Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

SJB Institute of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

LAB MANUAL

DATA STRUCTURES LABORATORY

18CSL38

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

List of Experiments
SL Experiment/Program
No.
1 Array Operations
2 Operations on Strings
3 Stacks
4 Conversion from infix expression to postfix expression
5 a. Evaluation of suffix expression
b. Tower of Hanoi
6 Circular Queue
7 Operation on SLL for student data
8 Operation on DLL for employee data
9 Operations on CLL
a) Evaluation of a polynomial
b) Sum of two polynomial
10 Operation on Binary Search Tree
11 Operation on Graphs (G) of cities
12 C program on Hashing technique & resolving collision using linear probing

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

Program-1
/*****************************************************************************
1. Design, Develop and Implement a menu driven Program in C for the following Array
operations
a. Creating an Array of N Integer Elements
b. Display of Array Elements with Suitable Headings
c. Inserting an Element (ELEM) at a given valid Position (POS)
d. Deleting an Element at a given valid Position(POS)
e. Exit.
Support the program with functions for each of the above operations.
*****************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>

int a[6], n, elem, i, pos;

void create()
{
printf("\nEnter the size of the array elements: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
printf("\nEnter the elements for the array:\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
scanf("%d", &a[i]);
}

void display()
{
int i;
printf("\nThe array elements are:\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("%d\t", a[i]);
}
}

void insert()
{
printf("\nEnter the position for the new element: ");

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scanf("%d", &pos);
printf("\nEnter the element to be inserted: ");
scanf("%d", &elem);
for(i=n-1; i>=pos; i--)
{
a[i+1] = a[i];
}
a[pos] = elem;
n = n+1;
}

void del() //deleting an array element

{
printf("\nEnter the position of the element to be deleted: ");
scanf("%d", &pos);
elem = a[pos];
for(i=pos; i<n-1; i++)
{
a[i] = a[i+1];
}
n = n-1;
printf("\nThe deleted element is = %d", elem);
}

void main()
{
int ch;
clrscr();
do{
printf("\n\n--------Menu-----------\n");
printf("1.Create\n 2.Display\n 3.Insert\n 4.Delete\n
5.Exit\n");
printf("-------------------------------");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

switch(ch)
{
case 1: create();
break;
case 2: display();
break;
case 3: insert();
break;
case 4: del();
break;
case 5: exit(0);
break;
default: printf("\nInvalid choice:\n");
break;
}
}while(ch!=5);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
--------Menu-----------
1.Create
2.Display
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter the size of the array elements: 5
Enter the elements for the array:
10 20 30 40 50
--------Menu-----------
1.Create
2.Display
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 2

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

The array elements are:

10 20 30 40 50
--------Menu-----------
1.Create
2.Display
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Enter the position for the new element: 2
Enter the element to be inserted: 90
--------Menu-----------
1.Create
2.Display
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
The array elements are:
10 20 90 30 40 50
--------Menu-----------
1.Create
2.Display
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Enter the position of the element to be deleted: 5
The deleted element is = 50

--------Menu-----------
1.Create
2.Display
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
The array elements are:
10 20 90 30 40
--------Menu-----------
1.Create
2.Display
3.Insert
4.Delete
5.Exit
Enter your choice: 5

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

Program-2
/*****************************************************************************
2. Design, Develop and Implement a Program in C for the following
operations on Strings
a. Read a main String (STR), a Pattern String (PAT) and a Replace
String (REP)
b. Perform Pattern Matching Operation: Find and Replace all
occurrences of PAT in STR
with REP if PAT exists in STR. Report suitable messages in case PAT
does not exist in
STR
Support the program with functions for each of the above operations.
Don't use Built-in
functions.
**********************************************************
*******************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

char str[100], pat[50], rep[50], ans[100];

int i, j, c, m, k, flag=0;

void stringmatch()
{
i = m = c = j = 0;
while(str[c] ! = '\0')
{
if(str[m] = = pat[i]) // ...... matching
{
i++; m++;
if(pat[i] = = '\0') //.....found occurrences.
{
flag = 1;
//.... copy replace string in ans string.
for(k = 0; rep[k] != '\0'; k++, j++)

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ans[j] = rep[k];
i = 0;
c = m;
}
}
else //... mismatch
{
ans[j] = str[c];
j++;
c++;
m = c;
i = 0;
}
}
ans[j] = '\0';
}
void main()
{
printf("\nEnter a main string \n");
gets(str);
printf("\nEnter a pattern string \n");
gets(pat);
printf("\nEnter a replace string \n");
gets(rep);
stringmatch();
if(flag = = 1)
printf("\nThe resultant string is\n %s" , ans);
else
printf("\nPattern string NOT found\n");
}

OUTPUT:
Enter a main string
Test
Enter a pattern string
Te
Enter a replace string
Re

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

The resultant string is

Rest

Enter a main string

This is Data Structure lab
Enter a pattern string
Data Structure
Enter a replace string
Data structure with C
The resultant string is
This is Data structure with C lab

Enter a main string

This is Data Structure lab
Enter a pattern string
Date
Enter a replace string
DATA
Pattern string NOT found

Program-3
/*****************************************************************************
3. Design, Develop and Implement a menu driven program in C for the following
operations on
STACK of integers (Array implementation of stack with maximum size MAX)
a. Push an element on to stack
b. Pop an element from stack.
c. Demonstrate how stack can be used to check palindrome.
d. Demonstrate Overflow and Underflow situations on stack.
e. Display the status of stack.
f. Exit.
Support the program with appropriate functions for each of the above operations.
******************************************************************
***********/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 4

int stack[MAX], item;

int ch, top = -1,status=0;

void push(int stack[], int item)

{

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if (top == (MAX-1))
printf("\n\nStack is Overflow");
else
{
stack[++top] = item;
status++;
}
}

int pop(int stack[])

{
int ret;
if(top == -1)
printf("\n\nStack is Underflow");
else
{
ret = stack[top--];
status--;
printf("\nPopped element is %d", ret);
}
return ret;
}

void palindrome(int stack[])

{
int i, temp,count=0;
temp = status;
for(i=0; i<temp; i++)
{
if(stack[i] == pop(stack))
count++;
}
if(temp==count)
printf("\nStack contents are Palindrome");
else
printf("\nStack contents are not palindrome");
}

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void display(int stack[])

{
int i;
printf("\nThe stack contents are:");
if(top == -1)
printf("\nStack is Empty");
else
{
for(i=top; i>=0; i--)
printf("\n ------\n| %d |", stack[i]);
printf("\n");
}
}

void main()
{
do{
printf("\n\n----MAIN MENU----\n");
printf("\n1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack");
printf("\n2. POP (Delete) from the Stack");
printf("\n3. PALINDROME check using Stack");
printf("\n4. Exit (End the Execution)");
printf("\nEnter Your Choice: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: printf("\nEnter a element to be pushed: ");
scanf("%d", &item);
push(stack, item);
display(stack);
break;
case 2: pop(stack);
display(stack);
break;
case 3:palindrome(stack);
break;
case 4: exit(0);
break;
default: printf("\nEnter a Valid Choice");
}

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}while (ch != 4);

OUTPUT:
----MAIN MENU-----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter an element to be pushed: 1
The stack contents are:
-----
|1|
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter an element to be pushed: 2
The stack contents are:
------
|2|
------
|1|
(-------- AFTER THE 4 TIMES PUSH OPERATION -------)
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter an element to be pushed: 9
Stack is Overflow
The stack contents are:
------
|1|
|2|
------
|2|
------
|1|
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack

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2. POP (Delete) from the Stack

3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 2
Popped element is 1
The stack contents are:
------
|2|
------
|2|
------
|1|
(-------- AFTER THE 4 TIMES POP OPERATION -------)
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 2
Stack is Underflow
The stack contents are:
Stack is Empty
(-------- CHECKING FOR PALINDROME OR NOT USING STACK-------)
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter an element to be pushed: 1
The stack contents are:
-----
|1|
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter an element to be pushed: 2
The stack contents are:
The stack contents are:
------
|2|
------
|1|

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter a element to be pushed: 1
The stack contents are:
------
|1|
------
|2|
------
|1|
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 3
Stack contents are Palindrome
(-------- CHECKING FOR PALINDROME OR NOT USING STACK-------)
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter an element to be pushed: 1
The stack contents are:
-----
|1|
(AFTER 3 TIMES PUSH)
----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 1
Enter an element to be pushed: 3
The stack contents are:
------
|3|
------
|2|
------

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

|1|

----MAIN MENU----
1. PUSH (Insert) in the Stack
2. POP (Delete) from the Stack
3. PALINDROME check using Stack
4. Exit (End the Execution)
Enter Your Choice: 3
Stack contents are not Palindrome

Program-4
/*****************************************************************************
4. Design, Develop and Implement a Program in C for converting an Infix Expression to Postfix
Expression. Program should support for both parenthesized and free parenthesized expressions
with the operators: +, -, *, /, %( Remainder), ^ (Power) and alphanumeric operands.
*****************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<conio.h>

int F(char symbol)

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{
switch(symbol)
{
case '+' :
case '-': return 2;
case '*':
case '/': return 4;
case '^':
case '$': return 5;
case '(': return 0;
case '#': return -1;
default: return 8;
}
}

int G(char symbol)

{
switch(symbol)
{
case '+':
case '-': return 1;
case '*':
case '/': return 3;
case '^':
case '$': return 6;
case '(': return 9;
case ')': return 0;
default: return 7;
}
}

void infix_postfix(char infix[], char postfix[])

{
int top, j, i;
char s[30], symbol;
top = -1;
s[++top] = '#';
j = 0;
for(i=0; i < strlen(infix); i++)
{
symbol = infix[i];
while(F(s[top]) > G(symbol))

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{
postfix[j] = s[top--];
j++;
}
if(F(s[top]) != G(symbol))
s[++top] = symbol;
else
top--;
}
while(s[top] != '#')
{
postfix[j++] = s[top--];
}
postfix[j] = '\0';
}

void main()
{
char infix[20], postfix[20];
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter a valid infix expression\n");
flushall();
gets(infix);
infix_postfix(infix,postfix);
printf("\nThe infix expression is:\n");
printf ("%s",infix);
printf("\nThe postfix expression is:\n");
printf ("%s",postfix);
getch();
}
OUTPUT:
Enter a valid infix expression
(a+(b-c)*d)
The infix expression is:
(a+(b-c)*d)
The postfix expression is: abc-d*+
Program-5

/*****************************************************************************
5. Design, Develop and Implement a Program in C for the following Stack Applications
a. Evaluation of Suffix expression with single digit operands and operators: +, -, *, /, %, ^
b. Solving Tower of Hanoi problem with n disks.
*****************************************************************************/
/*Evaluation of Suffix Expression*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

#include<math.h>

float s[25];
int top=-1;

float operation(char op,float op1,float op2)

{
switch(op)
{
case '+': return(op1+op2);
case '-': return(op1-op2);
case '*': return(op1*op2);
case '/': return(op1/op2);
case '^': return(pow(op1,op2));
case '%': return((int)op1%(int)op2);
default: return(0);
}
}

void push(float symbol)

{
s[++top]=symbol;
}

float pop()
{
return(s[top--]);
}

void main()
{
char postfix[25],symbol;
float op1,op2,res;
int i;
printf("Enter the Postfix Expression\n");
scanf("%s",postfix);
for(i=0;postfix[i]!='\0';i++)
{
symbol=postfix[i];
if(isdigit(symbol))
push(symbol-'0');
else
{
op2=pop();
op1=pop();
res=operation(symbol,op1,op2);

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

push(res);
}
}
res=pop();
printf("Result=%.2f",res);
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the Postfix Expression
12+
Result=3.00

Enter the Postfix Expression

321*+4-
Result=1.00

/*Solving Tower of Hanoi*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#inlcude<math.h>

void tower(int n, int source, int temp,int destination)

{
if(n == 0)
return;
tower(n-1, source, destination, temp);

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printf("\nMove disc %d from %c to %c", n, source, destination);

tower(n-1, temp, source, destination);
}

void main()
{
int n;
clrscr();
printf("\nEnter the number of discs: \n");
scanf("%d", &n);
tower(n, 'A', 'B', 'C');
printf("\n\nTotal Number of moves are: %d", (int)pow(2,n)-1);
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the number of discs:
3
Move disc 1 from A to C
Move disc 2 from A to B
Move disc 1 from C to B
Move disc 3 from A to C
Move disc 1 from B to A
Move disc 2 from B to C
Move disc 1 from A to C
Total Number of moves are: 7

Program-6
/*****************************************************************************
6.Design, Develop and Implement a menu driven Program in C for the following operations on
Circular QUEUE of Characters (Array Implementation of Queue with maximum size MAX)
a. Insert an Element on to Circular QUEUE
b. Delete an Element from Circular QUEUE
c. Demonstrate Overflow and Underflow situations on Circular QUEUE
d. Display the status of Circular QUEUE
e. Exit
Support the program with appropriate functions for each of the above operations
*****************************************************************************/

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

#include <stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#define MAX 5

int q[MAX],f=0,r=-1,count=0;

void insert (int item)

{
if (count==MAX)
printf("Queue Overflow\n");
else
{
r=(r+1)%MAX;
q[r]=item;
count=count+1;
}
}

int delet()
{
int itemdel;
if (count==0)
return 0;
else
{
itemdel=q[f];
f=(f+1)%MAX;
count=count-1;
return (itemdel);
}
}

void display()
{
int i,j;
if (count==0)
printf("Q empty\n");
else
{
i=f;
for (j=1;j<=count;j++)
{

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printf("%d\t",q[i]);
i=(i+1)%MAX;
}
}
}

void main()
{
int ch,item,itemdel;
while (1)
{
printf("\nEnter the choice\n");
printf("1.Insert\t2.Delete\t3.Display\t4.Exit\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: printf("Enter the item\n");
scanf("%d",&item);
insert(item);
break;
case 2: itemdel=delet();
if (itemdel)
printf("The deleted item is %d\n",itemdel);
else
printf("Queue underflow\n");
break;
case 3: display();
break;
case 4: exit(0);
default: pritnf("Enter a valid choice\n");
}
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the Choice
1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
1
Enter the item
10
Enter the Choice
1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
1
Enter the item

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

20
(-----After inserting 5 elements-------)
Enter the Choice
1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
1
Enter the item
60
Queue Overflow

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
3
10 20 30 40 50

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
2
The deleted item is 10

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
2
The deleted item is 20

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
1
Enter the item
60
Enter the Choice
1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
3
30 40 50 60

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
2
The deleted item is 30
Enter the Choice
1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
2
The deleted item is 40

