Question Bank

Social Science (All Branches)

UNIT 4

Q.1) Write the significance of Preamble of Indian Constitution.

OR
Q.2) Write the characteristics of Preamble of Indian Constitution.
OR
Q.3) Briefly explain any three principle of the Preamble of the Indian
Constitution.
OR
Q.4) Describe the salient features of Preamble
Answer- A preamble is an introductory statement in a document that explains the
philosophy and objectives of Constitution/document. In a Constitution, it presents
the intention of its framers, the history behind its creation, and the core
values and principles of the nation.The preamble basically gives idea of the
following things/objects:
Components of Preamble
Source of the Constitution- It is indicated by the Preamble that the source of
authority of the Constitution lies with the people of India.
Nature of Indian State- Preamble declares India to be a sovereign, socialist,
secular and democratic republic.
Statement of its objectives- The objectives stated by the Preamble are to secure
justice, liberty, equality to all citizens and promote fraternity to maintain
unity and integrity of the nation.
Date of its adoption- The date is mentioned in the preamble when it was adopted
i.e. November 26, 1949.
Key words in the Preamble
 We, the people of India: It indicates the ‘ultimate sovereignty of the people of
India’.
 Sovereign: The term means that India has its own independent authority and it is
not a dominion of any other external power.
 Socialist: The term means the achievement of socialist ends through
democratic means.
 Secular: The term means that all the religions in India get equal respect,
protection and support from the state.
 Democratic: The term implies that the Constitution of India has an established
form of Constitution which gets its authority from the will of the people
expressed in an election.
 Republic: The term indicates that the head of the state is elected by the people. In
India, the President of India is the elected head of the state.
Objectives of the Indian Constitution
o Justice:
 Social Justice – Social justice means that the Constitution wants to create
a society without discrimination on any grounds like caste, creed, gender,
religion, etc.
 Economic Justice – Economic Justice means no discrimination can be
caused by people on the basis of their wealth, income, and economic
status.
 Political Justice – Political Justice means all the people have an equal,
free and fair right without any discrimination to participate in political
opportunities.
o Equality: The term ‘Equality’ means no section of society has any special
privileges and all the people have given equal opportunities for everything
without any discriminations.
o Liberty: The term ‘Liberty’ means freedom for the people to choose their
way of life, have political views and behavior in society.
o Fraternity: The term ‘Fraternity’ means a feeling of brotherhood and an
emotional attachment with the country and all the people.
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Q. 5) Explain Fundamental Rights.
Answer- The development of Fundamental Rights in India is heavily inspired by the
United States Bill of Rights. These rights are included in the constitution because
they are considered essential for the development of the personality of every
individual and to preserve human dignity.
 These rights are called fundamental rights because they are justiciable in
nature allowing persons to move the courts for their enforcement, if and when they
are violated. Fundamental Rights are the basic human rights guaranteed by the
Constitution of India.
Enshrined in Part-III of the Indian Constitution the six fundamental rights.

List of Fundamental Rights

There are six fundamental rights of Indian Constitution along with the constitutional
articles related to them are mentioned below:

1. Right to Equality (Article 14-18)

2. Right to Freedom (Article 19-22)
3. Right against Exploitation (Article 23-24)
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Article 25-28)
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Article 29-30)
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

Introduction to Six Fundamental Rights (Articles 12 to 35)

Under this section, we list the fundamental rights in India and briefly describe each of
them.
1. Right to Equality (Articles 14 – 18)
Right to equality guarantees equal rights for everyone, irrespective of religion,
gender, caste, race or place of birth. It ensures equal employment opportunities in the
government and insures against discrimination by the State in matters of employment
on the basis of caste, religion, etc. This right also includes-
A) Article 14- Equality before the law.
B) Article 15- Prohibition of discrimination.
C) Article 16- Equality of opportunity in public employment.
D) Article 17- Abolition of untouchability.
E) Article 18- Abolition of Titles
2. Right to Freedom (Articles 19 – 22)
Freedom is one of the most important ideals cherished by any democratic society.
The Indian Constitution guarantees freedom to citizens. The freedom right includes
many rights such as:
A) Article 19- This article guarantees six rights.

