Lecture - 13

Urban Society, Social Problems

Social Planning & Development

Urban Planning and Development

[GPA-316]
 Outline
◼ Social and Human Development

◼ Urban Society

◼ Socialization

◼ Non-Conformance and Informal Social Control

◼ Urban Social problems and issues

◼ Managing Socio-Cultural Change

◼ Social Inclusion, Social Equity, Social Protection and Welfare

◼ Social Planning and Development

 Urban Development

◼ Comprehensive Urban Development encompasses

Physical Development Political Development

Social Development Economic Development

Social and Human Development
 Why Social Development ?

Social Development is pre-requisite to

sustainability

In future the definition of Development

and Sustainable Development will be
synonymous

Any development that fails to improve

quality of life of the people, is not a
development per se, ultimate objective
of development is improvement in well
being of people

Sustainable Development i.e. 3Es ,

Ecology, Equity , Economy
 Social and Human Development
◼ Social and Human Development

◼ Social development in its broadest social terms is an upward

directional movement of society from lesser to greater levels of
energy, efficiency, quality, productivity, creativity, choice, mastery,
enjoyment and accomplishment.

◼ Social Development is about investing in people, improving well being

of every individual in the society. Success of a society is linked to the
well-being of each and every citizen.

◼ Social Development promotes social inclusion, empower people, build

cohesive and resilient societies, make institutions accessible and
accountable to citizens

◼ Human development is a process of enlarging people's freedoms,

opportunities and thus improve their well-being. A real freedom
ordinary people have to make choices in their lives. The concept was
developed by Pakistani Economist Dr. Mahbub ul Haq in 1985
 State of Social Development

◼ State of Social Development in Pakistan is deplorable.

◼ Education: Approx. 40% of the population is illiterate

◼ Health: Half of the population is victim of malnutrition. 75% of the

people do not have access to clean drinking water. IMR- 2021 is
57/1000.

◼ Pakistan HDI: HDI Score (0.560) , 154/189

◼ Income and Poverty: Poverty rate in Pakistan is 39%

◼ Quality of Life: Pakistan is amongst the ten worst countries in

Quality of Life Index (2021)

◼ Housing: Shortage of approx.12 million housing units in the

country, approx. half of the population is without houses.
Role of Administration in Urban Society

◼ Public Administrators while dealing with Urban Society deals

with:

◼ Socialization
◼ Non-Conformance and Social Control
◼ Resolve Societal Disputes
◼ Provide Social Services and Fulfill Social Needs
◼ Manage Socio-Cultural change
◼ Solve Social Problems, Issues, Evils
◼ Carries out Social Planning and Development
◼ Protect Human Rights, Social Protection and Welfare
Urban Society
 Social Differences Between
Rural and Urban Society

Rural Society Urban Society

Division of Labor Dominant profession is Large number of professional

agriculture activities due to diverse social
conditions
Nature of Informal and based on Relations are formal and
Relations sincerity and mutual help reciprocal (Transactional)
Social Almost natural. People live Social life is based on
Environment in nature, work in nature, industrial relations, artificiality,
die in nature interest based relationship
Social Mobility Social changes are seldom Urban life is ever-changing
found. Mostly the people due to expansion of
are satisfied with their education, technology and
social conditions industry
 Social Differences Between
Rural and Urban Society

Social Caste and profession Society is stratified on the basis of

Stratification determines the Social economic resources and education
Status in Society
Social Simple because of Complex, people of different races,
Difference uniformity castes, professions, classes and
political parties live together.
Social Informal, slow and under Formal, reciprocal and fast
interaction necessary conditions

Social On the basis of similarity Due to different social conditions,

Solidarity in social life, solidarity less social solidarity is found.
exists in rural areas
Social Clear , Caste, Lineage Hazy, Class, social status in
Identity society
Socialization
 Socialization
Personality:

Person’s fairly consistent patterns of thinking, feeling and acting OR

it is sum totality of impression that one makes upon other

Socialization
Lifelong social experience by which individuals develop human
potential and learn patterns of their culture. It is basically conformance
to social norms and values, internalization