Enter the Choice

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit

2
The deleted item is 50

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
2
The deleted item is 50

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
2
The deleted item is 60

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
2
Queue Underflow

Enter the Choice

1. Insert 2. Delete 3. Display 4. Exit
4

Program-7

/*****************************************************************************
7. Design, Develop and Implement a menu driven Program in C for the following
operations on Singly Linked List (SLL) of Student Data with the fields: USN,
Name, Branch, Sem, PhNo
a. Create a SLL of N Students Data by using front insertion.
b. Display the status of SLL and count the number of nodes in it
c. Perform Insertion / Deletion at End of SLL
d. Perform Insertion / Deletion at Front of SLL(Demonstration of stack)

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

e. Exit
*****************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct student
{
char usn[10];
char name[30];
char branch[5];
int sem;
char phno[15];
struct student *link; //Self referential pointer.
};
typedef struct student NODE;

NODE* getnode(NODE* first)

{
NODE* x;
x=(NODE*)malloc(sizeof(NODE)); //Create first NODE
printf("\nEnter USN, Name, Branch, Sem, Ph.No\n");
flushall();
gets(x->usn);
flushall();
gets(x->name);
flushall();
gets(x->branch);
scanf("%d",&(x->sem));
flushall();
gets(x->phno);
x->link=NULL;
first=x;
return first;
}

NODE* display(NODE* first)

{
NODE* cur;
int count=0;
if(first == NULL)
printf("\nNo student data\n");
else
{
cur=first;
printf("\n----STUDENT DATA----\n");

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printf("\nUSN\tNAME\t\tBRANCH\tSEM\tPh.NO.");
while(cur!=NULL)
{
printf("\n%s\t%s\t\t%s\t%d\t%s", cur->usn, cur->name, cur->branch,
cur->sem, cur->phno);
cur = cur->link;
count++;
}
printf("\nThe no. of nodes in list is: %d",count);
}
return first;
}

NODE *create(NODE* first)

{
NODE* temp;
if(first==NULL)
{
temp=getnode(first);
first=temp;
}

else
{
temp=getnode(first);
temp->link=first;
first=temp;
}
return first;
}

NODE* insert_front(NODE* first)

{
first=create(first); //create()insert nodes at front.
return first;
}
NODE* insert_rear(NODE* first)
{
NODE* cur,* temp;
cur=first;
if(first == NULL)
{
temp=getnode(first);
first=temp; //set first node to be head
}
else

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

{
temp=getnode(first);
while(cur->link!=NULL)
{
cur=cur->link;
}
cur->link=temp;
}
return first;
}

NODE* del_front(NODE* first)

{
NODE* cur;
if(first==NULL)
printf("\nList is Empty\n");
else
{
cur=first;
first=first->link;
free(cur);
printf("\nFront(first)node is deleted");
}
return first;
}

NODE* del_rear(NODE* first)

{
NODE *cur,*prev;
if(first==NULL)
{
printf("List is empty\n");
return first;
}

if(first->link==NULL)
{
printf("\nLast(end)entry is deleted");
free(first);
return NULL;
}
prev=NULL;
cur=first;
while(cur->link!=NULL)
{

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

prev=cur;
cur=cur->link;
}
prev->link=NULL;
free(cur);//Delete last NODE...
printf("\nLast(end) entry is deleted");
return first;
}

NODE* stack(NODE* first)

{
int ch;
do
{
printf("\nSSL used as Stack...");
printf("\n 1.Insert at Front(PUSH) \t 2.Delete from Front(POP))\t3.Exit");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: first=insert_front(first); break;
case 2: first=del_front(first); break;
case 3: break;
}
first=display(first);
}while(ch!=3);
return first;
}

void main()
{
int ch, i, n;
NODE* first;
first=NULL;
clrscr();
printf("\n*----------Student Database-----------*");
while(1)
{
printf("\n 1.Create\t 2.Display\t 3.Insert_front\t 4.Insert_rear\t 5.Delete_front\t
6.Delete_rear\t 7.Stack\t 8.Exit");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: printf("\nHow many student data you want to create: ");
scanf("%d", &n);

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

for(i=0;i<n;i++)
first=create(first);//Call to Create NODE...
break;
case 2: first=display(first); //Call to Display...
break;
case 3: first=insert_front(first); //Call to Insert...
break;
case 4: first=insert_rear(first);
break;
case 5: first=del_front(first); //Call to delete
break;
case 6: first=del_rear(first);
break;
case 7: first=stack(first);
break;
case 8: exit(0); //Exit...
default:printf("Enter valid choice\n");
}
}
}

OUTPUT:
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 1
How many student data you want to create: 2
Enter USN, Name, Branch, Sem, Ph.No
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
Enter USN, Name, Branch, Sem, Ph.No
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO.
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
The no. of nodes in list is: 2

1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit

Enter your choice: 3

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

Enter USN, Name, Branch, Sem, Ph.No

4vv14cs003 bhavya cs 5 9900099022
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO
4vv14cs003 bhavya cs 5 9900099022.
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
The no. of nodes in list is: 3
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Enter USN, Name, Branch, Sem, Ph.No
4vv14cs0010 kavya is 5 9900099033
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO
4vv14cs003 bhavya cs 5 9900099022.
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
4vv14cs0010 kavya is 5 9900099033
The no. of nodes in list is: 4
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 5
Front (first) node is deleted
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
4vv14cs0010 kavya is 5 9900099033

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

The no. of nodes in list is: 3

1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 6
Last (end) node is deleted
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 7
1.Insert at Front(First) 2.Delete at front(First) 3.Exit
Enter your choice: 1
Enter USN, Name, Branch, Sem, Ph.No
4vv13cs022 geethacs 7 9900099123
----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO
4vv13cs022 geetha cs 7 9900099123
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
The no. of nodes in list is: 3
1.Insert at Front(First) 2.Delete at front(First) 3.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Front (first) node is deleted
----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO
4vv14is002 arun is 3 9900099111
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
The no. of nodes in list is: 2
1.Insert at Front(First) 2.Delete at front(First) 3.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
Front (first) node is deleted

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

----STUDENT DATA----
USN NAME BRANCH SEM Ph.NO
4vv14cs001 raju cs 3 9900099000
The no. of nodes in list is: 1
Enter your choice: 2
Front (first) node is deleted
No Student Data
1.Insert at Front(First) 2.Delete at front(First) 3.Exit
Enter your choice: 3
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Stack 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 8

Program-8

/*****************************************************************************
8. Design, Develop and Implement a menu driven Program in C for the following
operations on Doubly Linked List (DLL) of Employee Data with the fields: SSN,
Name, Dept, Designation, Sal, PhNo
a. Create a DLL of N Employees Data by using end insertion.
b. Display the status of DLL and count the number of nodes in it
c. Perform Insertion and Deletion at End of DLL
d. Perform Insertion and Deletion at Front of DLL

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

e. Demonstrate how this DLL can be used as Double Ended Queue

f. Exit
*****************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
struct emp
{
int ssn;
char name[20];
char dept[10];
char desig[15];
int sal;
char phno[10];
struct emp *left;
struct emp *right;
};
typedef struct emp NODE;

NODE* getnode()
{
NODE *x;
x=(NODE*)malloc(sizeof(NODE));
x->right=x->left=NULL;
printf("\nEnter SSN, Name, Dept, Designation, Sal, Ph.No\n");
scanf("%d",&x->ssn);
flushall();
gets(x->name);
flushall();
gets(x->dept);
flushall();
gets(x->desig);
scanf("%d",&x->sal);
flushall();
gets(x->phno);
return x;
}
NODE* display(NODE *first)
{
NODE *cur;
int count=0;
if(first==NULL)
printf("\nNo Employee data\n");
else
{
cur=first;
printf("\n----EMPLOYEE DATA----\n");

