• Design modification with non

rigid connector
• KEY POINTS • Telescopic crown
• IDEAL ABUTMENT: • Crown modification
• An unrestored, caries- free • D) cantilever abutment:
tooth is an ideal abutment. • only one side is attached to
retainer.
• TYPES OF ABUTMENT: • E)grossly carious abutment:
• A)healthy abutment: • Post and core required for
• B) pier abutment: strength and retention
• Is an intermediate abutment
• Use non rigid connector • CONTRAINDICATION OF FPD:
(DOVETAIL) long span bridge
• If pdl support is adequate use
cantilever desig
• C) tilted abutment:
• in mesially tilted abutment
options are:
• Orthodontic up-rightening
abutment selection criteria:
• CROWN TO ROOT RATIO: flexing
• Ideal ratio is 2:3 • BONE QUALITY:
• Ratio of 1:1 is acceptable • Compact bone is preffered
• PULP VITALITY:
• ROOTS OF TEETH:
• broader bucco-lingually ,Multi-
rooted ,divergent root teeth, • ANTE’S LAW:
elliptical cross section, well • Root surface area of abutment
aligned tooth are favorable factors teeth should be equal/greater
than that of teeth being replaced
• SPAN LENGTH: • Ante’s law importance:
• Excessive span length can leads to • Useful for determining the
connector breakage, porcelain prognosis of FPD
veneer fracture, loosening of a
retainer.
• Longer the span greater the
• CROWN LENGTH AND FORM:
• Should have adequate occluso-
cervical length
• Crown length is proportional to
retention
• If clinical crown height is short
then give:
• Full coverage crown
• Periodontal surgery
• retentive boxes and grooves in
preparation
• Parallel preparation is preferred
• Taper should be: 6 degree
• excessive taper leads to: reduced
retention
• SPRING CANTILEVER:
• tooth mucosa supported ,
• Indication:
• to replace incisor (single pontic),
• in diastema
• In spring cantilever connector is
palatal bar
• Andrews bridge: edentulous ridge
with vertical deficit (fixed-
removable)
• Full veneer crown: cover all 5
surface
• FUNCTIONAL CUSP:
• maxillary teeth = palatal cusp
• Mandibular teeth: buccal cusp
Important pearls

PONTICS AND CONNECTORS:

Pontic:
• TYPES:
mucosal Non mucosal
Ovate pontic Sanitary pontic
Conical/bullet/heart shaped pontic Modified sanitary pontic
Ridge lap
Modified ridge lap
• OVATE PONTIC:
• Indications: incisors ,cuspid and premolars
• Advantage: aesthetic
• Disadvantage: required surgical ridge augmentation, not for
residual ridge defect, cost

• CONICAL PONTIC: (single point contact)

• Indications: mandibular molar where esthetics not required
• Advantage: good oral hygiene
• Disadvantage: poor esthetics
• SADDLE/RIDGE LAP:
• Indications: not recommended
• Advantage: esthetics
• Disadvantage: poor hygiene

• MODIFIED RIDGE LAP: (both esthetics and hygiene)

• Indications: maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, maxillary
premolars and molars (esthetic zone)
• Advantage: good esthetics
• Disadvantage: easy to clean

• SANITARY/HYGIENIC:
• Indications: posterior mandible (non esthetic zone) ,broad
ridges
• Advantage: good access for oral hygiene
• Disadvantage: poor esthetics
• Which pontic should be avoided: ridge lap (concave)
• Tooth emerging from gingiva: ovate pontic
• Knife edge ridge: conical pontic
• Best esthetic: ovate
• Incompletely healed /defective ridge: ovate
• Unaesthetic: sanitary
• Tissue contact of maxillary FPD should resemble letter T
• FLUX: applied to metal surface to remove oxide (egg. Fluoride
for base metal alloy)
• ANTIFLUX: limits the effect of solder (for egg. Graphite or iron
oxide/rouge)
• Preferred luting cement: ZINC PHOSPHATE
• Temporary/interim luting cement :zinc oxide eugenol
• Initial sensitivity during cementation: GIC
Connectors:
• 1-RIGID CONNECTORS:
• Indication: ideal for short span FPD
• Contraindication: long span ,tilted abutment, diastema case
• Types:
1. Cast connector
2. Soldered connector
3. welding connector

