> > > > > > > > > > > 7 > > > > ] , > , > > > > > > ) ) ) , , , , ) Jotreductioi ; = = 9 The ce thar means by. which any quanti Of Interest dy @ ypachipe | mechanism tr Other — equipmenr — dintained oy altered Wy — dccerclance__ewith a desired] sayanner.. - " Hothematical Medels QF Physical stem ' | | he conkel ¢ystem | A physical Syste da _collectnr of physical objects . | connected lSgetber_@ serve an ebjectare - ~ am, electicnic amplper Composed OF many components, Geverneng mechanism of a Steam © urbe or a Communicalion — Sakelbte Orbibhg the earth ave all __ examples _ ef physicou. viptcms . Ao \ealisect _physical__System cae a physical model. A Physical Pystem canbe _modeUee Ip @_ no Of way Aepencling upon __ the specific. __Padblem 6 _be deal with ane the alesivecl Accuracy - — — - Once a physical mpedel gf a physical system Gd _— obainedt , the neu Skep AR obit a. Mathematical model which the mathematical _tepresentatidn of the. “physical ——mede) throug Une __8{-_oppanpMali. physical Law. : A conhol — dystem may, be._mpodelled as Seortag diffaentag eu" __dercribing the System oy stoke variable vector ~ matin —dliferentids equation The modes which Giver Gocighr le The dynamic behaviow” ef __ physical dystern 4 felectect When the ‘qathematicad model 0 hyped kptem 6 tdlved for vaxious. input _ conditons , the _nesult represen G dynamic ‘response. OF the fypleno- - + Wiffoent _Aypes op dynamic _ rode usest av Yepreent —_ conbe | Agiterns ase, classified below* — Lineay A Non-Linear — Moder : em. oF A system & Libear ie oben — the Prociple of superporitien, anc homogeneity ae Tho — principle —_implic thar mplies ther if oa term model hay Tesponse yice) and yact) te ny re pus Kilt) R Cb) vyeapectively then the sptem © vesponse LE the Linea combine tion 4% thence pals. os, Ct) + oe ae) Ue ren bs Lipeay —_ Corpbinatiey % these pdivictual eutpuy ie. $ a iy Ce) + of Yo.cl) hi, dy constants Powerful —myeritvernertica) — ov! thee provide General — methods ef are and duign ave available for liner _tystemns. for nfo-Loeay Spier ~— each —_Sycterm rust be Studied ao 6% & _ketoet + Tine_-vaxyurg 2 _ Mme = tavaviant — Models — when the poramelers 0f the mm. are _Vatytng to th tine the model caued tune - varying. oF non - Steruererry The complexity of The conto| apse design _thereane porameters _ave_.tmne ~vorythg considerably urhen G Constant = When the pavomelers. Of ‘The mm are (met Vator ‘U9 iHy said be ‘ia Sowedonrt 2 Je fume) the "pode & Wi be Mainly concerned. —_cwvith Ubeay , Applicaton 9} physica Laws © ger Of — brelinany — Affecersua? Lith the Fa OF Change Heve Wwe dime - Uwadaot Lumped Systems euch @ Sytem ,» Tesullh —(P& equ’ chin divectty — provieles Ue ey cignyenr Yasiable, — chavacleriging the — elynamics Gf the fuatern -- These de. when rearranges, the dorm fa ser ¢ ny) dina ender diffaenbet? equrs, A¥e callect Stale equations nee thee _-voith gue Unitas? conditions — gives @)-hanafes aepresentabon loplace & functionSsseeseseseeeeeseseeeeseeseeeeeeeeeeeeceeeeeeee eee @ifeotiar Aquatics GP Physicatby