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

printf("\nSSN\tNAME\tDEPT\tDESINGATION\tSAL\t\tPh.NO.");
while(cur!=NULL)
{
printf("\n%d\t%s\t%s\t%s\t\t%d\t\t%s", cur->ssn, cur->name, cur->dept,
cur->desig, cur->sal, cur->phno);
cur = cur->right;
count++;
}
printf("\nThe no. of nodes in list is: %d",count);
}
return first;
}

NODE* create(NODE *first)

{
NODE *cur, *temp;
if(first==NULL)
{
temp=getnode();
first=temp;
}
else
{
temp=getnode();
while(cur->right!=NULL)
{
cur=cur->right;
}
cur->right=temp;
temp->left=cur;
}
return first;
}

NODE* insert_end(NODE *first)

{
first=create(first);
return first;
}

NODE* insert_front(NODE *first)

{
NODE *temp;
if(first==NULL)

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

{
temp=getnode();
first=temp;
}
else
{
temp=getnode();
temp->right=first;
first->left=temp;
first=temp;
}
return first;
}

NODE* delete_end(NODE *first)

{
NODE *cur, *prev;
if(first==NULL)
{
printf("No employee details");
return NULL;
}
if(first->right==NULL)
{
free(first);
printf("\nLast(end) entry is deleted");
return NULL;
}
cur=first;
prev=NULL;
while(cur->right!=NULL)
{
prev=cur;
cur=cur->right;
}
free(cur);
prev->right=NULL;
printf("\nLast(end) entry is deleted");
return first;
}

NODE *delete_front(NODE *first)

{
NODE* temp;
if(first==NULL)

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

{
printf("No employee data\n");
return NULL;
}
if(first->right==NULL)
{
free(first);
printf("\nFront end entry is deleted");
return NULL;
}
temp=first->right;
temp->left=NULL;
free(first);
printf("\nFront end entry is deleted");
return temp;
}

NODE* dequeue(NODE* first)

{
int ch;
do
{
printf("\nDLL used as DEQUEUE...");
printf("\n 1.Insert at Front \t 2.Delete from rear\t3.Insert at rear\t4.Delete at
rear\t5.Exit");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: first=insert_front(first); break;
case 2: first=delete_end(first); break;
case 3: first=insert_end(first); break;
case 4: first=delete_front(first);break;
case 5: break;
}
first=display(first);
}while(ch!=5);
return first;
}

void main()
{
int ch, i, n;
NODE* first;
first=NULL;

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

clrscr();
printf("\n*----------Employee Database-----------*");
while(1)
{
printf("\n 1.Create\t 2.Display\t 3.Insert_front\t 4.Insert_rear\t 5.Delete_front\t
6.Delete_rear\t 7.Dequeue\t 8.Exit");
printf("\nEnter your choice: ");
scanf("%d", &ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1: printf("\nHow many employee data you want to create: ");
scanf("%d", &n);
for(i=0;i<n;i++)
first=create(first);
break;
case 2: first=display(first);
break;
case 3: first=insert_front(first);
break;
case 4: first=insert_end(first);
break;
case 5: first=delete_front(first);
break;
case 6: first=delete_end(first);
break;
case 7: first=dequeue(first);
break;
case 8: exit(0);
default:printf("Enter valid choice\n");
}
}
}

OUTPUT:
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 1
How many employee data you want to create: 2
Enter SSN NAME DEPT DESIGNATION SAL Ph. No.
1 KUMAR CSE INSTRUCTOR 8000 900099000
Enter SSN, Name, Dept, Designation, Sal, Ph.No
2 RAVI ISE INSTRUCTOR 9000 900099111

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit

Enter your choice: 2
----EMPLOYEE DATA----
SSN NAME DEPT DESINGATION SAL Ph.NO.
1 KUMAR CSE INSTRUCTOR 8000 900099000
2 RAVI ISE INSTRUCTOR 9000 900099111
The no. of nodes in list is: 2
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 3
Enter SSN NAME DEPT DESIGNATION SAL Ph. No.
3 JIM CSE ATTENDER 6000 900099333
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----EMPLOYEE DATA----
SSN NAME DEPT DESINGATION SAL Ph.NO.
3 JIM CSE ATTENDER 6000 900099333
1 KUMAR CSE INSTRUCTOR 8000 900099000
2 RAVI ISE INSTRUCTOR 9000 900099111
The no. of nodes in list is: 3
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 4
Enter SSN NAME DEPT DESIGNATION SAL Ph. No.
4 MANJU ISE ATTENDER 6000 900099663
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----EMPLOYEE DATA----
SSN NAME DEPT DESINGATION SAL Ph.NO.
3 JIM CSE ATTENDER 6000 900099333
1 KUMAR CSE INSTRUCTOR 8000 900099000
2 RAVI ISE INSTRUCTOR 9000 900099111
4 MANJU ISE ATTENDER 6000 900099663
The no. of nodes in list is: 4
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

Enter your choice: 5

Front end entry is deleted
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----EMPLOYEE DATA----
SSN NAME DEPT DESINGATION SAL Ph.NO.
1 KUMAR CSE INSTRUCTOR 8000 900099000
2 RAVI ISE INSTRUCTOR 9000 900099111
4 MANJU ISE ATTENDER 6000 900099663
The no. of nodes in list is: 3
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 6
Last(end) entry is deleted
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
----EMPLOYEE DATA----
SSN NAME DEPT DESINGATION SAL Ph.NO.
1 KUMAR CSE INSTRUCTOR 8000 900099000
2 RAVI ISE INSTRUCTOR 9000 900099111
The no. of nodes in list is: 2
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 7
DLL used as DEQUEUE
1.Insert at Front 2. Delete from rear 3. Insert at rear 4. Delete at rear 5.exit
Enter your choice: 2
Last(end) entry is deleted
----EMPLOYEE DATA----
SSN NAME DEPT DESINGATION SAL Ph.NO.
1 KUMAR CSE INSTRUCTOR 8000 900099000
The no. of nodes in list is: 1
DLL used as DEQUEUE
1.Insert at Front 2. Delete from rear 3. Insert at rear 4. Delete at rear 5.exit
Enter your choice: 5

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit

Enter your choice: 6
Last(end) entry is deleted
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 2
No Employee Data
1. Create 2.Display 3.Insert_front 4.Insert_rear 5.Delete_front 6.Delete_rear 7.Dequeue 8.Exit
Enter your choice: 8

Program-9

/*****************************************************************************
9.Design, Develop and Implement a Program in C for the following operationsonSingly
Circular Linked List (SCLL) with header nodes
a. Represent and Evaluate a Polynomial P(x,y,z) = 6x2y2z-4yz5+3x3yz+2xy5z-2xyz3
b. Find the sum of two polynomials POLY1(x,y,z) and POLY2(x,y,z) andstore the result in
POLYSUM(x,y,z)
Support the program with appropriate functions for each of the above operations
*****************************************************************************/
9a. Program

Dept. of CS&E, SJBIT Page 39

 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

/* Program to Represent and Evaluate a Polynomial */

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

struct node
{
int cf;
int px,py,pz;
struct node* link;
};
typedef struct node* NODE;

