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GROUP IV
ANSHU AGARWAL
PARISHI OGRIWALA
PRINCY SONEJI
RAJDEEP SINGH
REENA DEWANGAN
KHUSHI SHAH
JAINAM TASWALA
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Q.1 Explain the necessity and the guiding principles

for the comprehensive urban planning with an example
of any city. (Anshu)
Ans: Urban planning is a new discipline whose need has been
arisen due to the rising health issues because of overpopulation,
poor sanitation, and pollution.
• The way the cities were designed earlier, it had become tough
for citizens to reside, walk or use public transport. For the first
time in the year 2010, over 50% of the world’s population was
living in cities.
• At that time, the United Nations predicted that by 2015, there
will be 358 cities in the world having more than 1 million
population and 27 megacities with more than 10 million people.
• Much of this will be seen in developing countries. That’s why
the need for urban planning came into the picture. With this,
let’s understand why urban planning has become crucial in
today’s world.

1.Helps the Cities to Grow:

• Due to more work opportunity, better education facility, and
many other reasons, the population in the cities of developing
countries is increasing more and more.
• In order to accommodate a large population, there have to be
some early plans. That’s why authorities should always make
proper planning.
• This will be made by keeping certain factors in mind, such as
the needs of citizens, appropriate expansion of infrastructure,
and efficient measures during emergency situations.
• Utilizing the resources through urban planning, the city would
have a strategy to develop its economy as well as livability
conditions. Not only the expansion of residential areas, but
urban planning also ensures good transportation, health care,
and judicial system. Thus, the city will grow rapidly without
having negative impacts on its economy and citizens.
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2.Improves Quality of Life:

• Quality of life is the major concern of every human being when
they move to a city.
• The other two issues are employment and accommodation.
Though the cost of living is higher, the opportunities are also
great.
• To make it easier, the city manager must have rules and
regulations for the proper distribution of land, public spaces,
and the infrastructures. Due to increasing density in nearby
cities, city management is creating several attractive points of
interest in the city.
• The authorities are also regularly updating the traffic
regulations due to constantly increase in the number of
vehicles.
• All these measures are ultimately improving the quality of life of
the people.

3.Predict Disasters:
• Global warming has created some major issues for our planet
and the inhabitants.
• Having an early idea of natural calamities has become very
important for those who do city management.
• They are trying to have the prediction of all such calamities to
make long-term strategies and later achieve them by making
short-term actions.
• They keep the citizens as well as the visitors safe from all
possible disasters that the world is facing today.
• Minimizing the risks for the betterment of everyone has only
become possible because of urban planning.
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4.Positive Impact on Economy:
• We all know that as the cities grow, economic requirements
increase too.
• The financial measure is one of the most important aspects of
urban planning and if not taken properly, there would be a
severe impact on the economy of the city.
• It takes care of more and more job openings as well as
reducing the cost of living. The major problem cities are facing
nowadays is the migration of inhabitants due to the reduced
number of work opportunities and expensive living conditions.
Urban planning also does the expansion of neighboring rural
areas.
• It takes all the required measures for further development and
utilization of the rural areas to bring economic growth to the
city.

5.Safe and Healthy Lifestyle for Everyone:

• By constantly following the advice provided by the World Health
Organization, urban planners ensure that the citizens live a
safe and healthy life.
• They suggest the inhabitants pay attention to their lifestyle.
• Authorities create a better environment and provide sufficient
areas in the public park for senior citizens to exercise and have
leisure time.
• They keep machines to collect garbage and unwanted
materials to keep the city clean and healthy for the citizens.

6.Develop the Nation

• According to the reports of the UN, the world will be likely to
have more 3 billion population moving to cities by 2050.
• This report suggests that this continuous growth in urban
population could cause severe harm to biodiversity.
• Each country is putting efforts to minimize the impact of
increasing urbanization on the environment. The management
is planting more and more trees.
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• They are raising awareness among the citizens to use more
and more public transport and decrease the rate of fuel
consumption per person. With all these measures, who will
grow? Of course, THE NATION.
• With the growing population, cities will always need urban
planning.
• That’s why it must be implemented all around the world,
especially in developing countries.
• They will always come across challenging conditions and things
will become even worse without urban planning.
• Not only the official and the management should be
responsible, but every citizen should act sensibly towards the
betterment of the society, city, and the country.
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(OR) Q.1 Give the classification of growth of towns.

