogre, takes up judo new Delhi; learners press, 1988.

Griffiths, cerri. Understanding how judo technique work: a biomechanical

explanation., 1999.

Hay,james g. the biomechanics of sports tevhnique eaglewood cliffs,n.j.;

prentice hall inc., 1978.

Ishikawa,takashiko and dreeger donn f. judo traning methods Tokyo, Charles

e.tuttle company. 1964.

Kreighbaum,Ellen and barthels k.m. biomechanics: a qualitative approach for

studing human movement 2nd edtion,new York; macmillan publishing
company,1995.

Kumar, mukesh,action judo dehli; sports publications. 1994.

Reay tony and hobbs geffrey. Judo manual London: barrie & jankins
company,1992.

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Smith,Robert w. a complete guide to judo japan: Charles e, tuttle co, 1958.

Zumikoi, g. my study of judo japan: w foulshran & co.ltd.1960.

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the scientific studies on judo, kodokan, report v
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association for the scientific studies on judo, kodokan, report v
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Massachusetts, 1976, p.237.


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