NODE getnode()
{
NODE x;
x=(NODE)malloc( sizeof(struct node));
if(x==NULL)
{
printf("Out of memeory");
exit(0);
}
return x;
}

NODE insert_rear(int cf,int px,int py,int pz, NODE head)

{
NODE temp,cur;
temp=getnode();
temp->cf=cf;
temp->px=px;
temp->py=py;
temp->pz=pz;
cur=head->link;

while(cur->link!=head)
{
cur=cur->link;
}
cur->link=temp;
temp->link=head;
return head;
}

NODE read_poly(NODE head)

{

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

int i,n;
int cf,px,py,pz;
printf("Enter the no. of terms in the polynomial");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf("Enter term:%d\n",i);
printf("Cf Px, py, pz=");
scanf("%d %d %d %d",&cf,&px,&py,&pz);
head= insert_rear(cf,px,py,pz,head);
}
return head;
}

void display(NODE head)

{
NODE temp;
if(head->link==head)
{
printf("Polynomail does not exist");
return;
}
temp=head->link;
while(temp!=head)
{
if(temp->cf<0)
printf("%d",temp->cf);
else
printf("+%d",temp->cf);
if(temp->px!=0)
printf("x^%d",temp->px);
if(temp->py!=0)
printf("y^%d",temp->py);
if(temp->pz!=0)
printf("z^%d",temp->pz);
temp=temp->link;
}
printf("\n");
}

float evaluate(NODE head)

{
int x,y,z;
float sum=0;
NODE p;
printf("Enter the value of x,y,z");

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

scanf("%d %d %d",&x,&y,&z);
p=head->link;
while(p!=head)
{
sum+=p->cf*pow(x,p->px)* pow(y,p->py)* pow(z,p->pz);
p=p->link;
}
return sum;
}

void main()
{
NODE head;
float res;
head=getnode();
head->link=head;
printf("Enter the polynomial\n");
head=read_poly(head);
res=evaluate(head);
printf("The given polynomial is\n");
display(head);
printf("The result=%f\n",res);
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the number of terms in the polynomial: 5
Enter term: 1
Cf px py pz = 6 2 2 1
Enter term: 2
Cf px py pz = -4 0 1 5
Enter term: 3
Cf px py pz = 3 3 1 1
Enter term: 4
Cf px py pz = 2 1 5 1
Enter term: 5
Cf px py pz = -2 1 1 3
Enter the value of x, y and z
123
The given polynomial is

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

+6x^2y^2z^1-4y^1z^5+3x^3y^1z^1+2x^1y^5z^1-2x^1y^1z^3
The result = -1770

9b. Program
/* Program to find the sum of two Polynomial */
#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<math.h>

struct node
{
int cf;
int px,py,pz;

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

struct node* link;

};
typedef struct node* NODE;

NODE getnode()
{
NODE x;
x=(NODE)malloc( sizeof(struct node));
if(x==NULL)
{
printf("Out of memeory");
exit(0);
}
return x;
}

NODE insert_rear(int cf,int px,int py,int pz, NODE head)

{
NODE temp,cur;
temp=getnode();
temp->cf=cf;
temp->px=px;
temp->py=py;
temp->pz=pz;
cur=head->link;
while(cur->link!=head)
{
cur=cur->link;
}
cur->link=temp;
temp->link=head;
return head;
}

NODE read_poly(NODE head)

{
int i,n;
int cf,px,py,pz;
printf("Enter the no. of terms in the polynomial");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=1; i<=n; i++)
{
printf("Enter term:%d\n",i);
printf("Cf Px, py, pz=");

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

scanf("%d %d %d %d",&cf,&px,&py,&pz);
head= insert_rear(cf,px,py,pz,head);
}
return head;
}

void display(NODE head)

{
NODE temp;
if(head->link==head)
{
printf("Polynomail does not exist");
return;
}
temp=head->link;
while(temp!=head)
{
if(temp->cf<0)
printf("%d",temp->cf);
else
printf("+%d",temp->cf);
if(temp->px!=0)
printf("x^%d",temp->px);
if(temp->py!=0)
printf("y^%d",temp->py);
if(temp->pz!=0)
printf("z^%d",temp->pz);
temp=temp->link;
}
printf("\n");
}

NODE search(NODE p1,NODE h2)

{
NODE p2;
int cf1,px1,py1,pz1, cf2,px2,py2,pz2;
px1=p1->px;
py1=p1->py;
pz1=p1->pz;
p2=h2->link;
while ( p2 != h2)
{

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

px2=p2->px;
py2=p2->py;
pz2=p2->pz;
if( px1==px2 && py1==py2 && pz1==pz2 ) break;
p2=p2->link; //Obtain the next term of poly2
}
return p2;
}

NODE copy_poly (NODE h2, NODE h3)

{
NODE p2;
int cf2,px2,py2,pz2;
p2=h2->link;
while( p2!=h2)
{
/*Add remaining terms of poly 2 into poly3); */
if( p2->cf != -999)
{
cf2=p2->cf;
px2=p2->px;
py2=p2->py;
pz2=p2->pz;
h3=insert_rear(cf2, px2, py2, pz2, h3);
}
p2 = p2->link; //Get the next term of poly2
}
return h3;
}

NODE add_poly(NODE h1, NODE h2, NODE h3)

{
NODE p1,p2;
int cf1,px1,py1,pz1, sum;
p1 = h1->link;
while(p1!=h1)
{
cf1=p1->cf;
px1=p1->px;
py1=p1->py;
pz1=p1->pz;
p2=search(p1,h2); //Search power of p1 in p2
if(p2!=h2) //Powers of poly1 found in poly2
{
sum=cf1+p2->cf; //Add coeff, insert to poly3

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

h3=insert_rear(sum,px1,py1,pz1,h3);
p2->cf=-999; //Delete the term of poly2
}
else //If not found, insert term of poly1 to poly 3
h3= insert_rear(cf1,px1,py1,pz1,h3);
p1=p1->link; //Get the next term of polynomial1
}
h3=copy_poly(h2,h3); //Copy remaining terms of poly2 into poly3
return h3; //return total terms in poly3
}

void main()
{
NODE h1,h2,h3;
clrscr();
h1= getnode();
h2=getnode();
h3= getnode();
h1->link=h1; h2->link=h2; h3->link=h3;
printf("Enter the first polynomial\n");
h1=read_poly(h1);
printf("Enter the second polynomial\n");
h2=read_poly(h2);
printf("Poly 1:");
display(h1);
printf("Poly2:");
display(h2);
printf("----------------------------------------------------------------\n");
h3= add_poly(h1,h2,h3);
printf("Poly 3:");
display(h3);
printf("----------------------------------------------------------------\n");
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the first polynomial
Enter the number of terms in the polynomial: 2
Enter term: 1
Cf px py pz = 5 2 2 0
Enter term: 2
Cf px py pz = 4 0 0 1
Enter the second polynomial

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

Enter the number of terms in the polynomial: 2

Enter term: 1
Cf px py pz = 4 2 2 0
Enter term: 2
Cf px py pz = 5 0 0 1
Poly1: +5x^2y^2+4z^1
Poly2: +4x^2y^2+5z^1
--------------------------------------------------
Poly3: +9x^2y^2+9z^1
--------------------------------------------------

