People are illogical, unreasonable, and self-centered.

Love them anyway

If you do good, people will accuse you of selfish ulterior motives.

Do good anyway

The good you do today will be forgotten tomorrow.

Do good anyway
 Lecture - 3

Urbanization and Urban Pakistan

Urban Planning & Development

(GPA- 316)
 Outline
◼ Rural and Urban Community

◼ Rural and Urban Area

◼ Phenomenon of Urbanization

◼ Global and Regional Urbanization Trends

◼ State of Urbanization in Pakistan

◼ Causes and Effects of Urbanization

◼ Issues & Challenges of Urban Pakistan

Rural and Urban Community
 Human Settlements

◼ Human Beings are social animals, preferred to live in groups

for purpose of security and to fulfill their mutual needs

◼ Community is a Group of people living together in an area,

having sense of belonging, common culture, working for a
common good and fulfilling their needs by mutual cooperation

◼ Sociologists define Community as “A functionally related group

of people, living in a particular geographical area, at a
particular time, depicts a common culture, arranged in a social
structure, and exhibit an awareness of their uniqueness and
separate identity as a group”.
 Types of Communities
In modern World:

◼ Communities have been classified into Rural and

Urban communities due to different Physical, Social,
Cultural , Economic , Political/Administrative
conditions in both areas.

◼ Rural Community

◼ Urban Community
 Rural Community

◼ Population generally is small.

◼ No formal administrative organization, and institutions
◼ Less modern facilities, living style is archaic
◼ Interaction patterns are mostly informal, and less
◼ Economy - Primary or Secondary Sector
◼ Culture – Homogenous (language, dresses, food and styles ) ,
traditions, customs, rituals and ceremonies dominates
◼ Society stratified on the basis of Caste and Clan
◼ Social mobility is fixed and rigid (Ascribed Status)
 Urban Communities
◼ Population size is big, heterogeneous in all aspects.
◼ Living under formal administrative structure (Municipal Body)
◼ Modern facilities are available like public utilities like Water, Electricity,
Telephone, Sanitation etc.
◼ Fast interaction, affects the patterns of behavior (Urbanites), social interaction
depends on social class.
◼ Economy : Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, virtual / synthetic economy mode.

◼ Culture – Heterogeneous (language, dresses, food and styles), modern values

dominates with rapid cultural change
◼ Society Stratified on the basis of Social Status
◼ Social mobility is fast, and possible to change social status in society
(Achieved Status)
 Early Human Settlements and Cities
◼ Factors of Earlier Human Settlements

◼ Safety and Security [Clans and Religion]

◼ Fresh water, springs and rivers

◼ Economic Considerations [Arable Land + Water]

◼ Communication [Banks of rivers, coasts of oceans and seas]

◼ Present day major Urban Clusters are earlier Human Settlements

Rural and Urban Area
 Determinants of City Location

◼ Water Routes

◼ Transportation Routes

◼ Land of major Civilizations

◼ Ocean/Sea Coasts

◼ Major Commercial and Trade Centers

◼ Industrial Centers
 Urban area
◼ Urban Area :
◼ A large population nucleus having high degree of socio-
economic interaction with adjacent areas.
◼ Internationally, According to U.S. Census Bureau
◼ Census blocks with population density of at least
1,000/Sq.Mile
◼ Surrounded by a census blocks with population density of
at least 500/Sq.mile
◼ Local Government Ordinance-2001
◼ Area(s) under the local body is called an “Urban Area”.
 Characteristics of Urban Area

◼ Urban area is characterized by:

◼ Occupied by Urban Communities

◼ High Socio-Economic interaction and concentration of recent immigrants

◼ Controlled Environment /activities, and environmental issues
◼ Vast and varied Human Features.
◼ High Population Size and Density . High Structural and Population Density
(Physical + Population)
◼ Spatial Constraints (Defined Land Use)

◼ Complex transportation patterns and other systems

◼ Diversity in property values and living environment

◼ Strong system of formal social control and strong cultural stimulation

 Categorization of Urban Settlements

Globally Pakistan

◼ Over Ten Million --- Mega City ▪ Same as Global

◼ Over one Million--- Metropolitan city ▪ Population > 2.5 M

◼ Secondary cities--- 250,000 -1.0 M ▪ 0.5 - 2.5 M M.Corp.

