COURSE CONTENT

➢ INDUSTRY INFORMATION.

➢ FOUNDRY:
 Metal and alloys commonly used in foundry
 Fuels of melting metals.
 Pattern making.
 Sand mixing and preparation.
 Mould assembly and handling.
 Core and core prints.
 Melting and pouring.
 Applications of casting.
➢ MACHINE SHOP:
 Milling machine.
 Drilling machine.
 Slot machine.
 Shaper machine.
➢ QUALITY ASSURANCE DEPARTMENT(QAD):
 Measuring instruments.
◦ Outside micrometer.
◦ Inside micrometer.
◦ Vernier calipers.
◦ Vernier depth gauge.
◦ Dial gauge.
 Visual inspection.
 Destructive tests.
◦ Universal testing machine.
◦ Brinell hardness testing machine.
◦ Coordinate measuring machine(CMM).
 SRI BHAVANI CASTINGS PRIVATE
COMPANY LTD:
Sri Bhavani Castings limited (SBCL), was
established in 1974, SBCL gained immense
expertise in supplying &trading of precision
cast auto parts, break-drums, clutch plates
etc. The supplier company is located in
Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh and is one of
leading sellers of listed products.

SBCL is an associate company of the larger conglomerate, Sri Ramadas

Motor Transport (SRMT), a multi-faced organization with varied interests
in the high profile areas of manufacturing, services and trading lines.

SBCL company is mainly is running with main two departments i.e

(Foundry & Machine Shop).

FOUNDRY MACHINE SHOP

Lets see the detailed view of of these two departments:

 FOUNDRY

Different Sections in Foundry:

1) Pattern making 2) Sand mixing & preparation

3) Mould and core making 4) Mould assembly & handling

5) Melting 6) Pouring

7) Shaking out 8) Fettling & finishing

9) Heat treatment 10) Inspection & testing

Metals and alloys commonly used in Foundries:
FERROUS:
a. Cast irons b. Steels
NON-FERROUS:
a. Copper alloys
b. Aluminium alloys
c. Magnesium alloys
d. Zinc alloys
e. Nickel alloys

Fuels for melting metals:

1. Coal

2. Coke

3. Gas

4. Oil

5. electricity

❖ Mostly electricity is used as fuel for melting metal.

INDUCTION FURNACE
 Pattern Making:
1.
➢ A Pattern is a model or the replica of the object to be cast.
➢ Except for the various allowances a pattern exactly
resembles the casting to be made.
➢ A pattern is required even if one object has to be cast.

Functions of pattern:

➢ A Pattern prepares a mould cavity for the

purpose of making a casting.
➢ A Pattern may contain projections known as
core prints if the casting requires a core and
need to be made hollow.
➢ Patterns properly made and having finished and
smooth surfaces reduce casting defects.
➢ Properly constructed patterns minimize overall
cost of the casting.
The pattern material should be:

➢ Easily worked, shaped and joined.

➢ Light in weight.
➢ Strong, hard and durable.
➢ Resistant to wear and abrasion .
➢ Resistant to corrosion, and to chemical reactions.
➢ Dimensionally stable and unaffected by variations in
temperature and humidity.
➢ Available at low cost.
Materials for making patterns:

1. Wood 4. Metal
2. Plastic 5. Plaster
3. Wax.
 Metal Patterns:

Advantages:
➢ Do not absorb moisture
➢ More stronger
➢ Possess much longer life
➢ Do not wrap, retain their shape
➢ Greater resistance to abrasion
➢ Accurate and smooth surface finish
➢ Good machinability

Limitations:
➢ Expensive
➢ Not easily repaired
➢ Ferrous patterns get rusted
➢ Heavy weight

“ These are employed where large no. of castings have to

be produced from same patterns.”

Types of Patterns:
1. Single piece pattern.
2. Split piece pattern.
3. Loose piece pattern.
4. Match plate pattern.
5. Sweep pattern.
6. Gated pattern.
7. Skeleton pattern
8. Follow board pattern.
9. Cope and Drag pattern.
(a)Split pattern
(b) Follow-board
(c) Match Plate
(d) Loose-piece
(e) Sweep
(f) Skeleton pattern
2. Sand mixing & preparation :

The main ingredients of any molding sand are:

❖ Base sand,
❖ Binder, and
❖ Moisture

❖ Base sand

➢ Silica sand is most commonly used base sand.

