Exercise 2-1

1. premises: a,b
conclusions: c
2. premises: a,b
conclusions: c
3. premises: a,b
conclusions: c
4. premises: a, c, d
conclusions: b
Exercise 2-2
1. Since all Communists are Marxists (premises), all Marxist are Communists.
(conclusions)
2. The lakers almost didn’t beat the Kings (premises). They’ll never get past
Dallas. (conclusions)
3. If the butler had done it (premises), he could not have locked the screen door
(conclusions). Therefore, since the door was locked (premises), we know the
butler is in the clear (conclusions).
4. That cat loves dogs (conclusions). Probably she won’t just be upset if you bring
home a new dog for a pet (premises).
5. Hey, he can’t be older than his mother’s daughter’s brother (conclusions). His
mother’s daughter has only one brother (premises).
6. Mr. Hoover will never make it into the state police (conclusions). They have a
weight limit, and he’s over it (premises).
7. Presbyterians are not fundamentalists, but all born-again Christians are
(premises). So, no born-again Chritians are Presbyterians (conclusions).
8. I guess Thork doesn’t have a thing to do (conclusions). Why else would he
waste his time watching daytime TV? (premises)
9. “There are more injuries in professional football today than there were twenty
years ago” (premises), he reasoned. “And if there are more injuries, then
today’s players suffer higher risks. And if they suffer higher risks, then they
should paid more. Consequently, I think today’s players should be paid more,”
he concluded
10. Let’s see… since the clunk comes only when I pedal, the problem must be in
the chain, the crank, or the pedals.
Exercise 2-3
1. The darned engine pings every time we use the regular unleaded gasoline, but it
doesn’t do it with super(premises). I’d bet that there is a difference in the octane
ratings between the two in spite of what my mechanic says.(conclusions)

2. Chances are I’ll be carded at JJ’s(conclusions), since Kera, Sherry, and Bobby were
all carded there, and they all look as though they’re about thirty.(premises)
3. Seventy percent of first-year students at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo come from
wealthy families(premises); therefore, probably about the same percentage of all Cal
Poly San Luis Obispo students come from wealthy families(conclusions).

4. When bluejays are breeding,they become aggressive(premises).Consequently, scrub

jays, which are very similar to blue jays, can also be expected to be aggressive when
they’re breeding(conclusions).

5. I am sure Marietta comes from a wealthy family(conclusions). She told me her

parents benefited from the cut in the capital gains tax(premises).

6. According to Nature, today’s thoroughbred racehorses do not run any faster than
their grandparents did(premises). But human Olympic runners are at least 20 percent
faster than their counterparts of fifty years ago(premises). Most likely, racehorses have
reached their physical limits but humans have not(conclusions).

7. Dogs ares marter than cats(conclusions),since it is easier to train them(premises).

8. “Let me demonstrate the principle by means of logic,” the teacher said, holding up
a bucket. “If this bucket has a hole in it, then it will leak But it doesn’t leak(premises)..
Therefore, obviously, it doesn’t have a hole in it.”(conclusions)

9. We shouldn’t take a chance on this new candidate(conclusions). She’s from Alamo

Polytech, and the last person we hired from there was incompetent.(premises).

10. If she was still interested in me,she would have called(premises),but she
didn’t.(conclusions)

Exercise 2-4

1. No mayten tree is deciduous, and all non deciduous trees are evergreens. It follows
that all mayten trees are evergreens.
→ inductive argument

2. Mike must belong to the Bartenders and Beverage Union Local 165, since almost
every Las Vegas bartender does.
→ deductive argument

3. Either Colonel Mustard or Reverend Green killed Professor Plum. But whoever ran
off with Mrs. White did not kill the professor. Since Reverend Green ran off with Mrs.
White, Colonel Mustard killed Professor Plum.

→ inductive argument
4. I’ve never met a golden retriever with a nasty disposition.I bet There aren’t any.

→ deductive argument

5. Since some grapes are purple, and all grapes are fruit, some fruit is purple.

→ inductive argument

6. Why is Shrilla so mean to Timeeda? The only thing I can think of is that she’s
jealous. Jealousy is what’s making her mean.

