Professional Documents
Culture Documents
14th Plan Full Document
14th Plan Full Document
g]kfn ;/sf/
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}+, g]kfn
@)&#
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
;DdfggLo k|wfgdGqL >L k'iksdn bfxfn -k|r08_ cWoIf
dfggLo 8f=dLgaxfb'/ >]i7 pkfWoIf
8f= ;f]dnfn ;'j]bL, d'Vo ;lrj, g]kfn ;/sf/ ;b:o -kb]g_
dfggLo 8f=:jl0f{d jfUn] ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=rGb|sfGt kf}8]n ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=;'lgn afa' >]i7 ;b:o
dfggLo k|f=8f=uLtfeQm hf]zL ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=s[kf l;Gw' k|;fb ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=k|e' a'9fyf]sL ;b:o
dfggLo k|f=lx/]Gb|dfg k|wfg ;b:o
dfggLo 8f=c/laGb s'df/ ld> ;b:o
8f=zfGt/fh ;'j]bL, ;lrj, cy{ dGqfno ;b:o -kb]g_
>L rGb|s'df/ l3ld/] ;b:o—;lrj
ljifo;"rL
p
tflnsfx¿sf] ;"rL
;ª\If]kLs/0fsf] ;"rL
c=b'=c=cf= clVtof/ b'¿kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u
cf=d= cfk"lt{ dGqfno
cf=j= cfly{s jif{
cf=;j{]If0f cfly{s ;j{]If0f
O=k|=sf= Onfsf k|x/L sfof{no
p=d= pBf]u dGqfno
pmhf{ d= pmhf{ dGqfno
cf}=If]=Jo=ln= cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8
sf=Gof=;+=df=d= sfg'g, Gofo tyf ;+;bLo dfldnf dGqfno
ls=ld= lsnf]ld6/
s]=t=lj= s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefu
s[=lj=d= s[lif ljsf; dGqfno
vf=kf=cf= vfg]kfgL cfof]hgf
vf=;=d= vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO dGqfno
u'=tyf gf=tf}=lj= u'0f:t/ tyf gfktf}n ljefu
u[=d= u[x dGqfno
kf=a=;= 3/kl/jf/ ah]6 ;j]{If0f
h=jf=d= hg;ª\Vof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfno
lh=lj=;= lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
l8=;=sf l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{no
g]=h=:jf=;= g]kfn hg;ª\Vof tyf :jf:Yo ;j{]If0f
g]=hL=;j]{If0f g]kfn hLjg:t/ ;j]{If0f
g]=gf=p=k|f= g]kfn gful/s p8\8og k|flws/0f
g]=/f=a}= g]kfn /fi6« a}Í
k|=k|=sf= k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no
k=lj=d= kz'kG5L ljsf; dGqfno
k|=d=d=k=sf= k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no
e"=Jo=k|=s]= e"ld Joj:yfkg k|lzIf0f s]Gb|
e"=;'=Jo=d= e"ld;'wf/ tyf Joj:yf dGqfno
ef}=k"=of=d= ef}lts k"jf{wf/ tyf oftfoft dGqfno
d=n]=lg=sf= dxfn]vf lgoGqs sfof{no
d=af=;=s=d= dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f dGqfno
df=kf]=sf= dfnkf]t sfof{no
d]=6g d]l6«s 6g
o'=v]=d= o'jf tyf v]ns'b dGqfno
/f=k'=k|f= /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f
/f=of]=cf= /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u
/f=n]vf /fli6«o n]vf
/f=;=s]Gb| /fli6«o ;ts{tf s]Gb|
j=e"=;+=d= jg tyf e" ;+/If0f dGqfno
jf=d= jfl0fHo dGqfno
lj=cf=lj=;= ljz]if cfly{s If]q ljsf; ;ldlt
lj=k|=d= lj1fg tyf k|ljlw dGqfno
Jo=;"=k|= Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL
Jof=lg=k|=s]= Jofkf/ tyf lgsf;L k|j4{g s]Gb|
zf=k'=d= zflGt tyf k'glg{df{0f dGqfno
>=/f]=d= >d tyf /f]huf/ dGqfno
;+=k=gf=p=d= ;+:s[lt, ko{6g tyf gful/s p8\8og dGqfno
;=u=lg=d= ;xsf/L tyf ul/aL lgjf/0f dGqfno
;=df=:yf=lj=d= ;ª\3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno
;=lj=d= ;x/L ljsf; dGqfno
;f=k|=d= ;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfno
l;=d= l;FrfO dGqfno
;"=;=d= ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfno
:jf=d= :jf:Yo dGqfno
CFAA Country Financial Accountability Assessment
FISIM Financial Intermediation Services Indirectly Measured
GDP Gross Domestic Product
MCPM Minimum Conditions and Performance Measurement
NEOC National Emergency Operation Centre
REOC Regional Emergency Operation Centre
DEOC District Emergency Operation Centre
kl/R5]b M !
kl/ro
!=! k[i7e"ld
g]kfnsf] of]hgfa4 ljsf; k|of; ;'? ePsf] 5 bzs k'u]sf] 5 . kl5Nnf] /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gn] :yflkt u/]sf] gful/s clwsf/;Fu} ;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] cfly{s ljsf; / ;d[4
;dfh lgdf{0f sfo{ /fHosf] k|d'v sfo{;"rLdf k/]sf]] 5 . ljZjJofkLs/0fsf] sf/0f d'n'sdf k/]sf]
cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs k|efj, e"sDknufotsf k|fs[lts k|sf]k Pjd\ ljkb\af6 l;lh{t
k'glg{df{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L k"/f ub}{ Go"g j[l4sf] cj:yfaf6 u'lh|/x]sf]] cy{tGqnfO{ lqmofzLn u/fpFb}
hgtfsf] ljsf;sf] cfsfª\IffnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0f ;dflKttkm{ pGd'v x'g uPsf] kl/k|]Iodf
/fHosf] Wofg cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;df s]lGb|t ug{]u/L rf}wf}+ cfjlws of]hgf th'{df
ul/Psf] 5 . ljutsf of]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjog ubf{sf] cg'ej / g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] cËLsf/ u/]sf
gful/ssf df}lns xs / /fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt tyf gLlt o; of]hgfsf] dfu{bz{ssf ¿kdf
/x]sf 5g\ . rf}wf}+ of]hgf th'{df ubf{ d"ntM nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf cGtlg{lxt dfGotf /
l;4fGtnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of; ePsf] 5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] bf];|f] jif{df d'n'sn] ljgfzsf/L e"sDk / t];|f] jif{df blIf0fL
;Ldfdf cj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{k¥of] . o;n] ;+jt\ @)&( ;Dd g]kfnnfO{ ljsf;zLn /fi6«df
:t/f]Gglt ug]{ of]hgfsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{] dfu{df cj/f]w l;h{gf ug{ k'Uof] . ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]sf @#=* k|ltzt hg;ª\VofnfO{ !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo;d]t xfl;n x'g ;s]g . o;}u/L
d'n'sn] ;fdflhs If]qdf nufgL clej[l4 u/L ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug{] ;DaGwdf u/]sf]
k|ultnfO{ sfod /fVg] Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; nIo xfl;n ug]{ dfu{df r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 . o;}n], rf}wf}+
of]hgfn] o;cl3 d'n'sn] Aoxf]g{'k/]sf] Ifltsf] k"lt{ ug'{sf ;fy} gofF nIosf;fy d'n'ssf] cfly{s
;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ult lbg cfjZos 5 .
rf}wf}+ of]hgfn] cfly{s j[l4b/nfO{ pRr kfg{ s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f,
pmhf{;ª\s6sf] lgjf/0f tyf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ub}{ cf}Bf]uLs/0f /
cfw'lgsLs/0fdf 6]jf lbg'k/]sf] 5 eg] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod u/L nufgLdf
cfdljZjf; a9fpg' k/]sf] 5 . To:t} ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t nufgL j[l4 ug'{,
ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L k'FhLut vr{ a9fpg', pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] plrt
pkof]u ug{' tyf a9\bf] hgcfsfª\Iffcg'¿k ljsf;sf nIo k|fKt ug{ k|zf;goGqnfO{ s'zn tyf
Jofj;flos klg agfpg'k/]sf] 5 . ;fy}, n}lËs ;dfgtf xfl;n ub}{ lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfo
Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ju{sf hgtfnfO{ nlIft sfo{qmd, Gofof]lrt ljt/0f tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\
;+/If0f k|bfg u/L zL3|tfk"j{s ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{'kg]{ ePsf] 5 . cfGtl/s pTkfbg tyf lgof{t
Jofkf/df j[l4 / s'n Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f u/L Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ub}{ afXo ;Gt'ng ;'b[9 ug'{kg]{ 5
. 7"nf] ;ª\Vofsf] o'jfzlQmnfO{ ;Lk, k'FhL / k|ljlw pknAw u/fO{ d'n'sleq} /f]huf/L l;h{gf
ug{'kg]{5 . ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg cg';f/sf ljleGg txsf lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] kl/k|]Iodf nfdf]
;dob]lv l/Qm /x]sf :yfgLo lgsfox¿df lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿dfkm{t ljsf; k|lqmofnfO{
hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / ;xeflutfd"ns agfpg], glthfk|ltsf] hjfkmb]lxtf ;'lglZrt ug]{,
;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ / ;du|df ;'zf;g clej[l4 ug]{h:tf ljifox¿nfO{;d]t
of] of]hgfn] ;Daf]wg ug'{kg]{5 . ;fy}, ljutdf of]hgfsf] nIo / pknlAwaLr /xg] u/]sf]
cGt/nfO{ sd ug{;d]t o; of]hgfnfO{ Jofjxfl/s, sfof{Gjogof]Uo / glthfd"ns agfpg'sf ;fy}
sfof{Gjog kIfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL u/fpg glthf;"rssf cfwf/df sfo{;Dkfbg s/f/ ug{ ;lhnf] x'g]
u/L o; of]hgfs} cleGg cª\usf ¿kdf glthfvfsf;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
!=@ t]x|f}“ of]hgf -cfly{s jif{ @)&)÷&!–@)&@÷&#_ sf] ;ª\lIfKt ;dLIff
g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] qmd ;'? ePkl5 xfn;Dd !# cf]6f cfjlws of]hgfx¿
sfof{Gjog ul/Psf 5g\ . o; qmddf ;fdflhs If]qdf ;Gtf]ifk|b k|ult ePsf] 5 eg] ljsf;sf
s]xL k"jf{wf/x¿ klg tof/ ePsf 5g\ . ljsf;df hg;xeflutf j[l4 eO{ hgtfs} :jfldTjdf
:yfgLo of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ePsf] 5 . lghL If]qnfO{ nufgL
u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'g cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 . t/ d'n'sdf pknAw k|fs[lts Pjd\
dfgjLo ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] pRrtd ;b'kof]u u/L pRr cfly{s j[l4dfkm{t ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug]{
p2]Zo cf+lzs ¿kdf dfq} xfl;n x'g;s]sf] 5 .
lqjifL{o of]hgfsf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf NofOPsf] t]x|fF} of]hgfn] ;g\ @)@@ ;Dddf g]kfnnfO{
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf ;fy b]zdf JofKt
cfly{s Pjd\ dfgjLo ul/aLnfO{ 36fO{ cfdhgtfsf] hLjg:t/df kl/jt{gsf] cg'e"lt lbnfpg]
p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] cfwf/ jif{ -@)^(÷&)_ df @#=* k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ul/aLsf]
/]vfd'lg /x]sf]df of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf !* k|ltztdf emfg]{ nIo lnOPsf] lyof] .
oL p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ pmhf{, s[lif, ko{6g, pBf]u / Jofkf/, cfwf/e"t lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL,
ef}lts k"jf{wf/nufotsf If]qx¿ of]hgfsf] k|fyldstfdf lyP . o;}u/L ljsf; k|lqmofdf ;/sf/L,
lghL / ;xsf/L If]qsf] of]ubfgdf clej[l4 ug]{, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df hf]8 lbg], lzIff,
:jf:Yo tyf vfg]kfgLh:tf ;fdflhs ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr, pkof]u / u'0f:t/ j[l4 ug]{, ;'zf;g
clej[l4 ug]{, nlIft ju{, If]q tyf ;d"xsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs ;zQmLs/0fdf clej[l4 ug]{ /
hnjfo' kl/jt{g;Fu cg's"lnt ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ /0fgLltx¿ cjnDag ul/Psf lyP .
t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] ;dLIff ubf{ cfly{s If]q Tolt ;Gtf]ifk|b geP tfklg ;fdflhs tyf k"jf{wf/
If]qdf s]xL ;Gtf]ifhgs pknlAw ePsf 5g\ . of]hgf cjlwe/ d'n's /fhgLlts ;ª\qmd0faf6
u'lh|of] . d'n'ssf] ;du| Wofg /fhgLlts kl/jt{gnfO{ Jojl:yt tyf ;+:yfut ug]{tkm{ a9L s]lGb|t
x'Fbf of]hgfsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogn] k|fyldstf kfpg ;s]g . ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"lt ;fj{hlgs,
lghL tyf ;xsf/L ;a} If]qdf v8\lsof] . If]qut k|ultdf klg ljutb]lvsf ;d:of oyfjt\ g}
2 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
/lx/x] . ;dodf dn tyf laplahg pknAw gx'Fbf / v]tLof]Uo hldg s[lif dhb'/sf] cefjdf
afFemf] /xg uPsfn] s[lif If]qdf cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n x'g;s]g . hn;|f]tsf] k|r"/
;DefjgfnfO{ pkof]u ug{ g;Sbf d'n's pmhf{;+s6sf] l:yltaf6 d'Qm x'g ;s]g . /fhgLlts
cl:y/tf, ;sf/fTds / ;'dw'/ >d ;DaGwsf] cefj, e"sDk, ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]w cflbsf
sf/0f cf}Bf]lus pTkfbgdf x|f; cfof] eg] o;sf] c;/ ko{6g If]qdf klg k¥of] . cfGtl/s
pTkfbgdf x|f; cfPsf] tyf Jofkf/ If]qdf ck]lIft ¿kdf lgof{t j[l4 / cfoft k|lt:yfkg x'g
g;s]sf] sf/0f Jofkf/3f6f cTolws dfqfdf a9\b} uof] . tyflk, j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] dfWodaf6
ljk|]if0fdf j[l4 eO{ tTsfnsf nflu zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ;'ljwfhgs ePsf sf/0f ljb]zL d'b|f
;l~rltdf pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g'sf cltl/Qm a}lͪ If]qsf] t/ntf ;xh /xg ;Sof] .
o; cjlwdf oftfoft, ljB't\, ;~rf/, l;FrfOh:tf k"jf{wf/sf If]qdf s]xL k|ult ePsf] 5
eg] ;fdflhs tyf k|zf;lgs Pjd\ sfg'gL ;'wf/sf If]qdf pNn]vgLo sfd ePsf 5g\ . zflGt
k|lqmofnfO{ 6'Ëf] nufO{ gofF ;+ljwfg hf/L ePsf] 5 . lk5l8Psf If]q tyf ljkGg Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t
hfthflt, ju{ / ;d'bfonfO{ d'n'ssf] d"nwf/df Nofpg ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf cfwf/df
/fHosf ;a} txdf k|ltlglwTj ug{;Sg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . ul/aLsf /]vfd'lg /x]sf ljkGg tyf
lk5l8Psf If]q, ju{ / ;d'bfosf] pTyfgsf nflu nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf 5g\ .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;+/If0fsf] bfo/f a9]sf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿af6 cy{tGqsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4, ;dfj]zL ljsf; / ul/aL Go"gLs/0fdf d2t k'u]sf] 5 . of]hgfsf] kl5Nnf] jif{df ljifd
kl/l:ylt /x]tfklg cl3Nnf b'O{ jif{sf] of]ubfgn] of]hgf cjlwdf ul/aL @=@ k|ltzt ljGb'n] 36L
@!=^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] 5 .
t]x|f}“ of]hgfsf d'Vo–d'Vo nIo Pjd\ k|ult l:ylt
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lnPsf] k|d'v nIox¿ tyf of]hgf cjlwsf] cGTo;Dddf ePsf] k|ultsf]
;f/;ª\If]k tflnsf !=! df k|:t't ul/Psf]] 5 M
tflnsf !=! M t]x|f}“ of]hgfsf] nIo tyf k|ult
qm= cf=j= @)^(÷&) t]x|f}F of]hgfsf]
;"rs k|ult
;+= sf] l:ylt nIo
1. jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 3.5 6.0 2.9
2. s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 1.1 4.5 2.2
3. u}/s[[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 4.6 6.7 3.4
4. jflif{s cf};t /f]huf/L j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 2.9 3.2 2.9
5. ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ 23.8 18.0 21.6
6. ck]lIft cfo' -jif{_ 68.8 71.0 69.0
7. d"No j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ 8.3 7.0 8.7
8. dft[ d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ 281.0 213.0 258.0
9. vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ 85.0 95.0 83.6
10. ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] 62.0 90.5 81.0
kl/ro | 3
qm= cf=j= @)^(÷&) t]x|f}F of]hgfsf]
;"rs k|ult
;+= sf] l:ylt nIo
-k|ltzt_
11. k|fylds tx -sIff ! – %_ df v'b egf{b/
95.3 100.0 86.6
-k|ltzt_
12. ;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$ jif{_ 87.5 95.0 88.6
13. ;8s oftfoft hf]l8Psf] lhNnf ;b/d'sfd
73 75 73
-;ª\Vof_
14. 6]lnkmf]g, df]afOn;d]t -k|lt;o 3gTjdf_ 71.5 100.8 110.3
15. ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf_ -d]ufjf6_ 758 1,426 851
16. ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ 67.3 87.0 74.0
17. l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ 13.1 14.9 13.9
18. jg hª\unn] 9fs]sf] If]q -k|ltzt_ 39.6 40.0 44.5
19. ;8s oftfoftsf] s'n nDafO -ls=ld=_* 25,265 27,965 29,031
* ;8s ljefutkm{sf] dfq .
4 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
tflnsf !=@ M s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
-cf=j= @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
s'n pTkfbg
qm=;+= If]qx¿ cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
@)&)÷&! @)&!÷&@♣ @)&@÷&#*
! s[lif 54551 54380 54719
!=! s[lif tyf jg 53757 53567 53852
!=@ dT:okfng 794 814 867
@= u}/s[lif 112620
112620 116725 117936
@=! pBf]u 24928 25444 24204
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 1009 1036 1013
@=!=@ pBf]u 10367 10376 9553
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 1960 1885 1754
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 11593 12147 11884
@=@ ;]jf 87692 91280 93732
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 24915 25175 24561
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 3239 3530 3595
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 14290 14388 14542
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 7281 7972 8560
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk 14035 14559 15815
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 4066 4484 4497
@=@=& lzIff 10573 11281 11668
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 2544 2914 3058
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf 6747 6978 7436
lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 167172 171105 172654
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_ 161352 164772 165926
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
pTkfbg -pTkfbs d"Nodf_ 180233 184923 185881
♣ ;+zf]lwt . * k|f/lDes .
To;}u/L t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] k|If]lkt tyf of]hgf cjlwsf] If]qut d"No clej[l4 j[l4b/ tflnsf
!=@ -s_ df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/ro | 5
tflnsf !=@ -s_ M If]qut d"No clej[l4sf] j[l4b/
-k|ltzt_
t]x|f}+ j[l4b/
qm=;+= If]qx¿ of]hgfsf] cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
cf};t
nIo @)&)÷&! @)&!÷&@ @)&@÷&#*
@)&!÷&
! s[lif 4.5 4.56
4.56 0.8 1.3 2.2
!=! s[lif tyf jg 4.5 4.5 0.7 1.1 2.1
!=@ dT:okfng 4.5 4.9 7.1 11.8 7.9
@= u}/s[lif 6.7 6.4 3.1
3.1 0.6 3.4
@=! pBf]u 5.4 7.1
7.1 1.5
1.5 -6.3_ 0.7
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 4.7 11.9 2.3 -6.5_ 2.6
@=!=@ pBf]u 4.7 6.3 0.4 -9.9_ -1.1_
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 8.2 3.3 1.0 -1.7_ 0.9
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 5.5 9.1 2.9 -4.0_ 2.7
@=@ ;]jf 7.1 6.2 3.6
3.6 2.7 4.2
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 5.6 10.9 2.1 -1.1_ 4.0
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 8.6 6.8 3.3 -4.9_ 1.8
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / 8.4 5.2 6.2 2.6 4.7
;~rf/
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 6.2 3.7 2.9 3.3 3.3
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf 8.2 3.6 0.8 3.7 2.7
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 7.7 5.0 5.4 5.8 5.4
@=@=& lzIff 6.7 4.8 3.7 6.7 5.1
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 5.9 4.50 10.5 8.9 8.0
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs
tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf 9.5 4.8 4.4 5.6 4.9
lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4 6.0 5.8 2.3 0.9
0.9 3.0
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg 5.9 5.7 2.3 0.8 2.9
2.9
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
* k|f/lDes cg'dfg .
@= ;/sf/L ljQ
/fh:j
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutfsf] nflu u'0f:t/Lo ;]jf tyf s/ sfg'gsf] ;do;fk]If
kl/dfh{g / sfof{Gjog ;'lglZrt u/L Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0fsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ub}{ s/ k|0ffnLsf]
sfo{s'zntf tyf k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zocg'¿k s/ gLlt, sfg'g tyf s/ k|zf;gnfO{{
;dofg's"n agfpg], ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ;"rgf ;~hfnsf] ljsf; ug]{ / cfGtl/s s/
6 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
tyf eG;f/df :jo+s/ 3f]if0ff k4lt cjnDag ug{]h:tf sfo{af6 s/ k|zf;gdf ;'wf/sf] k|of;
u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf !#=* k|ltztn] /fh:j j[l4 u/L cfwf/ jif{ @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/
d"Nodf s'n ?= !! va{ ## ca{ @# s/f]8 /fh:j ;Íng x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ?= !) va{ (^
ca{ ;Íng ePsf]] 5 . of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf /fh:jsf] cg'kft
nIocg';f/ cyf{t\ @!=% k|ltzt xfl;n ePsf] 5 .
j}b]lzs ;xfotf
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] lge{/tfnfO{ qmdzM sd ub}{ n}hfg tyf ;xfotf /sdnfO{ /fli6«o
k|fyldstfcg'¿k kl/rfng ug{ of]hgf cjlwdf j}b]lzs ;xfotf gLlt hf/L u/L ;a} j}b]lzs
;xfotfnfO{ ah]6 k|0ffnLleq Nofpg] k|of; ePsf] 5 . To;}u/L rfn' of]hgfdf ?= # va{ $! ca{
%( s/f]8 j}b]lzs ;xfotf -cg'bfg / C0f_ kl/rfng ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwdf ?= !
va{ *@ ca{ %% s/f]8 kl/rfng ePsf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs C0f
t]x|f}+ of]hgfn] k'FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'Ug] u/L ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] k|efjsf/L kl/rfng ug{
cfGtl/s C0fsf] dfqfnfO{ lglZrt ;Ldfleq /fVg], clwljsif{0f lgoGq0f ug]{ tyf C0f
Joj:yfkgdf ljQLo cg'zf;g sfod ug]{ gLlt clVtof/ u/]sf] lyof] . pQm of]hgfdf ;fj{hlgs
C0fnfO{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] ## k|ltzt / cfGtl/s C0fnfO{ s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] jflif{s
cf};t @=@% k|ltztdf ;Lldt /fVg] nIo lnPsf]df of]hgf cjlwdf o:tf] cg'kft qmdzM @&=(
k|ltzt / @=# k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 .
;fj{hlgs vr{
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] pkof]unfO{ k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg t]x|f}F of]hgfn] dGqfnout ah]6 ;"rgf
k|0ffnL -LMBIS_ sf] ljsf; ug'{sf ;fy} sfo{qmddf cfwfl/t eP/ ah]6 th'{df ug{] tyf k|of]hg
v'nfP/dfq e}k/L zLif{sdf ah]6 ljlgof]hg ug{]h:tf glthf;Fu cfa4 x'g] k|fjwfg;lxt ah]6
lgdf{0f ug]{ Joj:yf u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf s'n ah]6 ?= !^ va{ !^ ca{ &% s/f]8 vr{
x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf]df ?= !# va{ %* ca{ ^# s/f]8 vr{ ePsf] 5 . of] vr{ s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgsf] cf};t @$=& k|ltzt x'g cfpF5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] k|:tfj u/]sf] ;/sf/L ah]6 tyf o;sf ;|f]tx¿sf] k|If]k0f tyf ah]6
Joj:yfkgsf] cj:yf tflnsf !=# df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
kl/ro | 7
tflnsf !=# M ;/sf/L ah]6sf] cj:yf
-cf=j= @)^(÷&) sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
t]x|f}“ t]x|f}“ of]hgfsf] l:ylt
qm=;+= ljj/0f of]hgfsf] cf=j= cf=j= cf=j= k|ult
k|If]k0f hDdf
@)&)÷&! @)&!÷&@ @)&@÷&# k|ltzt
! s'n ah]6 161675 39913 46337 49613 135863 84.0
@ s'n /fh:j 113323 33822 35917 39905 109643 96.8
# j}b]lzs cg'bfg 18946 3872 3329 3558 10759 56.8
$ s'n vr{ 136926 33966 37328 40880 112174 81.9
rfn' vr{ 103929 27847 29588 30692 88127 84.8
k'FhLut vr{ 32998 6119 7740 10188 24047 72.9
% ah]6 art -++_ Go"g -+-_ 4658 -3728_ -1918_ -2583_
^ ljQLo Joj:yf -4658_ 1959 2907 -3239_ 1626 -34.9_
& v'b C0f nufgL 5720 1095 2290 951 4336 75.8
cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 6978 1143 2471 2049 5664 81.2
cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ 1257 48 181 1098 1328 105.6
* v'b ;]o/ nufgL 3043 801 917 1052 2769 91.0
cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 2180 797 743 1038 2578 118.2
j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 853 3 174 15 191 22.4
( v'b j}b]lzs C0f -10251_ -234_ -741_ -2147_ -3123_ 30.5
j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 4963 1417 1485 1471 4373 88.1
j}b]lzs C0f 15214 1651 2226 3618 7496 49.3
!) v'b cfGtl/s C0f -8148_ 297 441 -3095_ -2356_ 28.9
cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 4788 2131 4136 4161 10428 217.8
cfGtl/s C0f 12936 1833 3695 7256 12784 98.8
#= j}b]lzs Jofkf/
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf k|lt:kwL{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] lgof{t a9fpg] p2]Zon] jfl0fHo gLlt hf/L
ePsf] 5 eg] /fli6«o Jofkf/ kf]6{n (National Trade Portal) sf] :yfkgf ug'{sf ;fy} pTkfbgsf]
u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ tyf j}b]lzs Jofkf/ k|j4{g ug]{ k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . cf=j= @)&)÷&! df j:t'
lgof{t ?= !)) ca{ (^ s/f]8, cf=j= @)&!÷&@ df ?= (* ca{ @* s/f]8 / cf=j= @)&@÷&#
df ?= &) ca{ /Xof] eg] cfofttkm{ cf=j= @)&)÷&! df ?= ^(^ ca{ #& s/f]8, cf=j=
@)&!÷&@ df ?= &^! ca{ && s/f]8 / cf=j= @)&@÷&# df ?= &*! ca{sf] j:t' cfoft ePsf]
lyof] .
o;/L lgof{tsf] Go"g j[l4 / cfoftdf ePsf] pRr j[l4sf] sf/0f of]hgfsf klxnf] b'O{ jif{df
s'n j:t' Jofkf/ 3f6fdf j[l4 ePsf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] clGtd jif{df lgof{tdf sdL t/ cfoftsf]
8 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
j[l4b/df s]xL sdL cfPtfklg cfoftsf] cfsf/ g} pRr /x]sfn] Jofkf/ 3f6f j[l4 x'g uO{ ?= &!!
ca{ k'Ug uof] . lgof{tn] cfoft wfGg] Ifdtfdf qmlds ¿kdf x|f; cfpg] k|j[lQ sfod} 5 .
