Ad. RCS

11/2/2022
Advanced Reinforced
Concrete Structures
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Structural Engineering & Materials)
General Details
• Department of Civil Engineering.
• Course: Advanced Reinforced Concrete Structures.
• Instructor: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam.
• Lecture No. 01.
• Week No. 01.
• Class: MSc Civil Engineering.
Institute of Southern Punjab (ISP), Multan Prepared by: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
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Text Books
1. Structural Concrete – Theory & Design by Nadim Hassoun &
Akhtem Al-Manaseer.
2. Reinforced Concrete – A fundamental Approach - (ACI318-05)
by Edward G Nawy.
3. Reinforced Concrete Design to Euro-Codes by Bill Mosley,
John Bungey & Ray Hulse.
4. Design of Concrete Structures by Nilson, A.H., Darwin, D and
Dolan, C.W.
Development Lengths of
Reinforcement
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Structural Engineering & Materials)
Advanced Reinforced Concrete Structures
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Contents
• Development Length of Reinforcing Bars.
• Average Bond Stresses.
• Mechanism of Bond Transfer.
• Development length in Tension Bars.
Development Length of Reinforcing Bars

 The joint behaviour of steel and concrete in a reinforced concrete member is
based on the fact that a bond is maintained between the two materials after
the concrete hardens.
 If a straight bar of round section is embedded in concrete, a considerable
force is required to pull the bar out of the concrete.
 If the embedded length of the bar is long enough, the steel bar may yield,
leaving some length of the bar in the concrete.
 The bonding force depends on the friction between the steel and concrete.
 It is influenced mainly by the roughness of the steel surface area, the
concrete mix, shrinkage, and the cover of concrete.
 Deformed bars give a better bond than plain bars.
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 Rich mixes have greater adhesion than weak mixes.
 An increase in the concrete cover will improve the ultimate bond stress of
a steel bar.
 In general, the bond strength is influenced by the following factors:
1. Yield strength of reinforcing bars 𝑓 , longer development length is needed
with higher 𝑓 .
2. Quality of concrete and its compressive strength 𝑓 . An increase in 𝑓
reduces the required development length of reinforcing bars.
3. Bar size, spacing, and location in the concrete section. Horizontal bars
placed with more than 12 in of concrete below then have lower bond
strength due to the fact that concrete shrinks …….

3. Bar size, spacing, and location in the concrete section. Horizontal bars
placed with more than 12 in of concrete below then have lower bond
strength due to the fact that concrete shrinks and settles during hardening
process. Also, wide spacings of bars improve the bond strength, giving
adequate effective concrete area around each bar.
4. Concrete cover to reinforcing bars. A small cover may cause the cracking
and spalling of the concrete cover.
5. Confinement of bars by lateral ties. Adequate confinement by ties or
stirrups prevents the spalling of concrete around bars.
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• In a reinforced concrete beam, the flexural compressive forces are resisted
by concrete, while the flexural tensile forces are provided by reinforcement
(Fig. 1a). For this process to exist, there must be a force transfer, or bond,
between the two materials. The forces acting on the bar (Fig. 1b).
• For the bar to be in equilibrium, bond stresses must exist. If these
disappear, the bar will pull out of the concrete and the tensile force, T, will
drop to zero, causing the beam to fail.
• Bond stresses must be present whenever the stress or force in a reinforcing
bar changes from point to point along the length of the bar. This is
illustrated by the free-body diagram in Fig. 2.
Fig. 1. Need for bond stresses
Fig. 2. Relationship
between change in bars
stress and average bond
stress
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i. Average bond stress in beam

• In a beam, the force in the steel at a crack can be expressed as:
𝑀
𝑇=
𝑗𝑑
where: jd is the internal lever arm, and M is the moment acting at the section.
If we consider a length of beam between two cracks (Fig. 03), the moments
acting at the two cracks are 𝑀 and 𝑀 . If the beam is reinforced with one bar
of diameter 𝑑 , the forces on the bar are shown in Fig. 3c. Summing
horizontal forces gives:
∆𝑇 = 𝜋𝑑 𝜇 ∆𝑥
Where: 𝑑 is the diameter of the bar.
Fig. 3. Average flexural bond

stress
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ii. Bond Stresses in an Axially Loaded Prism