◼ Large Towns-------- 25,000-250,000 ▪ 25,000 - 0.5 M M.Com.

◼ Small Towns-------- 2,000-25,000 ▪ < 25,000 T. Com.

Urban Administrative Structure

❑ Municipal Bodies
Main function Operation & Maintenance of cities
S. No Population Structure
1 <25,000 Town Committees
2 25,000 – 500,000 Municipal Committees
3 500,000- 2.5 M Municipal Corporation
4 >2.5 M Metropolitan Corporation

❑ Developments Authorities
◼ Main role

◼ To carry out development of the Cities

◼ To regulate development
 Aspects of Differences

◼ Better Physical Conditions

(Infrastructure facilities, Utilities)
◼ Better Social Indicators
(Education, Health, Economic )
◼ Different type of Economy
(Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary sectors)
◼ Different political Paradigm
(Rural- Based on Clan and Caste)
 Difference between Rural and Urban Areas
Rural
Simple (People+ Structure)
Property Rights – Based on Land
record
No Land use Constraints
Limited dependency on
Government
System of social control
(Formal + Informal)
No legal framework to regulate
common man’s life
Urban
Complex (People+ Structure )
Complex property rights-Multiple institutions
involved like Development Authorities, Housing
Societies, etc.
Land use is strictly defined and regulated
Govt. has to provide many Public goods,
residents need N.O.Cs for every activity in
urban area
Only formal system of social control enforced by
the Government through Policing and Judiciary
Application of local Government laws and
codes-zoning laws, building codes, Public
Health and safety codes, EPA Laws etc.
 Difference between Rural and Urban Areas
Rural Urban
Simple culture, based on folkways, Complex culture, based on varied
mores, rural norms and values value systems, hence laws to regulate
Rural Economy- Mainly Primary sector Urban Economy - Secondary ,Tertiary
of economy and quaternary sector of economy

Simple social Problems Complex social problems

Simple Political Paradigm Complex Political Structure

Culture followers Culture setters

Relative Poverty critical Absolute Poverty critical

Phenomenon of Urbanization
 Urbanization

❑ City is a by-Product of Urbanization

❑ Urbanization is an increase in population of cities as compared

to the region's rural population.

❑ A process in which an increasing proportion of an entire

population lives in cities or within suburbs of cities.

❑ Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization.

 Urban Growth Vs. Urbanization
◼ Urban Growth is:
◼ Increase in the size and population of an urban area over a period of time, usually
expressed in numbers e.g. size doubled, tripled etc.
◼ Rate at which population of an urban area increases, as a result of urbanization
◼ Expansion of a metropolitan or suburban area into the surrounding rural area.

◼ Urbanization is:
◼ Movement of people from rural to urban areas.
◼ Increasing proportion of country's population living in urban areas, expressed in
percentage or ratio of the total population.

◼ De-Urbanization is :
◼ Decrease in Urban Population of an area over a period of time

◼ Main Reason of Urban Growth:

◼ Increase in Urban Population is mainly due to natural increase of urban population,
and migration to urban areas.
 Rural - Urban Migration

◼ Rural urban migration is the migration of people from rural areas to

cities.

◼ Movement of people from rural areas to cities is considered to be

the main cause of urban growth in developed countries.

◼ In developing world urban population growth plus migration is

mostly due to the high birth rate (Natural Increase).

◼ Rural migrants are attracted by the possibilities that cities offer

them better oppertunities, but often settle in shanty towns and
experience extreme poverty.
 Push Factors
◼ Less Economic Opportunities

◼ Primitive Style of living

◼ Lack of Modern facilities

◼ Labour intensive work

◼ Conservative Norms and Values

◼ Culture of Status Quo

◼ Less opportunities of Progress and Growth

◼ Human surpluses – Industrialization and use of Technology in both

agriculture and industry.
 Pull Factors

◼ Capacity of cities -Larger and larger proportions of population

could live in cities.

◼ Employment - Economic forces were such that cities became the

ideal places to locate factories and create employment.

◼ Education – Opportunities for higher education, acquisition of

knowledge and skills

◼ Socio-Cultural Hubs Vibrant culture, Cultural stimulating centers.

