Lec#01. Structural Materials

11/6/2022
Structural Materials
Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Assistant Professor,
Dept. of Civil Engineering
(Structural Engineering & Materials)
Properties of Structural Materials
INDEX
• Timber ………………………………… 3-8

• Sand …………………………………. 9- 17
• Aggregate …………………………… 18-29
• Mortar ………………………………… 30-40
• Concrete ……………………………….. 40-50
1
11/6/2022
Timber
•The wood suitable for
construction of
buildings or for other
engineering purposes
is called timber.
Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam
Uses and Importance of Timber
• Used as posts, beams, lintels, doors

and windows
• Used in floorings, roofing, ceilings
etc.,
• Used in rafters , purlins, trusses etc.,
• Used for interior decoration
purposes
• Used for making furniture, sport
goods, railway sleepers etc.,
2
11/6/2022
TYPES
There are two types of timber:
• Hardwood
- Deciduous & having large leaves
- Eg., Teak, sal, Shisham
TYPES
• Softwood
- Coniferous & having Pointed leaves
- Eg., Deodar, pine, kail
3
11/6/2022
PROPERTIES
• Strength
• Hardness
• Density
• Elasticity
• Texture
• Durability
• Smell, etc.
Requirements
• Durable and effective.
• Able to penetrate from inside.
• Should not adversely affect timber.
• Should not emit any offensive
smell.
• Fire-proof.
• Poisonous for fungus, white ants
and other insects.
• Cheap.
4
11/6/2022
SAND
Requirements, Types, Uses
Property and Importance
Importance of Sand
• Sand is an extremely needful material for the construction but
this important material must be purchased with all care and
vigilance.
• Sand which is used in the construction purpose must be clean,
free from waste stones and impurities.
• It is important to know what type of sand is beneficial for
construction purpose as sand is also classified into three
different forms that make it suitable for specific type of
construction.
5
11/6/2022
Importance of Sand
• Should not contain impurities like Silt, Clay and salts. These
impurities can affect physical and chemical properties.
• Free from organic matter.
• Coarse and well graded angular grains in suitable

proportions.
• Grains should be hard, strong and durable.
• Free from hygroscopic moisture.
Classification of sand
Sand is classified as:
• Fine Sand (0.075 to 0.425 mm),
• Medium Sand (0.425 to 2 mm)
• Coarse Sand (2.0 to 4.75 mm).
However this classification of sand is further has types of

sand in particular and on that basis only they are being
incorporated in the construction
6
11/6/2022
Pit Sand
(Coarse Sand)
• This type of coarse sand is procured from deep pits of
abundant supply and it is generally in red-orange color.
The coarse grain is sharp, angular and certainly free from
salts etc which is mostly employed in concreting.
Sea Sand
• The name suggest, sea sand is taken from seas shores and it is generally
in distinct brown color with fine circular grains. Sea sand is avoided for
the purpose construction of concrete structure and in engineering
techniques because it contains salt which tends to absorb moisture from
atmosphere and brings dampness. Eventually cement also loses its
action when mixed with sea sand that is why it is only used for the local
purpose instead of structural construction.
7
11/6/2022
River Sand
• River sand is procured from river streams and banks and is fine
in quality unlike pit sand. This type of sand has rounded grains
generally in white-grey color. River sand has many uses in the
construction purpose such as plastering.
General Requirements
• All the sand particles should have higher crushing strength.
• The surface texture of the particles should be smooth.
• The edges of the particles should be grounded.
• The ratio of fines below 600 microns in sand should not be less
than 30%.
• There should not be any organic impurities
• Silt in sand should not be more than 2%, for crushed sand.
• In manufactured sand the permissible limit of fines below 75

microns shall not exceed 15%
8
11/6/2022
AGGREGATE
Uses, Types, Requirements, Properties
and Importance
Aggregates
 Definition - Aggregate is a type of material used in
construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stones
etc.
9
11/6/2022
Requirements of Good Aggregates