Charles Darwin Vs. John Watson

Nature Vs. Nurture

 Socialization Model

Outcomes
Socialization Process
Productivity

Arrival Encounter Metamorphosis Conformance

Efficiency &
Effectiveness
 Agents of Socialization

School Family Peer Mass

Groups Media
 Socialization -- Individuals

Societal Environment
conditions your behavior,
and personality
Karachite
Lahorite

Society is just a combination

of individuals but their
common believes, cultures,
trends, way of life
determines lot of things
 Socialization

Personality:

George Herbert Mead:

Central concept is a Self
Personality/Self = Self image + Self awareness, which
develops only thru social experience

Charles Cooley’s Looking-glass self, explains the self-

image developing through ,how we think others see us

Self awareness is does one know he is a cat or a lion ?

 Socialization -- Family

◼ Family basic building block of society

 Socialization -- Family
◼ Family socialization greatly
affects your personality

◼ Parental mutual
relationship and their
interaction pattern with kids
define their Personality

◼ Main Skelton of
Personality made up by the
age of 7-Years
 Socialization – Mother’s Lap
◼ Gender issues
◼ Domestic violence
◼ Disturbed mother cannot rear a
satisfied child
◼ Cannot produce complete
personalities – Voids in
Personality
◼ Broken Families
◼ Absence of Psychological
treatments and rehabilitation
Non-Conformance and
Informal Social Control
 Non-Conformance

◼ Non-Conformance:

◼ Deviancy
Informal
◼ Delinquency

◼ Crime Formal
 Deviancy
◼ Deviance: Non-Observance/ Violation of social / customary norms

◼ Deviance is culturally , socially constructed, exists always in

juxtaposition with some “normality”

◼ Deviance is some times characterized as an immoral absolute,

varies from group to group

◼ Deviance is overlooked in some situations like, when causing least

damage to others

◼ We all are deviant at some time or another and in some places,

100% conformance difficult

◼ Stigma: Disapproval attached to disobeying the expected norms

 Causes of Deviancy

➢ Causes of individual deviancy are:

➢ Dissatisfaction of physical needs

➢ Unbalanced affection of parents
➢ Harsh treatment of real/step-parents
➢ Unbalanced treatment of parents
➢ Loss of father or mother affection or both by death or divorce
➢ Socially isolated
➢ Getting into smoking, gambling, drugs and other anti-social
activities
➢ Running away from home, school, job
 Micro- Level explanations of Deviancy

◼ Informal social control theory - Our bonds with

society encourage us to conform; with fewer bonds, we
are more likely to be deviant

◼ Urban lesser Bonds, more chances of deviancy

◼ Rational choice theory - The decision to be deviant

depends upon a cost/benefit analysis of sanctions

◼ Formal System of Social Control

 Social Delinquency

◼ Minor Crime , especially committed by young person

◼ Violations of Social Values or minor Laws

◼ Minor offences like over speeding, playing loud music

◼ Crime and juvenile delinquency

◼ Social Isolation,

end result Deviancy /Delinquency

 Social Control

◼ Informal means of Social Control

◼ Socialization

◼ Collective efforts to ensure conformity to the norms.

◼ Reward and Punishments

◼ Informal Institutions , CBOs

◼ Formal means of Social Control

◼ External sanctions enforced by the Govt.

◼ Formal Institutions

◼ Formal Punishments, enforced by law

 Informal Social Control, Why conform?

◼ Following principles explain, who exercise informal control in

society:

1. Principle of dependence: Dependence on others

(Parents, Teachers or Employer)

2. Principle of visibility: Interactions less private… more

visibility of social inconformity.

3. Principle of extensiveness: All “Others” will come to

know about it, what they will think about this…
Urban Social Problems and Issues
 Social Problems/Issues

◼ Social Problem is a condition that at least some

people in a community view as being undesirable
social condition e.g. Child Labour, beggary,
discrimination etc.

◼ Social Issues are matters which directly or indirectly

affect many or all members of a society and is
retarding societal development e.g. poverty, violence,
pollution, lack of respect for human rights,
discrimination, and Socio-Economic injustice etc.
Origin of Urban Social Problems/Issues

◼ Human Being is central in societal problems.