 Limits to Urban Size-Historical Evidence

The natural constraints on the size of a city:

◼ City -- Organic, living entity

◼ Size of the city gets reduced due to extra cost of transportation

◼ City center act as gravity

◼ Extra cost of living within the city itself (commuting to work,

delivery of water, disposal of waste and sewage)

◼ Sustainability and Environmental issues

Global and Regional
Urbanization Trends
 Urban Growth and Rural Urban Migration

❑ 20th century industrialization lead to rapid urbanization,

coupled with infrastructural development after WW-II

❑ Year 2007 is important in the sense urban population

surpassed the 50% mark.

❑ Global proportion of urban population is continuously

increasing.
Urbanization Trends
 2007
23rd May, 2007
(Wednesday)

World Cities Day – 31st October

 Future Urban Growth

◼ World population is projected to be urbanized, 60 % of

the global population is expected to live in cities by
2030.

◼ According United Nations population projections, 4.9

billion people are expected to be urban dwellers by 2030.

◼ By 2050 , globally more than 2/3 (67%) would be living

in cities
 Urbanization Trends
◼ Global Scenario – (Estimated - 2020)

◼ Total World Population 7.800 Billion

◼ Urban population 4.300 Billion

◼ World’s Rural population 3.500 Billion

◼ Percentage of Urban Population 56.70 %

◼ World Population G.R 1.00 %

◼ Urban Global Population G.R 1.84%

◼ Pakistan’s Urban Population G.R 2.67 %

Global Slum Population
 Urbanization in South Asia
Sr.No. Country Rate of Urbanization

1 Afghanistan 27
2 Bangladesh 32
3 Bhuttan 35
4 India 33
5 Maldives 35
6 Nepal 19
7 Pakistan 37
8 Sri lanka 21
Source: UNDP
State of Urbanization in Pakistan
Urbanization of Pakistan
 Urban Pakistan
◼ Fastest urbanized country in South Asia

◼ Urban Population contributes approx. 55% to GDP

◼ Urbanization of Poverty

◼ Sindh most urbanized province 43% lives in cities

◼ Karachi 20 million people, 50 times increase in pop. since 1947

Volume of Urban and Rural Population

80 Million

220 M
140 Million
 Population of Major Urban Centers
Sr. No. Agglomeration Population in Million
2005 2020
1 Karachi 11.83 16.86
2 Lahore 6.38 12.27
3 Faisalabad 2.54 3.79
4 Rawalpindi 1.80 2.75
5 Gujranwala 1.68 2.59
6 Peshawar 1.57 2.32
7 Multan 1.46 2.25
8 Hyderabad 1.39 2.10
9 Islamabad 1.26 1.53
10 Quetta 0.98 1.25

◼ In 2030 – 45 % of population of Pakistan will be living in one million and

above cities of Pakistan, this makes Urban Development highly critical
Demographic Change between Census
 Pakistan’s Demographic Scenario
◼ Percentage of world’s population 2.8%
◼ 5th most populous country in the world ( 2020 - 220 M)
◼ Ranking among Muslim countries 2nd after Indonesia
◼ Most urbanized country South Asia
◼ Average Population Density 287 persons/Sq.Km
◼ Average Population Growth 2.0 %
◼ Urban Growth 2.70% ( Rural 1.7%)
◼ Average HHS 6.7 = 7
◼ Age structure – Active Labour force 59.1 % (16-64)
◼ Slum to urban population 45% (Karachi 56%)
◼ HDI (2020) 0.557 (154/189)
 Urbanization and Economy
◼ Change in country’s Structure of Economy

◼ Share in GDP

Year Agriculture Manufacturing/Industrial Services

1950 53% 08 % 39 %
2021 20% 13 % 50 %
 Importance of Cities

◼ Economic importance, globally contributes 80% to GDP

◼ In Pakistan, Cities generate 55 % of country’s GDP

◼ Pakistan generates 95% of federal tax revenue from 10 major cities

◼ Karachi alone generates 42% of country’s GDP and 65% of federal tax revenue

◼ Clusters of Population, Geographic importance

◼ Cities hub of economic activity, employment and productivity

◼ Political importance, Center of Politics , Seats of Governance

◼ Seats of innovation and creativity

◼ Center of attention , cultural hearts

Causes and Effects of
Urbanization
 Causes of Urbanization in Pakistan

1. Migration in 1947, destination was Cities ( Sindh + Punjab)

2. Better infrastructure and communication links

3. Period of population growth .. Baby Boom (1946-1964)

4. Green Revolution and Rapid industrialization (1951-1971)

5. Break away of East Pakistan -1971 Karachi Limited

6. Dubai Revolution, 1970s-80s Pakistan was major exporter of labour to

middle eastern countries.