I. Freedom of speech
II. Freedom of expression
 III. Freedom of assembly without arms
IV. Freedom of association
V. Freedom to practise any profession
VI. Freedom to reside in any part of the country
Some of these rights are subject to certain conditions of state security, public
morality and decency and friendly relations with foreign countries. This means that
the State has the right to impose reasonable restrictions on them.
B) Article 20- Protection in respect of conviction for offences.
C) Article 21- Right to life (Protection of life & Personal liberty)
a) Article 21A- Right to Education-
D) Article 22- Protection against arrest and detention.
3. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23 – 24)
A) Article 23- Prohibition of Traffic in Human Beings and Forced Labour.
B) Article 24- Prohibition of Child Labour.
4. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25 – 28)
This indicates the secular nature of Indian polity. There is equal respect given
to all religions.
A) Article 25- Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and
propagation of religion.
B) Article 26- Freedom to manage religious affairs.
C) Article 27- Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular
religion.
D) Article 28- Freedom as to attendance at religious instructions or religious
worship in certain educational institutions.
5. Cultural and Educational Rights (Articles 29 – 30)
These rights protect the rights of religious, cultural and linguistic minorities, by
facilitating them to preserve their heritage and culture.
A) Article 29- Protection of interest of Minorities.
B) Article 30- Prohibition of Child Labour.
6. Right to Constitutional Remedies (32 – 35)
The Constitution guarantees remedies if citizens’ fundamental rights are
violated. The government cannot infringe upon or curb anyone’s rights. When these
rights are violated, the aggrieved party can approach the courts. Citizens can even go
directly to the Supreme Court which can issue writs for enforcing fundamental rights.
 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Q.6) Describe the Directive Principle Of State Policy.
Answer- Articles 36-51 under Part-IV of the Constitution of India deals with
Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP). They are borrowed from the
Constitution of Ireland, which had copied it from the Spanish Constitution. This
article will solely discuss the Directive Principles of State Policy.
DPSP are ideals which are meant to be kept in mind by the state when it formulates
policies and enacts laws. There are various definitions to Directive Principles of
State which are given below:

 They are an ‘instrument of instructions’ which are enumerated in

the Government of India Act, 1935.
 They seek to establish Economic and Social democracy in the country.
 DPSPs are ideals which are not legally enforceable by the courts for their
violation.

 Classification of Directive Principles of State Policy

Indian Constitution has not originally classified DPSPs but on the basis of their
content and direction, they are usually classified into three types-

 Socialistic Principles,
 Gandhian Principles
 Liberal-Intellectual Principles
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Q.7) Discuss Fundamental Duties and state its legal status.
The Fundamental Duties are dealt with Article 51A under Part-IV A of the Indian
Constitution. These fundamental duties were added by the 42nd Amendment Act of
the Constitution in 1976, in addition to creating and promoting culture, also
strengthen the hands of the legislature in enforcing these duties vis-a-vis the
fundamental rights.
42nd Amendment Act of 1976 added 10 Fundamental Duties to the Indian
Constitution. 86th Amendment Act 2002 later added 11th Fundamental Duty to the
list.
 Fundamental Duties

1. Abide by the Indian Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National
Flag and the National Anthem

2. Cherish and follow the noble ideals that inspired the national struggle for freedom

3. Uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India

4. Defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so

5. Promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of
India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities and to
renounce practices derogatory to the dignity of women

6. Value and preserve the rich heritage of the country’s composite culture

7. Protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and
wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures

8. Develop scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform

9. Safeguard public property and to abjure violence

10. Strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that
the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavor and achievement

11. Provide opportunities for education to his child or ward between the age of six and
fourteen years. This duty was added by the (86th Constitutional Amendment Act,
2002)

 Importance of Fundamental Duties

Fundamental Duties are an inalienable part of fundamental rights. These all are non
justiciable The importance of these are given below
1) They remind Indian Citizens of their duty towards their society, fellow citizens
and the nation
2) They warn citizens against anti-national and anti-social activities
3) They inspire citizens & promote a sense of discipline and commitment among
them
 4) They help the courts in examining and determining the constitutional validity
of a law
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Q.8) Explain the Federal System in India.
Answer- A federal government is one in which powers are divided between the
national government and the regional governments by the Constitution itself and
both operate in their respective jurisdictions
The federal features of the Constitution of India are:

 Dual Polity: The Constitution establishes a dual polity consisting the

Union at the Centre and the states at the periphery. Each is endowed with
sovereign powers to be exercised in the field assigned to them
respectively by the Constitution
 Written Constitution: It specifies the structure, organization, powers
and functions of both the Central and state governments and prescribes
the limits within which they must operate.
 Division of Powers: The Constitution divided the powers between the
Centre and the states in terms of the Union List, State List and
Concurrent List in the Seventh Schedule
 Supremacy of the Constitution: The Constitution is the supreme (or the
highest) law of the land.
 Independent Judiciary: The Constitution establishes an independent
judiciary headed by the Supreme Court to settle the disputes between the
Centre and the states or between the states.

However, the India federal system of government has a power tilt towards the
centre:
 Strong Centre- The division of powers is in favor of the Centre. The
Union List contains more subjects than the State List. The Centre has
overriding authority over the Concurrent List.
 States Not Indestructible- The states in India have no right to territorial
integrity. The Parliament can by unilateral action change the area, boundaries
or name of any state
 Flexibility of the Constitution- The bulk of the Constitution can be
amended by the unilateral action of the Parliament, either by simple
majority or by special majority. Further, the power to initiate an
amendment to the Constitution lies only with the Centre
  No Equality of State Representation- The states are given representation in
the Rajya Sabha on the basis of population.
 Emergency Provisions- During an emergency, the Central government
becomes all powerful and the states go into the total control of the Centre. It
converts the federal structure into a unitary one without a formal amendment
of the Constitution.
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Q.9) Describe the concept of Industrial Democracy.
It has been now accepted that labour is not a commodity, which can be
exchanged commercially but he is a human being having self- respect.
Industrial democracy gives the place to participation of workers in
management. Industrial democracy is a one type of economic democracy. Industrial
democracy is an arrangement which involves the workers in making decisions making
process, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace.

Definition-
Mr. S. Webb- No trace of parasitism in industry and industrial management which
place to participation of workers in industrial management.

Philosophy of Industrial Democracy:

1) Syndicalism: - this philosophy advocated for the workers control over the
management of industry and services through trade unions.
2) Socialism: - This philosophy advocated workers participation in the
management as a major step for establishing socialist democracy.
3) Gandhian Philosophy: - Mahatma Gandhi advocated that capitalists and
workers should work as trustees for each other and for consumer.
4) Eclecticism: - this philosophy advocated selection of the best- suited doctrine,
method or style.
5) Social Science:-Social scientists emphasized over the democratic management
and workers participation in decision-making.

Characteristic and advantages of industrial democracy.

1. In policy framing and division making.
2. Open democratic principle so useful to labour, workers and management.
3. Promote to collective bargaining method and
4. Spreading and sharing information.
5. Avoidance of strike and workers unrest.
 6. Self interaction with team work and discipline.
7. To increase the productivity with quality and quantity.

UNIT 5

Q.10) Describe Standard Selection Process

Answer- Selection is involved in human resource management. Selection of the

employees for industry is an important process. Even reputation and prestige of
organization is also depends on the selected candidates. Through selection process
job analysis and man power planning executed by organization. Selection and
recruitment are the major process in staffing process.
Recruitment is a positive process having two kinds of sources-
1. Internal
2. External

Selection is a negative process because it selects suitable, eligible candidates and

rejected most of the candidates aspiring for the same post. Rejection rate is high
therefore selection is a negative process.

 Standard Selection Process

Steps in the selection process –

Selection process includes seven steps which are as follows-

1. Preliminary interview
2. Application Blank
3. Employment tests
4. Interview
5. Reference checking
6. Medical examination
7. Final selection.
Proper selection of personals builds up a strong and suitable work from inindustry.

Importance of Std. Selection Process:-

1. Select the right employee on advertised post as per the specialization.

2. To maintain the discipline, work culture and reputation in market.
3. For job satisfaction of employees.
 4. For organizational development and growth potentiate ties.
5. To develop job specifications.
6. To fit in the work situation.

Q.11) State and describe various method of Training in Industry.