Program-10

/*****************************************************************************
10.Design, Develop and Implement a menu driven Program in C for the following
operations on Binary Search Tree (BST) of Integers
a. Create a BST of N Integers: 6, 9, 5, 2, 8, 15, 24, 14, 7, 8, 5, 2
b. Traverse the BST in Inorder, Preorder and Post Order
c. Search the BST for a given element (KEY) and report the appropriate message
d. Exit
*****************************************************************************/
#include<stdio.h>

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

#include<conio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

struct node
{
int info;
struct node *llink;
struct node *rlink;
};

typedef struct node *NODE;

NODE getnode()
{
NODE x;
x=(NODE)malloc(sizeof(struct node));
if(x==NULL)
{
printf("Insufficient memory");
exit(0);
}
return x;
}

void preorder(NODE root)

{
if(root==NULL) return;
printf("%d\t",root->info);
preorder(root->llink);
preorder(root->rlink);
}

void postorder(NODE root)

{
if(root==NULL) return;
postorder(root->llink);
postorder(root->rlink);
printf("%d\t",root->info);
}

void inorder(NODE root)

{

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

if(root==NULL) return;
inorder(root->llink);
printf("%d\t",root->info);
inorder(root->rlink);
}

NODE insert(int item,NODE root)

{
NODE temp,cur,prev;
temp=getnode();
temp->info=item;
temp->llink=NULL;
temp->rlink=NULL;
if(root==NULL)
return temp;
prev=NULL;
cur=root;
while(cur!=NULL)
{
prev=cur;
/* if(item==cur->info)
{
printf("Duplicate item are not allowed\n");
free(temp);
return root;
}*/
if(item<cur->info) cur=cur->llink;
else cur=cur->rlink;
}
if(item<prev->info)
prev->llink=temp;
else
prev->rlink=temp;
return root;
}

NODE search(int item, NODE root)

{
NODE cur;
if(root==NULL) return NULL;
cur=root;
while(cur!=NULL)
{
if(item==cur->info) return cur;
if(item<cur->info)
cur=cur->llink;

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else
cur=cur->rlink;
}
return NULL;
}

void main()
{
int item,ch,n,i;
NODE root,cur;
root=NULL;
while (1)
{
printf("\nEnter thechoice\n1.Insert\n2.Preorder\n3.Inorder\n4.Postorder\n5.Search
an Element\n6:Exit\n");
scanf("%d",&ch);
switch(ch)
{
case 1:
printf("Enter the number of items\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the item to be inserted\n");
for(i=0;i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",&item);
root=insert(item,root);
}
break;
case 2: if(root==NULL)
{
printf("Tree is empty\n");
break;
}
printf("The given tree in tree form is\n");
display(root,1);
printf("Preorder traversal is \n");
preorder(root);
printf("\n");
break;
case 3: if(root==NULL)
{
printf("Tree is empty\n");
break;
}
printf("Inorder traversal is \n");
inorder(root);

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printf("\n");
break;
case 4: if(root==NULL)
{
printf("Tree is empty\n");
break;
}
printf("Postorder traversal is \n");
postorder(root);
printf("\n");
break;
case 5: printf("Enter the item to be searched\n");
scanf("%d",&item);
cur=search(item,root);
if(cur==NULL)
printf("Item not found\n");
else
printf("Item found\n");
break;
case 6: exit(0);
default: printf("Enter valid choice\n");
}
}
}

Output:

Enter the choice

1. Insert
2. Preorder
3. Inorder
4. Postorder
5. Search an element
6. Exit
1
Enter the number of items
12
Enter the item to be inserted
6 9 5 2 8 15 24 14 7 8 5 2
Enter the choice
1. Insert
2. Preorder
3. Inorder
4. Postorder
5. Search an element
6. Exit
2
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Preorder traversal is
6 5 2 2 5 9 8 7 8 15 14 24
Enter the choice
1. Insert
2. Preorder
3. Inorder
4. Postorder
5. Search an element
6. Exit
3
Inorder traversal is
2 2 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 14 15 24
Enter the choice
1. Insert
2. Preorder
3. Inorder
4. Postorder
5. Search an element
6. Exit
4
Postorder traversal is
2 2 5 5 7 8 8 14 24 15 9 6
Enter the choice
1. Insert
2. Preorder
3. Inorder
4. Postorder
5. Search an element
6. Exit
5
Enter the item to be searched
12
Item not found
Enter the choice
1. Insert
2. Preorder
3. Inorder
4. Postorder
5. Search an element
6. Exit
Enter the item to be searched
6
Item found
Enter the choice
1. Insert
2. Preorder

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3. Inorder
4. Postorder
5. Search an element
6. Exit
6

Program-11

/*****************************************************************************
11Design, Develop and Implement a Program in C for the following operations on
Graph(G) of Cities
a. Create a Graph of N cities using Adjacency Matrix.
b. Print all the nodes reachable from a given starting node in a digraph using
DFS/BFS method
*****************************************************************************/
/* Traversal using BFS method*/

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

void bfs(int a[10][10], int n, int u)

{
int f,r,q[10],v;
int s[10]={0};//initialize all elem in s to 0, no node visited
printf("The nodes visited from %d:",u);
f=0, r=-1;// Q empty
q[++r]=u; // Insert u into Q
s[u]=1; // Insert u to s
printf("%d",u); //pritn node visited
while(f<=r)
{
u=q[f++]; //del an elem from Q
for(v=0; v<n; v++)
{
if(a[u][v]==1) //If v is adjacent to u
{
if(s[v]==0) // If v is not in S i.e, V has not been visited
{
printf("%d",v); // print the node visited
s[v]=1; //add v to s,mark as visited
q[++r]=v; //insert v into Q
}
}
}
}
printf("\n");
}

void main()
{
int n,a[10][10], source, i,j;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of nodes:");
scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the adjacency matrix:\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<n; j++)

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{
scanf("%d", &a[i][j]);
}
}
for(source=0; source<n; source++)
{
bfs(a,n,source);
}
getch();
}

OUTPUT:
Enter the number of nodes: 4
Enter the adjacency matrix:
0110
0011
0001
0000
The nodes visited from 0: 0 1 2 3
The nodes visited from 1: 1 2 3
The nodes visited from 2: 2 3
The nodes visited from 3: 3

/*Traversal using DFS method*/

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>

Int a[10][10], s[10], n;

Void read_AM( int a[10][10], int n)

{
int I,j;
//read n value

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for( i=0; i<n; i++)

{
for (j=0; j<n; j++)
{
scanf(“%d”, &a[i][j]);
}
}
}

Void dfs(int u)
{
int v;
s[u]=1;
printf(“%d”,u);
for(v=0; v<n; v++)
{
if(a[u][v]==1 && s[v]==0)
dfs(v);
}
}

Void main()
{
int i, source;
printf(“Enter the number of nodes in the graph:”);
scanf(“%d”,&n);
printf(Enter the adjacency matrix:”);
read_AM(a,n);
for(source=0; source<n; source++)
{
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
s[i]=0;
printf(“The nodes reachable from %d”, source);
dfs(source);
}
}
OUTPUT:

Enter the number of nodes: 4

Enter the adjacency matrix:
0110
0011
0001
0000
The nodes visited from 0: 0 1 2 3
The nodes visited from 1: 1 2 3

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The nodes visited from 2: 2 3

The nodes visited from 3: 3

Program-12

/*****************************************************************************
12. Given a File of N employee records with a set K of Keys(4-digit) which uniquelydetermine the
records in file F. Assume that file F is maintained in memory by aHash Table(HT) of m memory
locations with L as the set of memory addresses (2-digit) of locations in HT. Let the keys in K and
addresses in L are Integers. Designand develop a Program in C that uses Hash function H: K L as
H(K)=K modm (remainder method), and implement hashing technique to map a given key K
to the address space L. Resolve the collision (if any) using linear probing.
*****************************************************************************/