• It should be chemically inactive
• It should be sufficiently strong
• It should be hard enough
• It should be durable
• It should have rough surface
• It should be of propershape
• It should have limited pores
Types of Aggregates
Classification according to formation
Classification according to size
10
11/6/2022
Classification according Classification according

to formation to size
Natural Aggregates Fine Aggregates
•Artificial Aggregates •Coarse Aggregates
Aggregates – According to Formation
1. Natural Aggregates
Natural aggregates consists of

rock fragments that are used in
their natural state, or are used
after mechanical processing
such as crushing, washing, and
sizing.
11
11/6/2022
2. ArtificialAggregates
For making special type of

concrete we should make
special type of artificial
aggregates. In these
aggregates most are light
weight aggregates and heavy
weight aggregates.
Aggregates – According to Size
1. Fine Aggregates
“Fine aggregate” is defined as

material that will pass a No.
4 sieve and will, for the most
part, be retained on a No.
200 sieve. Some types are
sand, stone dust, cinder,
surkhi.
12
11/6/2022
2. Coarse Aggregate
Coarse aggregate basic
material of the concrete.
Crushed stone or gravel used
in concrete are called coarse
aggregate and it will not, pass
when it is dry through a sieve
with ¼-inch- diameter. Some
types are stone ballast, gravel,
clinker etc.
Uses of Aggregates
• In Concretemaking
• In making Roads,
• For laying Railways,
13
11/6/2022
Properties of Aggregates
 Aggregates sizes
 Aggregates shape
 Aggregates surface textures
 Specific gravity of
aggregates
 Water absorption and surface

moisture
Importance of Aggregates
• Aggregates are literally the foundation of our economy and society.
• It is used in greater quantities than any other natural resources.
14
11/6/2022
• It is used for building our basic needs like home, office, buildings,
bridges, roads, highway etc.
• Almost every field of job dependson aggregate industry.

• Economic growth depends on maintaining a competitive supply of high
quality aggregates at a reasonablecost and closeto market.
MORTAR
Requirements, Types, Uses and
Importance
15
11/6/2022
Definition
• Mortar is a workable paste used to bind building blocks such
as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and
seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add
decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.
• In its broadest sense mortar includes pitch, asphalt, and soft mud
or clay, such as used between mud bricks.
• Mortar comes from Latin Word mortarium meaning crushed.
Importance
• To bind together the bricks or stones properly so as to provide strength to the
structure.
• To form a homogenous mass of the structure so as to resist all the loads coming
over it without disintegration.
• To provide a weather resisting i.e., a durable layer between the different courses of
masonry in the structure.
• To hold coarse aggregate together in any concrete so as to form a solid mass. The
mortar used in a concrete is termed as matrix.
• To do pointing and plastering to the structure. The mortar used for plastering is
known as plaster.
• To fill up empty joints in brick and stone masonry. The mortar used for such purposes
is a thin liquid mortar which is termed as grout and the process is known as grouting.
16
11/6/2022
Requirements
• Good workability to ease laying work and improve quality of the
joints
• Good water retentivity to prevent excessive suction of water by

bricks that have high initial rate of absorption and retain
sufficient water required for hydration of cement
• Development of suitable early and final strength
• Offers water-tightness and durability to a wall
• Good adhesion or bond for bricks
Properties
• Water Retention
• Air content
• Uniformity
• Workability
• Durability
• Bond Strength
17
11/6/2022
TYPES OF MORTAR AND ITS USES

Cement Mortar
• The paste is prepared by mixing cement and sand in suitable
proportions in addition to water.
• The general proportion is 1 part of cement to 2-8 parts clean
sand.
• These mortars must be use within half an hour, i.e.; before initial
setting time of the cement.
• USE- This type is used for all engineering works where
high strength is desired such as load bearing walls, deep
foundations, flooring etc.

Lime Mortar
• The paste is prepared by mixing lime and sand or surkhi in suitable
proportions in addition to water.
• If surkhi is to be added in lime mortar the equal proportions of sand
and surkhi should be mixed with lime.
• These mortars are inferior to cement mortars in strength as well as
water tightness.
• These mortars should not be used for underground works as they set
in the presence of carbon dioxide and break up in damp conditions.
• USE- This type is used for construction work above ground
level i.e. exposed positions.
18
11/6/2022

Lightweight Mortar
• The paste is prepared by mixing wood powder, wood sawing or saw
dust with cement or lime mortar.
• In such mortars fibers of jute coir or asbestos fibers can also be used.
• USE- These are generally used as fiber plasters in sound and
heat proof construction.