◼ Socio-Economic Injustice

◼ Physical conditions that exist in city -- Six processes at work in City

◼ Lack of Planning and enforcement

◼ Disregard to Human Rights

◼ Social Discrimination

◼ Lack of tolerance and appreciation of diversity

◼ Social Conditions that facilitate the violation of norms and values

present in society
 Urban Problems and Urban Land Use

❑ Urbanization leads to various urban Social Problems like.

▪ Unemployment, Urban Poverty
▪ Congestion, Crime
▪ Social Segregation, Social Exclusion
▪ Poor living condition, lack of adequate Housing & Transport
▪ Lack of Education and Health
❑ Urban Problems are inter-related, complex and multi-dimensional,
have common roots
▪ Physical [ Most Urban Problems are due to Physical Planning e.g.
Congestion and Crime etc.]
▪ Social
▪ Economics

e.g. Congestion → Deterioration → Decay → Poverty → Crime

 Urban Social Problems & Issues
◼ Social Isolation and Social ◼ Deviancy, Delinquency, Crime
Exclusion
◼ Cultural Conflicts
◼ Deep Social Stratifications
◼ Lack of proper Socialization - Busy
◼ Social Discrimination lives, no time with parents
◼ Socio-Economic Injustice ◼ Violence, Gender issues
◼ Lack of Social Cohesion ◼ Child Labour
◼ Safety and Security
◼ Marginalization
◼ Education and Health
◼ Poverty , housing, food and clothing
◼ Lack of respect for Basic Human
Rights
◼ Employment/Livelihood
opportunities
 Causes of Social Problems
◼ When people live as close together, as they do in urban
settlements, some social problems eventually occur.

◼ Cultural Diversity and differences between social classes and

pressure from the environment may cause social disorder.

◼ Cultural differences, people from different cultures may have

trouble understanding each other because of that conflicts arise
between them.

◼ People often get problems when they feel that they are socially
incompetent or that they have failed to realize their dreams, and
they feel isolated.
 Causes of Social Problems

◼ Poverty is a significant cause of crime, hopelessness and

feelings of hatred towards the wealthy people in the city.

◼ Poverty in urban society leads to crime, drugs and immoral acts.

◼ Problems in our society will never disappear, as the gap

between the social classes most probably will never be closed.

◼ Roots of social problems lies in mankind and the people in a

society are the ones who have to take care of the problems.

◼ Man can walk on the surface of the moon but people cannot
walk safely in some slums of our large cities“
 Six Processes at work in the city

◼ Cause of Social Problems/Issues

◼ Concentration — Differential distribution of population

and economic activities in a city, and the manner in
which they have focused on the center of the city

◼ Decentralization — Location of activity away from the

central city

◼ Segregation — Sorting out of population groups

according to conscious preferences for associating
with one group or another through bias and prejudice
 Six Processes at work in the city

◼ Specialization — Similar to segregation only refers to

the economic sector

◼ Invasion — Traditionally, a process through which a

new activity or social group enters an area

◼ Succession — New use or social group gradually

replaces the former occupants
 Social Evils

Social evils are those customs and rituals which

impedes the human progress.

These are the resistances in development and

progress, these are the bottlenecks in social change

Social evils include bad customs and rituals like

backbiting, telling lie, abusing, spending lavishly,
insulting ,Dog fight, Camel race ,Dowry etc.
 Solution to Social Problems

◼ Stop exploitation of man by man

◼ Improve imperfect weaving of the social web
◼ Improve conduct on the part of man
◼ End Social Discrimination
◼ Responsible Government - State accept the welfare of citizens
◼ Nature of the State is determined by the nature of the individuals
of which it is composed, is as true as ever.
◼ Institutions such as the home, school, CSOs, media
◼ Socialization of masses
◼ Indoctrination of sense of responsibility
◼ New Social Order
Managing Socio-Cultural Change
 Nature of Pakistani Society

◼ Over- Populated [ Population Density 2021- 287/Sq.Km]