• Fig. 04 shows a prism of concrete containing one reinforcing bar, which is
loaded in tension.
• At the cracks, the stress in the bar is
𝑓 =𝑇 𝐴
• Between the cracks, a portion of the load is transferred to the concrete by

bond, and the resulting distributions of steel and concrete stresses and
shown in Fig. 4b & c.
• The bond stresses as plotted in Fig. 4d are referred to as true bond stresses
or in-and-out bond stresses (they transfer stress into the bar and back out
again) to distinguish them from the average bond stresses.
Fig. 4. Steel, concrete, and bond stresses in the cracked prism
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iii. True Bond Stresses in Beam

• At the cracks in a beam, the bar force can be computed using expression
below. If the concrete and the bar are bonded together, a portion of the
tensile force will be resisted by the concrete at points between the cracks.
𝑀
𝑇=
𝑗𝑑
• As a result, the tensile stresses in the steel and the concrete at the level of
the steel will vary (Fig. 5c & d). This gives rise to the bond-stress
distribution plotted in Fig. 5e.
• Between a support and the nearest load, there is shear. Once again, there
are in-and-out bond stresses, but now the total area under the bond-stress
diagram is not zero.
Fig. 5. Steel, concrete, and bond stresses in the cracked beam
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iv. Bond Stresses in a Pull-Out Test

• The easiest way to test the bond strength of bars in a laboratory is by
means of the pull-out test. Here, a concrete cylinder containing the bar is
mounted on a stiff plate and a jack is used to pull the bar out of the
cylinder (Fig. 6a).
• In such a test, the concrete is compressed and hence does not crack. The
stress in the bar varies (Fig. 6b), and the bond stress varies (Fig. 6c).
• This test does not give values representative of the bond strength of beams
because the concrete is not cracked, and hence, there is no in-and-out
bond-stress distribution.
• Also, the bearing stresses of the concrete against the plate cause a frictional
component that resists the transverse expansion that would reflect
Poisson’s ratio. Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Fig. 6. Stress distribution in a Pull-out test
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2. Mechanism of Bond Transfer

• A smooth bar embedded in concrete develops bond by adhesion between
the concrete and the bar and by a small amount of friction.
• Both of these effects are quickly lost when the bar is loaded in tension,
particularly because the diameter of the bar decreases slightly, due to
Poisson’s ratio. For this reason, smooth bars are generally not used as
reinforcement.
• In cases where smooth bars must be embedded in concrete (anchor bolts,
stirrups made of small diameter bars, etc.), mechanical anchorage in the
form of hooks, nuts, and washers on the embedded end (or similar devices)
are used.

• Although adhesion and friction are present when a deformed bar is loaded for the
first time, these bond-transfer mechanisms are quickly lost, leaving the bond to be
transferred by bearing on the deformations of the bar as shown in Fig. 7a.
• Equal and opposite bearing stresses act on the concrete, as shown in Fig. 7b. The
forces on the concrete have both a longitudinal and a radial component (Fig. 7c &
d).
• The latter causes circumferential tensile stresses in the concrete around the bar.
• Eventually, the concrete will split parallel to the bar, and the resulting crack will
propagate out to the surface of the beam.
• The splitting cracks follow the reinforcing bars along the bottom or side surfaces
of the beam, as shown in Fig. 8.
• Once these cracks develop, the bond transfer drops rapidly unless reinforcement is
provided to restrain the opening of the splitting crack.
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Fig. 7. Bond Transfer Mechanism

• The load at which splitting failure develops is a function of:
1. The minimum distance from the bar to the surface of the concrete or to
the next bar - the smaller this distance, the smaller is the splitting load;
2. The tensile strength of the concrete; and
3. The average bond stress - as this increases, the wedging forces increase,
leading to a splitting failure.
Typical splitting-failure surfaces as shown in Fig. 8. The splitting cracks tend to
develop along the shortest distance between a bar and the surface or between two
bars.
If the cover and bar spacings are large compared to the bar diameter, a pull-out failure
can occur, where the bar and the annulus of concrete between successive deformations
pull out along a cylindrical failure surface joining the tips of the deformations.
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Fig. 8. Typical Splitting-failure surfaces
3. Development Length
• Because the actual bond stress varies along the length of a bar anchored in a
zone of tension, the ACI Code uses the concept of development length rather
than bond stress.
• The development length 𝑙 , is the shortest length of bar in which the bar stress
can increase from zero to the yield strength 𝑓 , if the distance from a point
where the bar stress equals 𝑓 to the end of the bar is less than the
development length, the bar will pull out of the concrete.
• The development lengths are different in tension and compression, because a
bar loaded in tension is subject to in-and-out bond stresses and hence requires
a considerably longer development length. Also, for a bar in compression,
bearing stresses at the end of the bar will transfer part of the compression
force into the concrete.
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3. Development Length
• The development length can be expressed in terms of the ultimate value of
the average bond stress by setting 𝑓 − 𝑓 in previous equation, equals
to 𝑓 :
𝑓𝑑
𝑙 =
4𝜇 .
Here, 𝜇 . is the value of 𝜇 at the bond failure in a beam test.
1. Development Lengths in Tension