Fire Resistant Mortar
• The paste is prepared by mixing aluminous cement and finely crushed
fire bricks in suitable proportions in addition to water.
• The usual proportion are 1 part aluminous cement to 2 parts of finely
crushed fire bricks.
• USE- These are generally used for lining furnaces, ovens and
fire places with fire bricks.
19
11/6/2022

Mud Mortar
• The paste is prepared by mixing suitable clayey soil with water.
• The soil which is used for preparing mud mortar should be free from
grass, pebbles etc.
• These are the cheapest mortars but weakest in strength.
• USE- These mortars are used for brickwork of ordinary
buildings and for plastering walls in rural areas.
20
11/6/2022
Concrete
Types, Uses, Requirements, Properties and
Importance
Definition
• It is a mixture of Portland cement, water, aggregates, and in
some cases, admixtures.
• The cement and water form a paste that hardens and bonds the
aggregates together.
• Concrete is often looked upon as “man made rock”.
Portland Cement
21
11/6/2022
Properties
• Concrete has strength, durability, versatility, and economy.
• It can be placed or molded into virtually any shape and

reproduce any surface texture.
• Concrete is a versatile construction material, adaptable to a wide

variety of agricultural and residential uses.
• The elasticity of concrete is relatively constant at low stress levels

but starts decreasing at higher stress levels as matrix cracking
develops.
• Concrete has a very low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it

matures concrete shrinks.
Importance
• With proper materials and techniques, concrete can withstand many
acids, silage, milk, manure, fertilizers, water, fire, and abrasion.
• Concrete can be finished to produce surfaces ranging from glass-

smooth to coarsely textured, and it can be colored with pigments
or painted.
• Concrete has substantial strength in compression, but is weak in

tension.
• Most structural uses, such as beams, slabs, and manure tank lids,
involve reinforced concrete, which depends on concrete's strength
in compression and steel's strength in tension.
22
11/6/2022
Requirements of a Good Concrete

• The fundamental requirements of hardened concrete are strength,
durability and economy.
• Fresh concrete must be workable, that is, it must be of such a
consistency and physical make-up that it can be readily placed in
the form without segregation of the materials and without requiring
an excessive amount of spading to completely fill the form.
• Uniformity in both the fresh and hardened concrete is necessary to
secure economy of materials, to facilitate handling and placing and
to obtain uniformity in the completed structure.
• It is particularly important where water tightness is required.
Uses
Concrete has many applications and
is used to make:
• pavements,
• pipes,
• structures,
• foundations,
• roads,
• bridges/overpasses,
• walls and
• footings for gates.
23
11/6/2022
Types
• There are various types of
concrete for different
applications that are created by
changing the proportions of main
ingredients.
• The mix design depends on the

type of structure being built, how
the concrete will be mixed and
delivered, and how it will be
placed to form the structure.
Some Examples of types of Concrete

• Limecrete • Shotcrete
• Gypsum concrete • Cellular concrete
• Light-Transmitting Concrete • Roller-compacted concrete
• Regular concrete • Glass concrete
• Pre-Mixed concrete • Asphalt concrete
• High-strength concrete • Rapid strength concrete
• Stamped concrete • Rubberized concrete
• High-Performance concrete • Polymer concrete
• Geopolymer or Green
• UHPC (Ultra-High Performance concrete
Concrete)
• Self-consolidating concretes
• Vacuum concretes
24
11/6/2022
25

Lec#01. Structural Materials

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lec#01. Structural Materials

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11/6/2022

Engr. Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Properties of Structural Materials

• Timber ………………………………… 3-8

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Uses and Importance of Timber

• Used as posts, beams, lintels, doors

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

• Free from organic matter.

• Coarse and well graded angular grains in suitable

• Grains should be hard, strong and durable.

• Free from hygroscopic moisture.

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

• Fine Sand (0.075 to 0.425 mm),

• Medium Sand (0.425 to 2 mm)

• Coarse Sand (2.0 to 4.75 mm).

However this classification of sand is further has types of

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

• The surface texture of the particles should be smooth.

• The edges of the particles should be grounded.

• There should not be any organic impurities

• In manufactured sand the permissible limit of fines below 75

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Requirements of Good Aggregates

• It should be sufficiently strong

• It should be hard enough

• It should have rough surface

• It should have limited pores

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Classification according to size

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Classification according Classification according

Natural Aggregates Fine Aggregates

•Artificial Aggregates •Coarse Aggregates

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Aggregates – According to Formation

Natural aggregates consists of

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

For making special type of

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

Aggregates – According to Size

“Fine aggregate” is defined as

• For laying Railways,

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

 Aggregates surface textures

 Water absorption and surface

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

• Aggregates are literally the foundation of our economy and society.

• It is used in greater quantities than any other natural resources.

• Almost every field of job dependson aggregate industry.

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam

as stones, bricks, and concrete masonry units together, fill and

seal the irregular gaps between them, and sometimes add

decorative colors or patterns in masonry walls.

or clay, such as used between mud bricks.

• Mortar comes from Latin Word mortarium meaning crushed.

Prepared by: Dr. Muhammad Aslam