◼ Predominantly Rural Society, 37 % lives in Cities

◼ Predominantly Sunni Muslim (97%) with 3% non-muslims

◼ Diverse Society, varied cultures

◼ Lack of Cohesion

◼ Socially attached to land

◼ Gender issues

◼ Materialism is the hallmark of the society

◼ Extravagant
Ethnic Composition
 Culture
◼ According to Taylor , culture is “that complex-whole which includes
knowledge, belief , art, customs, mores, values, norms, laws , and
any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society”
◼ Material and Non-Material part
◼ Culture “Man-made part of Environment”
◼ Essentially a “ way of life” in the society

◼ Culture is Social Heredity, unconsciously learned portion of Human

Behavior”

◼ Culture and society are counterparts like the two faces of a coin.
Culture is secondary to society
◼ Society saves its culture by changing and transmitting to the next
generation, with some modifications and changes
12/30/2021
 Cultural Evolution
◼ Norms (Agreed upon expectations, normally what we are
doing, e.g. wearing jeans by a girl normal)
◼ Folkways - Customs
◼ Mores – Rules of behavior which are important
◼ Laws – More complex a society, more Folkways, mores turned
into laws

◼ Values (Shared assumption what is good, right or important,

standard of right or wrong, what we ought to do , e.g. wearing jeans
by a girl is not valued yet)

◼ Socialization
◼ Internalization (Formal and Informal)
◼ Sanction (Formal and Informal)
◼ Code of Ethics (Formal and Informal)
12/30/2021
 Societal Culture

◼ State is like Structure or Skelton.

◼ Culture is the soul that holds the thing together and gives it life

◼ Signs, Symbols, Artifacts, Logos, Mottos, Stories and Rituals

◼ Shared values, beliefs, assumptions and manifestations

◼ Way of thinking and acting in Society

◼ Culture helps members solve problems

◼ Culture strongly influences individual’s behaviour

 Material and Non-Material Culture

➢ This Journal ?

➢ Inside the book is non- material

part of the culture

• Knowledge
• Beliefs
• Values

Pakistani Vs. American Author

12/30/2021
 Material and Non-Material Culture

Material

Non- Material

12/30/2021
 Liabilities of Culture
◼ Culture can have dysfunctional aspects in some
instances.

◼ Culture as a Barrier to Change

◼ Culture as a Barrier to Diversity

◼ Culture as a Barrier to Mergers

◼ Culture as a Barrier to Development

 Sources of Individual’s
Resistance to Change

Selective
information Habit
processing

Individual
Resistance
Security
Fear of
the unknown

Economic
factors
 Overcoming Resistance to Change

◼ Education and communication

◼ Participation and involvement

◼ Facilitation and support

◼ Negotiation and agreement

◼ Manipulation and cooperation

◼ Explicit and implicit coercion

Managing Cultural Change

◼ Diffusion / Integration

◼ Assimilation

◼ Separation

◼ Acculturation / De-Culturation

51
 Cultural Change

◼ Following Cultural aspects needs to be considered

◼ Cultural compatibility
◼ Cultural acceptability
◼ Cultural uniformity (Antithesis of cultural Diversity)
◼ Cultural variability (Range of variations within culture)
◼ Cultural integration (Traits and complexes are spread/blended
everywhere)
◼ Cultural lag

12/30/2021
 Cultural Change

◼ Cultural lag

◼ Both the material and non-material aspects are related and

must go hand-in-hand. In case non-material aspect remains
behind the material one. This creates irregularity,
disharmony and disorganization between the two aspects.

◼ Marginal Man

◼ A man after shifting into a foreign culture faces problems of

learning, adopting and adjusting to the patterns of new
culture. Because he was socialized from early childhood in
his original culture.

12/30/2021
 Social Inclusion,
Social Equity, Social
Protection and Welfare
 Social Inclusion in Urban Society

◼ Ensuring access for all, no discrimination

◼ Empowerment

◼ Ability to make decisions

◼ Ability to make choices

◼ Mainstreaming

◼ Socio-Economic Justice

◼ Equity and Equality

 Social Inclusion and Exclusion

◼ Social Inclusion (Pull Factors)