Development Length 𝒍𝒅
• If a steel bar is embedded in concrete, as shown in Fig. 09, and is subjected
to a tension force, T, then this force will be resisted by the bond stress
between the steel bar and the concrete.
• The maximum tension force is equal to 𝐴 𝑓 , where, 𝐴 is the area of the
steel bar.
• This force is resisted by another internal force of magnitude 𝑈 𝑂𝑙 , where
𝑈 is the ultimate average bond stress, 𝑙 is the embedded length of the
bar, and 𝑂 is the perimeter of the bar 𝜋𝐷 . The two forces must be equal
for equilibrium:
𝐴 𝑓 = 𝑈 𝑂𝑙
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Fig. 09. Bond stresses and development length, (a) Distribution of stress along 𝒍𝒅 and
(b) radial stress in concrete around the bar

For a combination of bars,
𝐴 𝑓
𝑙 =
𝑈 ∑𝑂
• The length 𝑙 is the minimum permissible anchorage length and is called
development length.
𝜋𝑑 𝑓 𝑑 𝑓
𝑙 = =
4𝑈 (𝜋𝑑 ) 4𝑈
Where: 𝑑 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠.
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• This means that the development length is a function of the size and yield
strength of the reinforcing bars in addition to the ultimate bond stress,
which in is a function of 𝑓 .
• The final development length should also include the other factors, which
may be written as follows:
𝑙 𝑓
=𝐾
𝑑 𝑓
• Where K is a general factor that can be obtained from tests to include
factors such as the bar characteristics (bar size, spacing, epoxy coated or
uncoated, location in concrete section -----)

𝑙 𝑓
=𝐾
𝑑 𝑓
• Where K is a general factor that can be obtained from tests to include
factors such as the bar characteristics (bar size, spacing, epoxy coated or
uncoated, location in concrete section, and bar splicing), amount of
transverse reinforcement, and the provision of excess reinforcement
compared to that required from design.
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𝑙 𝑓
=𝐾
𝑑 𝑓
The ACI Code evaluated K as follows:
3 ѱѱ ѱ
𝐾=
40𝜆 𝑐 + 𝐾
𝑑

• Therefore, the development length equation will be:
𝑙 𝑓
=𝐾
𝑑 𝑓
𝑙 3 𝑓 ѱ ѱ ѱ
= 𝑐 +𝐾
𝑑 40𝜆 𝑓
𝑑
Where:
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Tension - Development Lengths

𝑙 is the development length (inches),
𝑑 is the bar diameter (inches),
ѱ is a bar-location factor given in ACI Code,
ѱ is an epoxy-coating factor given in ACI Code,
ѱ is a bar-size factor given in ACI Code,
λ is the lightweight concrete factor, = 1.0 for NWC,
𝑓
λ=
6.7 𝑓 ≤1
𝐾 is a transverse reinforcement factor given in ACI Code,
𝑐 is the smaller of (a) smaller distance measured from the surface of the
concrete to the centre of a bar being developed, and (b) one-half of the centre-
to-centre spacing of the bars or wires being developed.