• 2-NON-RIGID CONNECTORS: (STRESS BREAKER)

• Indication: when it is not possible to prepare two abutment with
common path of placement ,in long span bridge
• TYPES:
1. Tenon-mortise/dovetail: used in pier abutment
2. Cross pin and wing: tilted abutment
3. Split pontic: used in tilted and pier abutment
4. Loop connector: used in diastema case
Important pearls:

RESIN BONDED BRIDGE

• RESIN BONDED BRIDGE:
• They are most conservative but
least retentive bridge
• They are bond by resin luting
cement
• INDICATIONS:
• in esthetic zone,
• where minimal preparation is
required
• In young patients(where pulp
chamber can be encroached during
preparation)
• CONTRA-INDICATIONS:
• parafunctional habits ,deep bite,
long span bridge(more than 2)**
• TYPES:
• 1-Rochette :
• funnel/mushroom shaped
perforations,
• bulky,
• Used to splint pdl weak teeth (esp
mandibular incisors)
• 2-Virginia:
• macromechanical retention ,
• They are fabricated by lost salt
technique
• 3-Maryland: (MOST COMMONLY
USED))
• They are thinnest,
• improve retention,
• micro-mechanical retention ,
• electrolytic etching
TYPES OF RETAINERS:
TYPES OF RETAINERS:
CLASSIFICATION BASED ON
COVERAGE:
• 1-FULL COVERAGE:
• Cover all 5 surfaces
1. Full metal crown
2. Metal ceramic crown
3. All ceramic crown
• 2-PARTIAL COVERAGE:
• Cover all tooth surfaces except 2.Retention and resistance:
buccal or labial wall.
• For posterior teeth:
1. Three quarter
2. Modified three quarter
3. Seven-eight crown
4. Reverse three quarter
• For anterior teeth:
• Three quarter crown
• Pin ledge
• Canine modified
• PRINCIPLE OF TOOTH
PREPARATION:
1.Preservation of tooth structure.
3.Structure durability.
4.Marginal integrity.
5. Preservation of Periodontium
Complete coverage crown:
• 1- ALL METAL CROWN: • Contraindications:
• Advantage: • esthetics is required ,
• strength and retention, • uncontrolled caries
• cost effective,
• minimum tooth reduction
• Disadvantage:
• un-esthetic ,
• vitality test not possible
• Indications:
a. Excessive destruction from
caries or trauma.
b. Endodontically treated teeth.
c. Bruxism patient
 • METAL CERAMIC CROWN:
• Advantage:
• Strength
• Esthetics
• Retention
• Disadvantage:
a. Removal of substantial tooth
structure.(not conservative)
b. Subject to fracture because
porcelain is brittle.
c. Inferior esthetics as compared to • Indications:
all ceramic crown.
d. Expensive.
• Indications:
a. Esthetics zone
• Contraindications:
• Large pulp chamber
• Intact buccal wall
• ALL CERAMIC CROWN:
• Advantage:
• excellent esthetics
• Disadvantage:
a. Reduced strength compared to
metal ceramic crown.
b. Among least conservative
preparation.
c. Brittle
a. High esthetic requirement.
b. Endodontically treated teeth with
post and cores
• Contraindications
a. When superior strength is
warranted
b. insufficient coronal tooth
structure for support.
c. Thin teeth facio-lingually.
Partial veneer crowns:
• INDICATIONS: • Easy access to margin
• Intact buccal surface
• DISADVANTAGE:
• CONTRAINDICATIONS: • Less retentive
• Short/thin teeth • Metal display
• Extensive caries
• Poor alignment