→ inductive argument

7. Biden would have made a fine President.After all,he madeline vice president.

→ deductive argument

8. The figure he drew has only three sides,so it isn't square.

→ inductive argument

9. It was the pizza that made my stomach churn. What else could it be? I was fine
until I ate it.

→ deductive argument

10.It’s wrong to hurt someone’s feelings,and that is exactly what are doing when you
speak to me like that.

→ deductive argument

Exercise 2-5

1. Miss Scarlet’s finger prints were on the knife used to kill Colonel Mustard.
Furthermore, he was killed in the pantry, and she was the only person who had a key
to the pantry. Clearly she killed the colonel.

2. Outlawing guns would be a violation of the U.S. Constitution. Therefore, they

should not be outlawed.

3. There are sunfish in the water behind this dam, but none in the water released from
it. Ordinarily this kind of thing happens only when the released water comes from the
bottom of the dam, because then the released water is too cold for sunfish. Therefore
the water released from this dam comes from the bottom.

4. Sparky is scratching again. He must either have a skin infection or fleabites.

5. Outlawing guns reduced gun deaths in Australia; therefore it would do the same
here.

6. I'm Sleepy Again.I guess I didn't get enough sleep last night.

7. I didn’t get enough sleep last night; therefore I should get to bed earlier tonight.

8. The victims’ blood was on a glove found behind Simpson’s house. This shows that
Simpson committed the murders, because he alone had access to that area.

9. The indentation on the west coast of Africa is about the same size as the bulge on
the east coast of South America, indicating that the two continents were once
connected.

10. I can Hear Lots Better now! You must be holding the phone in a different position.

→ 4, 6, 9, 10 is deductive argument

Exercise 2-6
IBE: 2,6,8,9.
Balance of considerations reasoning: 1,4,7,10.
Neither of the above: 3,5.

Exercise 2-7
IBE: 1,4,6,8,9.
Balance of considerations reasoning: 3,5.
Neither of the above: 2,7,10.

Exercise 2-8
1. Inductive arguments
2. False
3. True
4. True
5. True
6. False
7. Deductive reasoning
8. False
9. False
10. Inductive
11. False
12. False
13. True
 14. False
15. False
16. False
17. False
18. True

Exercise 2 - 9
1. Deductive demonstration
2. Inductive support
3. Deductive demonstration
4. Inductive support
5. Deductive demonstration
6. Inductive support
7. Inductive support
8. Inductive support

Exercise 2 -10

Exercise 2 -11

“Because” is followed by a cause: 1, 2, 4, 7, 10

“Because” is followed by a premise: 3, 5, 6, 8, 9
Exercise 2 -12
Could not possibly be false: 1, 4, 6, 7, 10
Could possibly be false: 2, 3, 5, 8, 9

Exercise 2 - 13
1. A person who keeps their word is a person of good character
2. You can only get an A in a course by getting an A on the final
3. Any country has a right to invade any country that poses a threat to them
4. It is impossible to murder someone without being in the same room as that
person
5. A person who votes against gun control can’t be a liberal
6. A person with a gentle soul goes to heaven when they die
7. A person who commits murder should be executed
8. If only eight people showed up, a party couldn’t be called a success
9. If someone proved Goldbach's conjecture, they are the greatest mathematician
ever
10. If a fan needs oil, it squeaks

Exercise 2 - 14
1. Puddles everywhere tend to indicate there was a recent rain
2. Most likely the battery is weak if the lights are dim.
3. Probably Simpson's blood wouldn't match that on the glove found at the
victim's condo if Simpson hadn't killed her
4. The next day after a week of cold weather usually is cold
5. People who aren't very good with animals generally don't make good parents
6. When a dog scratches a lot it is almost always due to fleas or dry skin
7. Having leftovers is an indication that a party wasn’t successful
8. Rifle owners usually belong to the NRA
9. Eating a dessert with caffeine can interfere with your sleep
10. My cold probably would not have disappeared like magic if I had not taken
Zicam
Exercise 2 - 15

Exercise 2 - 16
1. a
2. b
3. a
4. a
5. a
Exercise 2 - 17

Exercise 2 - 18