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#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#define HASH_SIZE 100

typedef struct employee

{
int id;
char name[20];
}EMPLOYEE;

/*Create initial hash table*/

void initialize_hash_table(EMPLOYEE a[])

{
int i;
for(i=0; i<HASH_SIZE; i++)
{
a[i].id=0;
}
}

/*Compute hash value using the function: H(K)=k%m*/

int H(int k)
{
return k% HAHS_SIZE;
}

/*Insert an item intothe empty slot using linear probing*/

void insert_table(int id, char name[], EMPLOYEE a[])

{
int i,index,h_value;
h_value= H(id);
for(i=0; i<HASH_SIZE; i++)
{
index=(h_value+i)% HASH_SIZE;
if(a[index].id==0) //empty slot found

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{
a[index].id=id; //insert employee id
strcpy(a[index].name,name); //insert employee name
break;
}
}
if(i==HASH_SIZE) printf("Hash table full\n"); // NO empty slot
}

/*Display the hash table*/

void display_Hash_table(EMPLOYEE a[], int n)
{
int k,i;
printf("H_Value\t Emp_id\t Emp_name\n");
for(i=0; i<HASH_SIZE; i++)
{
If(a[i].id!=0)
printf("%d\t %d\t %s\n",i,a[i].id,a[i].name);
}
}

void main()
{
EMPLOYEE a[HASH_SIZE];
char name[20];
int key,id,choice,flag;
initialize_hash_table(a); //Create intial hash table
for(;;)
{
printf("1:Insert 2:Display 4:Exit\n");
printf("Enter the choice:");
scanf("%d",&choice);
switch(choice)
{
case 1:printf("Enter emp id:");
scanf("%d",&id);
printf("Enter the name:");
scanf("%s",name);
insert_hash_table(id,name,a);
break;
case 2: printf("Contents of hash table\n");
display_hash_table(a,HASH_SIZE);
printf("\n");
break;
case 3: exit(0);
deafult: printf(Enter valid choice\n”);

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

}
}
}

OUTPUT:
1: Insert 2: Display 3: Exit
Enter the choice: 1
Enter the empid: 1234
Enter the name: Anu
1: Insert 2: Display 3: Exit
Enter the choice: 1
Enter the empid: 1236
Enter the name: Anil
1: Insert 2: Display 3: Exit
Enter the choice: 1
Enter the empid: 1334
Enter the name: Charan
1: Insert 2: Display 3: Exit
Enter the choice: 2
Contents of hash table
H_value Emp_id Emp_name
34 1234 Anu
35 1334 Charan
36 1236 Anil
1: Insert 2: Display 3: Exit
Enter the choice: 3

VIVA QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1) What is data structure?

Data structures refer to the way data is organized and manipulated. It seeks to find ways to
make data access more efficient. When dealing with data structure, we not only focus on one
piece of data, but rather different set of data and how they can relate to one another in an
organized manner.

2) Differentiate file structure from storage structure.

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

Basically, the key difference is the memory area that is being accessed. When dealing with the
structure that resides the main memory of the computer system, this is referred to as storage
structure. When dealing with an auxiliary structure, we refer to it as file structures.

3) When is a binary search best applied?

A binary search is an algorithm that is best applied to search a list when the elements are
already in order or sorted. The list is search starting in the middle, such that if that middle value
is not the target search key, it will check to see if it will continue the search on the lower half of
the list or the higher half. The split and search will then continue in the same manner.

4) What is a linked list?

A linked list is a sequence of nodes in which each node is connected to the node following it.
This forms a chain-like link of data storage.

5) How do you reference all the elements in a one-dimension array?

To do this, an indexed loop is used, such that the counter runs from 0 to the array size minus
one. In this manner, we are able to reference all the elements in sequence by using the loop
counter as the array subscript.

6) In what areas do data structures applied?

Data structures is important in almost every aspect where data is involved. In general,
algorithms that involve efficient data structure is applied in the following areas: numerical
analysis, operating system, A.I., compiler design, database management, graphics, and
statistical analysis, to name a few.

7) What is LIFO?
LIFO is short for Last In First Out, and refers to how data is accessed, stored and retrieved.
Using this scheme, data that was stored last , should be the one to be extracted first. This also
means that in order to gain access to the first data, all the other data that was stored before this
first data must first be retrieved and extracted.

8 ) What is a queue?
A queue is a data structure that can simulates a list or stream of data. In this structure, new
elements are inserted at one end and existing elements are removed from the other end.

9) What are binary trees?

A binary tree is one type of data structure that has two nodes, a left node and a right node. In
programming, binary trees are actually an extension of the linked list structures.

10) Which data structures is applied when dealing with a recursive function?
Recursion, which is basically a function that calls itself based on a terminating condition, makes
use of the stack. Using LIFO, a call to a recursive function saves the return address so that it
knows how to return to the calling function after the call terminates.

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11) What is a stack?

A stack is a data structure in which only the top element can be accessed. As data is stored in
the stack, each data is pushed downward, leaving the most recently added data on top.

12) Explain Binary Search Tree

A binary search tree stores data in such a way that they can be retrieved very efficiently. The
left subtree contains nodes whose keys are less than the node’s key value, while the right
subtree contains nodes whose keys are greater than or equal to the node’s key value.
Moreover, both subtrees are also binary search trees.

13) Are linked lists considered linear or non-linear data structures?

It actually depends on where you intend to apply linked lists. If you based it on storage, a linked
list is considered non-linear. On the other hand, if you based it on access strategies, then a
linked list is considered linear.

14) How does dynamic memory allocation help in managing data?

Aside from being able to store simple structured data types, dynamic memory allocation can
combine separately allocated structured blocks to form composite structures that expand and
contract as needed.

15) What is FIFO?

FIFO is short for First-in, First-out, and is used to represent how data is accessed in a queue.
Data has been inserted into the queue list the longest is the one that is removed first.

16) What is an ordered list?

An ordered list is a list in which each node’s position in the list is determined by the value of its
key component, so that the key values form an increasing sequence, as the list is traversed.

17) What is merge sort?

Merge sort takes a divide-and-conquer approach to sorting data. In a sequence of data,
adjacent ones are merged and sorted to create bigger sorted lists. These sorted lists are then
merged again to form an even bigger sorted list, which continuous until you have one single
sorted list.

18) Differentiate NULL and VOID.

Null is actually a value, whereas Void is a data type identifier. A variable that is given a Null
value simply indicates an empty value. Void is used to identify pointers as having no initial size.

19) What is the primary advantage of a linked list?

A linked list is a very ideal data structure because it can be modified easily. This means that
modifying a linked list works regardless of how many elements are in the list.

20) What is the difference between a PUSH and a POP?

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Pushing and popping applies to the way data is stored and retrieved in a stack. A push denotes
data being added to it, meaning data is being “pushed” into the stack. On the other hand, a pop
denotes data retrieval, and in particular refers to the topmost data being accessed.

21) What is a linear search?

A linear search refers to the way a target key is being searched in a sequential data structure.
Using this method, each element in the list is checked and compared against the target key, and
is repeated until found or if the end of the list has been reached.

22) How does variable declaration affect memory allocation?