(Princy)
Ans:The first source to find out about any period in history are the
books.
• Accounts are written by travellers of the period act as a guide of
that particular time. Travellers like Abdul Razzaq, Nicolo Conti,
Thomas Roe, Flitch, Monserrate etc. have written extensively
about 17th century India. We can find many accounts of towns
and their evolution in their journals.

Types of Towns:
• Although there is no clear-cut distinction between two towns,
yet, some of them differ from another in terms of size,
geographical location or even occupation of the residents.
• Based on such distinctions, the researchers categorised towns
under several heads. They are as under:

1.Court Towns:
• These were the politically important and comparatively bigger
towns of the country.
• They included Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri and Lahore.
• Delhi at the time was known as Shahjahanabad, after the name
of emperor Shahjahan.
• The town of Fatehpur Sikri was founded by Akbar and was
declared as capital during his reign.
• During the medieval times, these towns held the seat of the
ruler, hence the name.

2.Port and Trading Towns:

• Next were the towns which were famous for their trade. Since
during those days trading happened either by land or by sea,
these were mostly by the seaside.
• Hence, they were called as port and trading towns. Surat,
Nagapattinam, Broach are among some of the prominent ports
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of the period.

3.Administrative Towns:
• These were basically the seat of administration. In other words,
capital cities.
• The rulers operated from these towns to administer the
adjoining ones. Thanjavur and Uraiyur are few of its examples.

4.Temple Towns and Pilgrimage Centres:

• Religion had always been an important part of the civilisation.
• As a result of which there were certain towns which were
designated holy places. They were so named due to having
holy places or pilgrimage centres in them.
• A lot of money came through pilgrims by way of donations. The
money received was further channelized into trade and
banking.
• These towns became the centres for economic development
and urbanisation. Varanasi, Ajmer, Tirupati, Somnath etc. are
examples of this kind of town.
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(OR) Q.2 Explain in detail the contribution of Patrick

Geddes in urban planning. (Rajdeep)
Ans : Patrick Geddes is also known as “Father of Modern Town
Planning”. Sir Patrick Geddes was a Scottish biologist, sociologist,
geographer, philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is
known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning
and sociology.
He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture and planning
and coined the term "conurbation". Geddes developed a new
approach to regional and town planning based on the integration
of people and their livelihood into the environmental givens of the
particular place and region they inhabit. Geddes illustrated the
section using the locally available landscapes of Edinburgh and its
hinterland. The Geddes Plan for Tel Aviv was the first master city
plan for Tel Aviv.
Inspired by the French sociologist Frederic Le Playʼs (1802–1886)
triad of ʻLieu, Travail, Familleʼ — which Geddes translated to
“Work, Place, Folkʼ — Geddes developed a new approach to
regional and town planning based on the integration of people and
their livelihood into the environmental givens of the particular place
and region they inhabit. He emphasized that sound planning
decisions have to be based on a detailed regional survey, which
established an inventory of a regionʼs hydrology, geology, flora,
fauna, climate and natural topography, as well as its social and
economic opportunities and challenges. As such the Geddesian
methodology pioneered the bioregional planning approach more
than 70 years before the emergence of bioregionalism.
The central Geddesian lessons — his emphasis of the
fundamental unity and interdependence of culture and nature, and
his emphasis on transdisciplinary education and locally adapted
direct action as a means of cultural transformation — are of
profound contemporary significance. For Geddes the role of the
designer was two-fold :
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i) to contribute to the material adaptation of people and
their livelihood to the specific opportunities and challenges
of the places they inhabit, and
ii) to affect in the transformation of culture through
education.

Geddesian Triad

One of Geddes complex maps of a participatory holistic view of life

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Q.3 Explain any two of followings:

a) Theory of Ekistics.
b) Sector Model and Multi-nuclei model for land use.
c) Urbanism and New urbanism. (Jainam)
Ans: a) Theory of Ekistics

• Ekistics is the science of human settlements including regional,

city, community planning and dwelling design.
• Its major incentive was the emergence of increasingly large and
complex conurbations, tending even to a worldwide city.
• The study involves every kind of human settlement, with
particular attention to geography, ecology, human psychology,
anthropology, culture, politics, and occasionally aesthetics.
• Human settlement is a place that is inhabited by humans that
includes content elements and container elements. Elements of
ekistics are divided into five parts, namely nature (human),
human (antrophos), society (society), reflection (shells) and
networks (networks).
• Ekistics theory is a theory to explain settlement (human
settlement) developed by doxiadis.