• ADVANTAGE:
• Electric vitality test feasible
• Conservation of tooth
structure
 • FACTORS AFFECTING
RETENTION:
Retention form: prevents removal
of restoration along the path of
insertion or long axis of the tooth.
• Retention form will increase if:
• Wall is parallel (decrease taper)
• Surface area is large
• In molar complete coverage
crown
• Occluso-axial line angle is
rounded
• Roughness of prosthesis
• Base metal alloy provide better
retention
• Increase height provide better
retention
• Resin luting cement is used
• FACTORS AFFECTING
RESISTANCE:
• Resistance form: prevents
dislodgement of the restoration
by forces directed in an apical or
oblique direction
• Resistance will increase if:
✓ Taper is minimum
✓ Tooth diameter is small (in case
of premolar)=resistance form in
premolar is higher than molar
✓ Clinical crown height is long
✓ Complete coverage crown
✓ Resin luting cement is used
 Tooth reduction:
➢Complete metal coverage:
➢ there should a clearance of
posterior (molar) tooth:
➢1.5mm on functional cusps and
1.0mm for non-functional cusp.
➢Metal ceramic crown:
➢require 1.5-2 mm on functional
cusp and 1.0-1.5mm on non
functional cusp.
➢All ceramic crown preparation:
➢ 2mm clearance on each cusp
BEVEL: 45 degree
➢Advantage: provides space for
bulk of material (increase surface
area (no bevel=over contoured
restoration)
• BIOLOGIC WIDTH
➢ It is the distance between the
deepest point of gingival sulcus
and alveolar bone crest.
➢Importance: violation leads to
gingival enlargement, alveolar
bone loss and improper fit of the
restoration.
 MARGINAL INTEGRITY:
• Marginal configuration for crown
preparation are
1. KNIFE-EDGE :180°
2. CHAMFER :130°-160°
• INDICATIONS:
1- in all metal crown (buccally and
lingually)
2-metal ceramic crown (lingually).
1. FULL SHOULDER: 90°
• INDICATIONS:
1-in metal-ceramic crown (buccally)
2-complete ceramic crown (buccally
and lingually).
CHEMICALS USED IN RETRACTION
CORD:
➢ 1-vasoconstrictors:
➢ Epinephrine (contraindicated in
diabetes,hyperthyroidism,hypertension)
➢ Sympathomimetic amine: (phenyl
epinephrine)
➢ 2-astringents:
➢ Alum
➢ Aluminum chloride: (safely used in
retraction cord)
➢ Ferric sulphate
➢ Ferric sub sulphate (monsel
solution):more effective than
epinephrine
➢ Tannic acid
➢ Iron containing and epinephrine cause
black discoloration of gingiva
FINISH LINE:
1-SUPRA-GINGIVAL MARGIN:
(IDEAL)
• Indications:
• In non esthetic zone
• Advantage:
• Easier to prepare
• Easier to clean by patient
• Easier to record in impression
• Easier to access by dentist
2-SUB-GINGIVAL MARGIN:
• Indications:
• In high smile line in upper
anterior teeth.
• Highly mobile lower lip
• When superior esthetics is
required
• Cervical caries/erosions
• In short clinical crown
• for additional retention
• Disadvantage:
• Main disadvantage is: it can leads
to periodontal disease and
chances of caries
• It can violate gingival attachment
and biological width
• Difficult to prepare
• Difficult to clean by patient
(plaque accumulation)
• difficult to record in impression
• difficult to access by dentist
• How to increase ferrule effect: SOFT TISSUE MANAGMENT:
1. Orthodontic extrusion 1-SURGICAL:
2. Sub-gingival preparation Electro-surgery ,
3. Crown lengthening rotatory curettage

HOW TO EXPOSE FINISH LINE: 2-NON SURGICAL:

A)Mechanical methods
FLUID CONTROL: • :Retraction crown/sleeve ,
1-CHEMICAL : • Mechanical retractor,
Anti- sialagogues , • Retraction cord
local anesthetics B)Mechano- chemical :
2-MECHANICAL : • Retraction cord with hemostatic
Rubber dam • Retraction paste with hemostatic
• Suction devices
• High volume vacuum
• Saliva ejector
• Svedopter
• Cotton rolls
Classification of retraction cords • Red - 3
Depending on the configuration
• Twisted
• Knitted
Braided Depending on surface finish
• Wax
• Unwaxed
• Depending on the chemical tx:
• Plain
• Impregnated
• Depending on number strands
• Single
Double-string
• Depending on the thickness
• Black - 000
• yellow - 00
• Purple - 0
• Blue - 1
• Green – 2
MAXILLO-FACIAL PROSTHESIS:
Armany’s Classification for • Class V: defect is bilateral and
Maxillectomy Defects: lies posterior to the abutment
• Class I: defect in the anterior teeth.
midline of the maxilla, with • Class VI: Anterior maxillary
abutment teeth present on defect anterior with abutment
one side of the arch. teeth with abutment teeth
• Class II: unilateral defect, present bilaterally in the
retaining the anterior teeth on posterior segment.
the contralateral side.
• Class III: defect in the central
portion of the hard palate and
may involve part of the soft
palate.
• Class IV: The defect crosses the
midline and involves both sides
of the maxilla, with abutment
teeth present on one side.
Classification of mandibular defects Cantor and Curtis
Class I -Radical alveolectomy with preservation of mandibular
continuity
Class II - Lateral resection of the mandible distal to the cuspid
area
Class III - Lateral resection of the mandible to the midline
Class IV - Lateral bone graft and surgical reconstruction
Class V - Anterior bone graft and surgical reconstruction
Class VI - Anterior mandibular resection without surgical
reconstruction
 Classification:
CLASSIFICATION OF MAXILLOFACIAL DEFECTS:
1)Congenital (cleft palate is most common)
2)Acquired (trauma,surgery,pathology)

CLASSIFICATION OF MAXILLOFACIAL PROSTHESIS:

1-extra-oral: orbital ,auricular ,nasal prothesis
2-intraoral: obturators ,speech aid
3-implant-supported: mandibular mental implants
4-therapeutic prosthesis: stents,splints ,surgical obturators
Classification of obturator:
“Obturator refer to prosthesis that covers a palatal defect”
Three types have been described:
1. Surgical obturator
2. Treatment/temporary/transitional/interim obturator
3. Definitive obturator

According to material can be classified as:

1. Metal
2. Resin
3. Silicone:
Most commonly used material :SILICONE RUBBER (processed by
vulcanization)
HEAT VULCANIZING SILICONES are prefered (strength ,natural
appearance)
• SURGICAL OBTURATOR:
• “A temporary prosthesis used to
restore the continuity of the
hard palate immediately after
surgery or traumatic loss of a
portion or all the hard palate
and/or contiguous alveolar
structure (i.e, gingival tissue,
teeth)
• It is made prior to surgery
• Primary purpose: to restore
speech and deglutition
• Surgical obturator is further
divided into:
• Immediate surgical obturators
(inserted at the time of surgery)
• Delayed surgical obturators 7-
10 /5-10 days after surgery)
• Advantage of immediate
obturator:
• The prosthesis provides a matrix
for surgical packing
• It reduces oral contamination
and chances of infection
• It enables the patient to speak
post operatively
• It allows the patient to swallow,
thus the nasogastric tube may
be removed earlier
• Psychological impact may be
lessened
• Reduces the period of
hospitalization
• TRANSITIONAL OR INTERIM OBTURATOR:
• “a prosthesis that is made several weeks or months following
the surgical resection of a portion of one or both maxillae. It
frequently includes replacement of teeth in the defect area.
• Placed after 10days (8-12 weeks) until healing is stabilized (2-6
month)

• DEFINITIVE OBTURATOR
• A prosthesis that artificially replaces part or all of the maxilla
and the associated teeth lost due to surgery or trauma
• It is constructed (3-4months) after surgery
• Disadvantage: nasal resonance will be altered

• SPLINTS: a rigid /flexible device used to protect/immobilize or

restrict motion in part
• STENT: any supplementary prosthesis used in conjunction with
surgical prosthesis to keep skin graft in place
• Velopharyngeal insufficiency: (defective area but function is
normal ,tx pharyngeal prosthesis)
• disruption of velopharyngeal closure/defect in hard palate air
escape from the nose in non nasal speech sound (leads to
hypernasal speech and reflux of food and drink in oral cavity)