stems will ebkad “ake. Ef phyrical the phil laws 6 The panos Mecimucar Syureme Yn the anolpu 6 mechemical make use ef three idealised 2pming Od the damper. Mechanics 0 — Transfation - The mass cep, 244) ) rae a) 4 Refrence. ring , element + The Spr nun ante) vice) vice) hoo Fee) Kw 3. The clampex element- + Poe in ty vete) noo ak alm), v(mfsec) , Mley), A, The WerGa Uement — Stoven Yp— The Te Tdwo = Pefrence oe tortion Spieg element- Kk yoy. Te Koryo) Ow. S095 du-t at ~ tyctems by UbUpuig Afters, 4b O_ convénienr IF element; the mass, the Foy du =M db Wg Noe Fe K(x) + kx kf (vi-vaJat) = xfivae F= f(y) = fv F( Newlon) , Kineetic ae $m fa) > 4% K(ntwton/m) , $(newtso Pex m/sec Cuergy OY rtdhonad rahi oy 2 T de deh )=kO (W914) dt > Xf ‘att )& The damper — elesnent pT spt, Or 6 (acd), wlrad/sec) T Cigars) , Tfneloton-re) 1K ( newt f (newton mm" per vad /Jec) : Pree Re PR eae eeeaenaenennnna The [frei) three. ideal elements for franslatichal mechan tea, Syptems axe Shown with thelr relavent- —pacperCieo Ancol conventions - ~ She ideal aon element Tepreseole a particle &{ mast usbich G the Lurmpect Opprorimnaton Of the. maar Of tee & body concentrated “ak the centre. Of mar , Mom element shows Vivo connechon__peinig__ ox Petminal > Ore free and has _asediaked with it motorat variable & ¥_Qnd.___bther__teaminao___tepraeny a Tefeence—_umlf yhes @ Hoe mplicnal variable by the free teemusa. a THEADUved ~The concept 6f __efactic (heey) deformation oY 2 be a how log Hee Ideal €lemeny « Q ~ Shown an helicap Spring. - The Friction exis pbysicat 4ydems _ usbenever : tol Surfaces — que. eperated os) sbdling Contack Freier may be Af Any kuch } Ghlomb frchod fosce: The force Of tice fictoes —_befreeo ding Surfaces, Sher foe a Sub. Janay Constant ii) Miseoun picts nce the force Gf fico bette moving furfaces Mepaated by viscous fluid” Qype fore — br. becky — Onsl a fluseh mecluium, Shir foe Rproninatit, pacprtionat te Velodty cue a Cerne — lumifecs a sold Livcar€, velocity angeSticticia : The force kequived (8 Win — motion = bh, baw Contaclng Surfaces ( whieh. @ Obviously move. than the. fice equived 6 masnto them we yela tive — mpi) The fricti force eli tis itectucn —ppesili US thor of- VelouLy « Lee Conricles how the — mechanicas li Shown cr fg, th a ply mon M attached a spring C stffnes kK) anda daspet (vacou friction Coefficient PY en which fowe F Sperate. Wiplacment % a pesitive tr the dlirectien shown, Me Yao pevition t token 6 be at. the pout arhere the sping Gd mar Me Kk Gale — Guibboum, WLI Cee tat a) is ne ee daspot ope The — uyttemalie ee opnlgs uch i: Syrten ts 6 thaw a ‘bo! Sa : Newton's Low hon Uf Ike fe cae fi Hund Sent free bs equ® can be tritten ‘an y eMa oo 5 F- kx-fdx = de fede dt de fou o consfant CoefPicient- Air 2a equm of Second order,Mechanicat — Accelerometer : vn ilé Sunplest- der, aw accelerometer COM of & pring = mass ~ dashpot- Mysiem.,.The__pome _2f the _aweferoractol.. Ch attached iheeeeibe moving vehicle ky Mattes Yat ~f desfue PPPILPPPPPPPPRPPPPPPPPR PRR Os eneneaecnancnannnnnn.n..eT eee Te ee eee vy Consider Hye Shown mpehanical — dyslorm Pou we] oy Sa | = My fh We K & a > . do® ip) li dy) SN, ort cy? mJ ft ot ° Lt tye Pe — fee l ~ x = if Fafa ~ — Thr dynes isa @uinplfied One wslueclech' — myedel oY Qu mpfoile Suspension __diptem uth Mt, the meus. the auBmobile Bi Shock” Absorbers. Ki the. Springs , ~ Mzi mean ctoels Gud ___ko: the _elasbance _@f- Sines.» the lero Objective is__&__yeduce.