a) Natural
• Theoretically, it can be said that settlements are part of nature.
• The research was carried out by looking at natural elements
related to physical appearance of the earth, availability and
ability of the environment.

b) Human
• Humans initially started by changing nature by building huts.
• After that, began to have expertise in the agricultural revolution
which subsequently created various types of houses.
• In research, the human element examined is related to the
conditions, numbers, and relationships between individuals.
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c) Community
• This study examines the elements of society through sub-
variables in the form of social conditions that exist in the scope
of settlements (such as livelihoods, income, education level,
economic conditions and cultural characteristics that exist in
the community in the scope of the research room.

d) Protection
• Protection is divided into several categories, namely education,
health, administration, security, industry, storage and others.

e) Network
• The choice of a comfortable dwelling will take into account the
availability of the network, especially the transportation network
that contributes to the access of occupancy to centers of
activities and clean water networks as a means of basic human
needs.
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b) Sector Model and Multi-nuclei model for land use.

1)Sector Model

• The sector model, also known as the Hoyt model, is a model of

urban land use proposed in 1939 by land economist Homer
Hoyt.
• It is a modification of the concentric zone model of city
development.
• The benefits of the application of this model include the fact it
allows for an outward progression of growth. As with all simple
models of such complex phenomena, its validity is limited.
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Components of Model -

CBD – Central Business District is the city centre and located at

the geographical center.
• Sectors and the partial rings of land use/activities that take
place. This area is often known as downtown and has high rise
buildings.
• Inner city area or downtown area is a complex and dynamic
organism. It represents many layers of historic growth of many
generations, city development and the impact of cultural &
traditions of men who inhabited the city as tourists. The
combinations of these layers and the way they are held
together in the city gives imageability, out of its socio-cultural
heritage.
• As the cities are expanding, modern technology and scientific
innovations are transforming  the  style of living and also the 
structure of the city. Open spaces were being eaten up by built
forms resulting in congested and an unhealthy environment.
Industry –
• Industries are represented in the form of a sector radiating out
from the center.
• These forms sector because of the presence of a transport
linkage (both road and railways) along which the activities grew.
Presence of railway lines, rivers or roads would attract similar
activity, and thus a continuous corridor or “sector” would
develop.
• Manufacturing units have a huge influence on how a city grow
and shapes the overall geometry of any area. Land price is
another factor which greatly affects the location of industries
since it requires a large parcel of land.
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Low-Class Residential
• Low-income groups reside in this area. Narrow roads, high
population density, small houses with poor ventilation.
• Roads are narrow and often connect to the industries where
most of the people in this sector work.
• Closeness to industries reduces the travel cost and thus
attracts industrial workers. Environmental and living conditions
are often inadequate because of the proximity to factories.

Middle-Class Residential
• This area has middle income groups who can afford more
substantial travel costs and want better living conditions.
• The activities of people residing in this area consist of different
activities and not just the industrial work.
• It has more linkages with CBD along with some linkages to
industries. This area has the most significant residential area.

High Class residential

• This is the outermost and farthest area from downtown.
Wealthy and affluent people live in this area.
• This area is clean, has less traffic, quiet and has large houses.
Corridor or spine extending from CBD to the edge has the best
housing.
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2) Multi-nuclei model for land use

• The multiple nuclei model is an economical model created by

Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman in the 1945 article "The
Nature of Cities".
• The model describes the layout of a city, based on Chicago.
• It says that even though a city may have begun with a central
business district, or CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the
outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to
allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city.
• This creates nodes or nuclei in other parts of the city besides
the CBD thus the name multiple nuclei model.
• Their aim was to produce a more realistic, if more complicated,
model. Their main goals in this were to:

• Move away from the concentric zone model

• Better reflect the complex nature of urban areas, especially
those of larger sizeThe model assumes that:

 Land is not flat in all areas

 There is even Distribution of Resources

 There is even Distribution of people in Residential areas

 There is even Transportation Costs

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c) Urbanism and New urbanism.

1) Urbanism

• Urbanism is the study of how inhabitants of urban areas, such

as towns and cities, interact with the built environment.