◼ Respecting Social Diversity, H.R since 2006
◼ Equal rights for all, Equal Participation
◼ Need and requirements of individuals are
respected
◼ Empowerment (Right to make choices)
◼ Social Exclusion (Push Factors)
◼ Social Segregation, Social Isolation (Voluntary)
◼ Discrimination (Overt and Covert)
◼ Barriers/Preventing Inclusion ( Legal Framework)
◼ Disempowerment (Right to decide)
Administration
work for inclusive
society
 Equality and Equity

➢ Equality deals with Justice

➢ Equity deals with Fairness
➢ Government /Administration needs to be fair and just
 Marginalization
◼ People relegated to powerless and unimportant position in
society

◼ First marginalized , eventually social exclusion

◼ People at the fringes of Social Circle of Benefits

◼ Causes:

◼ Poverty
◼ Education
◼ Discrimination
◼ Placed at disadvantageous position in society
◼ Barriers [Social + Legal]
Administration Vs. Equity and Equality

◼ Public Administrator sometimes needs to be “Fair” and

sometimes to be “Just”, means maintain equity and equality

◼ Public Administrator judge what to maintain in given

circumstances

◼ “Law/Justice is blind” -- Everyone is equal in the eyes of law

◼ Equity is required to maintain “Vertical Equity “

◼ Poverty is the direct result of Socio-Economic injustice

◼ Urban Administration should be knowing and fulfilling Social

Needs, providing Social Protection and Social Welfare
 Poverty

◼ Socio-Economic Phenomenon --- Direct result of Socio-Economic Injustice

◼ Absolute Poverty (Income below a threshold less than $ 2/day)

◼ Relative Poverty (Income below given average in society)

◼ Equity (Fairness in distribution)

◼ Horizontal Equity ( Equal Treatment of Equals)

◼ Vertical Equity (Treating unequal's differently - Progressive Taxation)

◼ Equality (Equal distribution of Income/Resources

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
[Fulfillment of Social Needs]

/Emotional
 Public Administration and Social
Protection Functions
◼ Support required to reduce risks and vulnerabilities
of people prone to socio-economic risks

◼ E.g. Cash transfers, Pensions, Orphanages, Old-age

homes, Food Vouchers, Food Supply, DRR Programs,
supporting EVFs

◼ More pressing needs of people

 Public Administration and
Social Welfare Functions
◼ Provision of minimum support to citizens for well
being and support

◼ E.g. Food Stamp, Medicare , Training, Skill

Development , Employment opportunities

◼ Minimum interventions for socio-economic support

Social Planning and Development
 Social Process of Development

◼ Development is getting a set of desirable results like

◼Higher incomes,
◼ Longer life expectancy,
◼ Lower infant mortality,
◼ More education.
◼ Recently emphasis has been shifted from the results to the
enabling conditions, strategies and plans for achieving those
results like
◼ Peace, democracy, social freedoms,
◼ equal access, laws, institutions, markets,
◼ Infrastructure, education and technology.
◼ But still little attention has been placed on the underlying social
process of development that determines how society formulates,
adopts, initiates, and organizes, to achieve those goals.
 Social Planning

◼ Social planning embraces a planned approach to enhance the

quality of life of community through proper planning which
includes

◼ Community participation in Policy Development.

◼ Policy Making, Appraisal and Evaluation

◼ Identifying needs, and their assessment

◼ Plan Preparation for fulfilment of needs and aspirations of

people.
 Social Planning Process

◼ Characterised by being:

◼ Strategic

◼ Consultative

◼ Participatory

◼ Negotiated

◼ Developmental
 Key Principles of Social Planning

◼ Equity
◼ Access
◼ Choice
◼ Advocacy
◼ Social Inclusion
◼ Communication and Consultation
◼ Participation
◼ Timeliness
◼ Adaptability and flexibility
◼ Collaboration and Cooperation
◼ Grant of Human Rights
◼ Enhance community well being and effectiveness
 Social Development

◼ Social Development deals with

◼ Structural inequality

◼ Development of historically disadvantaged / deprived social groups

◼ Lack of inclusion and accountability
◼ Cohesiveness of societies

◼ Empowerment of poor and marginalized people.

◼ Improvement in wellbeing and quality of life of local communities.

◼ Creating livable better communities, stable Societies

◼ Diverse cultural and social cohesion.