Bar-Spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃
• The factor 𝑐 is the smaller of two quantities:
1. In the first definition, 𝑐 is the smallest distance from the surface of the
concrete to the centre of the bar being developed.
• ACI Code gives the minimum cover to principal reinforcement as 1.5
inches. For a beam stem not exposed to weather, with No. 11 bars enclosed
in No. 3 stirrups or ties, 𝑐 will be (1.5 inches cover to the stirrups + 0.375
.
inches stirrup) + (half of the bar diameter, = 0.71 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠) = 2.58 𝑖𝑛
(A typical value is approximately 2.5 inches).
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Bar-Spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃
2. In the second definition, 𝑐 is equal to one-half of the centre-to-
centre spacing of the bars.
• ACI gives the minimum clear spacing of parallel bars in a layer as
𝑑 , but not less than 1 inch. For No. 11 bars, the diameter is 1.41
inches., giving the centre-to-centre spacing of the bars as . ⁄ +
1.41 + . ⁄ = 2.82 𝑖𝑛 and 𝑐 = 1.41 𝑖𝑛.
• The smaller of the two values discussed here is 𝑐 = 1.41 𝑖𝑛 =
1.0𝑑 .
Factors in Equations – Bar-spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃

ѱ𝒕 = 𝒃𝒂𝒓 − 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
• Horizontal reinforcement so placed that more than 12 inch of fresh
concrete is cast in the member below the development length or splice =
1.3.
• Other reinforcement = 1.0.
Note:
Horizontal reinforcement with more than 12 inches of fresh concrete below it at the time the
bar is embedded in concrete is referred to as top reinforcement. During the placement of the
concrete, water and mortar migrate vertically upward through the concrete, collecting on the
underside of reinforcing bars. If the depth below the bar exceeds 12 inch, sufficient mortar will
collect to weaken the bond significantly. This applies to the top reinforcement in beams with
depths greater than 12 inch and to horizontal steel in walls cast in lifts greater than 12 inch. The
factor was reduced from 1.4 to 1.3 as a result of tests.
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ѱ𝒆 = 𝒄𝒐𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
• Epoxy-coated bars or wires with cover less than 3𝑑 , or clear spacing less
than 6𝑑 = 1.5.
• All other epoxy-coated bars or wires = 1.2.
• Uncoated and galvanized reinforcement = 1.0.
The product of ѱ𝒕 ѱ𝒆 need not be taken greater than 1.7.

Note:
Tests of epoxy-coated bars have indicated that there is negligible friction between concrete and
the epoxy-coated bar deformations. As a result, the forces acting on the deformations and the
concrete with epoxy-coated bars act in a direction perpendicular to the surface of the
deformations. In a bar without an epoxy coating, friction between the deformation and the
concrete allows the forces on the deformation and the concrete to act at an angle flatter than the
45 angle. Because of this, the radial-force components are larger in an epoxy-coated bar than
in a normal bar for a given longitudinal force component; hence, splitting occurs at a lower
longitudinal force. The 1.5 value of ѱ𝒆 corresponds to cases where splitting failures occur.

ѱ𝒔 = 𝒃𝒂𝒓 − 𝒔𝒊𝒛𝒆 𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
• No. 6 and smaller bars and deformed wires = 0.8.
• No. 7 and larger bars = 1.0.
𝝀 = 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑨𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

• When any lightweight-aggregate concrete is used, the factor is 0.75.
• However, when the splitting tensile strength 𝑓 is specified, λ shall be
permitted to be taken as but not more then 1.0.

.
• When the normal-weight concrete is used, the factor is 1.0.
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𝝀 = 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑨𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓
• When any lightweight-aggregate concrete is used, the factor is 0.75.
• However, when the splitting tensile strength 𝑓 is specified, λ shall be
permitted to be taken as but not more then 1.0.

.
• When the normal-weight concrete is used, the factor is 1.0.

Note:
The tensile strength of lightweight concrete is generally less than that of normal-weight
concrete; hence, the splitting load will be less. In addition, in some lightweight concretes, the
wedging forces that the bar deformations exert on the concrete can cause localized crushing,
which allows bar slip to occur.

𝑲𝒕𝒓 = 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙
40𝐴
𝐾 =
𝑠𝑛
Where: 𝐴 total cross-sectional area of all transverse reinforcement
within the spacing s, which crosses the potential plane of splitting along the
reinforcement being developed within the development length 𝑖𝑛 .
s maximum centre-to-centre spacing of transverse reinforcement within 𝑙 ,
n number of bars or wires being developed or spliced along the plane of
splitting.
Note:
ACI Code allows 𝐾 to be taken equal to zero to simplify the calculations, even if there is
transverse reinforcement.
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𝑲𝒕𝒓 = 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒔𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙
40𝐴
𝐾 =
𝑠𝑛
Definition of 𝑨𝒕𝒓