• It is a direct component of disciplines such as urban planning,

which is the profession focusing on the physical design and
management of urban structures and urban sociology which is
the academic field the study of urban life and culture.
Many architects, planners, geographers,
and sociologists investigate the way people live in densely
populated urban areas.

• There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to

the study of urbanism. However, in some contexts
internationally, urbanism is synonymous with urban planning,
and urbanist refers to an urban planner.

• The term urbanism originated in the late nineteenth century

with the Spanish engineer-architect Ildefons Cerda, whose
intent was to create an autonomous activity focused on the
spatial organization of the city.

• Urbanism's emergence in the early 20th century was

associated with the rise of centralized manufacturing, mixed-
use neighborhoods, social organizations and networks, and
what has been described as "the convergence between
political, social and economic citizenship".
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• Urbanism can be understood as placemaking and the creation

of place identity at a citywide level, however as early as
1938 Louis Wirth wrote that it is necessary to stop 'identifying
urbanism with the physical entity of the city', go 'beyond an
arbitrary boundary line' and consider how 'technological
developments in transportation and communication have
enormously extended the urban mode of living beyond the
confines of the city itself.

2) New Urbanism

• New Urbanism is a planning and development approach based

on the principles of how cities and towns had been built for the
last several centuries: walkable blocks and streets, housing
and shopping in close proximity, and accessible public
spaces. In other words: New Urbanism focuses on human-
scaled urban design. 

• The principles, articulated in the Charter of the New Urbanism,

were developed to offer alternatives to the sprawling, single-
use, low-density patterns typical of post-WWII development,
which have been shown to inflict negative economic, health,
and environmental impacts on communities.

• These design and development principles can be applied to

new development, urban infill and revitalization, and
preservation. They can be applied to all scales of development
in the full range of places including rural Main Streets, booming
suburban areas, urban neighborhoods, dense city centers, and
even entire regions.
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• New Urbanists make placemaking and public space

a high priority. New Urbanist streets are designed for
people—rather than just cars—and accommodate
multimodal transportation including walking, bicycling, transit
use, and driving.

• New Urbanism is pragmatic. Great design is not useful if it

can't be built. New Urbanists work with and include
production builders, small developers, traffic engineers,
appraisers and financial institutions, public officials, citizens
and others with influence over the built environment to come
up with implementable solutions.  

• New Urbanism is focused on design, which is critical to

the function of communities. The organization of buildings
in a neighborhood will help establish its character.
Combining appropriate design elements makes places that
are greater than the sum of their parts. 

• New Urbanism is holistic. All scales, from the metropolitan

region to the single building, are related. A building that is
connected to a transit stop will help the region function
better, and well-organized region benefits the buildings
within it. Streets that rely only on engineering tend to move
automobiles and little else; all disciplines related to the built
environment must work together to create great places.

• Above all, New Urbanism is about creating sustainable,

human-scaled places where people can live healthy and
happy lives. The walkable, vibrant, beautiful places that
New Urbanists build work better for businesses, local
governments, and their residents.
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Q.3 Explain any two of the followings:

a) Theory of Ekistics
b) Sector Model and Multi-nuclei Model for land use
c) Urbanism and New urbanism (Reena)
Ans : a) Theory of Ekistics - Human settlement is a place that is
inhabited by humans that includes content elements and container
elements. Elements of ekistics are divided into five parts, namely
nature (human), human (antrophos), society (society), reflection
(shells) and networks (networks). Ekistics theory is a theory to
explain settlement (human settlement) developed by doxiadis.
1. Natural
Theoretically, it can be said that settlements are part of nature. It is
observed by looking at natural elements related to physical
appearance of the earth, availability and ability of the environment.
2. Human
Humans initially started by changing nature by building huts. After
that, began to have expertise in the agricultural revolution which
subsequently created various types of houses. In research, the
human element examined is related to the conditions, numbers,
and relationships between individuals.
3. Community
This theory examines the elements of society through sub-
variables in the form of social conditions that exist in the scope of
settlements (such as livelihoods, income, education level,
economic conditions and cultural characteristics that exists in the
community)
4. Protection
Protection is divided into several categories, namely education,
health, administration, security, industry, storage and others.
5. Network
The choice of a comfortable dwelling will take into account the
availability of the network, especially the transportation network
that contributes to the access of occupancy to centers of
 WINTER 2021

activities and clean water networks as a means of basic human

needs.