$= pkef]Qmf d'b|f:kmLlt
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf d"Noj[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f u/L cfdhgtfsf] qmozlQmdf ;'wf/ Nofpg pko'Qm
df}l›s gLlt / ljQLo gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, ahf/ ;+oGqsf] ljsf; tyf cg'udg / cfk"lt{sf]
Joj:yfaf6 jflif{s cf};t d"No j[l4b/ &=) k|ltztdf ;Lldt /fvL d"No l:y/tf sfod ug]{ nIo
/flvPsf] lyof] . h;cg';f/ df}l›s gLltdfkm{t d'›f lj:tf/ tyf clws t/ntfdf lgoGq0f ug'{sf
;fy} d"Nodf c;/ gkg]{ u/L ljQ tyf ljb]zL ljlgdo b/;DaGwL gLlt th{'df ul/Psf] lyof] .
tyflk cf=j= @)&)÷&! df (=! k|ltzt, cf=j= @)&!÷&@ df &=@ k|ltzt / cf=j= @)&@÷&#
df (=( k|ltzt u/L of]hgf cjlwdf jflif{s ;/b/ d'b|fl:kmlt *=& k|ltzt /xg k'Uof] .
%= zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf d'n'ssf] zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ;'ljwfhgs /x\of] . cf=j= @)&)÷&! df
zf]wgfGt/ l:ylt ?= !@&=!# ca{n] artdf /x]sf]df cf=j= @)&!÷&@ df ;f] art ?= !$%=)$
ca{ / cf=j= @)&@÷&# df ?= !(!=@$ ca{ k'Uof] .
^= a}+lsª\u tyf shf{
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTjsf] nflu cfly{s, df}l›s tyf ljQLo gLltdfkm{t
d"No, zf]wgfGt/ / ljQLo If]qsf] :yfloTj ;'lglZrt ug]{ tyf e'QmfgL k|0ffnLdf hgljZjf;
clej[l4 ug]{ p2]Zo lnPsf] lyof] . of]hgf cjlwdf ljQLo If]q ljsf; /0fgLlt tof/ ePsf] 5 eg]
a}lͪ If]qdf ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ yk gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfx¿
ufEg]–ufleg] sfo{nfO{ cl3 a9fO{ ljQLo :yfloTj sfod ul/Psf] 5 . df}l›s gLltdfkm{t
s[lifnufotsf pTkfbgzLn If]qdf a}Í shf{ a9fpg] Joj:yf tyf u|fdL0f If]qdf a}+lsª\u kx'Fr
k'¥ofpg] sfo{ ePsf] 5 . n3'ljQ ;+:yfx¿ lj:tf/ u/L ljQLo ;]jfdf hgtfsf] kx'Fr j[l4 ul/Psf]
5 . o;}u/L ljkGg ju{sf] shf{sf] bfo/f km/flsnf] kfg{'sf] ;fy} b'u{d If]qdf zfvf vf]Ng] n3'ljQ
;+:yfnfO{ g]kfn /fi6« a}Ín] lgAof{hL ;fk6L k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . oL ;a} k|of;sf afah'b
;j{;'ne a}+lsª\u ;]jfdf ;a}sf] kx'Fr x'g] / cfly{s j[l4nfO{ 6]jf lbg] ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; x'g
afFsL g} 5 .
&= ladf
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] cfly{s Pjd\ ;fdflhs lqmofsnfksf ;fy} k|fs[lts k|sf]k tyf cGo
r'gf}tLx¿af6 pTkGg hf]lvdlj¿4 ;'/Iff k|bfg ub}{ g]kfnL ladf If]qnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o
dfkb08cg';f/ :t/f]Gglt ug]{ Pjd\ b'u{d u|fdL0fnufot ;a} ju{, If]q / tx;Dd k'¥ofpg] k|of;
u/]sf] lyof] . of]hgfsf] klxnf] b'O{ jif{df ?= % ca{sf] r'Qmf k'FhLdf k'gla{df sDkgLsf] :yfkgf u/L
;~rfngdf NofOPsf] 5 . ladf bfaL k|lqmof ;/nLs/0f, gofF ladf P]gsf] th{'df tyf n3'ladf
kl/ro | 9
;]jfsf] lj:tf/ ul/Psf] 5 eg] s[lif ladfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg lbg'sf ;fy} # lhNnfdf :jf:Yo ladf
;]jf;d]t k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . tyflk ladfsf] bfo/f km/flsnf] agfO{ clwstd JolQm /
sf/f]af/nfO{ ladfsf] bfo/fdf Nofpg cem} afFsL 5 .
*= k“'hLahf/
5l/P/ /x]sf ;–;fgf artnfO{ PsLs[t u/L nufgLsf nflu cfjZos k'FhL pTkfbgd"ns
If]qdf k'¥ofpg t]x|f}F of]hgfn] ;Ifd tyf ultzLn k'FhLahf/sf] ljsf;, nufgLstf{sf] kx'Fr /
ljZj;gLotf clej[l4 tyf nufgL ljljwLs/0fdfkm{t k'FhLahf/nfO{ lj:tf/ ug]{ k|of; u/]sf] 5 .
o; cjlwdf lwtf]kqdf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/Psf] 5 . o; of]hgfdf
;"rLs[t ;+:yfx¿sf] ;+:yfut ;'zf;g, ;"rgfsf] k|jfxsf] :t/df j[l4, ;]o/sf] cef}ltsLs/0f /
sf/f]af/df ;/nLs/0f u/L k'FhLahf/df nufgL cfsif{0f / ljZj;gLotf j[l4 ug{] k|of; ul/Psf]
5 . To:t} j:t' ahf/;DaGwL P]g th{'df, lwtf]kq Joj;foLx¿sf] sfo{If]q lj:tf/ tyf
k'FhLahf/sf] ljs]G›Ls/0f / lj:tf/df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg ljQLo ;fIf/tf gLlt sfof{Gjog ul/Psf]
5 . t/ lwtf]kq ahf/nfO{ ljs]Gb|Ls[t Pjd\ ljljwLs/0f ug]{ / k'FhL ahf/dfkm{t bL3{sfnLg k'FhL
kl/rfng ug]{ sfo{ cem cl3 a9fpg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 .
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf ePsf] nufgL / o;af6 cy{tGqsf] ljleGg If]qdf kg{ uPsf] k|efj
tflnsf g+= !=$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf !=$ M s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf ljleGg ;"rsx¿sf] nIo Pjd\ k|ult
qm=;+= ljj/0f cf=j= @)^(÷&) t]x|f}“ of]hgfsf] cf=j= @)&@÷&#
sf] l:ylt nIo ;Ddsf] k|ult
1 s'n nufgL -df}Hbft kl/jt{g;d]t_ #^=( $)=*$ #$=)
2 s'n l:y/ k'FhL nufgL @@=^ @&=*( @%=)
– ;fj{hlgs If]q $=@ *=&# 5.9
– lghL If]q !*=$ !(=!^ 19.1
3 df}Hbftdf kl/jt{g !$=# !@=($ *=(
4 s'n /fli6«o art $)=# $!=) $@=(
5 j}b]lzs ;xfotf @=* %=(! 3.8
– cg'bfg @=! #=#& 1.9
– C0f )=& @=%$ 1.9
6 s'n /fh:j !&=^ @!=! 21.5
7 s'n vr{ !&=* @%=)^ 22.0
– rfn' vr{ !$=^ !*=^# 16.5
– k'FhLut vr{ #=@ ^=$$ 5.5
8 ah]6 art/3f6f !=* )=%( -1.4_
9 ljQLo Joj:yf !=% )=%( 1.7
10 v'b C0f nufgL )=& !=$@ 0.5
11 v'b ;]o/ nufgL )=%# )=&! 0.6
10 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
cf=j= @)^(÷&) t]x|f}“ of]hgfsf] cf=j= @)&@÷&#
qm=;+= ljj/0f
sf] l:ylt nIo ;Ddsf] k|ult
12 v'b j}b]lzs C0f )=!# !=$& 1.2
13 v'b cfGtl/s C0f 0.11 1.25 1.7
kl/ro | 11
pBf]u tyf ko{6g
pBf]u
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf pBf]u If]qdf ! nfv %) xhf/ /f]huf/L yk x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df
sl/a () xhf/ hgfnfO{ /f]huf/L yk ePsf] cg'dfg 5 . s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf lgdf{0f pBf]u
If]qsf] of]ubfg ^=@ k|ltztaf6 a9fO{ &=% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df %=% k|ltzt k'u]sf]
k|f/lDes cg'dfg 5 . pBf]ux¿sf] :yfkgfdf lj:tf/ ug]{ nIo /x]sf]df 7"nf pBf]ux¿ pNn]vgLo
;ª\Vofdf :yfkgf ePsf] b]lvP tfklg ;fgf tyf n3' pBf]ux¿ ck]lIft ;ª\Vofdf lj:tf/ x'g
;s]sf 5}gg\ .
ko{6g
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] g]kfnnfO{ cfsif{s / ;'/lIft ko{6g uGtJo:yn agfO{ ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds
¿kdf ko{6s cfudgdf j[l4 u/L cy{tGqdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] . of]hgf
cjlwdf jflif{s ko{6s cfudg ;ª\Vof !! nfv k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df ;dLIff cjlwsf] klxnf]
jif{df ko{6s cfudg ;ª\Vof & nfv (& xhf/ /x]sf] lyof]] . t/ bf];|f] jif{df e"sDksf] sf/0fn]
;f] ;ª\Vof 36]/ sl/a % nfvdf ;Lldt /xg uof] . t];|f] jif{df ;f] ;ª\Vof & nfv !) xhf/
/x]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
;fdflhs ;]jf
lzIff
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf egf{b/tkm{ k|fylds tx -!–% sIff_ sf] v'b egf{b/ (%=# k|ltztaf6 zt
k|ltzt k'¥ofpg]] nIo /x]sf]df @)&@ sf] cGTodf (^=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . s'n ;fIf/tfb/ ^%=(
k|ltztaf6 *% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo lnOPsf]df &* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . !% b]lv @$ jif{
pd]/sf] ;fIf/tf *&=% k|ltztaf6 (% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df **=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
:jf:Yo
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lgMz'Ns cfwf/e"t :jf:Yo ;]jfdf kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/L u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf
pknAw u/fO{ pTkfbgzLn / :t/Lo hLjgofkgsf] jftfj/0f tof/ ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf] lyof] .
of]hgfn] dft[ d[To'b/ -k|ltnfv hLljt hGddf_ @*! Aff6 !#$ df emfg]{ nIo lnPsf]df @%* df
em/]sf] 5 . kfFr jif{d'lgsf] afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ %$ af6 #* df emfg]{ nIo
eg] k"/f ePsf] 5 . g]kfnLsf] ;/b/ cfo' ^*=* jif{af6 j[l4 eO{ &! k'Ug] cg'dfg ul/Psf]df ^(
jif{ k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 . s'n k|hggb/ -!% b]lv $( jif{sf k|ltdlxnf_ @=^ af6 @=$ df emfg]{
nIo /x]sf]df @=# df em/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO
;g\ @)!& leq zt k|ltzt hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t :t/sf] vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO ;]jf
pknAw u/fpg] /fli6«o nIocg';f/ t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf cfwf/e"t vfg]kfgL ;]jfsf] kx'Fr (^=#
12 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df *#=^ k|ltzt hgtfdf vfg]kfgLsf] ;+/rgf k'u]sf] cg'dfg ul/Psf]
5 . pRr / dWod:t/sf] vfg]kfgL ;]jf !% k|ltzt gful/sdf k'Ug] cg'dfg /x]sf]df !%=*
k|ltztdf k'uL nIo xfl;n ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L Go"gtd ;/;kmfO ;'ljwfsf] kx'Fr ()=% k|ltzt k'
¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df *! k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;dfj]zLs/0f
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] ul/aL, c;dfgtf, ;LdfGts[t, czQm / ;fdflhs cfly{s hf]lvddf /x]sf
gful/ssf] pTyfg / ;zQmLs/0f u/L ;dGoflos Pjd\ ;Ddfghgs hLjgofkgsf] jftfj/0f
agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu hgr]tgf, ;zQmLs/0f, :j/f]huf/h:tf sfo{qmdsf ;fy}
;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf]if, j[4 tyf czQm eQf, j[4f>d lgdf{0f, :jf:Yo tyf s[lif ladf, ;Lkd"ns
tflnd cflb ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf sfo{qmdx¿ If]qut sfo{qmdcGtu{t ljleGg lgsfox¿af6
;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . sltko sfo{qmdx¿ nlIft sfo{qmdsf ¿kdf Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L /f]huf/L
l;h{gf ug]{ k|sf/sf 5g\ eg] s]xL sfo{qmdx¿n] hLjg lgjf{xsf] nflu eQf tyf cg'bfgsf] ¿kdf
lg/Gt/tf kfPsf 5g\ . xfn !) nfv $( xhf/ *!( hgf Ho]i7 gful/sn] ;fdflhs ;'/Iff eQf
k|fKt ul//x]sf 5g\ . kfFrcf]6f Ho]i7 gful/s gd'gf u|fdsf] lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 . Ho]i7
gful/snfO{ c:ktfndf 5'§} sIfsf] Joj:yf tyf ;fj{hlgs oftfoftdf dlxnf, ckfËtf ePsf
JolQm tyf Ho]i7 gful/sx¿sf nflu l;6 cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf nfu' ePsf] 5 . tLg lhNnfdf
:jf:Yo ladf of]hgf ;'? ePsf] 5 .
o;}u/L lk5l8Psf] hfthflt, ju{, If]q tyf ;d'bfosf nflu ;dfj]lztfsf] cfwf/df /fHosf
ljleGg cª\ux¿df k|ltlglwTj u/fpg] Joj:yfcg'¿k Joj:yflksf ;+;b\df @(=( k|ltzt,
lghfdtL k|zf;gdf !&=% k|ltzt / Gofokflnsfdf #=) k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ePsf] 5 .
cf/If0f Joj:yfcg'¿k s'n l;6 ;ª\Vofsf] lgwf{l/t k|ltztsf cfwf/df cGo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt x'g] k|lqmofsf] sfof{Gjog eO/x]sf] 5 .
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;
pmhf{
t]x|f}F of]hgfsf] cGTo;Dddf ljB't\sf] kx'Fr x'g] hg;ª\Vof *& k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df
xfn;Dd &$ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofdf ljB't\ kx'Fr k'u]sf] 5 . o;dWo] /fli6«o ljB't\ k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr
k|fKt ug]{ hg;ª\Vof %* k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . s'n hl8t ljB't\ Ifdtf *%! d]ufjf6 k'u]sf] 5 eg]
^^ s]=eL= jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] ljB't\ k|;f/0f nfOg Ifdtf @,(&) lsnf]ld6/ /x]sf] 5 . of]hgfsf]
cGt;Dd gjLs/0fLo pmhf{tkm{ !*=^ d]ufjf6 3/fo;L ;f}o{ ljB't\ pTkfbg, # nfv ^$ xhf/
afof]Uof; KnfG6 / & nfv @$ xhf/ ;'wfl/Psf] r'nf] h8fg ul/Psf] 5 . gjLs/0fLo pmhf{af6
nfeflGjt x'g] ;du| hg;ª\Vof !# k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ !* k|ltzt k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
kl/ro | 13
oftfoft tyf ;~rf/
rfn' of]hgfsf] k|yd b'O{ jif{df /0fgLlts / If]qLo:t/sf ;8s lgdf{0f @%,@^%
lsnf]ld6/af6 j[l4 eO{ @(,)#! lsnf]ld6/, k'nsf] ;ª\Vof !,^)( af6 yk eO{ !,(%@ k'u]sf] 5 .
cem} klg b'O{ lhNnf ;8s ;~hfndf hf]l8g ;s]sf 5}gg\ . xjfO{ oftfofttkm{ #^ d'n'sx¿;Fu
xjfO{ ;Demf}tf ePsf] 5 eg] ljleGg d'n'ssf @^ cGt/f{li6«o xjfO{ sDkgLx¿n] g]kfndf p8fg
ul//x]sf 5g\ . uf}td a'4 If]qLo ljdfg:yn / kf]v/f If]qLo ljdfg:ynsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ k|f/De
ePsf] 5 . /]n oftfofttkm{ l;d/f–alb{jf; v08 / cGo ljleGg v08 u/L hDdf #&@
lsnf]ld6/;Ddsf]] lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg tof/ ePsf] 5 .
;~rf/tkm{ ;dLIff cjlwdf 6]lnkmf]g 3gTj *!=& k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ !!)=# k|ltzt
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fy} /]l8of]sf] /fli6«o k|;f/0fsf] kx'Fr () k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df **
k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . OG6/g]6 u|fxssf] ;ª\Vof sl/a ! s/f]8 @! Nffv / u|fxs 3gTj @^=(
k|ltztaf6 j[l4 eO{ $^=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
ejg, cfjf; tyf ;x/L ljsf;
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;lqmotfdf ;a}sf nflu Ifdtfcg';f/sf] ;'/lIft cfjf;sf]
Joj:yf ug{ lskmfotL, jftfj/0fd}qL tyf e"sDk hf]lvdd'Qm ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL ejgx¿sf]
lgdf{0f / ljsf; ug]{ p2]Zo /fv]sf]] lyof] . ;dLIff cjlwdf u|fdL0f If]qsf nlIft ju{sf nflu
^,!(@ hgtf cfjf; PsfO / ;x/L Go"g cfo ePsfx¿sf nflu !#) cfjf; PsfOsf] lgdf{0f
sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . o;}u/L ;'/lIft, :jR5, Jojl:yt / ;d[4 ;x/ ljsf;sf] nflu !^ cf]6f
gu/kflnsfdf PsLs[t ef}lts k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f eO/x]sf] 5 eg] !) cf]6f ;x/L sf]l/8f]/df k"jf{wf/
ljsf;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf k|:tfljt !) cf]6f gofF ;x/x¿sf] lgdf{0fsf
nflu hUuf vl/b sfo{ cl3 a9fOPsf] 5 .
cGt/;DalGwt If]qx¿
>d tyf /f]huf/L
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf /fli6«o /f]huf/ gLlt sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 eg] /f]huf/L k|Tofe"lt
sfg'gsf] d:of}bf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . !* cf]6f lhNnfx¿df /f]huf/ ;"rgf tyf k/fdz{ s]G›dfkm{t
a]/f]huf/x¿sf] nut tyf l/Qm kbsf] clen]v cBfjlws ul/Psf] 5 . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] nflu
clGtd :jLs[lt lnPsf] ;ª\Vof cf=j= @)&)÷&!, @)&!÷&@ / cf=j= @)&@÷&# df qmdzM
%,@&,*!$ hgf, %,!@,**& hgf / $,!*,&!# hgf /x]sf] 5 .
jftfj/0f tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{g
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf jftfj/0fLo k|efj tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/ Go"gLs/0fsf] nflu xl/t
ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff NofOPsf]df jgn] 9fs]sf] If]qsf] lj:tf/;Fu} of] cjwf/0ff klg sfof{Gjog x'Fb}
uPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . ;fy}, jftfj/0f P]g tyf lgodfjnLsf] k'g/fjnf]sg, hf]lvd kbfy{ lgodfjnL,
/f;folgs dfqf lgwf{/0f;DaGwL dfkb08h:tf sfg'gL tyf gLltut Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo
14 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
cg's"ng sfo{of]hgfdfkm{t ! nfv %) xhf/ gful/s k|ToIf nfeflGjt ePsf 5g\ . OF6fe§fdf
;'wfl/Psf] k|ljlw, jftfj/0fLo gd'gf k|of]uzfnf, jftfj/0fLo k|efj d"Nofª\sg k/LIf0f / w'Fjf–w'nf]
k/LIf0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] lyof] .
n}l·s ;dfgtf tyf dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f
;a} ;fdflhs ;d"x, ju{ / If]qsf dlxnfx¿sf] cfly{s, ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;zQmLs/0f
;'lglZrt ub}{ dlxnf lx+;f, lje]b / alxis/0fsf] cGTo ug]{ p2]Zon] of}ghGo b'Jo{jxf/ -lgjf/0f_
P]g, af]S;L;DaGwL -s;'/ / ;hfo_ P]g th{'df ePsf] 5 . Psn dlxnf ;'/Iff sf]if lgodfjnL /
;~rfng dfkb08 sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 . /fHosf ;a} cª\ux¿nfO{ ;dfj]zL agfpg] k|of;sf]
kmn:j¿k dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj pNn]Vo ¿kdf j[l4 ePsf] 5 . cf=j= @)&@÷&# df k|ToIf n}lËs
pQ/bfoL ah]6 @@=# k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . dlxnf ljsf; sfo{qmddf nlIft ;d"x ;b:o ;ª\Vof !)
nfv $# xhf/ gf3]sf] 5 .
zflGt tyf ;'zf;g
zflGt, k'glg{df{0f tyf k'g:yf{kgf
t]x|f}F of]hgfdf hgcfGbf]ng / ;z:q åGåsf] qmddf hLjg pT;u{ u/]sf ;lxbsf] ;Ddfg,
a]kQfsf] vf]hL, åGå kLl8tsf] nflu /fxt tyf k'g:yf{kgf, k'gP{sLs/0f / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg Gofo
k|bfg ug{ tyf Iflt ePsf ;+/rgf lgdf{0f Pjd\ dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{sf] nflu sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ePsf 5g\ . a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmx¿sf] 5fglag cfof]u / ;Tolg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfk
cfof]u u7g ePsf 5g\ . t]x|fF} of]hgf cjlwdf åGådf Hofg u'dfPsf !!,#)@ kl/jf/nfO{
clwstd ?= % nfv / !$,$!* hgfnfO{ clwstd ?= Ps nfv /fxt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . To:t}
!,!^@ a]kQf kfl/Psf JolQmsf xsbf/nfO{ clwstd ?= % nfv k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 / $,^$( hgf
åGå k|efljt ljwjf tyf Psn dlxnfnfO{ /fxt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . hgcfGbf]ngsf 3fOt] #)
hgfnfO{ dfl;s j[lQ, #* hgfnfO{ 5fqj[lQ / #,@!^ hgfnfO{ /fxt k|bfg ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy},
#,*(# cf]6f åGåaf6 Ifltu|:t ePsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glg{df{0f ;DkGg ePsf] 5 .
;'zf;g
t]xf}F of]hgfdf sfg'gL /fHosf] d"NodfGotfnfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ /fHo ;+oGqsf ;Dk"0f{ If]qdf
;xeflutf, kf/blz{tf, hjfkmb]lxtf / e|i6frf/df z"Go ;xgzLntfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf u/L ;'zf;g
sfod ug]{ p2]Zocg'¿k Ifltk"lt{;lxtsf] gful/s a8fkqsf] Joj:yf, ;]jfk|jfx / sfof{nodf
ljB'tLo zf;g, c6f]d];g, g]6jls{ª, ;/sf/L vr{nfO{ j]e;fO6dfkm{t ;fj{hlgsLs/0f,
;"rs;lxtsf] sfo{;Dkfbg ;Demf}tfh:tf k|fjwfgx¿sf] k|f/De ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;]jf P]g /
lgodfjnLnfO{ ;fdlos agfpg ;+zf]wg ul/Psf] 5 .
sfg'gL zf;gsf] clgjfo{ ;t{sf] ¿kdf :jtGq / ;Ifd Gofok|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf ug{ ljBdfg
sfg'gsf] ;'wf/ / kl/dfh{gsf] nflu cWoog cg';Gwfg eO/x]sf] 5 . b]jfgL tyf kmf}hbf/L
sfg'gsf] ;+lxtf ljw]os k]; ePsf] 5 . cfdgful/ssf] Gofodf ;dfg / ;xh kx'Frsf] nflu
kl/ro | 15
;+:yfut, sfg'gL / k|lqmofut ;'wf/ ul/Psf] 5 . afn Gofok|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ tyf dlxnf
;+j]bgzLn d'2fdf zL3| Gofo k|bfg ug]{ k|of; ePsf 5g\ .
e|i6rf/sf] cg';Gwfgsf nflu clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]udf ph'/L Joj:yfkg
k|lqmofdf ;'wf/ tyf ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . ;+:yfut Ifdtf lj:tf/ ug{ cfof]usf
If]qLo tyf ;Dks{ sfof{nox¿ vf]lnPsf 5g\ .