➢ Other base sands that are also used for making mold are zircon sand,
Chromite sand, and olivine sand.
➢ Silica sand is cheapest among all types of base sand and it is easily availab

❖ Binder

• Binders are of many types such as:

➢ Clay binders,
➢ Organic binders and
➢ Inorganic binders

 Clay binders are most commonly used binding agents mixed with
the molding sands to provide the strength.
 The most popular clay types are:
o Kaolinite or fire clay (Al2O3 2 SiO2 2 H2O) and Bentonite
(Al2O3 4 SiO2 nH2O)
o Of the two the Bentonite can absorb more water which
increases its bonding power.
❖ Moisture

➢ Clay acquires its bonding action only in the presence of the required
amount of moisture.
➢ When water is added to clay, it penetrates the mixture and forms a
microfilm, which coats the surface of each flake of the clay.
➢ The amount of water used should be properly controlled.
➢ This is because a part of the water, which coats the surface of the clay
flakes, helps in bonding, while the remainder helps in improving the
plasticity.

Effect of moisture, grain size and shape on

mould quality :
3. Mould assembly & handling

Classification of casting :
Processes

➢ Conventional Molding Processes Green Sand Molding

• Dry Sand Molding

• Flask less Molding

➢ Chemical Sand Molding Processes

• Shell Molding

• Sodium Silicate Molding

• No-Bake Molding
➢ Permanent Mold Processes

• Gravity Die casting

• Low and High Pressure Die Casting

➢ Special Casting Processes

• Lost Wax

• Ceramics Shell Molding

• Evaporative Pattern Casting

• Vacuum Sealed Molding

• Centrifugal Casting
❖Sodium Silicate Molding Process

➢ In this process, the refractory material is coated with a sodium

silicate-based binder. For molds, the sand mixture can be ted
manually, jolted or squeezed around the compacpattern in the
flask.
➢ After compaction, CO 2 gas is passed through the core or mold.
The CO 2 chemically reacts with the sodium silicate to cure, or
harden, the binder. This cured binder then holds the refractory
in place around the pattern. After curing, the pattern is
withdrawn from the mold.
➢ The sodium silicate process is one of the most environmentally
➢ The major disadvantage
acceptable of the chemicalof the processavailable.
processes is that the binder is very
hygroscopic and readily absorbs water, which causes a porosity
in the castings.. Also, because the binder creates such a hard,
rigid mold wall, shakeout and collapsibility characteristics can
slow down production.
➢ Some of the advantages of the process are:
▪ A hard, rigid core and mold are typical of the process,
which gives the casting good dimensional tolerances;
▪ good casting surface finishes are readily obtainable;
4. Core and core prints:

➢ Castings are often required to have holes, recesses, etc. of

various sizes and shapes.
➢ These impressions can be obtained by using cores.
➢ So where coring is required, provision should be made to
support the core inside the mold cavity.
➢ Core prints are used to serve this purpose.
➢ The core print is an added projection on the pattern and it
forms a seat in the mold on which the sand core rests during
pouring of the mold.
➢ The core print must be of adequate size and shape so that it
can support the weight of the core during the casting
operation.
➢ Depending upon the requirement a core can be placed
❖ Types of core making processes:
horizontal, vertical and can be hanged inside the mold cavity.
❖ Cold box core shooter machine.
❖ Co2 core making
❖ Oil core making
5. Melting and pouring :
:➢ Several types of furnaces are
available for melting metals and
their selection depends on the type
of metal, the maximum
temperature required and the rate
and the mode of molten metal
delivery.
➢ Before pouring provisions are made
for the escape of dissolved gases.
The gating system should be
designed to minimize the turbulent
flow and erosion of mould
cavity.The other important factors
are the pouring temperature and
the pouring rate.

Before pouring molten metal. After pouring molten metal.