b) Sector Model and Multi-nuclei Model for land use -

Sector Model (also known as Hoyt Model and Hoyt Sector Model)
is an urban land use model which talks about spatial arrangement
of activities in an urban area. Big cities and towns have always
been an area of research and have caught the attention of
scholars and academicians. Homer Hoyt gave sector model which
is also known as Hoyt Model, in 1939 which explains how cities
grew and activities arranged themselves in the form of concentric
zone. Studies on patterns of urban growth, spatial forms,
settlement geography, and land use are of great interest to the
concerned people. Urbanisation Urban growth and urban
development is making cities more and more complex. Any city is
home to a large number of economical activities and how these
activities are located in the city is explained by land use models.
There are certain factors and characteristics which define the
location of industries, commercial establishments, central business
districts, residential areas etc. Hoyt argued that cities do not
develop in the form of simple rings, instead they have “sectors.”
Homer Hoyt in 1939 suggested that few activities grow in the form
of sectors which radiates out along the main travel links. Activities
in a sector are considered to be the same throughout the sector
because of the purpose/function it serves. Land use within each
sector would remain the same because like attracts like. These
sectors can be housing, industrial activities, etc. These sectors can
grow along railway lines, highways or rivers.
Multiple nuclei model of 1945 by C.D. Harris and Edward L.
Ullman is based on the argument that the cities have multiple
growth points or “nuclei” around which growth take place. This
model was given in an article by them “The Nature of Cities.” This
is one of the widely adopted models which was applicable to
modern cities unlike older models studied under settlement
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geography. Multi Nuclei model is based on the structure of

Chicago just like the Burgess model or Concentric zone model of
1925. However it is contrary to the monocentric model of Burgess
Model. Harris model can be considered as an attempt to explain
the structure of the city taking into account the complexity and
growth over time, influence of central area & the city centre. Harris
and Ullman argued that a city might start with a single central
business district (CBD), but over the time the activities scatter and
gets modified. The scattered activities attract people from
surrounding areas and act as smaller nuclei in itself. These small
nuclei gain importance and grow in size and start influencing land
value and the growth of activities around them.

Sector and Nuclei Urban Land Use Representations

c) Urbanism and New urbanism - Urbanism is the study of how
inhabitants of urban areas, such as towns and cities, interact with
the built environment. It is a direct component of disciplines such
as urban planning, which is the profession focusing on the
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physical design and management of urban structures and urban

sociology which is the academic field, the study of urban life and
culture. Many architects, planners, geographers, and sociologists
investigate the way people live in densely populated urban areas.
There is a wide variety of different theories and approaches to the
study of urbanism. However, in some contexts internationally,
urbanism is synonymous with urban planning, and urbanist refers
to an urban planner. Urbanism can be understood as placemaking
and the creation of place identity at a citywide level, however as
early as 1938 Louis Wirth wrote that it is necessary to stop
'identify[ing] urbanism with the physical entity of the city', go
'beyond an arbitrary boundary line' and consider how
'technological developments in transportation and communication
have enormously extended the urban mode of living beyond the
confines of the city itself.'
New urbanism is an urban design movement which promotes
environmentally friendly habits by creating walkable
neighbourhoods containing a wide range of housing and job types.
It arose in the United States in the early 1980s, and has gradually
influenced many aspects of real estate development, urban
planning, and municipal land-use strategies. New urbanism
attempts to address the ills associated with urban sprawl and post-
Second World War suburban development. New Urbanism is
strongly influenced by urban design practices that were prominent
until the rise of the automobile prior to World War II; it
encompasses ten basic principles such as traditional
neighborhood development (TND) and transit-oriented
development (TOD). These ideas can all be circled back to two
concepts : building a sense of community and the development of
ecological practices.
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(OR) Q.4 Explain present government polices and

schemes for urban planning in India. (Parishi)
Ans:Nearly 30 per cent of India’s population lives in urban
agglomerations.
• The fast-paced urbanisation in the country, which is closely
linked to the overall economic progress, has led the cities to
encounter some serious challenges on the socio-economic
front such as unemployment as well as excess load on existing
infrastructure in cities like housing, sanitation, transportation,
health, education, utilities, etc.
• In order to upgrade the quality of life of people, especially the
urban poor, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Development
has been actively introducing new schemes and reinventing the
existing schemes which deal with these specific issues.