16 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
hg;ª\VofnfO{ u}/s[lif If]qdf :yfgfGt/0f u/fpg], :j/f]huf/nfO{ k|j4{g ug]{ / ;xsfl/tfnfO{
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f sfo{qmd;Fu cfa4 ug]{ k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\ .
t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ljk|]if0f, s[lif tyf u}/s[lif If]qdf ePsf]
Hofnf j[l4, ljkGg, k5fl8 k/]sf Pjd\ ;LdfGts[t ju{ / If]qsf hgtfsf] nflu ;~rflnt
;fdflhs ;'/Iff tyf ;+/If0f;DaGwL sfo{qmdnufotsf cGo nlIft sfo{qmdx¿sf] kmn:j¿k
ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] hg;ª\Vof @#=* k|ltztaf6 @!=^ k|ltztdf em/]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
ul/aL Go"gLs/0f ug{df >d ahf/df l;h{gf ePsf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿sf] 7"nf] e"ldsf
/xG5 . t/ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a %& k|ltzt cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo hgzlQmdWo] Go"g ;ª\Vofn]
dfq k"0f{ / pTkfbgd"ns /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ . s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] sl/a #)
k|ltzt cw{a]/f]huf/ / @=# k|ltzt k"0f{ a]/f]huf/ /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . d'n'sdf nufgL ug]{ pko'Qm
jftfj/0fsf] cefjsf sf/0f pBf]u / ;]jfsf] If]qdf cfzftLt ljsf; x'g g;Sbf ;lqmo
hgzlQmsf] 7"nf] lx:;f s[lifdf cfl>t /x]sf] cj:yf 5 . s[lif If]qdf klg kof{Kt l;FrfO /
cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cfw'lgsLs/0f / Joj;foLs/0f x'g g;Sbf s[lifdf cfl>t hgzlQm
klg cw{a]/f]huf/Lsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] cj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ul/asf] 7"nf] lx:;f s[lifdf cfl>t x'g' t/
s[lif If]qsf] j[l4b/ Go"g ePaf6 ul/aLdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ cfpg ;s]sf] 5}g .
t]x|f}F of]hgfn] jflif{s cf};t #=@ k|ltztsf b/n] /f]huf/L j[l4 ug]{ nIo lnPsf]df @=(
k|ltztn] dfq j[l4 ePsf] 5 . jflif{s sl/a $ nfv %) xhf/ JolQm >d ahf/df k|j]z u/L/x]sf]
xfnsf] cj:yfdf d'n'sleq kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ ;[hgf x'g g;Sbf j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf]
vf]hL ug{ pNn]Vo ;ª\Vofdf g]kfnsf] o'jfzlQm ljb]lzg] u/]sf] cj:yf 5 . o;/L d'n'ssf]
o'jfzlQm ljb]zdf uO{ >d a]r]/ ljk]|if0fsf] dfWodaf6 d'n'sdf ljb]zL d'b|f k7fpg] u/]sf] b]lvP
tfklg d'n'sleq} ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df o'jfzlQmsf] pkof]uaf6 d'n'snfO{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf
cfTdlge{/ agfpg] cj;/ u'd]sf] 5 .
dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ of]hgfsf] k|f/Dedf )=$^# /x]sf]df To;af6 j[l4 eO{ )=%$) k'u]sf]
5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgLh:tf If]qx¿df ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n eO;s]sf] cj:yf 5 .
t]x|f+} of]hgf cjlwdf ck]lIft cfo' &! jif{ k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df ^( jif{ k'u]sf] cg'dfg 5 .
;fIf/tf b/ -!%–@$ jif{ pd]/df_ (% k|ltzt k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df **=^ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
k|fylds txdf v'b egf{b/ (^=^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . t]x|f}F of]hgfn] lj=;+= @)&( leq g]kfnnfO{
cltsd ljsl;t /fi6«af6 ljsf;ZfLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt ug]{ bL3{sfnLg ;f]r /fv]sf] lyof] .
o;sf] nflu ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3n] k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfo, dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsfÍ / cfly{s hf]lvd
;"rsfÍ u/L tLgcf]6f dfkb08 to u/L dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsfÍ ^^ eGbfdfly x'g'kg]{, cfly{s
hf]lvd ;"rsfÍ #@ eGbf tn x'g'kg]{ / k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfo !,@$@ cd]l/sL 8n/ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{
u/L ;Ldf tf]s]sf] 5 . t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlwdf klxnf] b'O{cf]6f ;"rsfÍx¿df ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ
b]lvPsf] 5 . of]hgfsf] ;'?df ^@=@ /x]sf] dfgj ;DklQ ;"rsfÍdf j[l4 eO{ ^( k'u]sf] 5 .
cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsfÍ @&=*% af6 @& df em/]sf] 5 . of]hgf cjlwdf k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfo
kl/ro | 17
&@! cd]l/sL 8n/Aff6 j[l4 u/L ()@ 8n/ k'¥ofpg] nIo /x]sf]df cf=j= @)&@÷&# df &^*
8n/ k'u]sf] 5 . ljsf;ZfLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf nflu tf]lsPsf pQm ;"rsfÍx¿dWo] dfgj
;DklQ ;"rsfÍ / cfly{s hf]lvd ;"rsfÍsf xsdf lgwf{l/t nIo xfl;n ePsf] b]lvG5 eg]
k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfosf] nIo k"/f x'g;s]sf] 5}g . ctM tLg cf]6f ;"rsfÍx¿dWo] cl3Nnf b'O{
cf]6f ;"rsfÍx¿df ;sf/fTds k|j[lQ b]lvPsf] ePtfklg k|ltJolQm /fli6«o cfo dxŒjk"0f{ x'g] x'Fbf
;f] nIo;d]t xfl;n u/L ljsf;zLn /fi6«df :t/f]Gglt x'gsf] nflu cem lgs} k|of; ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 .
18 | rf}wf}“ of]hgf
df lzz' d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ !)* /x]sf]df of] ;ª\Vof ;g\ @)!$ df ## df em/]sf]
5 . o;}u/L ;g\ !(() df afn d[To'b/ -k|ltxhf/ hLljt hGddf_ !^@ /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!$ df
#* df em/]sf] 5 . bfb'/flj?4sf] vf]k (@ k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfndf ;g\ !(() df *%) /x]sf] dft[ d[To'b/ ;g\ @)!# df @%* df em/]sf] 5 . nIo %
adf]lhd dft[ d[To'b/ Go"gLs/0f ug{df pNn]vgLo k|ult u/]sfn] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3sf]] dxf;efaf6
g]kfn k'/:s[t klg ePsf] 5 . dft[ :jf:Yodf ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ ug{ lgMz'Ns k|;"lt ;]jf, oftfoft
vr{, b'u{d If]qdf sfd ug]{ :jf:YosdL{x¿nfO{ pTk|]/0ff lbg] tyf :yfgLo :jf:YosdL{ tyf
;'8]gLnfO{ tflnd lbg]nufot ue{ktgnfO{ sfg'gL dfGotf k|bfg ug]{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] k|an
e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 . s'n k|hggb/ 36\g', kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgx¿sf] k|of]u a9\g', tflnd k|fKt
:jf:YosdL{sf] ;xof]udf ;'Ts]/L x'g]sf] ;ª\Vof a9\g' / ue{jtLsf] ;dodf :jf:YosdL{sf] ;]jf
;Nnfx lng]sf] ;ª\Vof a9\g'n] ;d]t dft[ d[To'b/ 36fpg ;3fPsf] kfOPsf] 5 .
nIo ^ df PrcfO{eL, Ifo/f]u / cf}nf] /f]u;DaGwL ;"rsx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o; nIoadf]lhd
!%-$( jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifx¿df PrcfO{eL ;ª\qmd0fb/ ;g\ @))) df )=@(
k|ltzt /x]sf]df @)!% df )=)# k|ltzt dfq /x]sf] 5 . o;}u/L !% b]lv @$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xdf
;ª\qmd0fb/ *) k|ltztn] 36]sf] 5 . Ifo/f]u;DaGwL w]/}h;f] nIo klg xfl;n ePsf] 5 . cf}nf]
/f]usf xsdf d[To'b/ z"Go k'u]sfn] of] /f]u pGd"ng x'g] l:yltdf k'u]sf] 5 .
g]kfnn] nIo & df /x]sf] lbuf] ljsf;;DaGwL nIo xfl;n ug{sf nflu jftfj/0fLo ;|f]t
;fwgx¿sf] Ifo x'g glbg gLlt tyf sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog u/L/x]sf] 5 . kmn:j¿k sltko
;"rsx¿df ;sf/fTds ;'wf/ b]lvPsf] 5 . ;g\ @))) df 3/fo;L OGwgsf nflu bfp/fsf] k|of]u
ug]{ kl/jf/ ^* k|ltzt /x]sf]df ;g\ @)!% df %( df em/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf PnkLhL Uof;
k|of]u ug]{ kl/jf/ &=& k|ltztaf6 a9]/ @*=& k|ltztdf k'u]sf] 5 . o;}u/L jgn] 9fs]sf] If]qkmn
$$=% / ;+/lIft If]q @#=% k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 . ;'wfl/Psf] vfg]kfgL ;+/rgfdf *#=^ k|ltzt
3/kl/jf/sf] kxF'r k'u]sf] 5 eg] *! k|ltzt 3/kl/jf/df ;/;kmfO ;'ljwf k'u]sf] 5 .
;du|df, ;x;|fAbL ljsf; nIo xfl;n;DaGwL k|ult pT;fxhgs /x]sf] 5 . ul/aL 36\g',
ljBfno egf{b/ tyf ljBfnotxdf n}ª\lUfs ;dtfb/ pNNf]Vo ¿kdf ;'wf/ x'g', lzz'÷afn÷dft[
d[To'b/ 36\g', vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfOsf If]qdf pNn]Vo ;'wf/ x'g' ;sf/fTds ;ª\s]t x'g\ . t/,
/fli6«o cf};tdf xfl;n ePsf sltko nIonfO{ v08Ls[t ubf{ ljleGg ef}uf]lns If]q tyf
;fdflhs ;d"xaLr ljleGgtf /x]sf] / kl/df0ffTds ¿kdf nIo xfl;n eP klg u'0ffTds
lx;fadf sdhf]/L /x]sfn] o; l:yltdf ;'wf/ cfjZos 5 . o;}u/L a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f, hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf gsf/fTds c;/x¿, pmhf{ ;ª\s6nufot k"jf{wf/x¿sf] sdL /xg' / ;du| cfly{s–
;fdflhs ;"rsx¿ psf:gsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ cfly{s j[l4b/ Go"g /xg'h:tf r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf
5g\ . o;df ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] yk r'gf}tL yk]sf] 5 . o;}n] xfl;n ePsf pknlAwnfO{ vl:sg
glbg] / xfl;n x'g afFsL NfIox¿ xfl;n ug]{ Pjd\ plNnlvt r'gf}tLx¿nfO{ ;dfwfg ug]{ u/L
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIo;DaGwL sfo{qmdnfO{ cfufdL of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdx¿df ;d]6\g'kg]{ l:ylt 5 .
kl/ro | 19
kl/R5]b M @
rf}wf}“ of]hgf
-cfly{s jif{ @)&#÷&$ – @)&%÷&^_
@=! k[i7e"ld
rf}wf}+ of]hgf ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf] zf;sLo Joj:yf;lxtsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eO{ To;df
cGtlg{lxt cfly{s–;fdflhs l;4fGt sfof{Gjog ug]{ klxnf] of]hgf xf] . @)&@ ;fnsf] ljgfzsf/L
e"sDkn] k'¥ofPsf] Ifltsf] k'glg{df{0f ub}{ pTyfgzLn g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ / blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf
ePsf] cj/f]waf6 /fli6«o cfk"lt{ Joj:yf c:tJo:t eO{ cy{tGqsf ljleGg kIfx¿df kg{ uPsf]
c;/af6 kf7 l;Sb} cfufdL lbgx¿df :jfwLg / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug]{tkm{ of] of]hgf
d'vl/t 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;g\ @)!% sf] ;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª\3sf] dxf;efaf6 ;g\ @)#) ;Dd
xfl;n ul/;Sg] k|lta4tf;lxt :jLsf/ ul/Psf lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ / g]kfnsf] To; a]nf;Dd
dWod cfoju{sf] d'n'sx¿sf] :t/df k'Ug] nIo;d]t xfl;n x'g] u/L of]hgf / jflif{s sfo{qmd
to ug]{ klg of] klxnf] cj;/ xf] . gofF ;ljwfg lgdf{0f;Fu} ljsf;k|lt hgcfª\sfIff pRr ¿kdf
a9]sf] ;Gbe{df ;d]t of]hgfn] tL ck]Iffx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ hfg'kg]{ l:ylt 5 . rf}wf}+ of]hgf
tof/ ubf{ log} s'/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /flvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgaf6 kl/nlIft /fli6«o
cy{tGqnfO{ ;dfhjfb pGd'v, cfTdlge{/, :jtGq tyf pGgltzLn agfpg] ;f]rnfO{ sfof{Gjog
ub}{ lbuf]kg;lxtsf] ;d[l4sf] dfu{ /fi6«nfO{ cufl8 a9fpg]tkm{ of] of]hgf pGd'v 5 .
lbuf] ljsf;sf nIox¿ xfl;n ub}{ @)*& ;Dd dWod cfDbfgL ePsf] d'n'ssf] ¿kdf
:t/f]Gglt ug]{u/L of] of]hgf th'{df ul/Psf] 5 . To;}u/L /f]huf/d'vL / Gofof]lrt ljt/0f;lxtsf]
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;/sf/L ;fy} lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ kl/k"/s ¿kdf kl/rfng ug{'
cfjZos 5 . oL tLgcf]6} If]qaf6 yk nufgL / nufgLsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4sf] dfWodaf6 pRr
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{, k|ltJolQm cfonfO{ l5§} dWod cfDbfgL ePsf] d'n'sdf :t/f]Gglt x'g]
:t/df k'¥ofpg] / cGttM lbuf] cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug]{tkm{ rf}wf}+ of]hgfnfO{ s]lG›t ul/Psf] 5 .
20 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 . To:t}, lgjf{xd'vL s[lifnfO{ ¿kfGt/0f u/L k|lt:kwf{ Pjd\
Joj;fod'vL agfpFb} o;nfO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]lus ljsf;df cfa4 ug]{ sfo{ emg} r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
pmhf{;Í6 x6fpg], k|sf]k;DaGwL ;DefJo hf]lvdx¿sf] Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;sf
;a} k|of;x¿nfO{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"n agfpg] sfo{ cem 7"nf] r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
k"jf{wf/sf] lgdf{0f tyf ljsf; / cfa4tf;Fu} u|fdL0f / ;x/L ljsf;nfO{ cGt/;DalGwt t'NofO{
o;nfO{ cfly{s j[l4sf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf :yflkt ug{'kg]{5 .
ljsf; sfo{qmdnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ sfo{;Fu;Fu} lgIf]k0f;DaGwL sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{
hgtfsf] clt glhssf] zf;sLo tx;Dd ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfx / ljt/0fnfO{ lglZrttf k|bfg
ug{ ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgnufot cGo zf;sLo ;'wf/sf] sfo{ cl3 a9fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5 .
k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo tx;Dd ljsf; Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf a9fpFb} ;a} txdf hjfkmb]xL, :jR5 /
k|efjsf/L ljsf; k|zf;g sfod ug]{ sfo{ klg r'gf}tLs} ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . /fHosf] k'g;{+/rgfsf]
sfo{ l56f] ;DkGg ub}{ k|fb]lzs Pjd\ :yfgLo ljsf;sf] g]t[Tj oyf;Dej l56f] lgjf{lrt
hgk|ltlglwx¿af6 g} u/fpg] r'gf}tL;Fu} s]G›Lo of]hgf sfof{Gjog k|0ffnLnfO{ klg ;'b[9
t'Nofpg'kg]{5 .
cj;/
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg hf/L eP;Fu} d"ne"t ¿kdf /fhg}lts ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg x'g uO{ d'n's
cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] r/0fdf k|j]z u/]sf] 5 . pj{/ hldg, hn:f|f]t, jg, vfgL, h}ljs
ljljwtf Pjd\ ef}uf]lns ;'Gb/tfh:tf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] a'l4dtfk"0f{ pkof]uaf6 ;d[l4 xfl;n
ug{;Sg] k|Zf:t ;Defjgf 5g\ . s'n hg;ª\Vofdf cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo x'g] hg;ª\Vofsf] cg'kft
a9\b} hfg'sf ;fy} cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;nfO{ ›'ttf k|bfg ug{ :j:y / qmdzM lzlIft x'Fb}
uO/x]sf] ;Ifd hgzlQm ljsf; x'Fb}5 ., ljZj cg'ejaf6 k|dfl0ft a9Ldf tLg–rf/ bzs;Dd
pknAw x'g] hg;fª\lVos nfef+z g]kfnnfO{ xfn pknAw 5 . pkof]u x'g} g;s]sf tyf sd
pkof]u eO/x]sf ef}lts tyf cGo k"jf{wf/ pkof]u ug]{ cj;/ klg 5 .
xfn;Ddsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s If]qdf ePsf] nufgLsf] pRrtd k|ltkmn lng;Sg] cj:yf
5 . cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo hg;ª\Vofsf] cfwfcfwL hg;ª\Vof ;xsf/L tyf ;fd'bflos k|0ffnLdf
cfa4 5g\ . o;af6 ;xeflutfd"ns ljsf;sf nflu cfwf/lznf alg;s]sf] 5 . lghL tyf
;xsf/L b'j} If]q k|j4{g ug]{ ;/sf/L gLltaf6 k|fKt cj;/sf] pkof]u ub}{ d'n'snfO{ cfly{s ¿kn]
;d[4 agfpg ;/sf/;Fu kl/k"/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{ pQm If]qx¿ tTk/ 5g\ . e"sDkaf6 ePsf]
ljgfz / blIf0fL ;Ldf If]qdf ePsf] cj/f]wsf] sf/0faf6 ef]Ug' k/]sf] kL8f / Ifltn] ;Gt'lnt
cGt/lge{/tfsf] cfwf/df cfTdlge{/tf / lbuf] ljsf; cufl8 a9fpg cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf 5g\ .
cGt/;/sf/L d~r, cGt/f{li6«o tyf If]qLo ;ª\3;+:yfdfkm{t ljsf;df ;fem]bf/L / pRr j}b]lzs
;xfotf k|lta4tf k|fKt 5 . u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnLnufotaf6 d'n'sdf j}b]lzs nufgL qmdzM
cfslif{t eO/x]sf] 5 . l5d]sL d'n'sdf ›'t lj:tf/ eO/x]sf] dWod juL{o hglx:;faf6 g]kfnsf]
ko{6g, j}b]lzs nufgL, lgof{t Pjd\ sltko ;]jf If]qsf] lj:tf/ ug]{ cj;/ k|fKt 5 . j}b]lzs
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 21
/f]huf/Laf6 k|fKt ;Lk, k'FhL / pBdzLntfsf] pkof]udfkm{t g]kfndf afXo hut\af6 1fg, k|ljlw
/ k'FhL kl/rfng ug{ yk cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] 5 .
@=# ;f]r
:jfwLg, ;d'Ggt tyf ;dfhjfb pGd'v /fli6«o cy{tGq Pjd\ ;d[4 g]kfnL .
@=$ nIo
;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHo x'Fb} dWod cfo ePsf d'n'ssf] :t/df k'Ug] .
@=% p2]Zo
pTkfbgzLn /f]huf/L pGd'v / Gofok"0f{ ljt/0f;lxtsf] pRr cfly{s j[l4åf/f ›'t ul/aL
Go"gLs/0f ub}{ cfly{s ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug'{ .
@=^ kl/df0ffTds nIo
rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf k|d'v cfly{s–;fdflhs nIo tflnsf g+= @=! df pNn]v u/]adf]lhd sfod
ul/Psf 5g\ M
tflnsf @=! M k|d'v cfly{s, ;fdflhs / ef}lts nIox¿
cf=j= @)&@÷&# rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] nIo
qm=;+= ;"rs÷nIo
sf] l:ylt -@)&%÷&^ df_
!= jflif{s cf};t cfly{s j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ )=* &=@
@= s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ !=# $=&
#= u}/s[lif If]qsf] jflif{s cf};t j[l4b/ -k|ltzt_ )=^ *=$
$= d'b|f:kmLlt (=% &=%
%= k|ltJolQm s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg -?= xhf/df_ &(=$ !!^=%
^= ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lgsf] hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ @!=^ !&=)
&= dfgj ljsf; ;"rsfÍ )=%$ )=%&
*= n}lËs ;zQmLs/0f ;"rsfÍ )=%^ )=%*
(= ck]lIft cfo' -hGd]sf] ;dodf, jif{_ ^( &@
!)= vfg]kfgL ;]jf k'u]sf] hg;ª\Vofsf] -k|ltzt_ *#=^ ()=)
!!= dfWolds txdf v'b egf{b/ -k|ltzt_ #&=& $%=)
!@= !%–@$ jif{ pd]/ ;d"xsf] ;fIf/tfb/ **=^ (@=)
!#= ljB't\ pTkfbg -hl8t Ifdtf, d]ufjf6_ *%! @,#)!
!$= ljB't\df kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ &$=) *&=)
!%= l;FrfO -x]S6/ nfvdf_ !#=( !%=@
!^= OG6/g]6 ;]jfdf kx'Fr k|fKt hg;ª\Vof -k|ltzt_ $$=$ ^%=)
22 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
@=& /0fgLlt
plNnlvt ;f]r, nIo / p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ lgDgfg';f/ kfFr k|d'v /0fgLltx¿ cl3 ;fl/Psf
5g\ M
1. s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f, ko{6g, cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ ;fgf tyf demf}nf Joj;fosf]
lj:tf/dfkm{t pTkfbg j[l4 ug]{ .
2. pmhf{, ;8s tyf xjfO{ oftfoft, ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ / u|fdL0f–;x/L tyf lqb]zLo
cfa4tf ljsf;sf nflu k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{ .
3. ;fdflhs ljsf; / ;fdflhs ;'/Iff Pjd\ ;fdflhs ;+/If0fdf hf]8 lbFb} dfgj ljsf;df
pRr tyf lbuf] ;'wf/ ug]{ .
4. cfly{s, ;fdflhs Pjd\ zf;sLo ;'wf/, s'zn Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL ;fj{hlgs ljQ, :jR5,
kf/bzL{ / hgd}qL ;fj{hlgs ;]jf Pjd\ dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / k|j4{g ub}{ ;du|
;'zf;g k|j4{g ug]{ .
5. n}lËs ;dfgtf, ;dfj]zLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, lj1fg tyf k|ljlwsf] pRrtd k|of]u
tyf ;+:yfut Ifdtf a9fpg] .
@=* cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;df ljleGg If]qsf] e"ldsf
;/sf/L If]q
;/sf/L If]qn]] /0fgLlts dxŒjsf k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf;åf/f pRr / lbuf] ljsf;sf] cfwf/
lgdf{0f ug]{, ;dli6ut cfly{s :yfloTj sfod ug]{, gLltut, sfg'gL, lgofds / k|lqmofut ;'wf/
u/L cfGtl/s tyf afXo nufgLsf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;+/If0f ;'b[9 ug]{
Pjd\ lghL, ;xsf/L / u}/;/sf/L tyf ;fd'bflos If]qnfO{ ljsf; k|lqmofdf cl3 a9fpg
;xhLs/0f ug{]h:tf sfo{ ug]{5 . nf]ssNof0fsf/L /fHosf] cjwf/0ffcg'¿k ;/sf/ cfwf/e"t
If]qdf cfly{s–;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f ug]{, ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; ug]{ /
;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] cfly{s k|0ffnL lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{df s]lG›t /xg]5 .
lghL If]q
;/sf/af6 l;lh{t Jofj;flos jftfj/0f / pknAw k|f]T;fxgsf] pkof]u ub}{ gjLgtd ;f]r /
k|ljlw;lxtsf] nufgL j[l4 u/L cfo / /f]huf/L a9fpg] tyf k|lt:kwf{sf] dfWodaf6 bIftf /
pTkfbsTj j[l4 u/L lghL If]qn] ;du| cfly{s j[l4sf] jfxssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . s[lif,
cf}Bf]lus Pjd\ ;]jf If]q;Fu cGt/;DaGw a9fpFb} cfly{s ¿kfGt/0fdf dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] 5 .
;xsf/L If]q
;d'bfodf /x]sf] ;|f]t;fwgsf] ;Ël7t ;+:yfdfkm{t kl/rfng u/L ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f,
;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 / ;d'bfosf] ;zQmLs/0f ug{] sfo{df ;xsf/Lsf] e"ldsf /xg]5 . ;/sf/
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 23
pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] / lghL If]q cfslif{t gx'g] If]qdf cfwf/e"t j:t' / ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ ;'lglZrt
ug{ ;xsf/L If]qsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /xg]5 . vf;u/L u|fdL0f tyf :yfgLo:t/df hg;d'bfonfO{
;ª\ul7t u/L pgLx¿sf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ug{ / ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4df ;xsf/L
If]qn] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5 . ;xsf/Lsf] cleofg, ;~hfn / zlQmnfO{ pBd ljsf;,
;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4, ul/aL lgjf/0f, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;d'bfosf] ljsf;df ;lqmo u/fOg]5 .