Solidification and Cooling:
➢ The properties of the casting
significantly depends on the
solidification time cooing rate.
➢ Shrinkage of casting, during
cooling of solidified metal should
not be restrained by the mould
material, otherwise internal
stresses may develop and form
cracks in casting.
➢ Proper care should be taken at Cooling curve for pure metal.

the design stage of casting so

that shrinkage can occur without
casting defects.
Casting Terms :

➢ Flask: A metal or wood frame, without fixed top or bottom, in which the
mold is formed. Depending upon the position of the flask in the molding
structure, it is referred to by various names such as
• drag - lower molding flask,
• cope - upper molding flask,
• cheek - intermediate molding.
➢ Pattern: It is the replica of the final object to be made. The mold cavity is
made with the help of pattern.
➢ Parting line : This is the dividing line between the two molding flasks that
makes up the mold.
➢ Core : A separate part of the mold, made of sand and generally baked, which
is used to create openings and various shaped cavities in the castings.
➢ Pouring basin : A small funnel shaped cavity at the top of the mold into
which the molten metal is poured.
➢ Sprue : The passage through which the molten metal, from the pouring
basin, reaches the mold cavity. In many cases it controls the flow of metal
into the mold.
➢ Runner : The channel through which the molten metal is carried from the
sprue to the gate.
➢ Gate : A channel through which the molten metal enters the mold cavity.
➢ Chaplets : Chaplets are used to support the cores inside the mold cavity to
take care of its own weight and overcome the metallostatic force.
➢ Riser : A column of molten metal placed in the mold to feed the castings as it
shrinks and solidifies. Also known as feed head.
➢ Vent : Small opening in the mold to facilitate
 Advantages of metal casting:
➢ Casting is one of the most versatile manufacturing process.
➢ Casting provides the greatest freedom of design in terms of shape, size
and the product quantity.
➢ Casting imparts uniform directional properties and better vibration
capacity to the cast parts.
➢ Casting produces machinable parts.
➢ Shapes difficult and uneconomic to obtain otherwise may be achieved
through casting process.
➢ A product may be cast as one piece, there by eliminating the need of
metal joining processes.
➢ Very heavy and bulky parts which are otherwise difficult to get fabricated
may be cast.
➢ Metals (like cast iron) dificult to be shaped by other manufacturing
processes may be cast.
➢ Casting can be designed for equal distribution of loads and for minimum
stress concentration in order to achieve more strength and increased
service life.

Limitations of casting:
➢ Casting process can be mechanised and usefully employed for mass
production of components.
➢ Dimensional accuracy and surface finish of the castings made by sand
casting processes are a limitation to this technique.
➢ Many new casting processes have been developed which can take into
consideration the aspects of dimensional accuracy and surface finish.
➢ Some of these processes are die casting process, investment casting
process, vacuum-sealed molding process, and shell molding process.
➢ The metal casting process is a labor intensive process.
Applications of Casting :
➢ Transportation vehicles
➢ Turbine vanes
➢ Power generators
➢ Railway crossings
➢ Agricultural parts
➢ Aircraft jet engine parts
➢ Sanitary fittings
➢ Communication, Construction and Atomic Energy applications, etc.
 MACHINE SHOP

In machine shop department we will find :

➢ Milling machine,
➢ Drilling machine,
➢ Turning,
➢ Shaping machine,
➢ Slot machine.
 Milling machine :

Milling is a metal cutting

operation in which the excess
material from the work piece is
removed by rotating multipoint
cutting tool called milling
cutter. A milling machine is a
machine tool that removes
metal as the work is fed against
a rotating multipoint cutter.
The milling cutter rotates at
high speed and it removes Horizontal milling machine
metal at a very fast rate with
the help of multiple cutting
edges.
One or more number of cutters can be mounted simultaneously on the
milling machine. This is the reason that a milling machine finds wide
application in production work. The horizontal miller is used when a
vertical is less suitable. The cutter can be changed very easily. The arbor
bracket is removed by loosening nuts and bolts. The arbor can beslide off
the over arm.
Used for machining flat surfaces, contoured surfaces, external and internal
threads.

Horizontal Milling machine

➢ The horizontal milling machine has a spindle that is parallel to the shop
floor and an overarm that extends over the workpiece.
➢ The overarm supports the arbor, which holds the milling cutter.
 ➢ In horizontal milling machines, the part is again fixed on the bed. The
machining takes place horizontally or at a required angle if the
machine is equipped with a universal table.
➢ This table allows the cutting head to approach the workpiece from a
variety of angles.
➢ The machine may also be equipped with special cutters to machine
bevels, gears, radii, and grooves. Simplex horizontal mills have one
spindle, while duplex has two.

Horizontal milling machine. Vertical milling machine.