1.Smart cities mission:

• Launched on June 25,  2015, the Smart Cities Mission is a
flagship scheme under the Ministry of Housing and Urban
Affairs.
• This ambitious programme by the Indian Government aims at
building 100 Smart Cities across India with focus on planned
urbanisation and sustainable development as a support system
for the neighbouring cities.
• It also involves the development of high-quality infrastructure
with provision of basic amenities, education, health services, IT
accessibility, digitisation, e-governance, sustainable
development, safety and security.
• Global cities such as Singapore, Japan, and the USA are
offering valuable support to India’s mission, which also
emphasises on economic development of urban centres by
creating more jobs and enhancement in income.
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2.Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) (Urban) or Housing for
All :
• The scheme was launched on  June 25, 2015 for providing 20
million affordable homes for the urban poor including slum
dwellers by March 2022.
• The beneficiaries include Economically weaker section (EWS),
low-income groups (LIGs) and Middle-Income Groups (MIGs).
• Implemented as Centrally Sponsored Scheme with two
components - PMAY (Urban) and PMAY (Rural), the mission
involves providing central assistance to implementing agencies
through States and UTs.

3.Swachh Bharat Mission - Urban (SBM - U) :

• Launched on October 2, 2014, The Swachh Bharat Mission is
the government’s nationwide flagship programme with the
objective of universal sanitation coverage in urban areas with a
budget allocation of Rs 41,765 crore for 2018-19.
• It is a comprehensive sanitation scheme which aims to make
the country open defecation free by 2019, promote 100 per cent
collection and scientific processing of municipal solid waste,
encourage healthy sanitation practices and equip the urban
local bodies (ULBs) to design, execute and operate systems.
• The overall estimated cost for the SBM is Rs 62,009 crore of
which Rs 14,787 crore is the centre’s share.

4.Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission

(JNNRUM):
• Launched in 2005, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal
Mission was a city-modernisation scheme with an investment of
over $20 billion over seven years. It covers two components
viz. provision of basic services for urban poor (BSUP) and an
Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme
(IHSDP).
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• The scheme was designed to raise investment in urban

infrastructure, build better civic amenities, ensure universal
access to basic utilities as well as create affordable homes for
the urban poor, slum dwellers and people of economically
weaker sections.

5.AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban

Transformation):
• Launched in 2015, the focus of the AMRUT scheme was on
infrastructure creation that has a direct link to provision of better
services to the citizens.
• Closely connected to the Swachh Bharat Mission, the scheme
includes provision of water supply facilities, sewerage
networks, stormwater drains, urban transport, and open and
green spaces, across the selected 500 Indian cities.
• The allocated budget under the scheme is around Rs 50,000
crore for the period 2016 - 2021.

6.National Urban Sanitation Policy (NUSP): 

• The National Urban Sanitation Policy was formulated in 2008
which laid out the government’s vision to provide hygienic and
affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor especially
women as well as addressing the challenges with effective city
sanitation plans.

7.Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana

(HRIDAY): 
• The scheme was introduced on 21st January 2015 for the
holistic development of heritage cities. It deals with preserving
and reviving the soul of the heritage city, as well as the
development of core heritage infrastructure projects and
revitalization of urban infrastructure for areas around heritage
assets.
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8.National Urban Livelihoods Mission (NULM): 
• Launched on 24th September 2013 by the Ministry of Housing
and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MHUPA), the scheme is a
livelihood promotion programme to reduce poverty and
vulnerability of the urban poor households by enabling them to
access gainful self-employment and skilled wage employment
opportunities thereby enhancing their livelihood. It also
addresses the livelihood concerns of urban street vendors. It
has been implemented across 790 cities.

