Introduction

What is citation ?
A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain
material in your work came from another source. It also gives
your readers the information necessary to find that source
again, including information about the author, the title of the
work, the name and location that published copy of the
source, date, and the page numbers of the material one is
borrowing.
A citation is a way of giving credit to individuals for their creative and
intellectual works that you utilized to support your research. It can also
be used to locate particular sources and combat plagiarism. Typically, a
citation can include the author's name, date, location of the publishing
company, journal title, or DOI (Digital Object Identifier
 Why Should be Cited?
• To uphold intellectual honesty and avoiding
plagiarism.

• To give credit to the original author by citing sources is the only way
to use other’s work without plagiarizing.

• Citing sources strengthens scholar’s work by lending outside

• People also count citations to a paper as an indication of how

Quality of research depends on citation.

To credit authors or artists whose arguments, ideas, or creative works scholars have
used.

To allow people reviewing work to check researcher’s sources for accuracy.

To allow readers to understand how researchers came up with arguments.

To provide scholars with further sources for their own research.
Meaning
A citation is a reference to the source of information used in
your research. Any time you directly quote, paraphrase or
summarize the essential elements of someone else's idea in
your work, an in-text citation should follow. An in-text citation
is a brief notation within the text of your paper or
presentation which refers the reader to a fuller notation, or
end-of-paper citation, that provides all necessary details about
that source of information.
Definition
Citation can be defined as,
“An intellectual reference to a published or unpublished
source by quoting of a book, author or an existing publication
in support of a fact.”
Why citation is important?
1. Attribution serves as a fact-checking tool.
2. Citation makes you a better researcher.
3. Good citation practices make you a better writer.
4. A good bibliography shows off your scientific knowledge
Origin of citation
Citation Styles - APA
• APA (American Psychological Association) style is most frequently
used within the social sciences, in order to cite various sources. This
APA Citation Guide, revised according to the 6th edition of the APA
manual, provides the general format for in-text citations and the
reference page. 
• PA Style is widely used, either entirely or with modifications, by
hundreds of other scientific journals (including medical and
other public health journals), in many textbooks, and in academia (for
papers written in classes).
• In text citation
• The book uses success stories from the authors’ own lived
experiences to make the case for a creative revolution in the business
world (Stewart & Simmons, 2010, p. 22).
• In the literature list
• Stewart, D. & Simmons, M. (2010). The Business Playground: Where
Creativity and Commerce Collide. Berkeley, USA: New Riders Press.
MLA STYLE
• MLA (Modern Language Association) style for documentation is
widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and
literature. MLA style features brief parenthetical citations in the text
keyed to an alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of
the work.
• The Modern Language Association Handbook is in its 8th edition and
standardizes the way scholars document their sources and format
their papers. When everyone documents their sources and papers in
the same way, it is simple to recognize and understand the types of
sources that were used for a project
Citation components
• Author
• Title and Components
• Publishers
MLA citation example (book)
• In-text citation
• The book uses success stories from the authors’ own lived
experiences to make the case for a creative revolution in the business
world (Stewart and Simmons 22).
• In the list of works cited
• Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. The Business Playground: Where
Creativity and Commerce Collide. Berkeley: New Rider Press, 2010.
Print.
Chicago Citation Style
• Chicago is a documentation style that has been published by the
Chicago University Press since 1906. This citation style incorporates
rules of grammar and punctuation common in American English.
• Typically, Chicago style presents two basic documentation systems:
(1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the
two often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources cited,
as each system is favored by different groups of scholars.
Chicago A example (book)
• In-text citation
• The book uses success stories from the authors’ own lived
experiences to make the case for a creative revolution in the business
world.
• In the literature list
Stewart, Dave and Mark Simmons. The Business Playground: Where
Creativity and Commerce Collide. Berkeley: New Riders Press, 2010.
Harvard Style
• Harvard
• Harvard style is often used in the field of economics. There is no
official style guide, which means there are a few variations. A few
organizations who have published a style guide are:
• British Standards Institution
• Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS)
• In-text citation
• The book uses success stories from the authors’ own lived
experiences to make the case for a creative revolution in the business
world (Stewart & Simmons 2010, p. 22).
• In the literature list
• Stewart, D & Simmons, M (2010), The Business Playground: Where
Creativity and Commerce Collide, New Riders Press, Berkeley.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
MLA FORMAT AND APA
FORMAT
EXAMPLES OF MLA AND APA
FORMATS
• Here are two comparison examples:
• MLA:
Klaphake, Elizabeth. My Life as an English Professor. Bellevue,
Nebraska: Bellevue University Press. 1999.
• APA:
Klaphake, E. (1999). My life as an English professor. Bellevue,
Nebraska: Bellevue University Press.
CHICAGO NOTES
The Chicago Notes and Bibliography (NB) system is often used
in the humanities to provides writers with a system for
referencing their sources through the use of footnotes,
endnotes, and through the use of a bibliography.
REQUIRMENTS
Three elemts usually makeup a chicago style paper:
• Arabic numerals in superscript throughout the main text of
the paper.
• A page of end notes OR footnotes in the bottom margin of
each page.
• The Bibliography.
 ORAL
PRESENTATION OF
REPORT
Research report is a written document or oral presentation
based on a written document.
Conclusion