• Velopharyngeal inadequacy/incompetence: (normal area but

function is abnormal ,tx palatal lift)
• dysfunction of pharynx/soft palate( surgical scarring ,surgical
resection ,degeneration of muscle,trauma,stroke)

• Palatal lift prosthesis: for speech problem due to palato

pharyngeal incompetence
REMOVABLE PARTIAL DENTURE
 Definitions:
• MAJOR CONNECTOR:
• the part of a removable partial denture that joins the components on one
side of the arch to those on the opposite side
• MINOR CONNECTOR:
• The connecting link between the major connector or base of a removable
partial denture and the other units of the prosthesis, such as the clasp
assembly, indirect retainers, occlusal rests, or cingulum rests
• DIRECT RETENTION:
• retention obtained in a removable partial denture by the use of clasps or
attachments that resist removal from the abutment teeth
• INDIRECT RETENTION:
• the effect achieved by one or more indirect retainers of a removable partial
denture that reduces the tendency for a denture base to move in an
occlusal direction or in a rotational path about the fulcrum line
• REST:
• a rigid extension of a removable partial denture that contacts the occlusal,
incisal, cingulum, or lingual surface of a tooth or restoration,
 MAJOR CONNECTOR:
• 1st requirement Is rigidity (permits distribution of force)
• Anterior border should follow contours of valley of rugae
• Posterior border: anterior to vibratory line
• Maxillary major connector should be placed 6mm away from
gingival margin while adjoining minor connector should cross
gingival tissue abruptly and join major connector at right angle to
ensure freedom of gingival tissue
• Palatal connector required NO relief except for torus or mid palatal
raphe
• Lingual bar :
• Superior border: should be 4mm below gingival margin
• Inferior border :limit by height of floor of the mouth (IF SPACE
INSUFFFICIENT= lingual bar)
MANDIBULAR MAJOR
CONNECTOR:
1-LINGUAL BAR : Most common
in mandible
Indication : When sufficient
space exists between the slightly
elevated alveolar lingual sulcus
and the lingual gingival tissue
(more than 8 mm)
Contraindications : •lingually
tilted teeth • interfering lingual
tori • high attachment of lingual
frenum • interference with
elevation of the floor of the
mouth during functional
movements (< 8 mm)
2-LINGUAL PLATE :
Lingual bar with extension over
cingulum of anterior teeth
Indications :high floor of the
mouth(< 8 mm) ,prominent
lingual frenum /tori
3-CINGULUM/KENEDEY’S BAR:
Indications: when linguoplate is
not possible because of teeth
inclination , wide diastema exists
between mandibular anterior
teeth
 MAXILLARY MAJOR
CONNECTOR:
• 1-ANTERIOR-POSTERIOR
PALATAL STRAP :
used in most cases - especially
torus palatinus.
Indications :Class I and II class IV
arches,Inoperable palatal tori that
do not extend posteriorly to the
junction of the hard and soft
palates. Contraindication:
inoperable maxillary torus that
extends posteriorly to the soft
palate
2-PALATAL TYPE CONNECTOR:
• Maximum strength ,not with
torus
• indications :Abutments are
periodontally
involved,Maximum stress
distribution is needed,Flabby
tissue,Shallow palatal vault
• 3-U-SHAPED PALATAL
CONNECTOR “ HORSE SHOE”:
• least favourable (flexibility)
• use only where torus prohibits
other connector & extends to
the posterior limit of the hard
palate
•
 MINOR CONNECTOR AND
REST
• The portion of a partial denture
frame work that supports the clasp
and occlusal rest is a minor
connector.
• Primary function-joining other units
of the prostheses and denture bases
to the major connector.
• For metal base minor connector –
single butt joint
• Finishing line junction with major
connector– angle not greater than
90 degree
• Tissue stops :
• Provide retention and stability for
framework during processing
• TYPES:
• 1-Join the clasp assembly to the
major connector (rigid)
• 2-Join direct retainers or auxillary
rests to the major connector (Form
a right angle with major connector.)