7. Better Socio- Economic Conditions – migration to cities

8. Afghanistan Jihad -1980 ( KPK + Balochistan)

9. Increase in middle class

10. Emergence of consumer culture

 Effects of Urbanization
◼ Positive Effects
◼ Changes in demographic trends and settlement pattern
◼ Engines of Economic Growth, Enhanced Productivity
◼ Change in Political paradigm-Supporters of PPP’s socialist Program
were mainly Feudals & Land Lords, against capitalism, then entry of
Business men, Industrialists, means more capitalism.
◼ Agents of Social Change – Places of culture, learning , ideas and
innovations
◼ Socio-Cultural Center (Galleries, Theaters, Cinemas, fair and festivals,
Park and Playing Fields, City Halls, Sitting spaces –Tea, Coffee shops,
Shisha Houses, Ice cream parlors, Clubs, and libraries)
◼ Centers of creativity
◼ Places of decent living
 Effects of Urbanization
◼ Negative Effects

◼ Increased consumption
◼ Greater affluence
◼ High Unemployment
◼ More absolute Poverty
◼ Poor Living Conditions
◼ Costly utility services
◼ Environmental and Health Risks
◼ Interest Groups and mafias
◼ Deteriorating Law & Order
 Effects of Urbanization

◼ Negative Effects
◼ Worsen Socio - Economic Conditions (Overall unemployment – 6% , Urban- 12
%)
◼ Diminishing of natural resources ( Life line , Land + Water)
◼ Shortage of housing Units, increase in informal settlements ,(57 % of urban
population lives in informal settlements, creation of slums and Kachi Abadies)
◼ Decreases in social cohesion, Rural – Urban divide, Ethnicity, Sectarianism, etc.
◼ Two distinct entities Rural Pakistan Vs Urban Pakistan
◼ Pressure on municipal services ( Watsan, transport, utilities etc)
◼ Environmental degradation, water crises in all major cities (especially Peshawar,
Quetta, Islamabad)
Issues and Challenges of Urbanization
 Urban Problems and issues

◼ Population explosion, Ethnicity, Capacity to exclude

◼ Social Issues like Social Inclusion and Marginalization
◼ Urbanization reinforces inequality, Changed Societal structure
◼ Cultural Complexity, Create insiders-outsiders
◼ Environmental degradation
◼ High Crime Rate due to congestion, anonymity and chances of hiding
◼ Unemployment

◼ Slums, degeneration
◼ Urban Poverty, Social deprivation, Gender inclusion, Social unrest, socio-
political instability
◼ Provision of Urban Services and Utilities
◼ Pressure for Political rights ,empowerment, participation in Governance
 Issues of Urban Pakistan
◼ Political Paradigm changing with urbanization, new Political class of
Businessmen, industrialists.
◼ Political economy of Pakistan is changing with urbanization
◼ Rapid urbanization, Over-crowding/congestion
◼ Poor management Capacity
◼ Inadequate investment, deteriorating infrastructure
◼ Access to urban Land, Security of tenure
◼ Access to basic services and Public Utilities
◼ Informal settlements, slums, squatters settlements, katchi-abbadis
◼ Shortfall of more than 10 - Million Housing Units in Pakistan
◼ Severe Environmental degradation (Less than 1% water and less
 Urban Challenges - Pakistan
◼ Current rate of urban population growth is 2.67 % which is more
than overall Population Growth rate of Pakistan
◼ Urban Population would increase 2 times by 2030 i.e. 230 Million
people would be living in cities
◼ Addition of 04 more cities to one million cities
◼ Inadequate and deficient infrastructure
◼ Slums , Congestion and Poverty
◼ Pollution/Ecological Degradation
◼ Social Conflict and Strife
◼ Changing structure of the Economy
◼ Urbanization is inevitable
◼ Changing structure of the Economy - indicates that Pakistan’s
Economy would largely be dependent upon manufacturing and
services sector (Urban Economy - 55% share in GDP)
Thanks