❖ Drilling Machine:

(a. Pillar type)

➢ Pillar type drilling machine can be round or square column. The

column can be raised from the base which rests on the floor. It has
an arm, round table and drill head assembly. The arm and table
has three adjustments for locating the work piece under spindle.
➢ It can be moved in an arc up to 1800 around
the column and can be clamped at any
position. This permits the work to be
supported on the base of the machine and
the arm can be swung out of the way for
drilling heavy and odd size work pieces.
Lastly, the table can be rotated 360° about its
own centre to locate the work under the
spindle.
➢ The construction of the machine being not
very rigid and the table being supported on a
horizontal arm, this is particularly intended
for lighter work. The maximum size of drill
which can be used is 50 mm. In box or square
column type, the table is of square type and
➢isThe
fitted oncan
table thebe
slides at or
raised thelowered
front face of elevating
by an the screw that gives additional
machine
support column. Heavy
to the table. Thisbox column
type gives the
of machine is designed to drill more than 50mm
machine
diameterstrength
holes onand rigidity.
heavier work pieces.

(b. Radial machine: )

➢ The radial drilling machine is intended for
drilling medium to large and heavy work
pieces The machine consists of a heavy,
round, vertical column mounted on a
large base.
➢ The column supports a radial arm which
can be raised and lowered to
accommodate work pieces of different
height. The arm may be swung around at
any position over the work bed.
➢ The drill head containing mechanism for
rotating and feeding the drill is mounted
➢ These
on a three
radialmovements
arm and incan
a radial
be drilling
moved machine can be combined together to
permit the drill
horizontally ontothebe located at anyand
guide ways desired
can point on the work piece for drilling the
hole.
be clamped at any desired position.
➢ When several holes are drilled on a large work piece, the position of the arm and
drill head is altered so that the drill spindle may be moved from one position to
the other after drilling the hole without altering the setting of the work. This
versatility of the machine allows it to work on large work pieces. The work may
be mounted on the table or when the job is large it may be placed on the floor or
in a pit.

❖ Slot machine :

➢ It is known variously as a fruit machine,

puggy, the slots, poker machine/pokies, or
simply slot, is a casino gambling machine
with three or more reels which spin when
a button is pushed.
➢ Slot machines are also known as one-
armed bandits because they were
originally operated by one lever on the
side of the machine, as distinct from a
button on the front panel, and because of
their ability to leave the player
impoverished or in debt, with bandit as a
synonym
➢ Slot machinesfor "thief
include Many detector
a currency modernthat validates the money inserted to
machines
play. are stillpays
The machine equipped with a legacy
off according to patterns of symbols visible on the front
oflever in addition
the machine to the
when button.
it stops.
➢ Modern computer technology has resulted in variations on the slot machine
conceabout 70 percent of the average US casino's income.
➢ Slot machines are the most popular gambling method in casinos and constitute.
❖ Shaper machine:
➢ The work piece mounts on a rigid, box- shaped table in front of the machine.
The height of the table can be adjusted to suit this work piece, and the table
can traverse sideways underneath the reciprocating tool, which is mounted
on the ram.
➢ Table motion may be controlled manually, but is usually advanced by
automatic feed mechanism acting on the feed screw. The ram slides back and
forth above the work.
➢ At the front end of the ram is a vertical tool slide that may be adjusted to
 ➢ This tool- slide holds the clapper box
and tool post, from which the tool
can be positioned to cut a straight,
flat surface on the top of the
workpiece.
➢ The tool-slide permits feeding the
tool downwards to deepen a cut.
This adjustability, coupled with the
use of specialized cutters and tool
holders, enable the operator to cut
internal
➢ The ram isand externalfor
adjustable gear tooth.
stroke and, due to the geometry of the linkage, it moves
faster on the return (non-cutting) stroke than on the forward, cutting stroke. This
action is via a slotted link (or Whitworth link).
 Quality assurance department (QAD)