24 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
rf}wf}“ of]hgf
qm= ;+= If]qx¿ cfwf/ jif{
@)&@÷&# cf};t cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
j[l4b/ @)&#÷&$ @)&$÷&% @)&%÷&^
@=! pBf]u 29281 10.6 32247 35447 39461
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 1226 6.5 1330 1403 1487
@=!=@ pBf]u 11557 6.1 12481 13074 13858
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 2122 12.2 2334 2614 3006
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 14377 13.6 16102 18357 21110
@=@ ;]jf 113392 7.8 121200 130734 142050
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 29713 7.8 31792 34336 37254
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 4349 9.0 4696 5119 5631
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 17592 11.9 19351 21673 24707
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 10356 7.0 10978 11746 12686
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf
19133 5.8 20089 21294 22679
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 5440 5.0 5712 5997 6297
@=@=& lzIff 14115 7.0 15033 16085 17291
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 3700 9.0 4014 4375 4791
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs tyf
8996 6.0 9536 10108 10714
JolQmut ;]jfsf lqmofsnfk
s'n d"No clej[l4
208869 7.3 222614 238610 257450
-FISIM ;d]t_
ljQLo dWo:ytf ;]jf ck|ToIf
8141 7.5 8751 9408 10113
¿kdf
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
200728
200728 7.2 213863 229202 247337
-cfwf/e"t d"Nodf_
v'b j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg s/ 24142 7.8 25832 27795 30296
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg
224870 7.3 239694 256997 277633
-pTkfbssf] d"Nodf_
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 25
@=(=@ ;LdfGt k'“hL pTkfbg cg'kft / nufgL
ljutsf jif{x¿df cfly{s tyf u}/cfly{s sf/0fx¿n] ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL nufgLsf]
pTkfbsTj pT;fxk|b x'g;s]sf] 5}g . To;}u/L pko'Qm ;Lk / bIftf Pjd\ cg's"n cf}Bf]lus
jftfj/0fsf] cefjdf >dsf] pTkfbsTj j[l4 x'g;s]sf] 5}g . cem cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf;df d'n's
;'xfpFbf] k|ljlwsf] tTsfn k|of]u÷pkof]udf klg ;d:of /x]sfn] ;du| cy{tGqsf] sfo{s'zntf
a9\g ;s]sf] 5}g . hn;|f]t tyf j}slNks pmhf{df cfwfl/t pmhf{ If]qsf] ljsf;, /fhdfu{ tyf
/0fg}lts dxŒjsf Pjd\ bL3{sfnLg cfa4tf ;xh kfg]{ ;8ssf] ;~hfn ljsf; ug{ >d /
k|ljlweGbf a9L k'FhLsf] kl/rfng / nufgL ug{'kg]{ afWotf 5 . To:t} cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
oflGqsLs/0f ub{} hfg'kg{] b]lvG5 . tTsfnsf nflu d"ntM lgdf{0f / ljB't\df ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg
cg'kft s]xL pRr /xg] cj:yf 5 . vf;u/L 7"nf k"jf{wf/ cfof]hgfx¿sf] ;'?jft x'g] t/ k|ltkmn
cfpg ;do nfUg] ePsf]n] cfufdL of]hgfdf ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kft ut of]hgfeGbf s]xL
pRr x'g] cg'dfg 5 . tbg'¿k cfufdL of]hgfdf ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbgsf] cg'kft %=@ x'g]
cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . of] ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kftsf] cfwf/df of]hgf cjlwdf xfl;n ug]{
u/L nlIft cf};t &=@ k|ltztsf] cfly{s j[l4b/ k|fKt ug{ s'n l:y/ nufgL ?= @$ va{ @$ ca{
(^ s/f]8 cfjZos kg]{ cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . o;dWo] ;fj{hlgs If]qaf6 ?= ( va{ %$ ca{ $@
s/f]8, lghL If]qaf6 ?= !# va{ @& ca{ #) s/f]8 / ;xsf/L If]qaf6 ?= ! va{ $# ca{ @$
s/f]8 nufgL x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . s'n nufgLdf oL tLg If]qsf] qmdzM #(=$ k|ltzt, %$=&
k|ltzt / %=( k|ltzt x'g]5 . cg'dflgt nufgLsf] ljifout afF8kmfF8 ubf{ s[lif, ljB't\, lzIff
tyf lgdf{0fdf ;/sf/L nufgL pNn]Vo j[l4 x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 .
If]qut ;LdfGt k'FhL pTkfbg cg'kft / nufgL;DaGwL ljj/0f tflnsf g+=@=# df lbOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf @=# M ;LdfGt k'“hL pTkfbg cg'kft / s'n nufgL
-cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
cg'dflgt rf}wf+f}+ of]hgfdf k|If]lkt nufgL
;LdfGt k'hL
FhL cf=j= @)&#÷&$ cf=j= @)&$÷&% cf=j= @)&%÷&^ hDdf
qm=;+= nufgLsf If]qx¿
pTkfbg
cg'kft /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt /sd k|ltzt
!= s[lif 2.9 8617 12.9 9461 12.0 10178 10.5 28256 11.7
!=! s[lif tyf jg 2.9 8313 12.4 9073 11.5 9696 10.0 27082 11.2
!=@ dT:okfng 2.9 304 0.5 388 0.5 482 0.5 1174 0.5
@= u}/s[lif 5.5 58333 87.1 69489 88.0 86418 89.5 214240 88.3
@=! pBf]u 6.2 18176 27.1 19552 24.8 25667 26.6 63395 26.1
@=!=! vfgL tyf e"ue{ 7.4 771 1.2 541 0.7 623 0.6 1935 0.8
@=!=@ pBf]u 6.2 5732 8.6 3676 4.7 4864 5.0 14271 5.9
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 29.0 6152 9.2 8121 10.3 11370 11.8 25643 10.6
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 3.2 5521 8.2 7214 9.1 8811 9.1 21546 8.9
@=@ ;]jf 5.3 40157 60.0 49937 63.3 60751 62.9 150845 62.2
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 2.8 5824 8.7 7122 9.0 8172 8.5 21117 8.7
@=@=@ xf]6n tyf /]i6'/]G6 6.5 2261 3.4 2747 3.5 3327 3.4 8336 3.4
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 9.0 15832 23.6 20899 26.5 27308 28.3 64039 26.4
26 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 3.5 2175 3.2 2690 3.4 3289 3.4 8153 3.4
3/hUuf, axfn tyf
@=@=% 5.5 5261 7.9 6629 8.4 7613 7.9 19504 8.0
Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 4.2 1142 1.7 1199 1.5 1259 1.3 3601 1.5
@=@=& lzIff 3.5 3211 4.8 3683 4.7 4222 4.4 11116 4.6
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 9.0 2830 4.2 3251 4.1 3741 3.9 9822 4.1
cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs
@=@=( tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf 3.0 1619 2.4 1716 2.2 1819 1.9 5155 2.1
lqmofsnfk
s'n nufgL 5.2 66950 100 78950 100 96596 100 242496 100
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 27
To;}u/L s'n nufgLdWo] ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Ldfkm{t of]hgf cjlwdf x'g] nufgLsf]
If]qut k|ltzt tflnsf g+ @=# -v_ df lbOPsf] 5 M
tflnsf @=# -v_ M ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/Lsf] If]qut nufgL
-cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] l:y/ d"Nodf_
-k|ltzt_
qm=;+= nufgLsf If]qx¿ ;fj{hlgs lghL ;xsf/L
!= s[lif 49.6 36.6 13.8
!=! s[lif tyf jg 51.0 35.0 14.0
!=@ dT:okfng 18.0 73.0 9.0
@= u}/s[lif 39.4 55.8 4.8
@=! pBf]u 52.4 43.6 4.0
@=!=@ vfgL tyf e"ue{ 10.0 88.0 2.0
@=!=@ pBf]u 6.0 84.0 10.0
@=!=# ljB't\, Uof; tyf kfgL 78.0 19.0 3.0
@=!=$ lgdf{0f 41.0 57.0 2.0
@=@ ;]jf 34.2 60.7 5.1
@=@=! yf]s tyf v'b|f Jofkf/ 6.0 83.0 11.0
@=@=@ xf]6]n tyf /]i6'/]G6 10.0 88.0 2.0
@=@=# oftfoft, e08f/0f / ;~rf/ 40.0 57.0 3.0
@=@=$ ljQLo dWo:ytf 12.0 71.0 17.0
@=@=% 3/hUuf, axfn tyf Jofkfl/s lqmofsnfk 5.0 90.0 5.0
@=@=^ ;fdfGo k|zf;g tyf /Iff 100.0 0.0 0.0
@=@=& lzIff 65.0 32.0 3.0
@=@=* :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs sfo{ 73.0 24.0 3.0
@=@=( cGo ;fd'bflos, ;fdflhs tyf JolQmut ;]jfsf lqmofsnfk 75.0 18.0 7.0
hDdf 39.4 54.7 5.9
28 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
Go"g x'g] ?= $ va{ !( ca{ % s/f]8 cfGtl/s C0faf6 Aoxf]g{'kg]{ k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 . of]hgfsf]
clGtd jif{df j}b]lzs ;xfotf -cg'bfg / C0f_, j}b]lzs cg'bfg, v'b j}b]lzs C0f / v'b
cfGtl/s C0fsf] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft qmdzM !@=% k|ltzt, $=@ k|ltzt, %=*
k|ltzt / #=^ k|ltzt x'g] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .
;/sf/L ah]6 -vr{_ tyf Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]tx¿sf] ljj/0f tflnsf g+= @=$ df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 M
tflnsf @=$ M ;/sf/L ah]6 -vr{_ / Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]tx¿
-cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] d"Nodf_
-?= s/f]8df_
cf=j= rf}wf}+ of]hgf
qm=;+= ljj/0f @)&@÷&# cf=j= cf=j= cf=j=
-cfwf/ jif{_ @)&#÷&$ @)&$÷&% @)&%÷&^ hDdf
!= s'n ah]6 60019 97810 105728 116804 320342
@= s'n /fh:j 48275 51429 58413 66515 176357
#= j}b]lzs cg'bfg 4305 9905 10848 11571 32324
$= s'n vr{ 49455 84401 91069 98974 274444
– rfn' vr{ 37129 57828 59835 61339 179002
– k'FhLut vr{ 12325 26573 31234 37635 95442
%= ah]6 art -–_ Go"g -+__ -3125_ 23067 21808 20888 65763
^= ljQLo Joj:yf -3960_
3960_ -19588_ -21808_ -20888_ -62283_
&= v'b C0f nufgL 1110
1110 2969 3164 3417 9550
– cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 2479 3179 3391 3650 10220
– cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ k|flKt 1369 210 227 233 670
*= v'b ;]o/ nufgL 1273 1425 1507 1593 4525
– cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 1255 1405 1485 1570 4460
– j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 18 20 22 23 65
(= v'b j}b]lzs C0f -2598_ -17998_
17998_ -18451_ -16036_ -52485_
– j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 1780 2945 3277 6899 13121
– j}b]lzs C0f 4377 20943 21728 22935 65606
!)= v'b cfGtl/s C0f -3744_ -5984_ -8028_ -9862_ -23873_
– cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 5033 5860 6484 5688 18032
– cfGtl/s C0f 8777 11844 14512 15550 41905
!!= 6«]h/L art*
art 11964
1964 - - - -
*cf=j= @)&!÷&@ sf] 6«]h/L art tyf z]o/ nufgL lkmtf{ ;d]t .
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 29
jftfj/0f tof/ u/L / nufgLnfO{ cfly{s j[l4, cf}Bf]uLs/0f / /f]huf/L ;[hgf ug]{tkm{ s]lGb|t
ul/g]5 . ;xsf/L If]qsf] nufgLnfO{ s[lif, kz', ljB't\, pBf]u / ;fdflhs ljsf;sf If]qtkm{ nlIft
ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs ljz]iftM ;/sf/L nufgL afF8kmfF8sf cfwf/x¿ lgDgfg';f/ /x]sf 5g\ M
s= gful/sn] ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf cfwf/e"t tyf df}lns xssf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg]
jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ .
v= pmhf{ ;Í6 ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]uL x'g] gLltut / sfo{qmdut Joj:yf ug]{ .
u= cfGtl/s tyf l5d]sL d'n'sx¿;Fusf] cfa4tf ljsf;sf] nflu cfjZos ;8snufotsf
k"jf{wf/x¿sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
3= s[lif If]qsf] Jofj;foLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} cGo If]q;d]tdf /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ l;h{gf u/L
k|To]s jif{ cfly{s ¿kn] ;lqmo / >d ahf/df k|j]z ug]{ >dzlQmnfO{ /f]huf/L pknAw
u/fpg] .
ª= cfly{s j[l4nfO{ tTsfn} d2t k'¥ofpg] If]qdf nufgL a9fpg] .
r= ;fdflhs -lzIff, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO_ If]qsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
5= e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f / gjlgdf{0fnfO{ tLj|tf lbg] .
h= ;ª\3Lo, k|fb]lzs / :yfgLo ;Gt'ng, ef}uf]lns ;Gt'ng / ;dfj]zLs/0f sfod ug]{ .
@=(=% k|:tfljt nufgLaf6 ;dli6ut cy{tGqdf kg]{ k|efj
;/sf/L, lghL / ;xsf/L If]q;d]tsf] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf x'g] nufgL / cGo k|of;x¿n] ubf{
b]zsf] cy{tGqsf k|d'v tyf ;dli6ut ;"rsx¿df ;sf/fTds k|efj kg{ uO{ qmdzM If]qLo tyf
cGt/f{li6«o cGt/lge{/tfsf] pkof]u eO{ :j:y / cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; x'g]5 . vf;u/L
lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t kl/rfng x'g] nufgLn] pBf]u–pBf]uaLrsf] ;DaGw :yflkt x'g uO{
d"No clej[l4 / k|To]s jif{ sl/a $ nfv yk /f]huf/Lsf cj;/x¿ pknAw x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5
. oL /f]huf/Lx¿ d"ntM s[lifsf] Joj;foLs/0f, ko{6gsf] ljsf;, k'glg{df{0f tyf gjlgdf{0f /
Jofkf/ Pjd\ oftfoft If]qdf x'g] ljsf; / lj:tf/af6 l;h{gf x'g]5g\ .
;fj{hlgs vr{cGtu{t rfn' vr{df ldtJolotf sfod ug{] / k'FhLut vr{ k'FhLlgdf{0f /
cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{tkm{ s]lG›t x'g]5 . /fh:j k|zf;gdf ul/g] k|0ffnLut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/
;fy} vr{ ug{;Sg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; j}b]lzs ;xfotfdflysf] lge{/tfdf sdL cfpg]5 .
;ª\If]kdf, rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] k|If]lkt nufgL, ;fj{hlgs vr{ / vr{ Aoxf]g]{ ;|f]tx¿sf] s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fusf] cg'kft tflnsf g+= @=% df pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g] k|If]k0f ul/Psf] 5 M
30 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
tflnsf @=% M k|If]lkt art, nufgL / ;fj{hlgs ljQ
-s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf_
cf=j= @)&@÷&# rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] nIo
qm=;+= ljj/0f
sf] l:ylt -cf=j= @)&%÷&^ df_
!= s'n ufx{:Yo art 5.3 10.5
@= s'n /fli6«o art 42.9 45.0
#= s'n l:y/ k'“hL nufgL 25.0 34.8
– ;fj{hlgs If]q 5.9 13.8
– lghL If]q 19.1 19.0
– ;xsf/L If]q – 2.0
$= s'n ah]6 26.7 42.1
%= s'n /fh:j 21.5 24.0
^= j}b]lzs cg'bfg 1.9 4.2
&= s'n vr{ 22.0 35.6
– rfn' vr{ 16.5 22.0
– k'FhLut vr{ 5.5 13.6
*= ah]6 art -–_ 3f6f -+_ 1.4 7.5
(= ljQLo Joj:yf 1.7 7.5
!)= v'b C0f nufgL 0.5 1.2
– cfGtl/s C0f nufgL 1.1 1.3
– cfGtl/s C0f lkmtf{ k|flKt 0.6 0.1
!!= v'b ;]o/ nufgL 0.6 0.6
– cfGtl/s ;]o/ nufgL 0.6 0.6
– j}b]lzs ;]o/ nufgL 0.0 0.0
!@= v'b j}b]lzs C0f 1.1 5.8
– j}b]lzs C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 0.8 2.5
– j}b]lzs C0f 1.9 8.3
!#= v'b cfGtl/s C0f 1.7 3.6
– cfGtl/s C0f ;fFjf e'QmfgL 2.2 2.0
– cfGtl/s C0f 3.9 5.6
lgjf{xd'vL / df};ddf cfwfl/t s[lif If]q qmdzM Jofj;flos aGb} kof{Kt /f]huf/Lsf
cj;/x¿ pknAw u/fpg ;Sg] / cf}Bf]lus sRrf kbfy{ cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'Ug] ePsf]n]
j}b]lzs nufgL yk cfslif{t eO{ d'n'ssf] cf}Bf]uLs/0fdf;d]t j[l4 eO{ pRr, lbuf], km/flsnf]
cfly{s j[l4;lxt d'n's ;d[l4tkm{ nDsg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .
rf}wf}+ of]hgf | 31
kl/R5]b M #
;dli6ut cfly{s gLltx¿
#=! s'n ufx{:Yo tyf /fli6«o art
!= k[i7e"ld
s'n ufx{:Yo art j[l4 x'Fbf k'FhL lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos nufgLsf] 7"nf] lx:;f ufx{:Yo
;|f]taf6 kl/k"lt{ eO{ :jfwLg Pjd\ cfTdlge{/ cy{tGqsf] ljsf; ug{ d2t k'Ub5 . t/ ljut #
jif{sf] cf};t s'n ufx{:Yo art s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a *=@ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . tyflk,
d'n'saflx/sf] art ljk|]if0f, j}b]lzs cg'bfg / cGo 6«fG;km/sf sf/0fn] ljut # jif{sf] s'n
/fli6«o art eg] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] sl/a $@=( k'u]sf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL / cj;/
r'gf}tL
Go"g cfly{s j[l4, pRr pkef]u k|j[lQ, ljQLo ;fIf/tfdf sdL, kof{Kt ljQLo pks/0fx¿sf]
cefj, a}+lsª\u tyf ljQLo k|0ffnLdf kx'Fr tyf ljk|]if0f cfonfO{ pTkfbgzLn nufgLdf ¿kfGt/0f
ug]{ sfo{x¿ r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
artsf gofF–gofF pks/0fx¿sf] k|of]u / art kl/rfng ug]{ ;+:yfx¿ tyf k"jf{wf/x¿sf]
ljsf;, ljk|]if0f cfk|jfxdf ePsf] j[l4 / gful/ssf] vr{of]Uo cfodf cfPsf] ;'wf/n] art
kl/rfngdf cg's"n k|efj kfb{5g\ . o;}u/L k'FhL ahf/df gofF sDkgLx¿sf] k|j]z tyf ;"rLs[t
a}+lsª\u tyf ljQLo ;+:yfn] r'Stf k'FhLdf clgjfo{ ¿kdf ug{'kg]{ j[l4, u|fdL0f tyf lk5l8Psf]
If]qdf a}+lsª\u k|0ffnLsf] kx'Fr lj:tf/ / art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] ;ª\Vofdf j[l4 art
kl/rfngsf cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
/fli6«o art kl/rfngaf6 nufgL j[l4 / ;an cy{tGq lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
pRr art kl/rfng u/L ;fj{hlgs, lghL / ;xsf/L If]qdfkm{t /fli6«o k'FhL lgdf{0f ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
cfo j[l4 / pkef]u Joj:yfkgaf6 ;a} If]qdf art ug]{ Ifdtfdf clej[l4 ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= artsf ljleGg cj;/ l;h{gf u/L ;a} ;+:yf tyf hgtfnfO{ arttkm{ pTk|]l/t ug]{ .
32 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
@= ljQLo k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ u/L art kl/rfngdf j[l4 ug]{ .
#= ljQLo cf}hf/ tyf k'FhL ahf/sf] kx'Frdf clej[l4 u/L art tyf nufgL ug{ k|f]T;flxt
ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ;fj{hlgs, lghL, ;xsf/L Pjd\ ufx{:Yo If]qdf pkef]unfO{ Jojl:yt u/L art
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
@= a}+lsª\u If]qdfkm{t art ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ a}+lsª\u lzIff / ljQLo ;fIf/tf
sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
#= ;fgf artstf{ vf;u/L s[ifs, ;fgf pBdL / dhb'/x¿nfO{ art Pjd\ nufgLk|lt
cfsif{0f ug{ ljleGg pTk|]/0ff / k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
$= j}b]lzs /f]huf/df hfg] JolQm tyf ltgsf kl/jf/nfO{ nlIft u/L ljQLo
;fIf/tf;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
%= a}Í, ljQLo tyf n3'ljQ ;+:yfnfO{ b'u{d tyf lk5l8Psf] If]q;Dd kx'Frdf clej[l4 u/L
art / nufgLdf cfsif{0f ul/g]5 . -@_
^= art ;d"x tyf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|j4{g u/L ;fgf artstf{sf] art clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -@_
&= ljQLo ahf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;]o/, C0fkq tyf cGo ahf/of]Uo pks/0fx¿sf]
sf/f]af/ tyf ;fd"lxs sf]ifnfO{ ljs]lG›t u/L u|fdL0f If]qsf hgtfn] o:tf
pks/0fx¿df ug]{ sf/f]af/nfO{ ;xh agfOg]5 . -#_
*= ;/sf/L C0fkq tyf artkqx¿sf] sf/f]af/df u|fdL0f tyf ;fgf ;x/x¿df kx'Fr;d]t
lj:tf/ ug{ a}Í tyf ljQLo ;+:yfsf zfvfx¿ / ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿nfO{ kl/rfng
ul/g]5 . -#_
(= ;Demf}ltt art kl/rfng ug]{, sd{rf/L ;~ro sf]if / gful/s nufgL sf]ifsf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 u/L yk nufgLof]Uo sf]if kl/rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
!)= ;Ël7t lghL If]qdf sfo{/t sd{rf/Lx¿sf] art kl/rfng ug{ lghL If]qcGtu{t
lgj[lQe/0f Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;+:yfut Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
!!= ljk|]if0f cfosf] lglZrt lx:;f pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufgL ug{ art clej[l4 ug{
k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -#_
34 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=# p2]Zo
;fj{hlgs vr{sf] Gofof]lrt / pTkfbgd"ns ljlgof]hg tyf sfof{Gjogdf bIftf clej[l4
ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= ;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ cfly{s–;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0fdf ljlgof]hg ug]{ .
@= ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿ k'g/fjnf]sg u/L vfB, :jf:Yo tyf pmhf{
;'/Iff;lxt cfTdlge{/tftkm{ pGd'v / k|ltkmno'Qm If]qdf nufgL ug]{ .
#= ;|f]t ;fwg ljlgof]hg k|lqmofnfO{ s'zn / k|efjsf/L agfpg] .
$= ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfnfO{ hjfkmb]xL, kf/bzL{ / pknlAwd"ns agfpFb} ;~rfng
s'zntf xfl;n ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= vfB, :jf:Yo tyf pmhf{ ;'/Iff sfod ub]{ cfTdlge{/ x'g cfjZos cfwf/e"t
;fj{hlgs nufgL a9fOg]5 . -!_
@= ef}lts k"jf{wf/, s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffnufotsf cfjZosLo If]qdf
;fj{hlgs vr{nfO{ a9L s]Gb|Ls[t ul/g]5 . -!_
#= /fli6«o dxŒj / uf}/jsf ljsf; cfof]hgfx¿sf] 5gf]6sf cfwf/x¿ tof/ u/L
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
$= cfly{s Pjd\ k|fljlws ljZn]if0fkZrft\ sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DefJo kl/of]hgfx¿sf]
;"rL (Project Bank) tof/ ul/g]5 . -@_
%= k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df pRr k|ltkmno'Qm 7"nf Pjd\ cfly{s–;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn]
dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf k"jf{wf/df nufgL s]lG›t ul/g]5 . -@_
^= ljQLo pQ/bfloTj;DaGwL P]g th{'df u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOg]5 . -#_
&= ljlgof]lht ah]6 clgjfo{ ¿kdf ;dodf g} lgsf;f x'g] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
*= ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLdf x'g] cGt/;/sf/L ljQLo x:tfGt/0f, ;fdflhs cg'bfg tyf
;xfotfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L ljQ tyf ;|f]t x:tfGt/0f gLlt th'{df ul/g]5 . -$_
(= cg'bfg ljt/0f k|0ffnLnfO{ pTkfbgzLn / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf pkof]u ug{ /fli6«o cg'bfg
gLlt th{'df ul/g]5 . -$_
!)= ;fj{hlgs vr{;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'gsf] k'g/fjnf]sg u/L vr{ ug]{ lgsfonfO{ clwsf/
;DkGg Pjd\ hjfkmb]xL t'NofOg]5 . -$_
!!= of]ubfgd"ns lgj[lQe/0f;DaGwL sfg'g th{'df u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . -$_
36 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
36fpg], /fh:j r'xfj6nfO{ s'zntfk"j{s lgoGq0f ug]{, sf/f]af/ d"NonfO{ eG;f/ hfFrkf;
k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/ agfpg], ahf/df lan lbg]–lng] k4ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ tyf Jofkf/ ;xhLs/0f ug]{
sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ 5g\ .
cj;/
;ª\3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjogsf] qmddf ;ª\3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿ u7g eO{ cfGtl/s
;|f]tsf] clwstd kl/rfng x'g] cj:yf 5 . ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf lgdf{0fsf] nflu nufgL a9fpg'kg]{
cj:yf 5 . cy{tGqdf c;xh cj:yf l;h{gf x'Fbf;d]t ljQLo ;+/rgf cg's"n /x]sf] 5 . s'n
ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf] cg'kftdf /fh:j ;Íng ;Gtf]ifhgs /x]sf] 5 . k'glg{df{0f / gjlgdf{0fsf]
sfdn] ult lng yfn]sf] 5 . Jofj;flos jftfj/0f ;xh x'Fb} uPsf] sf/0f cfly{s lqmofsnfkx¿
a9\g] cj:yfdf 5g\ . s/ ;xeflutf a9\bf] 5 / s/sf] bfo/f lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . sfg'gsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog Pjd\ s/bftfsf] :j}lR5s kl/kfngfaf6 /fli6«o s/fwf/sf] ;+/If0f ePsf] 5
. s/ k|0ffnLn] nufgLd}qL jftfj/0fnfO{ k|j4{g ul//x]sf] 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] kl/rfngaf6 ljQLo ;anLs/0f / cfly{s :yfloTj .
#=@ nIo
;fj{hlgs ljQ ;+/rgfdf d"No clej[l4 s/, cfos/ / cGtM z'Nsnufotsf cfGtl/s
/fh:jsf] of]ubfg a9fO ;fj{hlgs ljsf; vr{sf] 7"nf] lx:;f /fh:j artaf6 k"lt{ ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
:jR5, t6:y Pjd\ kf/bzL{ s/ k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; / :j]lR5s s/ ;xeflutfaf6 s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbg;Fu s/ /fh:jsf] cg'kft a9fpFb} ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfcg';f/ /fh:j ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= ;ª\3Lo ljQnfO{ cfly{s ;d[l4sf] d"n cfwf/ agfpg] .
@= /fli6«o s/fwf/sf] ;+/If0f u/L s/sf cfwf/ / bfo/f lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#= s/sf b/x¿nfO{ k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\ ;dGoflos agfpg] .
$= ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cg's"n s/ tyf u}/s/sf If]qx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf afF8kmfF8 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= /fh:jsf] cfwf/ km/flsnf] t'Nofpg ;a} k|sf/sf cfly{s sf/f]af/nfO{ n]vflª\st
ul/g]5 . -!_
@= cfGtl/s /fh:jnfO{ /fli6«o cy{tGq lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ agfOg]5 . -!_
#= s/ k|0ffnLnfO{ nufgL tyf Joj;fod}qL agfOg]5 . -@_
38 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
3= ;"rgf k|ljlwsf]
jlwsf] pkof]u
1. s/ k|0ffnLsf] ;/nLs/0f / kf/blz{tfsf] nflu ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ .
2. /fh:j ;Íngdf ljB'tLo e'QmfgL k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf .
3. /fh:j k|zf;g cGtu{tsf ljB'tLo ;"rgf k|0ffnLx¿aLr cGt/ cfa4tf ljsf; .
4. cflzs'8f k|0ffnLsf] lj:tf/ .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
/fh:j k|zf;g s/bftfd}qL ePsf] x'g], PsLs[t s/;+lxtf tof/ ePsf] x'g], /fh:j
k|zf;gdf PsLs[t ljB'tLo k|0ffnL nfu' ePsf] x'g] / s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf /fh:jsf] cg'kft
@$=) k|ltzt k'u]sf] x'g]5 .
#=@=# j}b]lzs ;xfotf
!= k[i7e"ld
/fh:j art ;Lldt x'g] t/ ljsf; sfo{df 7"nf] nufgL ug'{kg]{ x'Fbf cfly{s–;fdflhs
ljsf;df cGt/f{li6«o cfly{s ;xfotfsf] e"ldsf dxŒjk"0f{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 . ljutdf ljsf; vr{sf]
clwsf+z ;|f]t j}b]lzs ;xfotf /xg] u/]sf]df xfn o;n] s'n /fli6«o ah]6sf] ;fnfvfnf @)
k|ltzt c+z cf]u6\g] u/]sf] 5 . ;xfotfk|ltsf] lge{/tf qmdzM 36fpFb} hfg] /fli6«o ;f]r /x]
tfklg e"sDkkl5sf] k'glg{df{0f / k'g:yf{kgfsf] cfjZostfn] cfufdL jif{x¿df of] cem} a9\b} hfg]
b]lvG5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
j}b]lzs ;xfotfsf] Go"g oyfy{ vr{, /fli6«o k|0ffnL aflx/af6 ;xfotfsf] kl/rfng, 5l/P/
/x]sf v08Ls[t cfof]hgfx¿sf] afx'No, sfof{Gjogsf] sdhf]/ Ifdtf, sdhf]/ cg'udg /
emGeml6nf] vl/b k|lqmof, ;xfotf ;Demf}tfk"j{sf] ckof{Kt tof/L, ljsf; ;xfotf gLltsf]
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog, lbuf] ljsf; nIo / /fli6«o k|ltkmnsf] k|flKt;Fu ;xfotf kl/rfngsf]
tfbfTDotf, g]kfn;d]t ;xefuL /x]sf cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng tyf ;xdltsf] cfGtl/sLs/0f, /fli6«o
cfjZostf / k|fyldstfsf cfof]hgfsf] tof/L Pjd\ k|:t'lth:tf r'gf}tLx¿ j}b]lzs ;xfotf
kl/rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
;fdflhs, k|fs[lts, ef}uf]lns, ;f+:s[lts, /fhg}lts Pjd\ /0fgLlts ljz]iftfn] ubf{
cGt/f{li6«o ;xfotf kl/rfngsf] pRr cj;/ k|fKt 5 . nufgL / art tyf cfoft /
lgof{taLrsf] vf8nn] ;[hgf u/]sf] ljsf; ljQsf] Go"gtfsf] k"lt{ ug{, b]zdf gofF 1fg tyf
k|ljlw leœofpg / cGt/f{li6«o s"6gLlts, ;f+:s[lts, Jofkfl/s Pjd\ /0fgLlts ;DaGwnfO{ /fli6«o
40 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=@=$ ;fj{hlgs C0f
!= k[i7e"ld
;fdflhs ljsf;sf ;a} nIo xfl;n ug{ vr{sf] dfqf / vr{ ug]{ Ifdtf b'j} a9fpg'kg]{
cfjZostf /x]sf] ;Gbe{df ah]6 3f6f k"lt{ ug{ ;fj{hlgs C0f kl/rfng ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf
kb{5 . t/, ljut w]/} jif{b]lv Psflt/ ;/sf/L vr{ -k'FhLut_ nIocg';f/ x'g g;Sbf ah]6df
k|:tfljt afXo tyf cfGtl/s b'j} C0fsf] pkof]u sd ePsf] 5 eg] csf]{lt/ /fh:j kl/rfng
;Gtf]ifhgs / pT;fxk|b /x]sf] 5 . vf;u/L k'FhLut vr{df j[l4 x'g g;s]sf]n] ah]6 3f6f k"lt{
ug{ Tolt w]/} cfGtl/s C0f kl/rfng ug{' kl//x]sf] 5}g . To;}n,] s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgsf]
cg'kftdf afXo / cfGtl/s C0fef/ 36\b} uP klg 7"nf cfof]hgfsf] sfof{Gjogdf yk C0f
kl/rfng ug{ ;lsg] l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . t/, ;fj{hlgs C0f kl/rfng ubf{ cfGtl/s / afXo b'j}
C0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug{'sf cltl/Qm lghL If]qdf nufgL clej[l4sf] cj;/nfO{ s'l07t kfg'{
gx'g] kIf klg Tolts} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;fj{hlgs C0f Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gLltut / ;+:yfut :ki6tf sfod ug{' tyf ;fj{hlgs
C0fsf] pRrtd / pTkfbgzLn pkof]u u/L /fh:j / ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] ;Gt'lnt Joj:yfkgåf/f
C0fef/ axg ug{;Sg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{'kg]{ r'gf}tL 5 .
cj;/
s'n ufx{:Yo pTkfbg;Fu t'ngf ubf{ ;fj{hlgs C0fsf] c+z blIf0f Pl;ofd} sd 5 . ljsf;
k|zf;gnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{, lghL If]q tyf afXo nufgL k|j4{g
ub}{ cfly{s ljsf;sf] j[l4b/ a9fpgsf cltl/Qm j[l4nfO{ lbuf] agfpg ;fj{hlgs C0f kl/rfng
ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;fj{hlgs C0fsf] pTkfbgzLn If]qdf pkof]uåf/f ;an /fi6« lgdf{0f .
#=@ nIo
cfly{s–;fdflhs k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos C0f kl/rfng ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
cfly{s j[l4, /f]huf/L l;h{gf / /fli6«o k'FhL lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] u/L ;fj{hlgs -
cfGtl/s tyf afXo_ C0fsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ .
42 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
ljBdfg ;+/rgfut, gLltut Pjd\ cfk"lt{hGo ;d:ofsf] sf/0fn] cy{tGqdf dfu /
cfk"lt{aLrsf] c;Gt'ngaf6 cfly{s :yfloTjdf b]lvg] c;/ r'gf}tLsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . df}l›s
pks/0faf6 ljQLo ;+:yfx¿df /x]sf] artnfO{ s'zn nufgLdf kl/0ft ug'{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ /x]sf] 5 .
cj;/
ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; / lj:tf/, ;"rgf k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, cy{tGqdf b]lvPsf] If]qut
Pjd\ ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{g cflbn] cfly{s j[l4 / ;dli6ut cfly{s :jfloTj xfl;n x'g] u/L
df}l›s tyf ljQLo gLltsf] th{'df / sfof{Gjog ug{] cj;/ pknAw 5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
k|efjsf/L df}lb|s tyf ljQLo gLltdfk{mt lbuf] Pjd\ ;dfj]zL cfly{s j[l4 .
#=@ nIo
ljQLo ;]jfdf kx'Fr a9fpFb} ;dli6ut cfly{s l:y/tf / pRr cfly{s j[l4 xfl;n ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
!= df}lb|s gLltdfk{mt\ d"ntM d"No tyf afXo If]qdf :yfloTj sfod ub}{ cfly{s j[l4sf]
nIo xfl;n ug{ ;xof]u ug'{ .
@= cfly{s ¿kn] lk5l8Psf gful/s;Dd a}ª\lsª tyf ljQLo kx'Fr lj:tf/ Pjd\ ljQLo
k|0ffnLdflysf] hgljZjf; clej[l4 ug'{ .
#= ljQLo If]qdf /x]sf] ;|f]t;fwgnfO{ pTkfbgzLn If]qdf pkof]u ug{ k|]l/t ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= df}lb|s gLltnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L agfpg cWoog / cg';Gwfgsf cfwf/df ljBdfg
gLltut ;+/rgfdf kl/dfh{g u/L cfly{s j[l4nfO{ ;3fp k'Ug] k|sf/n] sfof{Gjog ub}{
n}hfg] .
@= ljQLo If]qsf] ;dfj]zL tyf lbuf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug{ Pjd\ :yfloTj sfod ug{
gLltut / ;+/rgfut ;'wf/ ug]{ .
#= pTkfbgzLn If]q tyf b'u{d / lk5l8Psf] If]qdf ljQLo ;]jf lj:tf/ ug{ k|f]T;fxg
ug{'sf ;fy} ljQLo ;fwgsf] pkof]udfkm{t cfly{s lqmofsnfk lj:tf/sf] jftfj/0f
tof/ ug]{ .
46 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
@= b'u{d If]q tyf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{;Dd ladf ;]jf k'¥ofpg ljZj;gLo ;+oGqx¿sf]
ljsf; ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿df cfjZostfcg';f/ kl/dfh{g ul/g'sf ;fy} ladf;Fu
;DalGwt cfjZos gLltut tyf sfg'gL cfwf/x¿ th{'df ul/g]5 . -!_
@= ladf If]qnfO{ lgoldt Pjd\ Jojl:yt ug{ ;Ifd x'g] u/L lgodgsf/L lgsfosf] Ifdtf
clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -!_
#= ladsx¿sf] cg'udg tyf ;'kl/j]If0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfO{ cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] ladf ;]jf
k|bfg ug]{ Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -!_
$= ladssf] nufgLof]Uo /sdnfO{ cem ;'/lIft tyf k|ltkmnd'vL If]qdf nufgL ug]{
jftfj/0f tof/ ul/g]5 . -!_
%= ladf bfaL k|lqmof ;/nLs/0fsf nflu k|efjsf/L j}slNks ;+oGqsf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -
!_
^= :jb]zdf :yfkgf ePsf] g]kfn k'gla{df sDkgLnfO{ ;'b[9 / ;Ifd agfOg]5 . -!_
&= ladssf] c;kmntfaf6 laldtnfO{ kg{;Sg] gf]S;fgLnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ laldt lxt
;+/If0f sf]ifsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
*= ladf If]qsf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ladf k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf u/L ;~rfngdf
NofOg]5 . -!_
(= ladsx¿nfO{ ladf kx'Fr k'Ug g;s]sf b'u{d lhNnfx¿df zfvf sfof{nox¿ :yfkgf
ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -@_
!)= ladf;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ b'u{d tyf u|fdL0f If]q ;d]l6g] u/L hfgsf/Ld"ns
sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
!!= b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf Go"g cfo ePsf] ju{sf] cfjZostfcg'¿k n3'ladf ;]jfsf]
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -@_
!@= ladfsf] bfo/f a9fO{ s[lif Pjd\ :jf:Yo If]qdf ladf sfo{qmdnfO{ yk k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -@_
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
gofF ladfn]vsf] ;ª\Vof sl/a #% nfv k'u]sf], ladsx¿sf] ladfz'Ns cfh{g ?= %) ca{
%) s/f]8 tyf nufgLof]Uo /sd ?= ! va{ ^@ ca{ k'u]sf]], ladfIf]qn] sd{rf/L, ladf clestf{ /
;e]{o/sf] ¿kdf sl/a !,!%,))) hgfnfO{ k|ToIf tyf ck|ToIf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf]
x'g]5 . To;}u/L b'u{d u|fdL0f If]q tyf ;dfhsf Go"g cfo ePsf ju{nufot ;a} txsf] kx'Frdf
48 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=@ nIo
/fli6«o art tyf nufgL Pjd\ cGt/f{li6«o nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ / cy{tGqsf] k'FhL
nfutdf sdL Nofpg ;Ifd, ultzLn / ljZj;gLo k'FhL ahf/sf] ljsf; ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
k'FhL ahf/nfO{ kf/bzL{ / k|lt:kwL{ Pjd\ k'FhL kl/rfngstf{ tyf nufgLstf{x¿sf] kx'Frof]Uo
/ ljZj;gLo agfpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= k'FhL ahf/ ;~rfng tyf lgodg;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; ug]{ .
@= k'hF L ahf/df jf:tljs If]qsf ;ª\ul7t ;+:yf, ;fgf nufgLstf{ / /fli6«o tyf
cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfut nufgLstf{x¿sf] cfsif{0f a9fpg] .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{df cfjZos bIf Pjd\ k|fljlws hgzlQmsf] k"lt{ ug'{sf ;fy}
;~rfng :jfoQtf k|bfg u/L o;nfO{ ;an lgodg lgsfosf] ¿kdf ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -!_
@= k'FhL ahf/;DaGwL ljBdfg sfg'gL Joj:yfx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg tyf gofF sfg'g th{'df
ul/g]5 . -!_
#= g]kfn :6s PS;r]Gh lnld6]8 tyf l;l8P; PG8 lSnol/ª lnld6]8df cGt/f{li6«o
:t/sf] sf/f]af/ k|0ffnL, sf/f]af/sf] /fkm;fkm tyf km5\of}{6 / gfd;f/L k|0ffnL ljsf;
ul/g]5 . -!_
$= ljQLo ;fIf/tf tyf nufgLstf{ lzIff sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L ;fgf artstf{ /
nufgLstf{x¿sf] lwtf]kq ahf/df cfsif{0f clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -@_
%= lwtf]kq sf/f]af/ / Joj;foL ;]jfsf] :t/ clej[l4 tyf ljs]lG›t u/L lwtf]kq
sf/f]af/nfO{ ;xh, kx'Frof]Uo / ;j{;'ne agfOg]5 . -@_
^= lwtf]kqsf] k|fylds lgisfzgdf :jtGq d"No lgwf{/0f, 7"nf] k'FhL cfwf/ x'g] ;ª\ul7t
;+:yfx¿ klAns lnld6]8 x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg tyf s/ 5'6nufotsf sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L
jf:tljs If]qsf ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfnfO{ cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -@_
&= cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf u/L lwtf]kqsf] bf];|f] ahf/ u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf ljb]zL
;+:yfut nufgLstf{x¿sf] nufgLsf nflu v'Nnf ul/g]5 . -@_
*= lgisfzgstf{ tyf ;"rLs[t sDkgLx¿åf/f g]kfn lwtf]kq af]8{df k]; ul/Psf ;"rgf,
hfgsf/L tyf k|ltj]bgx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{ k4lt nfu' ul/g]5 . -@_
(= k'FhL ahf/df ;+nUg ;+:yf tyf lgsfox¿sf] Jofj;flostf tyf ;+:yfut ;'zf;g
clej[l4 ul/g]5 .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
k'FhL ahf/;DaGwL ;'b[9 lgodg Joj:yf ePsf], cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] sf/f]af/ k|0ffnL,
sf/f]af/sf] /fkm;fkm tyf km5\of}{6 / gfd;f/L k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; ePsf]], ;fj{hlgs lgisfzgdf
:jtGq d"No lgwf{/0fsf] Joj:yf eO{ lwtf]kq ahf/df u}/ljQLo If]qsf ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfx¿sf] j[l4
ePsf], ;"rLs[t sDkgLx¿sf] ;"rgf k|jfx tyf ;'zf;g cEof;df ;'wf/ cfPsf], nufgLstf{sf]
;r]tgf tyf lwtf]kq Joj;foLx¿sf] Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ePsf] tyf k'FhL ahf/df jf:tljs
If]qsf ;Ël7t ;+:yfx¿, u}/cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf :jb]zL / ljb]zL ;+:yfut nufgLstf{x¿sf]
;xeflutf ePsf] x'g]5 .
50 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
#=% ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
!= k[i7e"ld
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ cfwf/e"t j:t' tyf ;]jf ;j{;'ne / ;'ky
d"Nodf laqmL ljt/0f ug]{, ljsf;sf] cfwf/e"t ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug]{, j:t'÷;]jf pTkfbg tyf
laqmLdf Jofj;flos l;4fGt cjnDag u/L sfo{bIftf Pjd\ k|efjsfl/tf clej[l4 u/L gfkmf;d]t
cfh{g ub{} cfly{s ¿kn] cfTdlge{/ /xg], k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f Pjd\ cfly{s j[l4df of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] /
;fdflhs Gofo k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] :yflkt ePsf x'g\ . t]x|f}F of]hgf cjlw;Dd cfOk'Ubf cfˆgf
3f]lift p2]Zo k|flKtdf oL ;+:yfgx¿ k|foM c;kmn g} /x] . ;Lldt ;:yfgafx]s cGo ;a}
Jofj;flos ¿kdf ;~rfng x'g g;Sbf aGb x'g], lghLs/0f ug'{kg]{ jf 7"nf] cg'bfg lbP/
rnfpg'kg]{ cj:yfdf k'u]sf 5g\ .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
hgtfsf cfwf/e"t txsf ;]jf ljt/0fdf h?/L ePsf Pjd\ ahf/nfO{ ;Gt'lnt /fVgsf
nflu geO{ gx'g] ;+:yfgx¿df dfq ;/sf/ ;+nUg /xL cGonfO{ lghL If]q;d]tsf] ;+nUgtfdf
Jofj;flos of]hgf;lxt ;~rfng ug]{, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sf/0f ;/sf/dfly k/]sf] ljQLo ef/
Go"gLs/0f ug]{, sd{rf/Lx¿df k]zfut Jofj;flostf clej[l4 u/fO{ hjfkmb]xL / pQ/bfloTjsf]
efjgf ljsf; ug]{, ;+:yfgx¿sf] Jofj;flos lqmofsnfkdf ;/sf/sf] e"ldsf Go"gLs/0f ub}{
cfly{s ljsf;sf] d]?b08sf] ¿kdf ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ ;~rfng ug]{h:tf sfo{x¿ cem} r'gf}tLsf
¿kdf /x]sf] 5g\ .
cj;/
lghL If]q Jofj;flos ¿kdf cfslif{t g/x]sfn] ;/sf/sf] pkl:ylt ;flat ePsf], ;/sf/L
gLltx¿ Joj;fod}qL /x]sf], o; If]qsf] ;'wf/df ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] rf;f] /x]sf] / hgtfsf
cfwf/e"t cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] If]qdf cem} klg ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] cfjZostf dx;';
ul/Psf] cj:yf cj;/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ . :ki6 ;/sf/L gLlt, Jofj;flos sfo{of]hgf,
pQ/bfoL sd{rf/L ;+oGq tyf /fhgLlts x:tIf]kd'Qm jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sg] xf] eg]
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿ cfˆgf p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ ;Ifd x'g] b]lvG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
k"0f{ Jofj;flos ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf dfWodaf6 j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] ;'ne, ;xh /
u'0f:t/Lo ¿kdf cfk"lt{ tyf ljt/0fdfkm{t hglxt .
#=@ nIo
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgx¿sf] Joj:yfksLo k|efjsfl/tf / ljQLo sfo{s'zntfdf hf]8 lbO{
Jofj;flostf clej[l4 ug]{ .
52 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
(= Go"g Ifdtfdf ;~rflnt ;+:yfgx¿nfO{ ;/sf/L :jfldTj /xg] u/L lghL If]qnfO{ s/f/
u/]/ Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg u/fOg]5 . -#_
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
;/sf/L ;+:yfgx¿n] k|bfg ug]{ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] cfk"lt{df j[l4 x'g'sf cltl/Qm ;+:yfgx¿
Jofj;flos s'zntfk"j{s ;~rfng ePsf x'g]5g\ . ;+:yfgx¿sf] pTkfbg nfut 36\g uO{
pTkfbsTj j[l4 tyf cfly{s pQ/bfloTj k|j4{g ePsf] x'g]5 . ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgsf] sfo{s'zntf
j[l4;Fu} lghLIf]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9\g uPsf] x'g]5 .
54 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
@= bnxg, t]nxg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, 5fnfh'Qf, l;d]G6, sk8fh:tf j:t'x¿sf] cfGtl/s
pTkfbg clej[l4 u/L d'n'ssf] a9\bf] Jofkf/ 3f6f sd ul/g]5 . -@_
#= lgof{t Jofkf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ d"No clej[l4 ePsf k|zf]lwt tyf tof/L j:t'x¿sf]
lgof{tdf hf]8 lbFb} Sjf/]G6fOg hfFr k|0ffnLnfO{ ;d]t Jojl:yt ul/g]5 . -@_
$= wfld{s, z}lIfs, :jf:Yo / v]n ko{6g, gofF kbdfu{x¿sf] ljsf;, kj{tf/f]x0f tyf
b[Zofjnf]sgsf nflu yk ko{6sLo :ynx¿sf] ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
%= lk5l8Psf If]q tyf cGo If]qdf /x]sf ;Defjgfo'Qm ko{6g:yn;Dd df]6/af6f] / cGo
k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf u/L oL If]qsf] ko{6g ljsf; ul/g]5 . -#_
^= lqe'jg cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:ynsf] :t/f]Gglt, If]qLo ljdfg:yn lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngdf
/x]sf ljdfg:yn km/flsnf] / cfw'lgs agfO{ xjfO{ ;'/Iff / ljZj;gLotf clej[l4
ul/g]5 . -#_
&= ljk|]if0fnfO{ a}ª\lsª dfWodaf6 cfk|jfx ug{ k|f]T;fxg ul/g]5 . -$_
*= cGt/f{li6«o:t/df j}blzs nufgL cfslif{t ug{ u/]sf k|of;x¿ ;d]tnfO{ dWogh/ u/L
ljb]zL nufgL gLltnfO{ nufgLd}qL agfpFb} nlug]5 . -%_
(= lzIff tyf :jf:Yo ;]jfsf If]qdf ljlzi6Ls[t ;+:yf :yfkgf ug{ k|f]T;flxt ub}{ pQm
;]jfsf nflu aflxl/g] /sd Go"g ub}{ nlug]5 . -%_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
s= :jb]zL pTkfbg clej[l4 tyf ahf/ lj:tf/
1. s[lifhGo j:t'sf] pTkfbg clej[l4 tyf ;'/Iffsf nflu /f;folgs dnsf] cfk"lt{,
e08f/0f Joj:yf, Sjf/]G6fOg tyf ahf/ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf Pjd\ ljsf; .
2. bnxg, t]nxg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n cflbsf] pTkfbg a9fpg oL j:t'x¿sf]
pTkfbgsf] ks]6 If]q 3f]if0ff u/L pTkfbg clej[l4 .
3. g]kfnL pTkfbgx¿nfO{ ljz]if k|f]8S6sf] ¿kdf n]alnª tyf a|flG8ª u/L lgof{t
k|j4{g .
v= nufgL k|j4{g tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;
1. j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] k|zf]wg / ahf/Ls/0fdf klg lj:tf/ ug]{ .
2. ljb]zL nufgL gLltn]] cf}FNofPsf If]qx¿df nufgL clej[l4 ug{ k|lqmofut
;/nLs/0f .
3. u}/–cfjf;Lo g]kfnL tyf cGo ljb]zL nufgLstf{sf] nflu nufgL ;xhLs/0f tyf
nufgLstf{ ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf .
u= ko{6g k|j4{g
1. ljdfg:ynx¿sf] lgdf{0f, :t/f]Gglt / lj:tf/ .
56 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
cj;/
lghL If]q;Fu /x]sf] ;Lk / nufgLsf] ;|f]t pTkfbgzLn If]qdf nufO{ /f]huf/d"ns pTkfbg /
cfodf j[l4 ug{', ;/sf/–lghL If]qsf] ;fem]bf/Laf6 k"jf{wf/sf] If]qdf nufgL a9fpg' / cGt/f{li6«o
Jofkf/sf] dfqf a9fO{ lgsf;L k|j4{g ug'{ lghL If]qsf] ljsf;sf] cj;/sf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfly{s ;d[l4sf] ;zQm ;fem]bf/sf] ¿kdf lghL If]q .
#=@ nIo
d'n'ssf] cfly{s j[l4, /fh:j kl/rfng / pBdzLntf j[l4df of]ubfg ub}{ pTkfbgzLn
/f]huf/L a9fpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
!= lghL If]qsf] nufgL lj:tf/ tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf clej[l4 u/L yk pTkfbg,
pTkfbsTj tyf /f]huf/L j[l4 ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L k|lt:kwf{Tds, pTkfbgzLn Pjd\ k|fyldstfk|fKt
k"jf{wf/ If]qdf lghL If]qsf] ;xeflutf a9fpg] .
@= ahf/ c;kmntf tyf gsf/fTds afXo k|efj (Externalities) nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
k|efjsf/L lgodg ug]{ .
#= cfly{s tyf ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;df ;fj{hlgs–lghL ;fem]bf/L clej[l4 ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
!= nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t ug{ cf}Bf]lus ;'/Iff / pmhf{ pknAwtf a9fpg'sf ;fy} cfjZos
k"jf{wf/ ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
@= lghL If]qsf] nufgL clej[l4 ug{ df}lb|s tyf u}/df}lb|s ;'ljwf tyf k|f]T;fxgsf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
#= >d ;'/IffnfO{ Wofg lbO{ ;fdflhs ;'/Iff;lxtsf] nlrnf] >d gLlt ckgfOg]5 . -!_
$= lghL If]qsf] k|efjsf/L lgodg ug{ sfg'gL Pjd\ ;+:yfut ;'wf/df hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
%= sfnf] ahf/L, Psflwsf/, cgf}krfl/s Jofkf/h:tf ultljlwx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{
sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
58 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
cfoft e}/x]sf j:t' tyf ;]jf pTkfbg u/L cfGtl/s dfu k"lt{ ug{ tyf lgof{t lj:tf/ ug{
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . xfn;Dd d'n'sn] cfly{s ljsf;df o;sf] oy]i6 ¿kdf
pkof]u ug{ g;s] klg cfufdL lbgdf pBf]u, ;]jf / ko{6gsf If]qdf k|z:t nufgL a9fpg ;Sg]
b]lvG5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
Joj;fo ;~rfng tyf kf/jxg nfutdf s6f}tL ug{', ljB't\sf] lgoldt cfk"lt{ tyf
cf}Bf]lus k"jf{wf/sf] ;xh, e/kbf]{ / kof{Kt Joj:yf ug'{, j}b]lzs nufgLdf Go"gtd /fli6«o ljsf;
ug{', o'jf knfognfO{ lg?T;flxt ub}{ cw{bIf tyf bIf hgzlQmsf] kof{Kttf ;'lglZrt ug{' /
>dgLlt tyf sfg'gnfO{ a9L nlrnf] Pjd\ nufgLd}qL agfpg' k|d'v r'gf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
gofF ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{Gjog ;'? ePkl5 aGb} uPsf] nufgLsf] jftfj/0f, k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf]
k|r'/tf Pjd\ h}ljs tyf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf, t'ngfTds ¿kdf Go"g Hofnfb/, g]kfnL ;d'bfosf]
ljb]zdf a9\bf] pkl:ylt / pgLx¿sf] ;Lk, Ifdtf / cg'ejsf] clwstd kl/rfng ug{;Sg]
;Defjgf, j}b]lzs nufgL, Jofkf/ tyf ljsf; ;xsfo{;DaGwL ax'kIfLo, If]qLo / låkIfLo
;Demf}tfx¿af6 cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ k|j]zdf kfpg] ;xhtf / l5d]sL d'n'sx¿df ePsf] pRr
cfly{s j[l4 Pjd\ a9\bf] dWodjuL{o hg;ª\Vofaf6 Jofkf/ / nufgLsf If]qdf kmfObf lng
;lsg]h:tf cj;/ /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
j}b]lzs nufgLsf] kl/rfngdfkm{t gjk|jt{gzLn, k|lt:kwL{ / ultzLn /fli6«o cy{tGq .
#=@ nIo
j}b]lzs nufgL cfsif{0f tyf clej[l4 u/L pTkfbg tyf pTkfbsTj j[l4, k|lt:kwf{Tds
Ifdtf ljsf; / Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
j}b]lzs nufgLnfO{ cfslif{t u/L k'FhL Pjd\ goFf k|ljlw tyf ;Lk leqfP/ Jofkf/ 3f6f sd
ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
!= nufgLd}qL jftfj/0f l;h{gf u/L t'ngfTds tyf k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe, k|fyldstfsf If]q
/ vf;u/L lgof{td"ns j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] pTkfbg / /f]huf/L pknAw u/fpg] If]qdf
ljb]zL k'FhL cfsif{0f ug]{ .
60 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
4. ljb]zL nufgLdf :yfgLo ;|f]t–;fwg tyf ;Lksf] clwstd pkof]u .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
j}b]lzs nufgL tyf k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f, ljz]if cfly{s If]q tyf lgof{t k|j4{g If]q;DaGwL P]g
th{'df / ;+zf]wg ePsf]], ljb]zL nufgL k|j4{gdf s"6gLlts lgof]u tyf ljb]zdf /x]sf g]kfnL
kl/rfng ePsf]], j}b]lzs nufgLdf pNn]Vo j[l4 ePsf],] yk /f]huf/L l;h{gf ePsf] / Jofkf/
3f6fdf sdL cfPsf] x'g]5 .
#=( ;xsf/L If]q
!= k[i7e"ld
;/sf/L / lghL If]q k'Ug g;s]sf If]qsf] cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf;df ;xsf/L If]qsf]
of]ubfg /xG5 . ;xsf/L If]qnfO{ n3'ljQ sf/f]af/;Fu} pTkfbg, ahf/Ls/0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf ;+nUg
u/fO{ pTkfbgd"ns sfo{df ;+nUg u/fpg'kg]{ cfjZostf /x]sf] 5 . o;n] 5l/P/ /x]sf >d, ;Lk,
k|ljlw / k'FhLnfO{ Pslqt u/L pTkfbg, pTkfbsTj / /f]huf/L j[l4af6 /fli6«o cy{tGqdf of]ubfg
lbg ;Sb5 . vf;u/L s[lif If]qdf ;xsf/Ln] u/]sf] of]ubfg k|z+;gLo 5 . ;xsf/L If]qn] yk
;Defljt If]qx¿df cfˆgf] pkl:ylt gb]vfO;s]sf] x'gfn] o;sf] ljsf;, lj:tf/ / k|j4{g
cfjZos /x]sf] 5 .
;xsf/L If]qdf #@,^^# ljleGg k|s[ltsf k|f/lDes ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿ / ^( cf]6f lhNnf
;xsf/L ;ª\3, @%@ ljifout ;xsf/L ;ª\3x¿, @) cf]6f ljifout s]Gb|Lo ;ª\3, Pp6f /fli6«o
;xsf/L a}Í / zLif{:y lgsfosf ¿kdf /fli6«o ;xsf/L ;ª\3 lnld6]8 lqmofzLn 5g\ .
;xsf/L÷;+:yfdf %@ nfveGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ cfa4 /x]sf 5g\ . ;xsf/L If]qdf dlxnf ;b:osf]
;xeflutf sl/a $^ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 eg] g]t[Tjdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr #$ k|ltzt k'u]sf] 5 .
dlxnfdfq ;b:o /xL ;~rflnt ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] ;ª\Vof $,)!! k'u]sf] 5 . o; If]qn] emG8} ^!
xhf/ gful/sx¿nfO{ k|ToIf / !) nfveGbf a9LnfO{ ck|ToIf /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ k|bfg u/]sf]
cg'dfg 5 . cf=j= @)&@÷&# sf] cGTodf ;xsf/L ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;]o/ k'FhL ?= ^% ca{, art
?= @ va{ !) ca{ / nufgL ?= ! va{ *% ca{ /x]sf] 5 . ;a} lhNnfdf ;~hfn lj:tf/ ePsf]
o; If]qn] ljkGg ju{, b'u{d If]q, cflbjf;L hghflt, dw];L, blnt, ckfª\tf ePsf JolQm,
cNk;ª\Vos ;a} ju{, If]q / ;d'bfonfO{ ;d]6\g ;kmn ePsf] 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
;xsf/L;DaGwL P]g–lgoddf ;do;fk]If kl/dfh{g ug]{, pTkfbgzLn If]qdf ;xsf/Lsf]
of]ubfg a9fpg], 7"nf] ;ª\Vofdf /x]sf ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿df ljQLo ;'zf;g sfod ug]{, ;xsf/L
;+:yfx¿df ljkGg ju{nfO{ ;d]6\g] / art tyf C0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodg
ug]{ r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
62 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
^= ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 ljkGg dlxnf, ;LdfGts[t ul/a, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, e"ldxLg tyf
lk5l8Psf] ;d'bfo / >ldsnfO{ :j/f]huf/d"ns pBf]u tyf Joj;fo :yfkgf ug{
cfjZos kg]{ k'FhL / ;Lkd"ns tflnd pknAw u/fpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . -@_
&= dlxnf, ul/a, ;LdfGts[t, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm, e"ldxLg tyf lk5l8Psf ju{ /
>ldssf] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ Nofpg ;xsf/L k4ltsf] Joj;fodf kx'Fr a9fOg]]5 . -@_
*= ;xsf/Ldf cfa4 s[ifsnfO{ ;x'lnot shf{sf nflu s[lif ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] :jfldTj
/x]sf] ;fgf ls;fg ljsf; a}Ídfkm{t kF'hL kl/rfngdf ;xof]u k'¥ofOg]5 . -@_
(= o'jfx¿nfO{ :jb]zd} sfd ug]{ jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{ ;xsf/Ldfkm{t /f]huf/L l;h{gf
tyf o'jf :j/f]huf/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
!)= ;xsf/L ;"rgf k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; u/L ;f]sf] k|of]uaf6 cg'udg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfOg]5 . -#_
!!= ;xsf/Lsf artstf{x¿sf] artsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ art ;'/If0f -ladf_ sf]
Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -#_
!@= ljQLo cj:yf / sf/f]af/ cfsf/sf] cfwf/df ;xsf/L ;+:yfsf] juL{s/0f ul/g]5 . -#_
!#= ;xsf/L If]qsf] ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos sfg'gL Joj:yf, bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts
of]hgfsf] th{'df Pjd\ pko'Qm ;Ë7g ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f ul/g]5 . -#_
!$= ;x/s]lG›t art tyf C0f ;xsf/L ;+:yfx¿sf] lgodgsf nflu 5'§} ;+oGqsf] :yfkgf
ul/g]5 . -#_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
s= ;xsf/L If]qsf] k|j4{g sfo{qmd
1. s[lif, pBf]u / ;]jfsf] If]qdf /f]huf/Lsf] l;h{gf tyf pTkfbg j[l4 .
2. /fli6«o k|fyldstfsf If]qx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu k|f]T;fxg tyf ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t
k'FhLut cg'bfg .
3. nlIft ;d"x ;xsf/L k|j4{g / kx'Fr clej[l4 sfo{qmdM ;xsf/L ;r]tgf, ;+:yf
u7g, ljsf;, lzIff / tflnd tyf cfof]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu Ifdtf ljsf;, lap
k'FhL, k|fljlws ;xof]u jf ;xeflutfdf cfwfl/t k'FhLut cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] .
v= pBdzLntf tyf Ifdtf ljsf;
1. ;xsf/L ;ª\3–;+:yfsf kbflwsf/L / sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ ;xsf/L Joj:yfkg tyf
pBdzLntf / g]t[Tj ljsf;sf tflnd .
2. k|lzIfs tyf k|lzIf0f ljlw, kf7\ok':ts kf7\oqmd tyf kf7\o ;fdu|Lx¿sf]
:t/f]Gglt / ;'wf/ .
3. ;xsf/L ljefu / dftxt tflnd s]Gb|x¿, l8lehg ;xsf/L sfof{nox¿dfkm{t
;xsf/L;DaGwL ljQLo ;fIf/tf sfo{s|d ;~rfng .
64 | rf}+wf}
wf}+ of]hgf
kl/R5]b M $
If]qut ljsf; gLltx¿
$=! s[lif, e"ld;'wf/ tyf jg
$=!=! s[lif
!= k[i7e"ld
sl/a ^# k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof /f]huf/L tyf hLljsfsf] nflu lge{/ /x]sf] Pjd\ s'n ufx{:Yo
pTkfbgdf sl/a #@ k|ltzt of]ubfg /x]sf] g]kfnsf] s[lif If]qdf ;fgf / demf}nf ls;fgx¿sf]
a9L ;+nUgtf /x]sf] 5 . d"NftM s[lif k|0ffnL lgjf{xd'vL x'g' / o;df ;+nUg >ldsx¿sf]
pTkfbsTj lgs} sd /xFbf o; If]qaf6 >dzlQmsf] knfog a9\bf] 5 . @)&@ ;fn j}zfvsf]
ljgfzsf/L e"sDkn] s[lif If]qdf 7"nf] Iflt k'¥ofPsf] 5 . sltko :yfgdf ;'Vvf v8]/Ln] vfBfGg
pTkfbgdf k|lts"n k|efj k/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] vfB;DaGwL clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf
¿kdf k|Tofe"t u/]sf] ;Gbe{df k|fs[lts tyf cGo ;Í6sf sf/0f pTkGg x'g;Sg] vfB ;Í6sf]
cj:yfnfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ k|d'v vfBfGgsf] cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf ug{'k/]sf] 5 .
b]zsf] ef}uf]lns kl/j]z, pknAw s[lif lzIff, cg';Gwfg, pGgt laplahg / k|ljlw, ;|f]t
;fwg, s[lif pBdL, o'jf tyf ;LdfGt s[ifs ju{sf] rfxgf, t'ngfTds nfe / /fli6«o cfjZostf
tyf g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o:t/df u/]sf ;lGw, ;Demf}tf, k|lta4tf, lbuf] ljsf; nIo, /fli6«o
gLltx¿df u/]sf k|lta4tfnfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} s[lifhGo pTkfbg Pjd\ Jofkf/df k|lt:kwf{,
Jofj;foLs/0f, oflGqsLs/0f / ljljwLs/0f u/L s[lif If]qsf] ¿kfGt/0f ug{' h?/L 5 . ;fy}
;/sf/L, ;xsf/L / lghL ;fem]bf/Lsf] cjwf/0ff cËLsf/ ub}{ s[lif k]zfnfO{ pRr ;Ddfghgs
agfO{ cfocfh{g tyf /f]huf/L l;h{gf, ul/aL Go"gLs/0f, Jofkf/ ;Gt'ng, lbuf] / ;Gt'lnt
ljsf;, vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffdf hf]8 lbg' cfjZos 5 .
a9\bf] hg;ª\Vofsf] rfknfO{ wfGg ;Sg] u/L vfB tyf cGo cfwf/e"t cfjZostf k"/f ug{
s[lif pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj a9fpg'kg]{ l:ylt /x]sf] 5 . tyflk g]kfndf x/]s jif{ s[lifhGo
j:t'x¿sf] cfoftnfO{ ck]lIft dfqfdf Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu
o'jf hgzlQmsf] knfog, s[lif ;fdu|L cfk"lt{sf] sdhf]/ l:ylt, df6f]sf] pTkfbsTjdf x|f;, s[lifdf
oflGqsLs/0fsf] cefj / a9\bf] nfut, cfofltt s[lifhGo j:t'x¿;Fusf] k|lt:kwf{, s[life"ldsf]
cTolws v08Ls/0f, cJojl:yt ;x/Ls/0fn] e"–pkof]udf eO/x]sf] kl/jt{g / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gh:tf sf/0fn] s[lif If]qdf cfzftLt pknlAw xfl;n x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
clwsf+z s[ifsx¿ ;fgf / demf}nf :t/sf ePsf] x'Fbf hnjfo' kl/jt{g / ljleGg k|fs[lts
k|sf]k;Fu h'Wg] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{' / jif]{gL o'jf hgzlQmsf] ljb]z knfogn] ubf{ s[lif If]qdf k/]sf]
66 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
3. s[lif If]qsf] cltl/Qm >dzlQmnfO{ s[lif tyf u}/s[lifdf cfwfl/t ;]jf / pBf]u If]qtkm{
cfslif{t u/L o; If]qdflysf] lge{/tf sd ug]{ .
4. hnjfo' kl/jt{g / k|sf]kaf6 kg]{ gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ub}{ jftfj/0fd}qL s[lif
k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. lbuf] s[lif ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos gLlt P]g / lgodx¿ th{'df ;+zf]wg u/L k|efjsf/L
¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . s[ifs s]lG›t tyf s[ifsd}qL gLlt lgdf{0fdf hf]8 lbOg]5 .
sfo{qmd ;~rfng lgb{]lzsf tyf gD;{x¿ ;do;fk]If ¿kdf kl/dfh{g ub}{ nlug]5 . -!_
2. u|fdL0f If]qdf s[lif j:t' pTkfbg clej[l4 ug{ s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg
If]qdf pko'Qm / lbuf] l;FrfO ;'ljwfnufotsf cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] kx'Fr a9fOg]5 .
lgof{tof]Uo afnL j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf k|zf]wg clej[l4 u/L cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df
k|lt:kwL{ agfOg]5 . -!_
3. u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbg ;fdu|Lx¿ / s[lifsf] oflGqsLs/0fsf nflu s[ifsd}qL cf}hf/, pGgt
k|ljlw Pjd\ ;'ne s[lif shf{sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 . -!_
4. s[lif lzIff / cg';Gwfgaf6 ljsf; ePsf k|ljlwx¿sf] lj:tf/sf nflu s[lif If]qdf
sfo{/t ;Dk"0f{ ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿aLr ;dGjo / ;xsfo{ ub}{ sfof{Gjog
kIfnfO{ glthf pGd'v agfOg]5 . -!_
5. v]tLof]Uo hUufnfO{ afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQ lg?T;flxt ub}{ afFemf] /x]sf s[lif e"ldsf] lbuf]
pkof]usf nflu pko'Qm of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
6. vfB tyf cGo s[lif pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu pTkfbgsf ks]6, Ans, hf]g tyf
;'k/hf]gsf] ljsf; u/L ;3g Joj;flos v]tL k|0ffnL cl3 a9fOg]5 . -@_
7. s[lif pkh pTkfbg, k|zf]wg, e08f/0f Pjd\ ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf gofF k|ljlwsf] ljsf;,
cg';/0f, cjnDag / cfw'lgsLs/0f ul/g]5 . pTkfbg / e08f/0fsf qmddf x'g] xfgLnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ul/g]5 . -@_
8. lghL tyf ;xsf/L If]qsf] ;+nUgtf a9fpFb} s/f/ ;Demf}tfdf cfwfl/t tyf ;xsf/L
v]tLnfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ d"No >[ª\vnf k4lt cg';f/ pTkfbgb]lv ahf/Ls/0f;Ddsf
sfo{qmdx¿ PsLs[t ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
9. vfBfGg pTkfbg Go"g x'g] tyf vfBkf]if0f c;'/lIft If]qdf :yfgLo :t/d} pTkfbg ug{
;lsg] s[lifhGo pTkfbg k|j{4g tyf pkof]udf hf]8 lbO{ ;'/lIft vfgkfg / kf}li6s
tTjsf ;|f]t tyf pkof]uaf/] ;r]tgfTds sfo{qmd ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
10. s[lifdf cfwfl/t pBf]ux¿, ;]jf tyf u|fdL0f s[lif ko{6gsf] ljsf;df o'jf tyf s[ifs
pBdLx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ul/g]5 . -#_
11. s[lifhGo pBf]usf nflu cfjZos u'0f:t/Lo sRrf kbfy{x¿sf] kof{Kt pTkfbg
ul/g]5 . -#_
68 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
;~rfng . r}t] wfg k|j4{gsf nflu a[xQ/ wfg pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng . h'6,
pv', /a/h:tf cf}Bf]lus afnLx¿sf] v]tL k|j4{g sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. df}/Lkfng / Rofp v]tL k|j4{gsf sfo{qmdsf] nflu cfly{s tyf k|fljlws ;xof]u /
/]zd v]tLsf] ;DefJotf / dfuadf]lhd lsDa' If]q lj:tf/ .
8. lap cfn' pTkfbs s[ifs tyf s[ifs ;d"xnfO{ ljz]if ;xof]uL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
9. :ofp pTkfbg /fd|f] x'g] dgfª, d':tfª, h'Dnf, x'Dnf, 8f]Nkf, d'u', sfnLsf]6, afh'/f /
?s'd lhNnfx¿df :ofp cfTdlge{/ sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L :ofpsf af]6 x'sf{pg
cg'bfg tyf ahf/Ls/0fdf ;xof]u .
10. cfufdL !) jif{leq kmnkm"ndf cfTdlge{/tfsf nflu kmnkm"n bzs 3f]if0ff u/L
cfjZos sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng . x|f; ePsf :ofp tyf ;'Gtnf auF}rfx¿sf]
;'b[9Ls/0fsf nflu Kofs]h sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
11. t/sf/L v]tL, dT:okfng, k'ik Joj;fo, df}/Lkfng tyf Rofp v]tLdf o'jfx¿nfO{
cfslif{t ug{ o'jf nlIft sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/L Joj;fo ;~rfngdf nfut
;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cg'bfgsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
12. s[ifs, s[lif pBdL, ;d"x / s[lif ;xsf/LnfO{ k|ltkmndf cfwfl/t k|f]T;fxg cg'bfg .
13. dWo kxf8sf ;DefJo If]qnufot t/fO{sf lhNnfdf dT:o pTkfbg ljz]if sfo{qmd
;~rfng . ;xeflutfTds a[xQ 6«fp6 ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfngaf6 gofF /]:j]x¿
lgdf{0f . dT:o AfLh cfk"lt{ Joj:yfsf nflu Ps lnlËo l6nflkof, kfª\ufl;o;, sfk{
/ /]Gjf] 6«fp6 Xofr/L lgdf{0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkg tyf lghL If]qdf g;{/L kf]v/L lgdf{0f
ug{ ;xof]u .
14. lrof tyf skmL If]q lj:tf/, lrof tyf skmL k|zf]wg pBf]u :yfkgf / a|flG8ªsf
nflu k|fljlws tyf cfly{s ;xof]u .
15. h}t'g g;{/L :yfkgf, au}Frf Joj:yfkg / k|zf]wgdf ;xof]uL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
16. cnF}rL, a];f/, cb'jf, k'iknufotsf If]qsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ tyf k|zf]wg pBf]u
:yfkgf .
17. s[lif k];fnfO{ dof{lbt agfpg x/]s jif{ /fli6«o :t/df /fi6«klt pTs[i7 s[ifs
k'/:sf/ tyf If]qLo:t/ / lhNnf:t/df pTs[i6 s[ifs k'/:sf/ ljt/0f . pTs[i6
k'/:s[t s[ifsx¿nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o s[lif d]nf tyf sfo{qmdx¿df ;xefuL u/fpg] .
18. afnL, kz'wg tyf dT:o ladf;DaGwL ;r]tgfsf] sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
19. g]kfn Jofkf/ PsLs[t /0fgLltn] tf]s]sf lgof{tof]Uo afnL tyf j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/Lo
pTkfbgdf ;xof]u .
v= s[lifhGo j:t'x¿sf] Joj;foLs/0f / ahf/Ls/0f
1. zLte08f/ / zLt3/ lgdf{0fdf afnL j:t'sf] lsl;d, ef}uf]lns If]q, ;Defljt
hf]lvd / nfut ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df cg'bfg lbg] .
70 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
2. s/ ;'ljwf, s[lif Joj;fo OGSo'a]6/ / k"/s cg'bfgdfkm{t s[lifdf gj–k|jt{g / s[lif
pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; / k|j4{g ug{ gj–k|jt{g tyf s[lif pBdzLntf sfo{qmd
;~rfng .
3. /fli6«o s[lif cg';Gwfg tyf ljsf; sf]ifdfkm{t s[lif k|ljlw;DaGwL cg';Gwfg /
ljsf;sf] nflu k|lt:kwL{ k"/s cg'bfg .
4. s[lif tyf kz' lj1fg;DaGwL :gftsf]Q/ / ljBfjfl/lwsf] zf]wsfo{sf nflu
zf]wfyL{x¿nfO{ cg'bfg .
5. s[lif tyf kz'kG5L;DaGwL cfwf/e"t tYofÍ lgoldt ¿kdf ;Íng tyf k|sfzg .
6. ls;fg cfof]usf] u7g, s[ifsx¿sf] ju{L{s/0f u/L ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf nflu
;xeflutfd"ns s[ifs ;fdflhs ;'/Iff sf]if :yfkgf / ;~rfng .
ª= u'0f:t/ lgodg, dfgj tyf kz' /f]u Joj:yfkg Pjd\ ljkb\ Joj:yfkg tyf ;r]tgf
1. /fhdfu{l:yt xf]6n /]:6'/]G6df vfB :jR5tf :t/Ls/0f nf]uf] ljt/0f sfo{qmd tyf
d]rL dxfsfnL cleofg ;~rfng .
2. lgof{t tyf cfofltt s[lifhGo vfB kbfy{sf] u'0f:t/ lgodg, k/LIf0f tyf
k|df0fLs/0f .
3. ljiffbL Go"gLs/0f cleofg sfo{qmd tyf t/sf/L afnLdf ljiffbLsf] cjz]if tyf
hf]lvd ljZn]if0f u/L k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs tyf ;r]tgf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
4. s[lif Joj:yfkg ;"rgf k|0ffnL :yfkgf u/L s[lif If]qdf x'g] ljleGg ljkb\ tyf
hf]lvd ;DaGwdf k"j{ hfgsf/Lsf] Joj:yf .
5. cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf k|fKt k|of]uzfnf Pjd\ /fli6«o :t/, d'Vo ahf/ s]G›x¿ / a[xt\
Joj;flos pTkfbg If]qdf ljiffbL ›'t k/LIf0f k|of]uzfnf / 3'DtL k|of]uzfnf
:yfkgf tyf k|of]u .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
cfwf/ jif{ @)&@÷&# df wfg $@ nfv (( xhf/ d]= 6g, ds} @@ nfv #! xhf/ d]= 6g,
ux'F !% nfv &) xhf/ d]= 6g, bnxg # nfv ^) xhf/ d]= 6g, t/sf/L #% nfv *) xhf/ d]=
6g, kmnkm"n !) nfv (^ xhf/ d]= 6g, cfn' @* nfv %) xhf/ d]= 6g / df5f &* xhf/ d]=
6g jflif{s pTkfbg /x]sf]df of]hgf cjlwsf] clGtd jif{ @)&%÷&^ df wfg %% nfv ^! xhf/
d]= 6g, ds} @^ nfv (^ xhf/ d]= 6g, / ux'F @@ nfv !( xhf/ d]= 6g, bnxg $ nfv #*
xhf/ d]= 6g, t/sf/L $) nfv d]= 6g, kmnkm"n !$ nfv *) xhf/ d]= 6g, cfn' #@ nfv %)
xhf/ d]= 6g / df5f !)# xhf/ d]= 6g jflif{s pTkfbg k'u]sf] x'g]5 . g]kfne/ #)) hf]g / !)
cf]6f ;'k/hf]gsf] ljsf; ePsf] x'g]5 . ef}uf]lns cj:yf ;'xfpFbf] s[lif oflGqsLs/0f tyf s[lif
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;, k|;f/ / cg';/0f ePsf] Pjd\ s[lifhGo pBf]usf nflu cfjZos sRrfkbfy{
pTkfbg, k|fËfl/s s[lif j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg / s[lif j:t'x¿sf] e08f/0f Ifdtf, ;Íng
s]G›x¿nufot ahf/ k"jf{wf/ j[l4 ePsf] x'g]5 .
72 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] :jR5tf tyf u'0f:t/ sfod u/fpg r'gf}tL 5 . kz'kG5L pTkfbg k|0ffnLnfO{
k|lt:kwL{ agfpg pRr pTkfbg nfutn] ;d:of k/]sf] 5 .
cj;/
kz'kG5L;DaGwL 5'§} dGqfno :yfkgf eO{ o; If]qdf ljz]if Wofg k'Ug] l:ylt l;h{gf x'g',
/fli6«o :t/df kz';]jf k|;f/ ;+oGq / kz' ;]jf k|fljlwsx¿sf] a9\bf] pknAwtfaf6 kz' ljsf;sf]
Jofks ;Defjgf x'g', kz'kG5L ljsf; If]qdf lghL If]qsf] a9\bf] cfsif{0f x'g', kz'kG5L ljsf;
ultljlwk|lt s[ifs tyf ;j{;fwf/0f hfu¿s x'g' / k|f]l6ghGo j:t'sf] dfu a9\b} hfg' o; If]qsf
cj;/ x'g\ . ;fy} ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ g]kfnLx¿sf] qmozlQm a9\g' vfgkfgsf] Jojxf/df
ePsf] kl/jt{gn] kz'hGo pTkfbgsf] dfu tLj| ultdf a9\g' / ljZj Jofkf/ ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o
ePkZrft g]kfnn] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df kx'Fr kfpg'n] o; If]qsf] ljsf;df cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/]sf]
5 . Jofj;flos kz'kfngdf kz' ladfsf] cfsif{0f a9\b} hfg', ;8s, ljB't, ;~rf/h:tf
k"jf{wf/sf] lj:tf/n] kz'kG5L kfngdf oflGqsLs/0f, k|ljlwsf] cjnDag, cfw'lgsLs/0f /
Joj;foLs/0fdf nfUg] jftfj/0f aGb} hfg'nfO{ cj;/sf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
cfTdlge{/ Pjd\ kf]if0f ;'/Iff;lxtsf] vfB ;Dk|e'tf pGd'v d'n's .
#=@ nIo
:jR5 Pjd\ u'0f:t/Lo kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbgsf dfWodaf6 d'n'snfO{ vfB tyf kf]if0fdf
cfTdlge{/ agfpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. d'n'snfO{ kz'kG5LhGo pTkfbgdf cfTdlge{/ agfO{ s'kf]if0f x6fpg' / vfB tyf kf]if0f
;'/Iffdf 6]jf k'¥ofpg' .
2. kz'kG5L kfngnfO{ k|ljlwo'Qm, kl/0ffdd'vL, Jofj;flos / k|lt:kwL{ agfO{ kz'kG5LhGo
kbfy{sf] cfoft 36fpFb} lgof{t k|j4{g ug{' .
3. kz'kG5L kfngnfO{ dlxnf, o'jf tyf ;a} cfly{s, ef}uf]lns / ;fdflhs ju{sf]
:j/f]huf/sf] dfWodsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ub}{ cfocfh{gsf] lbuf] ;|f]tsf] ¿kdf ljsf;
ug{' .
4. kz'hGo kbfy{jf6 dfgj :jf:Yodf kg{;Sg] gsf/fTds c;/ Go"gLs/0f ug{ :j:y
kz'kG5L pTkfbg ug{' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. kz'kG5L pTkfbs s[ifs, ;d'bfo, ;xsf/L ;+:yf Pjd\ lghL pBdLx¿sf] k|lt:kwL{ Ifdtf
j[l4 ub}{ kz'kG5Lsf] pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4 ug{ PsLs[t ¿kdf k|fljlws, ljQLo tyf
cGo ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] .
74 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
8. k|To]s uflj;df Pshgf kz';]jf k|fljlwssf] Joj:yf u/L kz'kG5L ;]jfdf s[ifssf] kx'Fr
lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -!_
9. d'n'ssf] ljljw ef}uf]lns tyf kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnL / cfly{s ;fdflhs ljsf;sf] ult
x]/L ;DefJotf / hgrfxgf adf]lhd …kz'kG5L ljz]if pTkfbg If]qÚ tf]sL To:tf If]qdf
cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] ljsf; u/L pGgt g:n, kz' cfxf/f, kz' ;]jf, kz' :jf:Yo, ;'ne
C[0f, ladf;lxtsf] k|fljlws ;]jf k|bfg ul/g]5 . -!_
10. kz'kG5L kfns ;fgf s[ifs, sdn/L, d'Qm sd}of, xlnof tyf e"ldxLg ljkGg ls;fgnfO{
kz'kG5L kfng tyf kz'kG5LhGo Joj;fodf k|]l/t u/L cfTdlge{/ x'g] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . o'jfsf] a9\bf] ljb]z knfog /f]Sg tyf ljb]zaf6 kmls{Psf /
a]/f]huf/ o'jfnfO{ kz'kG5L kfngdf cfslif{t ug]{ u/L o'jfnlIft sfo{qmdnfO{
k|fyldstfsf ;fy k|efjsf/L ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . kz'kG5L kfngdf a9\bf] dlxnf
;xeflutf / dlxnf ls;fg ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ s]lG›t ub}{ ;fgf tyf Jofj;flos
dlxnfd'vL sfo{qmd ;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . -@_
11. e"sDkn] ubf{ eTs]sf, lau|]sf kz'kG5L uf]7 / ;/sf/L ;+/rgfx¿sf] k'glgdf{0f jf dd{t
;'wf/ u/L k'gM;~rfngdf NofOg]5 . e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfx¿df kz'wg Iflt ePsf
s[ifs kl/jf/x¿nfO{ kz'kG5L k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ sfo{qmd NofOg]5 . -@_
12. b'Uw kbfy{ Pjd\ df;'sf] u'0f:t/ / :jR5tfnfO{ sfod /fVg …awzfnfb]lv efG5f;Dd
:jR5 / :j:y df;'Ú tyf …uf]7b]lv cf]7;Dd :jR5 / :j:y b"wÚ sfo{qmdnfO{ cleofgsf
¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -#_
13. df;' pTkfbg / lgof{tdf b]lvPsf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf pkfo kQf nufO{ l5d]sL d'n's
/ cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ kx'Frsf nflu cfjZos gLltut Joj:yf ldnfOg]5 . df;', lrh,
pmg, 5fnf, 5'kL{h:tf pRr d"Nosf lgof{td"ns kz'kG5LhGo kbfy{ klxrfg u/L
d"No>[ª\vnfdf cfwfl/t pBf]u k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
14. lbuf], jftfj/0fd}qL / hnjfo' cg's"ng x'g] u/L kz'kG5L ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg]{
k|ljlw ljsf;, k|ljlw x:tfGt/0f / k|of]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbO{ ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnf
lgsfox¿;Fusf] ;xsfo{df gLltut, ;+:yfut / sfof{Gjog txdf ;femf cjwf/0ff agfO{
;xsfo{ ul/g]5 . -$_
15. g]kfnsf /}yfg] 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5L tyf ltgsf hª\unL hftsf] cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t ;+/If0f
sfo{nfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbFb} kz' cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t ;+/If0f ;+j4{g tyf pkof]u;DaGwL
!) jif]{ sfo{of]hgf tof/ u/L nfu' ul/g]5 . -$_
16. kz'kG5Laf6 ;g{ ;Sg] /f]ux¿sf] /f]syfd tyf lgoGq0fnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg Jofks
hgr]tgf clej[l4sf ;fy} Ps :jf:Yo cjwf/0ffg';f/ hg:jf:Yo ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u
k'¥ofOg]5 . -#_
76 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
13. kz'kG5Laf6 dfgjdf ;g{ ;Sg] /f]ux¿sf ;DaGwdf hgr]tgf clej[l4 /
hg:jf:Yo ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u k'Ug] sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng .
k|fljlws ;]jfsf] lj:tf/, Ifdtf clej[l4 tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/
14. Ps uflj; Ps k|fljlwssf] Joj:yf / gd'gf ;fd'bflos kz' ;]jf s]G›x¿sf]
:yfkgf tyf ;~rfng .
15. s[ifs Joj;foL pBdL / k|fljlwsx¿sf] Ifdtf clej[l4 sfo{qmd .
16. b'Uw ;xsf/L tyf kz'kG5LhGo ahf/Ls/0fdf ;+nUg s[ifs ;xsf/Lx¿sf] ;+:yfut
Ifdtf clej[l4 .
17. ;/sf/L kz'kG5L kmfd{sf] e"–:jfldTj sfod u/L Joj:yfkg of]hgfsf cfwf/df
:t/f]Gglt ub}{ kz'kG5L ljz]ifsf] gd'gf pTkfbg, tflnd, k|zf]wg / k|bz{g ;|f]t
s]G›sf ¿kdf ljsf; .
18. kz'kG5L kmfd{x¿sf] k"jf{wf/ ljsf; Pjd\ ;'wf/ tyf gofF kmfd{ :yfkgf /
;~rfng .
19. kz'kG5L;DaGwL hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf th'{df tyf sfof{Gjog .
20. kz'kG5L;DaGwL dxŒjk"0f{ ;"rgf / tYofÍ ;Íng / ljZn]if0f .
21. kz'kG5L If]qsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut / k|fljlws If]qdf
;'emfj lbgsf nflu ;Nnfxsf/ ;d"xx¿ u7g .
v= lghL Joj;fo tyf ;xsf/L k|j4{g dfkm{t pTkfbg / pTkfbsTj j[l4
1. b"w pTkfbg j[l4 ug{ dWo kxf8L nf]sdfu{ tyf t/fO{ x'nfsL dfu{ nlIft u/L b"w
pTkfbg sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. e}F;L ;+/If0f tyf kf8f kfng ljz]if sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3. ;DefJo lhNnfx¿df afv|f ;|f]t s]G› tyf Jofj;flos kmd{ ;'b[9Ls/0fsf] nflu
;xof]u .
4. e]F8f ;|f]t s]G› :yfkgf, ljsf; tyf lj:tf/ ug{ k"jf{wf/ ljsf;, vf]/ lgdf{0f ;'wf/
tyf vs{ ;'wf/df ;xof]u .
5. ;fgf 8]/L pBf]u k|j4{g lrlnª Eof6df ;xof]u .
6. ;DefJotfsf] cfwf/df qmdzM b"w, df;' tyf cG8f pTkfbgdf cg'bfg .
7. o'jfnlIft ufO{, e}F;L, afv|f, aª\u'/ ljsf; sfo{qmd .
8. ldNs xf]ln8] cGTo ug{ s[ifs ;d'bfo jf ;xsf/Laf6 pTkflbt b"wnfO{ plrt
d"Nodf vl/b u/L pkof]u x'g] Joj:yf, w'nf] b"w agfO{ ;'Vvf l;hgdf ljt/0fsf]
78 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
7. s[lifdf a9\bf] dlxnf ;xeflutf / dlxnf ls;fg ;zQmLs/0fnfO{ s]lG›t ub}{ ;fgf
tyf Jofj;flos dlxnfd'vL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
8. g]kfnsf /}yfg] 3/kfn'jf kz'kG5L tyf ltgsf hª\unL hftsf] cfg'jf+lzs ;|f]t
;+/If0fsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng / o;sf nflu !) jif]{ sfo{ of]hgf tof/ tyf
sfof{Gjog .
9. hnjfo' cg's"ng tyf jftfj/0fd}qL k|ljlw ljsf; ug{ ljZjljBfno / g]kfn s[lif
cg';Gwfg kl/ifb\;Fu ;xsfo{df sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
3= lgodg / u'0f:t/ Joj:yfkg
1. b'Uw pBf]ux¿df Jofj;flos ;+lxtf nfu' .
2. pTkfbs ;xsf/L ;+:yfdfkm{t s[ifsx¿nfO{ ldNs PgfnfOh/, cNd'lgod / l:6n
Sofg tyf ldlNsª d]l;gsf] vl/bdf cg'bfg .
3. ;a} lhNnfdf kz' :jf:Yo lgodg sfo{qmd / kz' cf}ifwL vf]k, lkm8 ;lKnd]G6sf]
u'0f:t/ lgodg .
ª= Ifltsf] /fxt / kz'kG5L ladf ;]jf
1. a8{ ˆn' /f]u b]vfk/]sf] cj:yfdf /f]u lgoGq0f tyf cfsl:ds Joj:yfkg /
/fxtsf] Joj:yf .
2. kz' ladfsf] lj:tf/ tyf lk|ldoddf cg'bfg .
3. k|fs[lts k|sf]k, /f]uJoflw, dxfdf/Lsf] sf/0faf6 s[ifsx¿sf] kz'wg / ;f];Dj4
ef}lts ;+/rgf Iflt ePsf] cj:yfdf lhNnf b}jLk|sf]k p4f/ ;dGjo ;ldltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf /fxt k|bfg .
4. e"sDkn] eTs]sf, lau|]sf kz'kG5L uf]7, esf/f, kz' ljsf; kmfd{x¿sf ;+/rgf tyf
kz';]jf sfof{no / ;]jfs]G› ejgsf] k"glg{df{0f jf dd{t ;'wf/ u/L k'gM ;~rfng .
5. e"sDk k|efljt lhNnfx¿df kz'wg Iflt ePsf s[ifs kl/jf/x¿n] Psn jf
;d'bfodf cfwfl/t eO{ kz'kG5L kfng u/L hLljsf]kfh{g ug{ rfx]df /fxt :j¿k
pko'Qmtf x]/L lglZrt dfkb08sf cfwf/df ufO{, e}F;L, e]8f, afv|f, aª\u'/, s'v'/f
cflb kfngsf nflu cg'bfg .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
b"wsf] pTkfbg xfnsf] jflif{s !* nfv %$ xhf/ d]= 6gaf6 @% nfv ($ xhf/ d]= 6g,
df;'sf] pTkfbg jflif{s # nfv !* xhf/ d]= 6gaf6 $ nfv !& xhf/ d]= 6g / cG8fsf] pTkfbg
jflif{s !@) s/f]8af6 !%& s/f]8 k'uL b"w, df;' / cG8fsf] pTkfbgdf d'n's cfTdlge{/ ePsf]
80 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
#=@ nIo
s[lifof]Uo e"lddf e/kbf]{ / lbuf] l;FrfO ;]jfdfkm{t s[lif pTkfbsTj tyf pTkfbg j[l4df
;xof]u ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. l;l~rt If]q j[l4 ug{'sf ;fy} hn;|f]tsf] ax'p2]ZoLo pkof]udf hf]8 lbg' .
2. ljsl;t l;FrfO k|0ffnLdf Joj:yfkg ;'b[9Ls/0f u/L lbuf]kg a9fpg' .
3. l;FrfOsf] cfjZostf ePsf] :yfg / ;dodf lgjf{w ¿kdf kfgLsf] pknAwtf a9fpg' .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;]jf pknAw u/fpgsf nflu ;tx l;FrfO, ax'p2]ZoLo, cGt/hnfwf/
/ hnfzoo'Qm tyf e"ldut l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿nfO{ cl3 a9fpg] .
2. pRr Ifdtfdf ;~rfng ug{ k|fljlws Pjd\ cfly{s b[li6sf]0fn] pko'Qm Pjd\ gofF
k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;FrfOsf] ljsf; ug]{ .
3. lgdf{0f ;DkGg eO;s]sf l;FrfO k|0ffnLx¿sf] dd{t;Def/ Pjd\ lbuf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu
pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
4. l;FrfO ljsf;sf] u'?of]hgf, s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltsf nIox¿sf] kl/k"lt{ / hnjfo'
kl/jt{g cg's"ng x'g] u/L l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; Pjd\ lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. afx|} dlxgf l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg k|fljlws, ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf jftfj/0f
kIfaf6 ;DefJo demf}nf, 7"nf ;tx l;FrfO Pjd\ cGt/hnfwf/ / hnfzoo'Qm
ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfsf sfo{qmdx¿ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
2. e"ldut l;FrfO ;DefJo ePsf :yfgx¿df :ofnf] tyf l8k 6\o'j]nsf sfo{qmdx¿
k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 / ;tx l;FrfOaf6 jif}{el/ l;FrfO x'g g;Sg]
If]qdf e"ldut l;FrfOsf] pkof]u ul/g]5 . -!_
3. lgdf{0ffwLg ax'p2]ZoLo 8fOe;{g cfof]hgfnfO{ ;dodf ;DkGg ug{ / cGo k|fyldstfdf
k/]sf cfof]hgfx¿sf] lj:t[t ;DefJotf cWoog ;DkGg u/L ;Dej b]lvPsf
cfof]hgfx¿ sfof{Gjogdf nlug]5 . -!_
4. kxf8L e"–efudf cjl:yt 6f/x¿df Jofj;flos s[lifnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{sf nflu ;f}o{
pmhf{ Pjd\ cGo k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t lnˆ6 l;FrfO k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;nfO{ hf]8 lbOg]5 . -@_
5. cfsfz] kfgL ;Íng, e08f/0f tyf k|efjsf/L pkof]u k|ljlwsf] lj:tf/ ub}{ ;LdfGt
s[life"ld, r/g If]q Pjd\ kfgLsf] Go"g ;|f]t ePsf If]qdf yf]kf, kmf]xf]/fh:tf k|ljlw
pkof]u ul/g]5 . -@_
82 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
5. ;'g;/L df]/ª l;FrfO cfof]hgf -t];|f] r/0f_ sf] ;'g;/L / df]/ª lhNnfsf] sl/a ^*
xhf/ x]S6/ hldgdf l;FrfO ;'lawf k'¥ofpg ;+/rgfx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf ;'b[9Ls/0f
sl/a #* xhf/ x]S6/df zfvf gx/ k|0ffnL Joj:yfkg / sl/a #) xhf/ x]S6/
cljsl;t If]qdf l;FrfO k|0ffnL / clt cfjZos dd{t;+ef/ Pjd\ ;~rfngsf] sfd
;DkGg .
6. jfudtL l;FrfO cfof]hgf ;nf{xL / /f}tx6 lhNnfsf] sl/a $% xhf/ x]S6/
s[lifof]Uo hldgdf Jojl:yt l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg sdfG8 If]qsf] gx/
;~rfng;DaGwL Joj:yf, klZrdL d'n gx/ k|0ffnLnfO{ af/f lhNnfsf] k;fxf
gbL;Dd / k'jL{ gx/ k|0ffnLnfO{ lemd gbLb]lv dxf]Q/L lhNnf / wg'iff lhNnfsf]
blIf0ftkm{sf] s]xL efudf l;FrfO k|0ffnL ljsf;sf] nflu lj:t[t cfof]hgf k|ltj]bg
tof/ u/L bf];|f] r/0fsf] k|f/lDes sfo{ ;DkGg .
7. ;'gsf]zL dl/g 8fOe;{g ax'p2]ZoLo cfof]hgfcGtu{t ;'gsf]zL gbLsf] &@ So'd]s
kfgL dl/g vf]nf x'Fb} jfudtL gbLdf ld;fO{ !@@,))) x]S6/ hldgdf l;FrfO / $)
d]ufjf6 hnljB't\ pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /fvL jftfj/0fLo k|efj cWoog / lgdf{0f
k|f/De .
8. ;d[4 t/fO{ dw]z l;FrfO ljsf; ljz]if sfo{qmdcGtu{t t/fO{–dw]zsf @@
lhNnfx¿df #,))) Ogf/, @),))) 6\o'j]nsf] lgdf{0f sfo{ ;DkGg u/L ^#,!))
x]S6/df e"ldut l;FrfO, sl/a ^)) kf]v/L tyf %) cf]6f demf}nf k|s[ltsf l;FrfO
k|0ffnLx¿sf] k'glg{df{0f u/L yk !%,!$% x]S6/df ;tx l;FrfO ;'ljwf Pjd\ gofF
k|ljlwaf6 yk !),^%) x]S6/df l;FrfO ;'ljwf .
v= demf}nf l;FrfO sfo{qmd
1. sl/a !%) demf}nf l;FrfO cfof]hgfx¿af6 yk #,!)) x]S6/df / !@,()) x]S6/df
Jojl:yt l;FrfO ;'ljwf .
u= ;d'bfo Jojl:yt, gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t / cGo l;FrfO sfo{qmd
1. l;FrfO hn;|f]t Joj:yfkg cfof]hgfcGtu{t ;'b"/ klZrdf~rn, dWo–klZrdf~rn
/ klZrdf~rn If]qsf $) lhNnfdf ljleGg pk–cfof]hgfx¿af6 sl/a $,)))
x]S6/ If]qkmndf l;FrfO ;'ljwf pknAwtf .
2. ;d'bfo Jojl:yt l;l~rt s[lif If]q cfof]hgfcGtu{t k"jf{~rn tyf dWodf~rn
If]qsf #% lhNnfdf ljleGg pk–cfof]hgfx¿af6 sl/a #,%)) x]S6/ If]qkmndf
l;FrfO ;'ljwf .
3. gofF k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t l;FrfO cfof]hgfcGtu{t lxdfn / kxf8df 6f/ lnˆ6 /
t/fO{df Ogf/ / kf]v/Laf6 l;FrfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg j}slNks pmhf{ ;dGjo tyf
84 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] t6aGwnfO{ ;8ssf] ¿kdf k|of]u u/L ufpFa:tLdf oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf cj;/sf
¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
hn pTkGg hf]lvd k|lt/f]wL Pjd\ Jojl:yt gbL tyf e"–k|0ffnLsf] ;'lglZrttf .
#=@ nIo
ljleGg lsl;dsf hnpTkGg k|sf]kx¿nfO{ Go"gLs/0f Pjd\ Joj:yfkg u/L ;f] k|sf]kaf6 x'g]
hgwg tyf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿sf] IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} /f]huf/L l;h{gf u/L ul/aL
lgjf/0fdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .
#=# p2]Zo
1. af9L, klx/f]h:tf hn pTkGg k|sf]kx¿ x'g'cl3 g} /f]syfd ug'{ / o:tf hf]lvd /
hf]lvdaf6 x'g;Sg] hgwgsf] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug'{ .
2. af9L tyf 8'afgsf] Joj:yfkg psf;af6 k|fKt hf]lvd/lxt hUufsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u
ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. gLltut Pjd\ ;+:yfut Joj:yf ;'wf/ u/L hnpTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkgnfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] .
2. k|efjsf/L k|sf]k lgoGq0fsf] nflu cfjZos k|ljlwsf] klxrfg, ljsf; / lj:tf/ ug]{ .
#=% sfo{gLlt
1. hn pTkGg k|sf]k Joj:yfkg gLlt, @)&@ sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
2. k|efljt If]q Joj:yfkgsf] nflu ;+:yfut ljsf; Pjd\ ;fd'bflos ;r]tgf lzIff
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
3. gbL ljz]if lgoGq0f tyf Joj:yfkg u'?of]hgf tof/ u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -!_
4. ;LdfjtL{ tyf xf]rf] If]qdf x'g] 8'afg ;d:ofnfO{ ;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos sfo{qmd
;~rfng ul/g]5 . -!_
5. psf; hldgsf] ;d'lrt pkof]u;d]t u/L gbL lgoGq0f sfo{df /f]huf/L l;h{gfnfO{
k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -!_
6. hf]lvd gS;f / If]q lgwf{/0f ul/g]5 . -!_
7. l/df]6 ;]lG;ª, ef}uf]lns ;"rgf k|0ffnL / hf]lvd gS;f tyf af9L ljZn]if0fh:tf
ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u u/L k|sf]k lgoGq0f sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfOg]5 . -@_
86 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
$=!=$ e"ld;'wf/
!= k[i7e"ld
/fi6«sf] ;fdflhs cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f Pjd\ ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu ul/g] ;a} lsl;dsf
ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf sfo{x¿df k|ToIf ¿kdf e"ld jf e"ld;|f]tsf] kl/rfng x'g] ePsf]n]
o:tf ;|f]tsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug{ cfjZos 5 . kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;du|
e"ldsf] ;b'kof]u u/L lbuf] Joj:yfkg tyf ;'zf;g sfod ug{ h?/L b]lvPsf] 5 .
e"lddf ;j{;fwf/0f hgtfsf] ;flGgWotfsf] ;+j]bgzLntfnfO{ dWogh/ u/L e"lddf ;a}sf]
Goflos kx'Fr :yflkt ug{, ;fdflhs cfly{s sf/0fn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{sf] e"lddf kx'Fr a9fpg /
e"–:jfldTjsf] ;'/Iffsf] k|Tofe"lt ug{ j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ ug{'sf ;fy} j}1flgs e"ld gLlt th{'df
u/L nfu' ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . o;}u/L e"ld tyf e"ld;|f]tsf] lbuf] ;b'kof]u ug{ kl/dflh{t
e"–pkof]u gLlt, @)&@ cg'¿k e"ldsf] juL{s/0f / e"–pkof]u;DaGwL sfg'g th{'df u/L
sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos b]lvPsf] 5 . ;fy} ljgfzsf/L e"sDkaf6 lgoGq0f ljGb'x¿sf] /fli6«o
;~hfndf k'¥ofPsf] Ifltn] ubf{ gfkgS;fsf] z'4tfdf uDeL/ c;/ k/]sf] x'Fbf o;sf] k'g:yf{kgfsf
nflu gfkgS;fsf] k"jf{wf/ v8f ug{' cTofjZos 5 .
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
j}1flgs e"ld;'wf/ sfof{Gjog u/L s[ifssf] e"lddflysf] kx'Fr clej[l4 ug{', ;'s'Djf;L
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{', e"–pkof]u gLlt sfof{Gjog u/L e"ldsf] pko'Qm 9ª\un] pkof]u ug{', e"ld
k|zf;gnfO{ dfgj ;+zfwg ;dofg's"n / k|ljlwo'Qm agfO{ :t/Lo ;]jf k|jfx / sfo{;Dkfbg ug{',
e"ld;DaGwL clen]vx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{' / d'Qm sd}of tyf xlnofsf] zL3| k'g:yf{kgf ug{'
e"ld;'wf/ / Joj:yf If]qsf d'Vo r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ .
cj;/
e"–pkof]u gLlt th{'df x'g', e"ld Joj:yfkgnfO{ j}1flgs / k|efjsf/L agfpgsf nflu bf];|f]
k':tf ;'wf/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg', Jojl:yt a;f]jf; u/fpg] k|of; x'g' o; If]qsf
cj;/ x'g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
e"ldsf] j}1flgs Joj:yfkg / ;fdflhs Gofodf cfwfl/t e":jfldTj .
#=@ nIo
e"ld / e"–pkof]u k|0ffnLnfO{ d'n'ssf] bL3{sfnLg lxtcg'¿k ;d[l4sf] cfwf/sf ¿kdf
ljsf; ug]{ .
88 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
2. dfnkf]t tyf gfkL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f tyf ;'wf/ .
3. Psåf/ k|0ffnLaf6 l56f], 5l/tf], ;/n / k|efjsf/L hUuf k|zf;g;DaGwL ;]jf tyf
;"rgf pknAwtf .
4. dfnkf]t sfof{nodf /x]sf ;|]:tf tyf gfkL sfof{nodf /x]sf lsQf gfkL gS;f /
lkmN8a's :Soflgª sfo{sf] lg/Gt/tf .
5. e"ld nut l8lh6fOh];g tyf e"–;"rgf clen]v Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
hUuf k|zf;g ;]jfsf] Joj:yf .
6. gfkL sfof{nox¿df /x]sf gS;fsf ljj/0fx¿sf] 8f6fa]; tof/L .
v= /fli6«o e"–pkof]u gLltsf] sfof{Gjog
1. ef}uf]lns ljz]iftf, hldgsf] u'0f, pj{/fzlQm / Ifdtf cg'¿k pkof]usf] cfwf/df
hldgsf] juL{s/0f u/L :jfldTj k|df0fkq ljt/0f .
u= e"ld;'wf/ sfo{qmd, d'Qm sd}of, d'Qm xlnof tyf x¿jf, r?jf k'g:yf{kgf sfo{qmd
1. d'Qm sd}of / xlnofx¿nfO{ k'g:yf{kgf / tL kl/jf/x¿nfO{ ;Lkd"ns Pjd\
Jofj;flos tflnd k|bfg .
2. aFw'jf dhb'/ lgif]w;DaGwL sfg'gsf] sfof{Gjog / x?jf r?jfx¿sf] k'g:yf{kgf .
3= lsQfgfkL;DaGwL sfo{
1. gfkgS;f x'g afFsL /x]sf ufpFAns If]qsf] gfkhfFr u/L hUufwgL k|df0f k'hf{
ljt/0f .
2. c5fd, c3f{vfFrL, kfNkf / l;/xf lhNnfdf åGåaf6 Iflt ePsf] e"ldnut
k'g:yf{kgf .
3. cfw'lgs k|ljlw cjnDag u/L gu/ tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qdf dfu cg'¿k k'gM gfkL .
4. gfkL sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / hgzlQmsf] Ifdtf ljsf; .
5. k|To]s k|b]zdf sDtLdf Pp6f gfkL uf]:jf/fsf] :yfkgf .
ª= :yn¿k gfkL sfo{qmd
1. b""/ ;+j]bg k|ljlw cjnDag u/L :yn¿k cfwf/ gS;f÷8f6fx¿ cBfjlws .
2. k|zf;lgs tyf ljifout gS;fx¿ tyf ljleGg k|sf/sf ef}uf]lns ;"rgfx¿sf]
pTkfbg tyf ljt/0f .
3. gu/ tyf gu/f]Gd'v If]qsf] !M%))) dfg gfkdf :ynut 8f6f / /fli6«o P6n;
tof/ .
4. /fli6«o ef}uf]lns ;"rgf gLlt th{'df .
5. gfkgS;fsf] nflu d'n"s ;'xfpFbf] l/km/]G; k|0ffnL, k|If]k0f k|0ffnL / lgofds
k|0ffnLsf] ljsf; .
5= vuf]n tyf e"–dfkg sfo{qmd
1. gfkgS;f, ef}lts k"jf{wf/ ljsf; lgdf{0f tyf cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu cfjZos
kg]{ cfwf/e"t lgoGq0f ljGb'x¿sf] b]ze/ :yflkt /fli6«o ;~hfnnfO{ ;'b[9Ls/0f .
90 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
@= r'gf}tL tyf cj;/
r'gf}tL
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] vfB ;Dk|e'tfnfO{ df}lns xssf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ u/]sf] ;Gbe{df vfB
;'/Iffsf d'Vo rf/ :tDex¿ vfB pknAwtf, kx'Fr, pkof]u / l:y/tfdf ;dofg's'n ;'wf/ ug{',
emG8} $! k|ltzt hg;ª\Vofn] b}lgs lgwf{l/t Sofnf]/Lsf] Go"gtd dfqf pkef]u ug{af6 jl~rt
/x]sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg', vfB ;'/Iffsf b[li6n] hf]lvddf /x]sf ;d"x / If]qsf] klxrfg u/L
pQm ;d"x / If]qsf] cfo:t/ a9fO{ vfBj:t'df cfTdlge{/ agfpg'sf ;fy} :j:ys/ vfgkfg /
Jojxf/ kl/jt{g s]lG›t sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{', clgolGqt ¿kdf a9]sf] hLjgfzs ljiffbL tyf
PlG6afof]l6ssf] k|of]u 36fO{ vfB u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug{' tyf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fn] vfB
;'/Iffdf b]lvPsf] hf]lvd Go"g ug{' o; If]qdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .
cj;/
cfdhgtfsf] qmozlQm / hgr]tgfsf] :t/df qmlds ¿kdf j[l4;Fu} vfgkfgdf cfO/x]sf]
kl/jt{g, oftfoft / ;~rf/df eO/x]sf] ljsf;n] kx'Frdf j[l4 x'g', ahf/nufot s[lif k"jf{wf/df
;'wf/ x'Fb} hfg' Pjd\ lbuf] ljsf; nIodf ljZjaf6 g} ef]sd/L cGTo ug]{ nIo lng', g]kfnsf]
;+ljwfgn] Joj:yf u/]sf] vfB;DaGwL xs / s[lif ljsf; /0fgLltnufot cGo gLlt tyf
sfo{qmddf vfB ;'/IffnfO{ pRr k|fyldstf lbg' / vfg] afgLdf kl/jt{g cfpg' o; If]qsf
cj;/sf ¿kdf b]lvPsf 5g\ .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;w}F / kof{Kt, :jR5 tyf kf]if0fo'Qm vfB pknAwtfsf] cj:yf l;h{gf .
#=@ nIo
lbuf] ¿kdf vfBj:t'df kx'Fr / pkof]u j[l4 dfkm{t vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff xfl;n ug]{ .
#=# p2]Zo
1. vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf sfod ug{ s[lif tyf kz'hGo pTkfbg j[l4 u/L
cfwf/e"t vfBj:t'sf] cfk"lt{ a9fO{ vfB tyf kf]if0f pkef]u l:yltdf ;'wf/ Nofpg' .
2. vfB ;'/Iffsf] b[li6n] hf]lvddf /x]sf If]q / ;d"xx¿sf] klxrfg u/L u'0f:t/o'Qm vfB
j:t'df kx'Fr a9fpFb} vfB ;'/Iffsf] ;'lglZrttf k|bfg ug'{ .
3. ;dfg'kflts tyf ;dGoflos vfB tyf kf]if0fsf] ljt/0f k|0ffnL :yflkt ug'{ .
#=$ /0fgLlt
1. vfB tyf kf]if0f c;'/lIft If]q / ;d"xdf cNksfnLg tyf bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf vfB ;Í6
;dfwfg ug{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg] .
92 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
10. vfBfGgdf ;dfhsf ul/a / ljkGg kl/jf/sf] kx'Fr a9fpg k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs ljt/0f
k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
11. vfBfGg pTkfbg a9fpg / :jR5 vfBfGg pknAw u/fpg ;x/L s[lifnfO{ k|j4{g
ul/g]5 . -#_
12. vfB tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iffsf ljk/Lt lqmofsnfkx¿ s[life"ld v08Ls/0f, afFemf] /fVg] k|j[lQ
/ 38]/Ls/0f nufotsf e"–pkof]u kl/jt{g sfo{nfO{ lg¿T;flxt ul/g]5 . -#_
13. :yfgLo :t/df pTkfbg x'g] vfB pkef]udf hf]8 lbFb} cg';Gwfg / glthfdf cfwfl/t
;'/lIft / ;Gt'lnt vfB Jojxf/ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -$_
#=^ k|d'v sfo{qmdx¿
1. /fli6«o vfB tyf kf]if0f pkef]u l:ylt / vfB cfjZostf Pjd\ pknAwtfaf/] cWoog
;j{]If0f .
2. vfB ahf/, vfB j:t' tyf vfB pBf]usf] cg'udg u/L :j:y / :jR5 vfB j:t'sf]
pknAwtfsf] ;'lglZrttf tyf k|To]s lhNnfdf s[lif tyf vfB ;'/Iff ;dGjo ;ldlt /
lhNnf vfB ;'/Iff ;~hfndfkm{t vfB tyf kf]if0fl:yltsf] cg'udg .
3. gLlt ljZn]if0f Pjd\ cg';Gwfg, gLlt sfof{Gjog tyf k|efjsfl/tf;DaGwL cWoog, vfB
tyf kf]if0f ;'/Iff k|bfg ug{ pko'Qm ;'/Iff sjrsf] klxrfg;DaGwdf cWoog .
4. kf]lifnf] cfxf/sf] pknAwtf a9fpg kf]if0f au}Frfsf] gd'gf kmfd{ :yfkgf u/L cfdf
;d"xdfkm{t 3/af/L kf]if0f auF}rf ;~rfng .
5. u|fdL0f s[ifsx¿nfO{ vfBfGg, t/sf/L, cG8f / df;'sf] :yfgLo :t/df pkef]u a9fO{
kf]if0fdf ;'wf/ .
6. ;x/L s[lif sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
7. cNk k|rngdf /x]sf sfu'gf], lrgf], h'g]nf], kmfk/, sf]bf] nufotsf kf}li6s tTjo'Qm vfB
j:t'df cfwfl/t kl/sf/x¿sf] ljsf; u/L :yfgLo :t/sf] vfB Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds
kl/jt{g .
$= ck]lIft pknlAw
of]hgfsf] cGTodf k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ vfBfGg pknAwtf #@# s]=hL=af6 #&^ s]=hL= k'u]sf]
x'g]5 . k|ltJolQm k|ltjif{ t/sf/Lsf] pknAwtf !)(=^ s]=hL=af6 !!@=% s]=hL=, kmnkm"n #^=!
s]=hL=af6 $@ s]=hL=, df5f @=&% s]=hL=af6 #=@^ s]=hL=, cfn' *@=! s]=hL=af6 *(=@ s]=hL=,
bnxg !@=#* s]=hL=af6 !#=!% s]=hL=, df;' !!=&) s]=hL=af6 !$=^^ s]=hL=, t]n @=($
ln6/af6 #=#^ ln6/, b"w ^^=&) ln6/af6 (!=!& ln6/ tyf cG8f $$=$) uf]6faf6 %%=!*
uf]6fsf b/n] pknAw ePsf] x'g'sf cltl/Qm vfB cg';Gwfgsf cfw'lgs k|of]uzfnfx¿ :yflkt
eO{ vfB j:t'sf] cfoft–lgof{tdf lglZrt dfkb08 nfu' ePsf] / d'n'sleqsf] u'0f:t/Lo vfB
ljt/0f k|0ffnLdf ;'wf/ ePsf] x'g]5 .
94 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
tof/ kfg'{ / sfof{Gjogdf Nofpg', jg If]qsf] n}lËs tyf ;fdflhs ;dfj]zLs/0f, d"nk|jfxLs/0f
/0fgLlt, @)^% sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug'{, jg If]qaf6 pTkfbg x'g] nfe tyf ;]jfnfO{
Gofof]lrt cfwf/df afF8kmfF8 ug{ zf;sLo ;'b[9Ls/0f ub}{ :yfgLo hgtfsf] cfwf/e"t
cfjZostfx¿ -sf7, bfp/f, 3fF;, :ofpnf_sf] cfk"lt{ Joj:yfkgnfO{ ;d'bfo:t/b]lv
/fli6«o:t/;Dd Joj:yfkg ug'{sf ;fy} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L jgsf] lbuf] / j}1flgs
Joj:yfkgnfO{ cem ;'b[9 ug'{ jg If]qsf k|d'v r'gf}tL x'g\ .
e"sDkaf6 kfl/l:yltsLo ;]jfdf ePsf] ljgfz / gf]S;fgLsf] k"lt{ ug{ tyf e"sDk
kLl8tx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;xh / ;/n tl/sfn] kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu j}slNks of]hgf th'{df
u/]/ yk ;|f]t h'6fpg', lxdfnL If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0f x'g g;Sbf tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf k/]sf]
gsf/fTds k|efj / ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhg}lts cj:yfdf jg If]qsf] ;+/If0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf ;fy}
r'/] If]qsf] sdhf]/ e"ue{ / cJojl:yt bf]xgaf6 efj/ / t/fO{ If]qsf] hLjgfwf/df k/]sf] hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f ug'{, d'n'ssf] blIf0fjtL{ e"efudf a;f]jf; ug]{ jgIf]qaf6 6f9f /x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf]
jgaf6 k|fKt x'g] j:t' tyf ;]jfx¿df kx'Fr k'¥ofpg', jg clts|d0f lgoGq0f tyf jg 89]nf]
lgoGq0f ug{' / o;sf nflu :yfgLo Ifdtf / lhDd]jf/L j[l4 ug'{ tyf d'n'ssf] ef}lts Pjd\
cfly{s–;fdflhs ljsf; / jg ;+/If0f sfo{sf aLr pTkGg x'g] åGå Joj:yfkg ug{' o; If]qsf
r'gf}tL /x]sf 5g\ . o;sf cltl/Qm jg kmF8fgLaf6 x'g] hnjfo' kl/jt{g Go"gLs/0f, ljkb\ hf]lvd
Go"gLs/0f / jg tyf jgdf cfl>t ;d'bfosf nflu lbuf] cg's"ngsf sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ yk
r'gf}tLx¿ x'g\ .
cj;/
jgn] cf]u6]sf] e"efu j[l4 x'Fb} hfg', jgsf] lbuf] / j}1flgs Joj:yfkgaf6 sfi7 tyf
u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] Jofj;flos pTkfbg / ljt/0f x'g] cj:yf aGg', ljZj pi0fLs/0f /
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] b/nfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ jgsf] cxd\ e"ldsf x'g] ePsf]n] jg ;+/If0f /
ljsf;af6 sfa{g ;+/If0f / ;l~rltsf] kmfObf k'Ug], jg tyf h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0faf6
kof{ko{6gnfO{ ;+:yfut / ljsf; ug]{ tyf hnfwf/ If]qsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgåf/f e"Ifo lgoGq0f ub}{
hn;|f]t clej[l4 / s[lif ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg] cj;/x¿ jg If]qdf /x]sf 5g\ . h}ljs tyf
xl/t j:t'x¿sf] :jb]z tyf ljb]zdf dfu a9\b} uPsfn] jGo;|f]tdf cfwfl/t Joj;fox¿af6
xl/t /f]huf/Lsf] ;[hgf x'g;Sg] / kfl/l:ylts ;]jfsf] dfu a9\g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 . ;fy}
jg;|f]tsf] 3gTj, ljljwtf / jg pBdzLntf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sg] u/L jg;|f]tsf] plrt / lbuf]
Joj:yfkg ug'{ o; If]qsf] cj;/ xf] .
#= ;f]r, nIo, p2]Zo, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLlt
#=! ;f]r
;3g tyf ljljwtfo'Qm jg;|f]t, ljlzi6Ls[t h}ljs ljljwtf, ;d[4 hnfwf/ /
pBdzLntfo'Qm jg If]q .
96 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
6. ;a}vfn] jgx¿df cfGtl/s kof{ko{6g k|j4{g ug{ h}ljs ljljwtf / l;d;f/ -kfgLsf]
d'xfg, s'jf, Ogf/_ If]qsf] ;+/If0f sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 . -@_
7. ;du| hnfwf/x¿sf] PsLs[t Joj:yfkgnfO{ g]kfnsf] lbuf] ljsf;sf] d'Vo sfo{gLltsf]
¿kdf cjnDag ub}{ hnfwf/ ;]jfsf] ;d'bfo:t/df jftfj/0fLo ;]jf;DaGwL gd'gf
k/LIf0f cfof]hgf klxrfg / gd'gf k/LIf0f u/L qmdzM lj:tf/ ub}{ nlug]5 . -@_
8. gu/ / gu/ jl/kl/ /x]sf jg, xl/ofnL, l;d;f/, kfgLsf d'xfg, vfnL If]q, gbLt6sf]
plrt Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 . -@_
9. jg, jg:klt, jftfj/0f / h}ljs ljljwtfsf] af/]df k|rf/k|;f/ u/L :yfgLo
afl;Gbfx¿sf] jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;xof]u a9fpg 7"nf ;x/df lghL If]q, ;fdflhs
;+:yf cflbsf] ;xsfo{df jftfj/0f lzIff tyf k|rf/k|;f/ s]Gb| :yfkgf ul/g]5 . -@_
10. r'/] If]qsf] plrt ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ kl/is[t / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg dflyNnf] / tNnf]
t6Lo ;d'bfo Pjd\ ;/f]sf/jfnfaLr cGt;{DaGw x'g] u/L gbL k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t
PsLs[t ;+/If0fsf] sfo{nfO{ ;dGjofTds ¿kdf ;~rfng ul/g]5 . -@_
11. l;d;f/ If]qx¿sf] clen]vLs/0f, juL{s/0f tyf k|fyldsLs/0f u/L of]hgf th'{df tyf
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo cg's"ng k|of;x¿df l;d;f/
If]qsf] pkof]u;DaGwL :yfgLo sfo{of]hgf tof/ kf/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 . -@_
12. /fli6«o lgs'~h, jGohGt' cf/If, l;sf/ cf/If, ;+/lIft If]q, t/fO{ tyf kxf8L
e"kl/lw:t/Lo sfo{, h}ljs dfu{, l;d;f/ If]qx¿sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; ub}{ lghL If]qsf]
;d]t ;xeflutfdf ko{6g k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -#_
13. dxŒjk"0f{ kfl/l:ylts k|0ffnL, hf]lvdo'Qm jGohGt'x¿sf] jf;:yfg ;+/If0f, k|hgg Pjd\
hg;ª\Vof Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ lj:tf/ ul/g]5 . -#_
14. e"pkof]u ljsf; tyf PsLs[t hnfwf/ Joj:yfkg of]hgf th'{df u/L hn pTkGg k|sf]k
ljkb\ hf]lvd Go"gLs/0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{] sfo{nfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -#_
15. hnjfo' kl/jt{g cg's"ng÷;dfg's"ng÷kfl/l:yltsLo k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t cg's"ngnfO{
d"nk|jfxLs/0f ug'{sf ;fy} /]8 sfof{Gjogsf] cfjZos tof/L k"/f u/L sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5 . -#_
16. hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kfl/l:yltsLo tyf hnfwf/Lo k|0ffnLdf kfg{] gsf/fTds k|efj
Go"gLs/0f, cg's"ng / ;dfg's"ng ug{ :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] Ifdtf clej[l4 ul/g]5 . -#_
17. :yfgLo cg's"ng of]hgfnfO{ ;d'bfodf cfwfl/t jg Joj:yfkg sfo{of]hgfx¿df
d"nk|jfxLs/0f / ;]jf k|bfosx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ul/g]5 . -$_
18. jg Joj:yfkg sfo{nfO{ pBf]usf] ¿kdf ljsf; ug{ jg tyf jgk}bfjf/df cfwfl/t
pBdzLntf ljsf; tyf pBf]u Joj;fo ;~rfng u/L xl/t /f]huf/L j[l4 ul/g]5 . -$_
19. t'ngfTds nfe ePsf pRr d"Nosf h8La'6L tyf u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/sf] ;+/If0f,
;+j4{g, v]tL lj:tf/ Pjd\ lgof{tsf nflu a|flG8ª;lxtsf] ahf/ k|j4{g ul/g]5 . -$_
98 | rf}wf}+ of]hgf
6. jg ljsf;, kz' ljsf;, art j[l4 sfo{qmd, hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{of]hgf
sfof{Gjog ;xof]u tyf ;fdflhs tyf k|fljlws ;]jf ;xhLs/0f .
;fem]bf/L jg Joj:yfkg sfo{qmd
7. t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zsf rSnf jgx¿df ;/sf/ tyf :yfgLo glhs tyf 6f9fsf
pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf ;fem]bf/L jg ljsf; sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
8. jgsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg u/L jgk}bfjf/sf] ;xh cfk"lt{ Pjd\ :yfgLo /f]huf/L tyf
/fh:jdf of]ubfg .
;fj{hlgs hUufdf s[lif jg Joj:yfkg
9. t/fO{ tyf leqL dw]zdf /x]sf ;fj{hlgs hUUffx¿df :yfgLo hgtfsf]
;xeflutfdf s[lif jg sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
10. jg k}bfjf/sf] pTkfbg u/L jg If]qdf x'g] rfknfO{ Go"gLs/0f ub{} s[lif tyf kz'
ljsf;df 6]jf k'¥ofpg / :yfgLo jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng;DaGwL sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
wfld{s jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
11. wfld{s :ynx¿df /x]sf jg If]qx¿sf] lbuf] ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ :yfgLo
hgtf tyf wfld{s ;d'bfosf] ;xeflutfdf jg ljsf;sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng .
u= j[If/f]k0f, j[If;'wf/ tyf lghL jg ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. jg bzs sfo{qmd -@)&!–@)*)_ sf] lg/Gt/tf ub}{ ;x/ tyf gu/ pGd'v
a:tLx¿df jg pBfgx¿sf] :yfkgfsf nflu …Ps gu/ cg]s pBfgÚ sfo{qmddfk{mt
@)) cf]6f gu/ pBfgx¿ :yfkgf .
2. :yfgLo lgsfox¿sf] ;xsfo{df yk gu/ tyf ufpF jgx¿sf] :yfkgfsf nflu
;xof]u .
3. lghL jg, :yfgLo :t/df ;~rfng eO/x]sf] kfl/jfl/s jg, ;fj{hlgs :yfgx¿df
j[If/f]k0f, g;{/L / jghGo pBd :yfkgfsf nflu k|j4{g / ;xof]ufTds sfo{qmd .
4. jg k}bfjf/x¿sf] pTkfbgb]lv pkef]u;Ddsf] >[ª\Vfnfdf cfOkg]{ afwfx¿nfO{
;/nLs/0f ug{ sfg'gL Joj:yfdf ;'wf/ .
3= xl/t pBd ljsf; sfo{qmd
1. lghL g;{/Laf6 la?jf vl/b, h8La'6L pBdL tyf lghL g;{/LnfO{{ ;xof]u, h8La'6L
tyf xl/t pBdL, pTkfbs ;d"x / ;xsf/L ;+:yfnfO{ kl/rfng u/L pTkfbg,
e08f/0f tyf k|zf]wg u/fpg ks]6 If]qdf sfo{qmd ;~rfng .
2. h8La'6L k|zf]wg s]G›x¿ :yfkgf ug{ ef}lts ;+/rgf lgdf{0f, a|flG8ªdf k|fljlws
;xof]u .
3. pRr kxf8L tyf lxdfnL If]qx¿df h8La'6L ;+/If0f tyf Joj:yfkg If]q :yfkgf .
cg';'rL | 383
tyf uf]i7L ;~rfng ul/Psf] lyof] . o;k|sf/sf cGt/lqmof tyf uf]i7Lx¿df /fli6«o of]hgf
cfof]usf pkfWoIf, ;b:ox¿nufot cGo sd{rf/Lx/sf] ;d]t ;xeflut /x]sf] lyof] .
lj1 ;'emfj
of]hgfsf] cfwf/kq tyf lj:t[t of]hgfnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg] ;DaGwdf ljleGg r/0fdf
If]qut lj1x¿sf] ;'emfjx¿ ;d]t lnOPsf] lyof] . o:tf lj1x¿n] ;DalGwt ljifoIf]qsf] ljutsf]
k|ult ;dLIff tyf of]hgfn] ;d]6\g' kg]{ ljifosf] ;DaGwdf Jofjxfl/s ;'emfjx¿ cfof]u;dIf
k|:t't u/]sf lyP .
/fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] lgb]{zg
ljleGg r/0fdf ;d'bfo tyf lj1x¿af6 k|fKt ;'emfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;dfj]z ul/Psf]
cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bf :jLs[ltsf nflu /fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\df k|:t't ul/Psf] lyof] . /fhgLlts
bn, /fli6«o hLjgdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf dxfg'efjx¿, a'l4hLjL, dlxnf, dw];L, blnt,
hghflt, ckf+u, ;dfh;]jL, ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lnufot g]kfn ;/sf/sf dGqL Pj+
;lrjx¿;d]t ;dfj]z u/L ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] k'gu{7g ul/Psf] lyof] . k'gu{l7t /fli6«o ljsf;
kl/ifb\sf] sf7df8f}+df ePsf] Jofks cGt/lqmofTds 5nkmnn] /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] tk{maf6
k|:t't cfwf/kqsf] d:of}bfnfO{ ;'emfj;lxt clGtd ¿k lbg lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] .
cfwf/kqsf] :jLs[lt tyf k|sfzg
/fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\sf] a}7saf6 k|fKt ;'emfj tyf lgb]{zgx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/L /fli6«o
of]hgf cfof]un] cfwf/kqnfO{ clGtd ¿k lbO{ @)&# c;f/df k|sfzg ul/;s]sf] 5 .
dGqfno tyf cGo ;fj{hlgs lgsfox¿sf] ;+nUgtf
/fli6«o ljsf; kl/ifb\af6 k|fKt ;'emfj;d]t ;dfj]z u/L k|sfzg ul/Psf] of]hgfsf]
cfwf/kqsf] cfwf/df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u cGtu{t ul7t ljifout lj1x¿sf] ;d"xdf ljleGg
dGqfno tyf ;lrjfnox¿sf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . ;fy}, pQm ;d"xnfO{ ;xhLs/0f
ug{sf nflu lj1x¿;d]tnfO{ ;+nUg u/fOPsf] lyof] . pQm ljifout lj1x¿sf] ;d"xdf of]hgfsf]
;dli6ut vfsf / If]qut sfo{qmd aLrsf] cfa4tf sfod ug]{ u/L of]hgfsf] lj:t[t b:tfj]h
tof/ ul/Psf] 5 .
d"n b:tfj]hsf] d:of}bf tyf k|sfzg
ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf] 5nkmnsf cfwf/df tof/ kfl/Psf] rf}wf}+ of]hgfsf] lj:t[t b:tfj]hnfO{
/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] efiffut z'4fz'l4 ;d]t ;RofO{ hg;dIf k|:t't u/]sf] 5 .