__ vibrations yee) olue 8 ditirhance fre Folt, Diffewrstid.l equ? qescribcng lynamise of he tyslirm = i> 2 t® “f + “ 6 Dy ® e - Ma. so Fuced +k (p= yc) + Bld )+ koyct=0 . chy benl-we) + Age te bag Fe Mat Kxefly - a &t) 4igcth +c cect) = de élty> L dict) By Aeon ig these equaliny = det) =~) ech) ~L ott) 41 1) Se he mama dich) «1 ece) a Ll dt ~ Consicter the Creat 59 to — ee Ry + a (4-0) ae. t : b - 5 {Gat be R= = {— bdb= -e - otaton Motion: - : > ee Aotatonal milo ea body Can be _qlefined a» motor obour a fixed ‘axu + . The Newfon's lays gf mation __-for__yodoinal (ax) molds shat thar the Algebric Sum OF momenIs ov “Tergtes Olno ur a fixed Qxtd G equde wf the ” pasducr of the ipato dad the Ouafrafia deceleration About the axis, ~~ ouieto + Bo Togner= Fo tne accelecals ; ) , , » , > > > > > > ° ° ° ° ° ° ° . ° . so ° > . ° 2 *= Ee let us now consider 5 the. yotational mechanical —Fystern__ Show te ig. , whith consals t a yhabable die moment fF ner §, Torsional Spring yvacur friction. The _4thvee__ideal Yotdihonal elements — Leith their Yeleven- paopertics and conventrons Are Shovon ! let us consider. , lee T be the applied herque Which fend i vorale the dc, The free body — diagram — & a Dise Rokertonal — Mechanical The laque equ Chtaisecd from. the free ody clingz-am i= _ 7 oy _ — 7 (CEs . near Constant coefficient —_ differen Gait equ? dynamics Of “the Agtem shown to Fguee Analogous Systems: Fo Mdbe + fide tka T= Tde, + fle +ko Lai cl = diya hd ad gee. formparisg aU the equ , ik “geen jar enna Of. “iden “ical_ferm . Such __gysteme__tohose _lifferen a Li ccteda are oF identical form are called Analogous Sylems . i force F_(torque a), Vollage @ are Analojew variates ereTha 4 called fone Yollage — ainalogy , Anintocous Quowrities In Force (Torove) ~ Vourmce Annoy Mechanical Mechanical Flechicad Splens *Ranslativoal sys Rotational Syste, Force Torque 1 : Voltage € Maas 4 Moment ¢¢ wertiat J Inductance LL Viscous Arctivo Coefficient f Voc friction ceffient f Resistance Spring sbfiness Ie Torsional fpring stiffness K,— Reciprecad 8 capacitance Ye REplacement x Arquiar Guplacement 6 Charge. Y | x Vv Ongulay Velocuty w current 4. Anmocous Quantities IN Force (Torave ) ~Curgener Anevoay Fore oF Torave T _ Current ‘te M Moment bf ToPua J Capac tance_-C Jaco, friction Coefficient f —> ‘ecipaocat Of verblanela Spring “eb ffnen Torsional — Spring Stifhnet k Reapao cot | eductanc, Haploamor % © Aungutor Adoplocwer — Magnetic flux Velocity i 6 Oumgulas elect Voltage @| lo. on. — Block tase — _—_|fra. Goven_comph cafe __fustem itt SES 1h —earh and _ even element. Slp_ef a Cothatin block “my acta an tnpul fn zal or bleck__ay