• 3-Join the denture base to the major
connector :
• (mesh=Major drawback– difficult to
pack acrylic resin,donot provide
strong retention)
• Latticework (preffered) strong
retention to denture base
• Nail head/bead wire:weakest
• 4-Serve as an approach arm for a
bar type: ONLY NON RIGID MINOR
CONNECTOR.
• REST:
• Prepared in enamel
• Should not be placed on
inclined tooth surface.
• No sharp angles, should be
round in aspects.
• Minimum 1mm thick. AND No
undercuts in the path of
insertion.
• roughly triangular with the
base of triangle located at the
marginal ridge and the rounded
apex directed towards the
center of the tooth
• The rest should occupy one-
third to one-half the
mesiodistal diameter of the
tooth and approximately one-
half the buccolingual width of
the tooth measured from cusp
tip to cusp tip
• The angle between the
proximal surface and the floor
of the rest seat must be < 90
degrees.
• Amalgam rest: not preferred
• TYPES:
• Incisal rests and rest seats
• Less desirable ,used on
mandibular canine.
 DIRECT RETAINER:
• Primary retention=By clasps
• Secondary retention= Acting
through polished surface of the
denture and tissue coverage
• Occlusally approaching / Suprabulge
/ Ney Type I clasp / Circumferential:
• Approaches the tooth undercut
from an occlusal direction above the
height of contour.
• Gingivally approaching / Infrabulge/
Bar/ Roach / Ney Type II Clasp:
• Approaches the tooth undercut
area from a gingival direction.
• The basic parts of a clasp assembly
include the following:
• Body of the clasp: connects the rest
and shoulder of the clasp to the
minor connector, rigid,Above the
height of contour.
• Shoulder :connects the body to the
clasp terminals, it must lie above
the height of contour
• Reciprocal arm :rigid,above the
height of contour , opposing the
retentive clasp arm.
• Retentive arm :located above the
height of the contour
• It is the terminal end that lies on the
tooth surface cervical to the height
of the contour. It possesses a certain
degree of flexibility and offers the
property of direct retention.
• Approach arm :It is a minor
connector that approach the
undercut from a gingival direction.
• Stability is the quality of a clasp
assembly that resists displacement
of a prosthesis in a horizontal
direction.
• Reciprocation is the quality of a
clasp assembly that counteracts
lateral displacement of an
abutment when the retentive clasp
terminus passes over the height of
contour
• Longer the clasp arm the more
flexible it will be. Circumferential
clasps more retentive than bar clasp
for a given clasp length.
• The greater the diameter of a clasp
arm the less flexible it will be
• The only universally flexible form is
the round form in cross section
• Gold alloy:greater flexibility than
chrome alloy
• All the components of the C clasp
should be present above the height
of contour except the retentive tip
• REVERSE CIRCLET:
• engage the distobuccal undercut
adjacent to the edentulous area
• MULTIPLE CIRCLET:
• Used in periodontally weekend
teeth FOR SPILNTING
• EMBRASSURE CLASP:
• when there are no edentulous
spaces available on the opposite
side of the arch to aid in clasping
• RING CLASP:
• It is usually used when a proximal
undercut cannot be approached by
any other means(tilted molars )
• HAIRPIN CLASP OR REVERSE ACTION
OR FISH HOOK CLASP:
• Used when a distofacial undercut is
present adjacent to the edentulous
space
• HALF AND HALF CLASP:
• Unilateral RPD
 Infrabulge clasp/bar clasp/roach
clasp.
• The clasp terminus tip should be
placed as apical as possible on the
abutment teeth
• T clasp :
• Used in class 1 and class 2 situation
(distofacial undercut)
• contraindicated when the height of
contour is at the occlusal one thirds
• modified T clasp: the non retentive
arm is absent.
• Y clasp :approach arm ending
cervical to the retentive arm.
• I clasp: lack the horizontal retentive
arms
• BASIC PRINCIPLES OF RPI CONCEPT