9.National Urban Transport Policy, 2006: 

• The National Urban Transport Policy involves incorporating
urban transportation as an important parameter at the urban
planning stage. It also focuses on the introduction of intelligent
transport systems, reduction of pollution levels and
encouraging greater use of public transport and nonmotorized
modes through central financial assistance.
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Q.5 Explain the role of followings in urban planning

process (any two):
a) URDPFI guidelines
b) General Development Control Regulations
c) Urban Governance (Khushi)
Ans: a) URDPFI guidelines
1  Introduction  Need  for  Revision  of  UDPFI  Guidelines1996, 
Recommended 
planning system for India, overall guiding Sustainable Urban and 
Regional planning aspects of the guidelines  
2  Plan Formulation  
Planning Process, Contents of various level of plans 

3  Resource Mobilisation  Land  assembly,  fiscal  resource  mobilisation, 

good  governance,  institutional set‐up and key institutional reforms 
4  Regional Planning  Approach    Aspects  of  regional  planning  and 
classification  of  region  in  the  Indian  context,  regional  planning 
approach  and  its  plan  implementation 
5  Urban Planning  Approach   Guidelines  for  study  on  location  and 
settlement  setting, 
distribution of land use, city typology, planning for townships.  
6  Sustainability  Guidelines  Sustainability  and  aspects  of  urban 
development  including  impact  of  climate  change,  environment 
policies  and  statuary  obligation, planning for disaster management 

7  Simplified Planning  Techniques  Comprehensively  covering  data 

collection  techniques,  types  of  survey, analytical 
techniques, projection  techniques, base map & 
development plan preparation 
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8  Infrastructure Planning   Introduces  the  hierarchy  of  urban 

development  and  norms  & 
standards for physical infrastructure, social infrastructure, safety 
management,  commercial  activity.  Details  for  transportation 
planning and provisions for barrier free built environment 

9  Simplified  Development  Promotion Regulations  Lists  the  simplified 

urban  land  use  classification  and  zoning  regulations,  simplified 
development  promotion  regulations  for 
specific land use zones, special requirements 

10  General  Recommendation  Recommendations  to  several 

Ministries,  State  Governments  and  Organisations  
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b) General Development Control Regulations

• Development Control Regulations are a set of rules that are

planned to ensure the proper and effective development of a
city, as well as the general welfare of the public. Regulation is
necessary to ensure planned development. It depends on a
“plan-led system” whereas development plans are made and
the public is consulted.
• It is a mechanism that controls the development and use of
land. This involves the construction of new buildings, the
extension of the existing ones, and the change of use of the
building or land to another use.
• Developing new houses/industrial buildings/shops are
important for supporting economic progress. At the same time,
it is also necessary to protect or improve the quality of towns,
villages, countryside, etc.
• Under the DCR, the Metropolitan Commissioner is the supreme
authority for review of its provisions and his decision would be
final. The Metropolitan Commissioner could use his power to
approve provisions of these regulations excluding the
provisions associated with FSI.

• The motive of Development Control Regulations (DCR) is that

any approved plan is implemented by individuals and by
corporate or by public-sector developers and thus all new
developments should adhere to the terms of the plan.

• Development Control Regulations are a must for every growing

city because the area immediately beyond the city limits is
often a source of health risk to the city and generally under no
strict control of the effective local authority.
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c) Urban Governance

• Urban governance refers to how government (local, regional

and national) and stakeholders decide how to plan, finance and
manage urban areas.

• It involves a continuous process of negotiation and contestation

over the allocation of social and material resources and political
power.

• It is, therefore, profoundly political, influenced by the creation

and operation of political institutions, government capacity to
make and implement decisions and the extent to which these
decisions recognise and respond to the interests of the poor. It
encompasses a host of economic and social forces, institutions
and relationships.

• These include labour markets, goods and services; household,

kin and social relationships; and basic infrastructure, land,
services and public safety (Devas et al., 2004: 1).

• Large gaps often exist between poor and better-off urban

residents in terms of access to social, economic and political
opportunities (particularly decision-making) and the ability to
participate in, and leverage, the benefits associated with urban
living. According to Slack and Côté (2014:7), urban
governance:
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 Plays a critical role in shaping the physical and social

character of urban regions;

 Influences the quantity and quality of local services and

efficiency of delivery;

 Determines the sharing of costs and distribution of

resources among different groups; and affects residents’
ability to access local government and engage in decision-
making, influencing local government accountability and
responsiveness to citizen demands.

• Urban governance involves a range of actors and

institutions; the relationships among them determine what
happens in the city. In managing urban transformations,
government (at all levels) need to play a strategic role in
forging partnerships with and among key stakeholders

• While city government is the largest and most visible urban

governance actor, much of what affects the life chances of
the urban poor lies outside the control of city
administrations. Instead, it is the market and private
businesses, agencies of the central state or the collective
voluntary action of civil society that determine the daily
experiences of urban dwellers.