 Social Development

◼ Social Dimensions of Infrastructure Development

◼ Social Development specialists work closely with infrastructure
teams and focus on improving people’s access and promoting
social inclusion; reducing political and social risks; enhancing
Governance and reducing corruption through voice and
participation; sharing benefits through social safeguards;

◼ Local Governance, Participation, Civic engagement

◼ Social Development has developed approaches that emphasize
civic engagement—the demand-side of Governance.
◼ Social Development's includes operations designed to bridge
supply-side and demand-side accountability of local Governments
to improve service delivery to communities
◼ Community Driven Development (CDD) approaches can empower
communities to plan, design and implement initiatives to improve
their livelihoods.
 World Bank’s
Social Development Themes
◼ Community Driven Development
◼ Give control of decisions and resources to community
groups
◼ Conflicts, Crime and Violence
◼ Objective is to make societies more resilient to violence
◼ Indigenous Development
◼ Respect for the dignity, human rights and uniqueness of
indigenous people
◼ Involuntary Resettlement
◼ To improve or at least restore, the income level and living
standards of displaced people
◼ Participation and Civic Engagement
◼ Share control over priority setting, policy making, resource
allocation and decisions that affect a society
 Approach to Social Development

▪ Social Inclusion promote equal access of opportunities for all,

enabling everyone to contribute to social and economic
progress and share its rewards.

▪ Cohesive societies enable women and men to work together to

address common needs, overcome constraints and consider
diverse interests. They resolve differences in a civil, non-
confrontational way, promoting peace and security.

▪ Accountable institutions are transparent and respond to the

public interest in an effective, efficient and fair way.
 Social Development Principles

◼ All resources are the creation of the human mind, human potential is
unlimited, development potential is finite.

◼ Human beings are the ultimate resource and ultimate determinant of

the development process.

◼ Rate and extent of development is determined by prevalent social

attitudes which control the flow of social energies.

◼ Social gradient between people at different levels of power and

accomplishment in society represents a ‘voltage differential’ that
stimulates less accomplished sections of the population to seek what
the more accomplished have achieved.

◼ Development proceeds rapidly in those areas where the society is more

aware of opportunities and challenges.

◼ Development is an activity of the society as a whole. It can be

stimulated, directed or assisted by Government
 Social Development Principles

◼ Development of individuals and societies results in increasing freedom

of choice and increasing capacity to fulfill its choices by its own
capacity and initiative.

◼ Growth and development usually go together, but they are different

phenomena subject to different laws. Growth involves a horizontal or
quantitative expansion and multiplication of existing types and forms of
activities. Development involves a vertical or qualitative enhancement
of the level of organization.

◼ Social development is driven by the subconscious aspirations/will of

society for advancement. The society seeks progressive fulfillment of a
prioritized hierarchy of needs

◼ Development of society occurs only in fields where the collective will,

social energy and subconscious urge to development is sufficiently
strong.
 Social Development Principles

◼ Every society possesses a huge reservoir of potential human energy that is

absorbed and held static Policies, strategies and programs that tap this
latent energy and channel it into constructive activities can stir an entire
nation to action and rapid advancement.

◼ Essential nature of the development process is the progressive

development of social organizations and institutions that harness and direct
the society’s energies for higher levels of accomplishment.

◼ Society develops by organizing all the knowledge, human energies and

material resources at its disposal to fulfill its aspirations.

◼ Development requires surplus social energies beyond the level required for
functioning at the present level.
 Social Development

◼ Challenges

◼ Equitable and sustainable development requires tailored

responses to social context and the needs and priorities of
poor people.

◼ No universal strategy can be employed monolithically, how

to adopt already tested plans, policies and strategies to
local context

◼ Social inclusion and Cohesion, in diverse population

 Social Development

◼ Recommendations:

◼ Listen to poor people and promote their voices in the

development process

◼ Understand and address their needs, priorities and aspirations;

and building formal and informal institutions.

◼ Governments, Communities, Civil society, and the private sector

work for a state that is accessible, responsive and accountable
to citizens.

◼ Social Development’s key message to ‘put people first’ in

development processes.

◼ Social Development includes the poor and excluded in the

development process, and translates the complex relationships
between societies, states and communities into operations.
Thanks