(IDEAL) :The mesiobuccal rest with
the minor connector is placed into
the mesiolingual embrasure, but not
contacting the adjacent tooth
• RPA clasps/Aker’s clasp :consists of a
mesial occlusal rest, proximal plate
and a circumferential clasp arm,
• Bar clasp It is more flexible,provides
less bracing or stability against
lateral stresses.
• Circumferential clasp :Because of its
rigidity it provides very good
stability or bracing bracing
• Bar clasp Stress breaking effect
(LESS STRESS ON ABUTMENT)
• Bar clasp:highly esthetic
 SURVEYING:
• SURVEY LINE :A line drawn on a
tooth or teeth of a cast by means
of a surveyor for the purpose of
determining the positions of the
various parts of a retainer
• GUIDING PLANE :Two or more
vertically parallel surfaces of
abutment teeth so oriented as to
direct the path of
placement/removal of a removable
partial denture
• PATH OF INSERTION : The direction
in which a prosthesis is placed
upon and removed from the
abutment teeth
• HEIGHT OF CONTOUR:A line
encircling a tooth designating its
greatest circumference at a
selected position
• SURVEYING TOOLS :
• ANALYSING ROD :Used for
preliminary survey of the cast.
Assessment of degree of undercuts
on hard & soft tissues.
• Assessment of angulation of teeth.
• CARBON MARKER:
• Used for drawing survey lines
• To mark the extent of bony/soft
tissue undercuts for prosthetic
mouth preparation
• UNDERCUT GAUGES :Used to
measure the location and
horizontal depth of undercuts
• WAX TRIMMERS : to trim off
excessive wax and To prevent
overcontoured blockout of
unfavourable undercuts.
• Tilting the cast allows for accurate re-record of the new survey line (20˚ tilt )
• SIGNIFICANCES OF SURVEY LINES : Any rigid,nonflexible part of the
prosthesis must be designed to lie above the survey line,and only flexible
parts may be designed to go below it. It helps to locate areas of undesirable
tooth undercuts that must be avoided or eliminated.
• HIGH SURVEY LINE: From occlusal 1/3rd in Near Zone to occlusal 1/3rd in Far
Zone
• MEDIUM SURVEY LINE: From occlusal 1/3rd in Near Zone to middle 1/3rd in
Far Zone.
• LOW SURVEY LINE: From cervical 1/3rd in Near Zone to cervical 1/3rd in Far
Zone
• DIAGONAL SURVEY LINE: From occlusal 1/3rd in NZ to gingival 1/3rd in FZ
• The anterior tilt increases the mesial undercut on the teeth
• The posterior tilt will increase the distal undercut
• GUIDE PLANES :guide the prostheses for removal and placement.
• UNDERCUT UTILIZATION
• 0.01 → cast retainers
• 0.02 → wrought wire retention
• 0.03 → rarely used
•
IMPLANT:
IMPLANT:
• DEFINITION:
• A prosthetic device made of
alloplastic material into oral
tissue beneath the
mucosal/periosteal layer and
on/or within the bone to
provide retention and support
for FPD; a substance that is
placed into the jaw bone to
support a FPD/RPD prosthesis.
• CLASSIFICATION:
• On the basis of anatomical
sitwe
• A) eposteal
(subperiosteal/upon the bone)
• B)Transosteal (through the
bone)
• C)Endosteal (within the bone)
• Depends of reactivity of bone:
• A) bioactive (hydroxyapatite)
• B) bioinert (titanium)
• Depends on type of
integration:
• A)fibro-integrated
• B)osseo-integrated:
• IMPLANT INDICATIONS:
• Poor denture retention
• Pooor muscular co ordination
• Parafunctional habit
• Hyperactive gag
• Single tooth loss
• Long span FPD
• IMPLANT CONTRAINDICATIONS:
• Presence of pathologies/blood
disorders
• Irradiated patient
• Psychiatric patient
• OSSEO-INTEGRATION:
• a apparent direct connection of an •
implant surface and host bone
without intervening connective
tissue
• Material must be pure titanium
(99.7%)
• No presence of spaces
• Avoid excesss heat generation
during bone drilling (use copius
saline)
• IMPLANT LOCATION:
• MAXILLA:
• Anterior: canine eminence ,medial
wall of sinus,lateral wall of nasal
cavity
• Posteriorly: premolar region
• CONTRAINDICATIONS: midpaltine
suture and molar
region(inadequate bone height)
MANDIBLE:4-6 fixture can be
placed between mental foramina