Reduction Factor for Excess Flexural Reinforcement
• If the flexural reinforcement provided exceeds the amount required to
resist the factored moment, the bar stress that must be developed is less
than 𝑓 .
• In such a case, ACI Code allows the reduction of 𝑙 by the factor 𝑅 when
the reinforcement in a flexural member exceeds that required analysis,
except where anchorage or development for 𝑓 is specifically required or
the reinforcement is designed considering seismic effects.
𝐴 (𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
𝑅 =
𝐴 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑)
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Reduction Factor for Excess Flexural Reinforcement
𝐴 (𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑)
𝑅 =
𝐴 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑑)
• In such a case, the steel is more highly stressed than would be expected
from the ratio of areas.
• This multiplier is not applied in the design of members resisting seismic
loads.
• The development length, calculated as the product from

ACI Code and the factors given here, shall not be taken
less than 12 in.

Development Lengths for Bundled Bars
• Where a large number of bars are required in a beam or column, the bars
are sometimes placed in bundles of 2, 3, or 4 bars (ACI Code).
• The effective perimeter for bond failure of bundles is less than the total
perimeter of the individual bars in the bundle.
• ACI Code accounts for this by requiring that individual bar development
lengths be increased by 1.2 times for bars in a 3-bar bundle and 1.33 times
for bars in a 4-bar bundle.
• To determine the development length for a group of bundled bars, the
value of 𝑑 used in ACI Code shall be taken as the diameter of a
hypothetical single bar having the same area as the bundle.
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Development Lengths for Coated Bars
• In bridge decks and parking garages, epoxy-coated or galvanized
reinforcement are frequently used to reduce corrosion problems. Epoxy-
coated bars are covered by the factor ѱ in ACI Code.
• There is no modification factor for zinc-coated bars. The zinc coating on
galvanized bars can affect the bond properties via a chemical reaction with
the concrete.
• This effect can be prevented by treating the bars with a solution of
chromate after galvanizing.
• If this is done, the bond is essentially the same as that for normal
reinforcement.

Development Lengths for Welded-wire Reinforcement
• ACI Code provides rules for development of welded plain-wire
reinforcement in tension. The development of plain-wire reinforcement
depends on the mechanical anchorage.
𝐴 𝑓
𝑙 = 0.27
𝑠𝜆 𝑓
Where: 𝐴 and s are, respectively, the cross-sectional area and spacing of the
wire being developed. The development length may be reduced by
multiplying by the factor in ACI Code for excess reinforcement, but may not
be taken as less than 6 inches except when computing the length of splices
according to the ACI Code.
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Simplified Expressions for Development Lengths
• ACI Code permits the use of simplified expressions to compute the ratio
.
• This is based on the fact that current practical construction cases utilize
spacing and cover values along with confining reinforcement, such as
stirrups and ties, that produce a value of 𝑐 + 𝐾 /𝑑 ≥ 1.5.
• Moreover, tests indicated that the development length 𝑙 , can be reduced
by 20% for no. 6 and smaller bars.
• Based on these assumptions and assuming = 1.5, can be reduced
to following expressions.

1. For no. 7 and larger bars,
𝑙 𝑓 ѱѱ
=
𝑑 𝑓 20𝜆
For no. 6 and smaller bars and deformed wires,
𝑙 𝑓 ѱѱ
=
𝑑 𝑓 25𝜆
The ratio in above equation represents 80% of that in Equation. Therefore,
these equations can be used when one of the following conditions is met:
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1. For no. 7 and larger bars,
The ratio in above equation represents 80% of that in Equation. Therefore,
these equations can be used when one of the following conditions is met:
a. Clear spacing of bars or wires being developed or spliced not less than
𝑑 , clear cover not less than 𝑑 , and stirrups or ties throughout 𝑙 not less
than the code minimum.
b. Clear spacing of bars or wires being developed or spliced not less than
2𝑑 and clear cover not less than 𝑑 .
2. For all other cases, the value of , in above equations will be

multiplied by 1.5 to restore them to equivalence.