Answer- After selection, there is a provision of training. Training means to provide

theknowledge to selected candidates by experts. It is a concept of development and
education purpose. Industrial training is based on a specific need. Technical skills and
basic knowledge regarding own field develop by selected candidate.
• Methods of training

1. On the job training-Actually in this type of training, employees present on

the job and he or she becomes the part of production.
a. Coaching: Under this method immediate superior trains a subordinate. It
is learning by doing. The superior teaches necessary skills and knowledge
required by the job.
b. Job Rotation: Under this method workers are shifted from position to
position so as to broaden their experience and to become familiar with the
various aspects of operations of the enterprise.
c. Under Study: under this method a subordinate is prepared and developed
to fill the vacancy caused by termination, promotion, transfer or death of
the superior in the enterprises.
d. Assigned Project: under this method a project assigned to the trainee
related to his job and field for acquired the knowledge of the assigned
subject.

2. Off the Job Training-

When the workers provided training outside the work place, it is called as offthe job
training. Special leaves or vacation given to employees for the training purpose.
Venue is different for this training.
It takes the following forms:-
a. Vestibule Training: a similar environment to that of workplace is created
at the vestibule school. This training is most suited to the large number of
trainees that is not possible at the workplace. It is very expensive because
of duplication of machines and materials.
b. Classroom Instruction: Experts from outside and from within the
organization are invited to teach trainee a particular subject.
c. Seminar & Conference: Seminars and conferences are organized from
 time to time to discuss regarding the recent developments in the field.
d. Committee Assignment: A temporary committee is formed and assigned
a subject related to the organizational objects and the committee asked to
submit its recommendations after study.
e. Role Playing: a specific role of a manager or superior is assigned to play
to a trainee employee for higher training requi9red for higher jobs.

Requirement and advantage of training-

1. To get expertise in specialized area.

2. For avoidance of accidents and incidents at work place.
3. To reduce industrial conflict, turnover and shut down problem.
4. To avoid fatigue of employees.
5. To motivate the employees and to show the better work performance.
6. For promotion of team work.
7. To overcome the absentees problem of employe
8. To increase the productivity quality and quantity of products.
9. Better co-operation, reduce supervision, and increase the efficiency, stability
and flexibility of the employees.
10. For Job satisfaction, reduced scrap rate and to boost employees moral.

Q.12) Define Motivation. Explain ’Maslow’s Need Priority Theory’.

Answer- Definition- According to Keith Davis, “Motives are expressions of a
person’s needs and hencethey are personal and internal.”

According to George Terry,” Motivation is the desire within an individual that

stimulates him or her to action.”
1. Maslow’s Need Priority Theory of Motivation:-
The psychologist A.H. Maslow put forth a theory of human motivation basedon
the needs of the people. Man is a wanting animal. The satisfaction of one need of
a man leads to another in its place. This is an unending process and continuous
till death.
According to Maslow, human need follows a hierarchical pattern from most basic
to higher needs. Process of motivation begins with an assumption that behaviour
is directed towards the achievement of satisfaction of needs. Maslow proposed
five types of needs as mentioned below:

1. Physiological Needs: These are the basic needs, which are very
necessary for the very survival of man and include food, clothing
 shelter, water air etc. These needs are the starting point for the most of
the needs. Once these needs are satisfied, they cease to operate as prime
motivator of behaviour.
2. Safety and Security Needs: These are the second level of needs and
include the need for protection against threat, danger, security of
sources of income, insurance against risk, provision for old age, etc.
3. Social needs: Since man is a social animal, he needs love, friendship,
affection, needs to belong, communication, etc.
4. Ego or Esteem Needs: these needs are represented by the needs of self-
respect, status, self-confidence, independence, knowledge,
competence, initiative and success, recognition by others, etc.
5. Self-Fulfillment Needs: These needs include need for self-
development, self-achievement, desire to take on more responsibilities,
to accept challenge that gives him boost and initiative to work, etc. The
above needs have a sequence of domination. Lower needs are more
completely satisfied than the higher needs. But, this theory is criticized
for its over simplification of human needs and motivation. Needs does
not vary according to need priority. Man’s behavior is guided by many
motives, not a few.

Q.13) Explain the power and state its sources

Answer- Power is a capacity of a person to impose upon others his values, views and
ideology. Power is centralized to influence the others. Power is a potential influence
andcapacity of person. Power helps to maintain law and order. