MMs Global structure

Application Domain

Provides the user a set of functions for accessing the MMs

System Domain

Provides OS platform which application run

Consists of:

Comm. Server

Db server

Sys. Sever

Network Server

Device domain

Provides physical devices for handling MMS project

Network components

Storage Devices

Adapter cards

Can Be summarized as follows

Application domain

Tools and Applications

Documents User Interface Programs
Abstraction

System Domain

Database Systems Operating systems Communication

systems
Computer Technology

Device domain

Storage Compression Network

Sound Image Video devices

Digital Technology

ADC

The procces of converting continuous signal analog signal to digital signal is digitization
Steps of digitization

There two steps of digitization

Sampling

The process of getting samples of continuous data

The process runs continuously

Sample size is expressed in bit (8bit/16bit)

The number of samples taken by equipment will always vary

No of samples taken per unit time is sample rate(R)

Quantization

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Second step it involves restricting the values of the sample to a fixed set of levels

Sampling Rate

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Expressed in hertz (Hz)

**1Hz 1cycle per second in cpu

1Hz 1 sample per second

Other units

KHz GHz

MHz

********

8bit

256 levels

From 2n where n is equal to sample size

Sampling is done using a technique sample and hold

During hold the sampled data is held for processing

Sampling theorem

Nyquist Theorem

In order to reconstruct a signal the sampling rate must not be less than 2wice the maximum
frequency of the original signal
R>=2f

Prevent quantization error caused by under-sampling picking fewer samples than required. Some of
the original frequency may be converted to other frequency \

error generated is aliasing

Anti-aliasing correcting aliasing

Can be seen as form of noise in the signal

We measure signal quality by calculating signal to noise ratio

Measure of quality of a sample

The higher the resolution the lower the noise the better the quality

Signal to noise ratio = 10 log Signal level/amount of noise in dB

Consider a sound sample with amount of noise = 0.5

In case 1 8bit sample

Snr =10 log S/N, 256/0.5= 27.093

16 Bit sample

51.175

Sound /Audio

Sound Components Require # components

Emitter-Produces

Medium – channel through which sound travels

Detector-the component that receives and interpret data

Sound can be transmitted sine wave

The attributes of this sine wave determines the shape of the sound envelope

Attributes of sound Waves

1 Frequency-period

2 Pitch

3 Amplitude

4 Loudness

5 Dynamic range

6 Wavelength
Frequency and Pitch

Frequency

We get f from 1/T

T is period. The interval at which a regular periodic signal repeats itself

Units Hz

Pitch

Pitch- highest note that can be perceived by a listener

Loudness and Amplitudes

7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7*7

The maximum displacement of an object in a wave

Mesure of sound Levels

For a digital sound amplitude is the sample value

Loudness – amount of energy a soundwave posseses

Intensity of sound the amout of power of sound transmitted to 1m 2 of area oriented Perpendicularly
to the direction of sound

If Intesity of sound is 1w/m2 we may start feeling the sound

The level at which we can jus start feeling the sound is known threshold of feeling

If IOs to 10w/m2 we may start hearing the sound

The threshold of hearing

Relative intensity of sound

10 log i2/i1

Dynamic range

change in sound levels i[max] –i[min]

Bandwidth

Range of frequency that a device can produce or ear can hear

Rate of transmission

Computer interpretation of sound