The amount of memory to be allocated or reserved would depend on the data type of the
variable being declared. For example, if a variable is declared to be of integer type, then 32 bits
of memory storage will be reserved for that variable.

23) What is the advantage of the heap over a stack?

Basically, the heap is more flexible than the stack. That’s because memory space for the heap
can be dynamically allocated and de-allocated as needed. However, memory of the heap can at
times be slower when compared to that stack.

24) What is a postfix expression?

A postfix expression is an expression in which each operator follows its operands. The
advantage of this form is that there is no need to group sub-expressions in parentheses or to
consider operator precedence.

25) What is the difference between the HEAP and the STACK?
(Solution: HEAP is used to store dynamically allocated memory (malloc). STACK stores static
data (int, const).)

26) Describe the data structures of a double-linked list.

(Solution: A double-linked list structure contains one pointer to the previous record in the list and
a pointer to the next record in the list plus the record data.)

27) How do you insert a record between two nodes in double-linked list?
(Solution: Previous R; Data R; Next R; To insert a record (B) between two others (A and C):
Previous.B = A; Next.B = C; Next.A = B; Previous.C = B;)
28) In which data structure, elements can be added or removed at either end, but not in
the middle?
(Solution: queue)

29) Which one is faster? A binary search of an orderd set of elements in an array or a
sequential search of the elements.
(Solution: binary search)

30) What is a balanced tree?

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

(Solution: A binary tree is balanced if the depth of two subtrees of every node never differ by
more than one)

31) Which data structure is needed to convert infix notations to post fix notations?
(Solution: stack)

32) What is data structure or how would you define data structure?
(Solution: In programming the term data structure refers to a scheme for organizing related
piece of information. Data Structure = Organized Data + Allowed Operations.)

33) Which data structures we can implement using link list?

(Solution: queue and stack)

34) List different types of data structures?

(Solution: Link list, queue, stack, trees, files, graphs)

SAMPLE PROGRAM EXECUTION

//Program on FIBONACCI

#include<stdio.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<math.h>
#include<stdlib.h>

int main()

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{
int t1,t2,n,i;
longdouble t[20];
scanf("%d%d%d",&t1,&t2,&n);
if(n>20){return 0;}

t[0]=t1;t[1]=t2;
for(i=0;i<=n-1;i++)
{
t[i+2]=t[i]+t[i+1]*t[i+1];
}
printf("%Lf",t[n-1]);
getch();
return 0;
}

//Program on Concatination of strings

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<string.h>
#define MAX 100
char s1[MAX]="amobile",*s=s1;
char s2[MAX]="uto",*t=s2;

void strnins(char *s,char *t,int i)

{
char string[MAX],*temp=string;
if(i<0 && i>strlen(s))
{
printf("Position is out of boundary\n");
exit(0);
}
if(!strlen(s))
strcpy(s,t);
elseif(strlen(t))
{
strncpy(temp,s,i);
strcat(temp,t);
strcat(temp,(s+i));
strcpy(s,temp);
}
}

void main()
{
int i=1;
strnins(s1,s1,i);
printf("The concat string is:%s",s1);
getch();
}

//Program on Sparse matrix

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 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
#define MAX 101

typedefstruct
{
int row,col,val;
}TERM;

void read_sparse_matrix(TERM a[],int m,int n,int v)

{
int i,j,k, item;
a[0].row=m;
a[0].col=n;
a[0].val=v;
k=1;
// printf("enter the no. of non zero entries\n");
// scanf("%d",&value);
//a[0].val=value;
for(i=0; i<m; i++)
{
for(j=0; j<n; j++)
{
scanf("%d",&item);
if(item==0)
continue;
a[k].row=i;
a[k].col=j;
a[k].val=item;
k++;
}
}
a[0].val=k-1;
}

void search(int item, TERM a[])

{
int i,j;
for(i=0; i<=a[0].val; i++)
{
if(item==a[i].val)
{
printf("Search is successful");
exit(0);
}
}
printf("Search is unsuccessful");
}

void main()
{
int m,n,item,v;
TERM a[MAX];
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of rows");
scanf("%d",&m);

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printf("Enter the number of cols");

scanf("%d",&n);
printf("Enter the number of non zero elements");
scanf("%d",&v);
read_sparse_matrix(a,m,n,v);
printf("Enter the element to be searched\n");
scanf("%d",&item);
search(item,a);
getch();
}

//Program on MALLOC, CALLOC

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int *p;
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
p=(int *)malloc(n*sizeof(int));
if(p==NULL)
{
printf("Enough memory not available\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter array elements\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",p+i);
}
printf("Array elements are\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("%d\t",*(p+i));
}
getch();
}

#include<stdio.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main()
{
int *p;
int n,i;
clrscr();
printf("Enter the number of elements\n");
scanf("%d",&n);
p=(int *)calloc(n,sizeof(int));

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if(p==NULL)
{
printf("Enough memory not available\n");
exit(0);
}
printf("Enter array elements\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
scanf("%d",p+i);
}
printf("Array elements are\n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("%d\t",*(p+i));
}
getch();
}

//Program on UNIONS

#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
typedefunion
{
int marks;
char grade;

}student;
student x;

clrscr();
x.marks=100;
x.grade='A';
printf("marks=%d\n",x.marks);

printf("Grade=%c\n",x.grade);

getch();
}

//Program on array operations (Update,search, delete, insert)

//Insert operation

#include <stdio.h>

main()
{
int LA[] = {1,3,5,7,8};
int item = 10, k = 3, n = 5;
int i = 0, j = n;

Dept. of CS&E, SJBIT Page 69

 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

printf("The original array elements are :\n");

for(i = 0; i<n; i++)

{
printf("LA[%d] = %d \n", i, LA[i]);
}

n = n + 1;

while( j >= k) {
LA[j+1] = LA[j];
j = j - 1;
}
LA[k] = item;

printf("The array elements after insertion :\n");

for(i = 0; i<n; i++) {

printf("LA[%d] = %d \n", i, LA[i]);
}
}
//Delete operation

#include<stdio.h>
main(){
int LA[]={1,3,5,7,8};
int k =3, n =5;
int i, j;

printf("The original array elements are :\n");

for(i =0; i<n; i++){

printf("LA[%d] = %d \n", i, LA[i]);
}

j = k;

while( j < n){

LA[j-1]= LA[j];
j = j +1;
}

n = n -1;

printf("The array elements after deletion :\n");

for(i =0; i<n; i++){

printf("LA[%d] = %d \n", i, LA[i]);
}
}

//Search operation

#include<stdio.h>

Dept. of CS&E, SJBIT Page 70

 Data Structures Laboratory [18CSL38]

main(){
int LA[]={1,3,5,7,8};
int item =5, n =5;
int i =0, j =0;

printf("The original array elements are :\n");

for(i =0; i<n; i++){

printf("LA[%d] = %d \n", i, LA[i]);
}

while( j < n){

if( LA[j]== item ){
break;
}

j = j +1;
}

printf("Found element %d at position %d\n", item, j+1);

}
//Update operation

#include<stdio.h>
main()
{
int LA[]={1,3,5,7,8};
int k =3, n =5, item =10;
int i, j;

printf("The original array elements are :\n");

for(i =0; i<n; i++){

printf("LA[%d] = %d \n", i, LA[i]);
}

LA[k-1]= item;

printf("The array elements after updation :\n");

for(i =0; i<n; i++){

printf("LA[%d] = %d \n", i, LA[i]);
}
}

Dept. of CS&E, SJBIT Page 71