C has atomic number 6 and mass number 12 covalent, valency 4 is a constituent

of all plants and animals.

→ Organic chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of organic
compounds made up of mainly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
→ Inorganic chemistry is a branch of science which deals with the study of
inorganic compounds made up of oxides of carbon, carbonates, bicarbonates,
metallic carbides.
→ Allotropy : “Existence of an element in more than one physical form having
different physical properties but same graded chemical properties.” “It is due to –
difference in atomic arrangement.”
→ Two crystalline forms of carbon are :
 Diamond.
 Graphite.
And amorphous forms are :
 Coal
 Coke
 Lamp black
 Wood charcoal
→ Structure of diamond – is tetrahedron. Carbon – Carbon covalent bond and is
hardest substance. The structure is such that it has no free electron and is bad
conductor of electricity. Is chemically very inert – does not react with most of
chemicals as structure is compact.
→ Structure of graphite is hexagonal rings parallel layers of carbon atoms held
together by weak VANDER WAALS forces which slide over one another – is soft
and greasy feel, forms lubricant for heavy machiness that run fast.
Open structure – slightly more reactive than diamond.
→ Coal is formed by the bacterial decomposition of vegetable
matter (plants) under the influence of heat, pressure and limited air over millions
of years.
→ Types of coal depends on the % of carbon in it. Worst type is peat [60%C] best
is anthracite [90%C, bituminous [85%C] and lignite [65%C].
→ USES OF COAL as a cheap fuel, in manufacture of coke, coal gas and synthetic
petroleum.
→ USES OF COKE as a reducing agent in iron and steel production, fuel in the
manfacture of water gas and producer gas.
→ Uses of lamp black : In making – printers ink, typewriter ribbons, black shoe
polish, black paints. It is also used as a – filer in rubber tyres.
→ Wood charcoal : Is obtained as residue on – distructive distillation of wood.
→ The products of destructive distillation of wood are :
 wood gas
 wood charcoal
 pyroligneous acid and wood tar.
→ Adsorption : It is property due to which a substance accumulates – gases or
liquids on its outer surface – adsorption is a surface phenomenon.
→ Heating wood charcoal in a retort around 900°C and passing steam over it. The
impurities on the surface get removed and adsorption capacity increases 100
times.
→ Wood charcoal is used as:
(i) Reducing agent
(ii) as house hold fuel
(iii) decolourising agent
(iv) in making gas masks, during indigestion, sewers.
→ Dil. sulphuric acid is not used to prepare CO 2 gas from marble chips as it forms
CaSO4 which is insoluble and the reaction stops soon.
→ Dry ice : CO2liquefied at about 70 atmospheres pressure at ordinary
temperature and solidifies on cooling at -78°C to form a white solid known as dry
ice.
→ CO2 gas is colourless, odourless, slightly sour taste non-
poisonous, does not bum, does not help in burning, turns lime water [Ca(OH) 2]
milky, acidic in nature i.e., changes moist blue litmus paper to red.
→ Uses of CO2 : Is used by plants to prepare their food, dry ice is used as
refrigerant, in fire fighting, in cold drinks, in baking powder.
→ CO is produced by burning carbon or its compound – in a limited supply of
oxygen.
→ When CO monoxide is formed and it comes in contact of more of air, CO 2 is
formed.
→ CO is highly poisonous gas, it combines with haemoglobin present in blood or
R.B.C. it form carboxyl-haemoglobin and reduces oxygen carrying capacity of
blood. The person dies due to lack of oxygen [asphyxia is an extreme condition
caused by lack of oxygen which results in unconsciousness and then death.
→ CO2gas and SO2 gas both turn lime water milky but SO2 turns potassium
permanganate paper from purple to colourless whereas CO 2 does not.
→ Burning of any thing first produces CO which bums with blue flame but when
this CO come in contact with more of air or oxygen CO 2 is formed.
Answer these questions.
Question 1.
Name the three crystalline allotropes of carbon.
Answer:
Diamond, graphite and fiillerene are the three crystalline allotropes of carbon.
Question 2.
Which is the purest form of carbon?
Answer:
Diamond is the purest form of carbon.
Question 3.
Which type of bond joins the carbon atoms in a diamond?
Answer:
Each carbon atom in diamond is joined to four other carbon atoms by covalent
bonds.
Question 4.
Name an allotrope of carbon that is a good conductor of electricity.
Answer:
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity.
Question 5.
How many carbon atoms can fullerenes have?
Answer:
A molecule of fullerenes can have about 30 to 900 atoms of carbon.