blocks. Thesefore__bnowlepe ap tof of. _] »—_block __ atone _& tke __futfacen _Totersebobion bb. | Lae elements _& _equived te find the @veratt bf-—_0f- the Lyte. _ a a Ose hwy wiethods te a Oeerets tf. of he Syl D_ block cling 2) _ Signe flew gph _| 4 — Fn Ben Ba Pleteriad —representah each fgoter Pach element cmenl— fa gee Gem Scpecrentect by aa eb bleck | Foo Morthand _picteral veprrentabien Of Cause ~ Onol- effect atlofenstup hofuiecn Hat fp asp. of -8._ physical —__ SS Lingo ——_] c Inport —T Bleck fi» Oulpue OT Gop © 2) Guiaple Leck b) Block chagiar usin, goin _| ——— _ The Value 6 fp mutiplied! hy Ae block _ L Gaia knousn 2 bp | | cee = cen 200 = Seimnning Poini-¢ ee | — | ae a Sp two ax__mmaorre_ Signal ay be adel | 6 Subbracted_“eG? KEOELO = He) fake = tf. —peiot ————— - Toe—_point- ah which the _eulp yr _ any —bleck Con be applied __t ty De = & _kbnewn as lake—off peink — oat ts) _ xe —t5 kee a _ —F x00 ~—_____Pexaward _ i i Lou Gigpal _ jem fopuf __f _eulbub 6 known as feecuierd ~ path . hp — [eo | -Jeop-—lao E> Output ~~ ~ Tndiuduad black gaint ore G.6,, Gal) and Gul Peedbock pate : = ___— ~The _chivectien oy flow ef —_Signal_-from ——to__ifp bbe as feedback path—Systern_can_ Hoy — dedluc hen — tbe -dhagyars. renple be neg Into frvrn on ~ +RaGY ee ) multiplied Usilty each eth RE — feu] SB faso}-—, EB) RG2G BC)= G6) BE) 2 G202G,4) RG) feo 2 Gaur | “es | ew =Pox blocks > _parollef.__. Feo) ; me GD = 0) = BW) 4 Ral) oo 2 GID RMD = Ca RE) + GRRL _ = [44 — G24+636) J RD yt oo] _| ee £6) 2 Gd- a +Ga6) | RG) When 4 blocks im __porelle) the aan ae | added rai ass This yale canner be applied | divectty tf G_toke=off cou: as Shown ~ 6 | ew Jol 6 cep | | | . <——_Take-eft pein: _| ' | _ 7] A. Birsinads feedback Ie ‘ _ ?). et — Z — w | Guy | Cee _) Bi 7 + — ___| Co He] — — - _ AGED = GI [Ro—Be]} GW) [R= cconio | — Gu) RES) = GOING) CO) —| 7 \ci LItGinno) = Goa 6G) 2 GG) 160) Hee) Ru) ~ [ee LH ca 7 — oes = _ 4s, GOHe= Scere) | SCE | coy BS /eerDuny = AS | RGD aes eee ne (sansa — 6 Cn S = _s +36 —U Shifting a Luring pent before a block RG) Sas) cy RO) au) J ces) im a I 6S) = GUNRD +A xa) - a _ cde [ROD wo] Ga) | | : = RG)GU) $ XQ)7 pe 4 / fem pom Afr @ bloc > 7 7 hr ad ——_e0d= REAGUDA xaNGa) « 4 Lt 7 Sy. meee “=e peisk: b efere—a block. maa x7 }oH Re Gu)}——s cap 7 ° — - - tit —f As aur Ss) = Cs) e(3)= GURL i a : 6 els Sbefig— + tate —peint—offs_a_block |7 Shiltag 6 fe oa eee a A ees Rls) ene LL 2s) 18) as Saitial_s —Sihuakien __ Aft Stoll 6) Corrected tre tke) prin ie Con figurstchon qrom fig ita) _X(9) = ROD 2 YG. From fig Ch) __zls)= ROD. td XG) In fig 10), the Signal YO) 6 added to (5) by 2 —§Giarneniing paint usith the Sar, Sign L : L Zs RO + Vs) i Xp = Kile) tg 4 toke= off _peunt- Of lie vo 7 8) nites? Chuakien —— b) Attia Bla the take ee point as AL + y “fF C65) + wo _ — SAIS oe R= REVS) a : DED os — hon ty 400. Cals) = Rs) $9.6) FG me Rod = XCs)Chet trash funchen of the gun tpl GG = Cute Ge ——— 14. G,G,44 4 GG, (Ga Gu tGic) He Ga ee) 1+ Gauls |) | poe PG | am A] G3 CO) tf} ThG3hyPe de els et ai eens