1. Measuring instruments
2. Visual inspection
3. Destructive testing
 QAD : Quality Assurance department which deals with the
inspection of castings or the final job which are made in
industry, are inspected by the means of measuring
instruments, gauges, visual inspection and some destructive
methods of inspection (I. e., brinell hardness testing machine,
Rockwell hardness machine , universal testing machine)
Measuring instruments
❖ Outside micrometer :
➢ External Micrometer is also
known as Outside Micrometer or
External Micrometer.
➢ It is used to check outside
diameter of circle by the means
of accuracy of 0.01 mm or up to
0.001 mm.Vernier type
Micrometer gives highest
acceptable accuracy of 1 micron
➢ such gauge
According is vernier
to above figure, type
the last unit of main scale is 8 mm. Bottom
micrometer.
scale has a span of 0.50 mm,if we see this graduation we have to be added
0.50mm to actual reading.
➢ The second scale is the rotational scale with a number of 0 to 50. Each
number show digit after dot point. For instance 0.46 mm appear at the
matching line.
➢ The accuracy of External Micrometer 0.01 mm which is very acceptable,
accurate and precise.
 ❖Inside micrometer :
Inside Micrometer is used to measure the larger internal dimension.
Inside Micrometer can measure internal Diameter of holes and
registers.There are various types of micrometers available in the
industry each used for a specific purpose. One such micrometer is the
“Inside Micrometer”.The inside micrometer is used to measure the
inner diameter of objects that are bonded by walls,cylindrical bore or
hollow pipe.There are two types of Inside MicrometerThe least count
is 0.01 mm for analog type and 0.001 mm for digital type.The
extension rods are classified as
50-75mm;
75-100mm;
100-125mm;
125-150mm;
150-175mm;
175-200mm.
Extension rods are used for extensive objects having large diameters,
it is used along with the spacer. The spacer is used for smaller
diameter in addition to the measuring head. The spacer is of 12 mm.
❖ VERNIER CALIPERS :
➢ A vernier scale, named after Pierre Vernier, is a visual aid to take an accurate
measurement reading between two graduation markings on a linear scale by
using mechanical interpolation, thereby increasing resolution and reducing
sassssssssssss
measurement uncertainty by using vernier acuity to reduce human estimation
error.
➢ It may be found on many types of instrument measuring linear or angular
➢ quantities,
Vernier caliperbut in particular
scales; main on at a vernier caliper which measures internal or
external diameter
top, vernier of hollow
at bottom. cylinders.
It reads
3.58 ± 0.02 mm by adding 3.00
mm (left red mark) on the fixed
main scale to vernier 0.58 mm
(right red mark).
➢ The main scale reading is that to the left of the zero on the vernier scale. The
vernier reading is found by locating the best aligned lines between the two
scales.
➢ The 0.02 mm engraving indicates the caliper's readability and is the "vernier
constant" for this scale.
❖ Vernier Depth Gauge :

➢ The least count of analog

vernier depth gauge is 0.02
mm while least count of
digital type depth gauge is
0.01 mm.
➢ The way of taking
measurement of vernier
depth gauge is same as
vernier caliper has.
➢ Vernier scale is moveable on
main scale.First we have to
find out what is least count
of vernier depth gauge, in
this case we have least count
of 0.10 mm.
❖ Dial Gauge :
➢ The dial indicator or the Plunger dial gauge is one of
the simplest and the most widely used mechanical
comparators.
➢ First of all the use of a plunger dial gauge used to
compare work-pieces against a master.Least Count
of Dial Indicator Plunger Dial Gauge measurement
limit is 10 mm with the least count of 0.01mm and
1mm with the least count of 0.001 mm.
➢ likewise, another same comparator is Lever type.It
usually depends on the application, type of work,
accuracy, and precision of work we like to measure.
➢ As the above figure shows, the contact point moves
upward and downward, with the movement of a
pointer, the dial indicates movement in the required
results.probably this dial a delicate instrument as
the slender spindle can be damaged easily.The user
should avoid sudden VISUAL
contactINSPECTION
with the workpiece
▪ Visual inspection
surface, is a technique
over-tightening for points,
of contact detecting
anddefects
using the naked eye
side
pressure.
to ensure equipment is working properly or that manufactured products
are being made to specification.

Casting defects :
❖ Blowhole :
➢ Blowhole is a type of casting defect

mostlyprevalent in castings, further

divided into pin holes, endogenous
and exogenous blowholes.
➢ Entrapment of air resulting due to

pouring of liquid metal takes the

form of rounded contours or
spherical
➢ Surface cavities.
blows or intergranuler cavities appear in cope of the mould.
 ➢ Pinholes result when the hydrogen present in liquid metal evolves due to
less solubility during solidification resulting in triangular appearances,
prevalent mostly in thinner castings which are revealed after machining.

❖ Shrinkage :
❖ Hot Tears/Cracks :
➢ Shrinkage is a type of casting defect
➢ Hot tears are predominant due
resultingdue to formation of
toimbalance in temperature
shrinkage cavity as such due to lack
caused during solidification.
of design and insufficient feed metal.
➢ These appear to be sharp and
Shrinkage results due to formation of
broken jagged lines at the
a closed loop at a specific point
edges of casting.
during solidification which creates a
cavity because of absence of feed of
➢ Sand Inclusion :
molten metal.
➢ Sand Inclusion is one of the most

common casting defects. Tearing

of sand while preparing
mouldsection manifests itself near
casting
➢ Most edges
of the sandtoinclusion
cause occurs
such at variable positions leading to a
defect. defect. Abrading away of sand by hot metal flowing past the
localized
mould also forms a part of this defect.Theseinclusions are mostly
accompanied by CO bubbles and oxideparticles.Sand inclusions stuck
under the casting surface.
 ❖ Flashes
➢ Flash is an excess material projecting from
casting, generally visible as a thin metallic
sheet, perpendicular to the casting face.
Mostly irregular in thickness occurring
along the parting line of mould.

❖ Mismatch

Mismatch is a defect in which shifting of top and

bottom parts of a mould above or below the
centerline takes place causing the casting to be
defective. Segments dislocated above the
centerline leads to this serious defect.
Misrun defect generally caused due to lower fludity of molten metal.
Predominant in castings having large surface area to volume ratio. A smooth
and incomplete cavity depicts this defect. Lower pouring Temperature
causes discontinuity of fluid streams leading to misrun.
Destructive testing
In destructive testing tests are carried out to the specimen's failure, in order
to understand a specimen's performance or material behavior under
different loads. These tests are generally much easier to carry out, yield
more information, and are easier to interpret than nondestructive testing.

❖ Universal testing machine :

➢ A Universal testing machine (UTM) is used to test the
mechanical properties (tension, compression etc.) of
a given test specimen by exerting tensile,
compressive or transverse stresses.
➢ The machine has been named so because of the
wide range of tests it can perform over different kind
of materials.
➢ Different tests like peel test, flexural test, tension
A universal testing machine consists of two main parts :
1. Loading Unit
2. Control Unit
The arrangement of the test specimen and the exertion of the load is held in
the loading unit. The variations in the application of the load and the
corresponding test result are obtained from the control unit.

❖ Loading Unit

The loading unit of a UTM consists of the following components :

• Load Frame
• Upper crosshead and Lower crosshead
• Elongation Scale

❖ Control Unit
The main components of the control unit in a universal testing machine are :
• Hydraulic Power Unit
• Load Measuring Unit
• Control Devices
❖ Brinell hardness testing machine :
➢ The Brinell Hardness Test method is the most

commonly used hardness measurement

technique in the industry. In the Brinell
Hardness Testing, the hardness of a metal is
determined by measuring the permanent
indentation size produced by an indenter.
➢ Harder materials will generate shallow
indentations while the softer materials will
produce deeper indentations.
➢ This test method was first proposed by Swedish
engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900 and
according to his name, the test is popular as
Brinell Hardness Test. For softer metals the
➢ Common test forces range from 500 kgf often used for non-ferrous
materials to 3000 kgf for steels and cast irons.
➢ Theresaiare four sizes of the indenter used for the Brinell hardness test.
venkat 9849097729.
They are 1 mm, 2.5 mm, 5 mm, and 10 mm in size.

❖ CMM (coordinate measuring machine) :

➢ A coordinate measuring machine
(CMM) is a device that measures the
geometry of physical objects by sensing
discrete points on the surface of the
object with a probe.
➢ Various types of probes are used in
CMMs, the most common being
mechanical and laser sensors, though
➢ optical and white
Depending lightmachine,
on the sensor do the
exist.probe position may be manually
controlled by an operator or it may be computer controlled. CMMs
typically specify a probe's position in terms of its displacement from a
reference position in a three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates.
❖ Removal, Cleaning and Finishing:

◦ After the casting is removed from the mould it is thoroughly

cleaned and the excess material usually along the parting line
and the place where the molten metal was poured, is removed
using a potable grinder.