2. For all other cases, the value of , in above equations will be

multiplied by 1.5 to restore them to equivalence.
• These equations are relatively simple to use for the general conditions
involved in practical design and construction.
• For example, in all structures with normal-weight concrete ѱ = 1.0 ,
uncoated reinforcement ѱ = 1.0 , no. 7 or larger bars ѱ = 1.0 , the
equation becomes:
𝑙 𝑓
=
𝑑 20λ 𝑓
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• This equation is used when conditions a and b are met, whereas for all
other cases, is multiplied by 1.5, or
𝑙 3𝑓
=
𝑑 40λ 𝑓
Similarly, for the same conditions and for no. 6 or smaller bars, equation
becomes
𝑙 𝑓
=
𝑑 25λ 𝑓

• This is used when conditions a and b are met, for all other cases, is
multiplied by 1.5, or
𝑙 3𝑓
=
𝑑 50λ 𝑓
It is quite common to use 𝑓 = 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and 𝑓 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 in the design and

construction of reinforced concrete buildings. If these values are substituted in
the preceding equations, and assuming normal-weight concrete λ = 1 then,
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𝑙 = 47.5𝑑 ≥ 𝑛𝑜. 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑙 = 71.2𝑑 ≥ 𝑛𝑜. 7 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑙 = 38𝑑 ≤ 𝑛𝑜. 6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑙 = 57𝑑 ≤ 𝑛𝑜. 6 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
Other values of ratios are shown in Tables 01 and 02 gives the
development length 𝑙 , for different reinforcing bars (when 𝑓 = 60 𝑘𝑠𝑖 and

𝑓 = 4 𝑘𝑠𝑖) for both cases, when conditions a and b are met and for all other
cases.

Table 01. Values of 𝒍𝒅 𝒅𝒃 for various values of 𝒇𝒄 and 𝒇𝒚 (Tension Bars) 𝝀 = 𝟏
27
11/2/2022

Table 02. Development Length 𝒍𝒅 (𝒊𝒏) for Tension Bars and 𝒇𝒚 = 𝟔𝟎 𝒌𝒔𝒊
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11/2/2022

• Department of Civil Engineering.

• Course: Advanced Reinforced Concrete Structures.

• Instructor: Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam.

• Lecture No. 01.

• Week No. 01.

• Class: MSc Civil Engineering.

Advanced Reinforced Concrete Structures

Development Length of Reinforcing Bars

Development Length of Reinforcing Bars

Development Length of Reinforcing Bars

Development Length of Reinforcing Bars

Fig. 1. Need for bond stresses

i. Average bond stress in beam

Fig. 3. Average flexural bond

ii. Bond Stresses in an Axially Loaded Prism

• Between the cracks, a portion of the load is transferred to the concrete by

iii. True Bond Stresses in Beam

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam

iv. Bond Stresses in a Pull-Out Test

2. Mechanism of Bond Transfer

2. Mechanism of Bond Transfer

Fig. 7. Bond Transfer Mechanism

2. Mechanism of Bond Transfer

Fig. 8. Typical Splitting-failure surfaces

the average bond stress by setting 𝑓 − 𝑓 in previous equation, equals

Here, 𝜇 . is the value of 𝜇 at the bond failure in a beam test.

1. Development Lengths in Tension

1. Development Lengths in Tension

1. Development Lengths in Tension

1. Development Lengths in Tension

1. Development Lengths in Tension

1. Development Lengths in Tension

Tension - Development Lengths

Tension - Development Lengths

(A typical value is approximately 2.5 inches).

Tension - Development Lengths

Factors in Equations – Bar-spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃

Factors in Equations – Bar-spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃

The product of ѱ𝒕 ѱ𝒆 need not be taken greater than 1.7.

Factors in Equations – Bar-spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃

𝝀 = 𝒍𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝑨𝒈𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒆 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓

permitted to be taken as but not more then 1.0.

• When the normal-weight concrete is used, the factor is 1.0.

Factors in Equations – Bar-spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃

permitted to be taken as but not more then 1.0.

• When the normal-weight concrete is used, the factor is 1.0.

Factors in Equations – Bar-spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃

Factors in Equations – Bar-spacing Factor 𝒄𝒃

Tension - Development Lengths

Tension - Development Lengths

• The development length, calculated as the product from

Tension - Development Lengths

Tension - Development Lengths

Tension - Development Lengths

Tension - Development Lengths

• Based on these assumptions and assuming = 1.5, can be reduced

Tension - Development Lengths

Tension - Development Lengths

2. For all other cases, the value of , in above equations will be

Tension - Development Lengths

2. For all other cases, the value of , in above equations will be

Tension - Development Lengths

other cases, is multiplied by 1.5, or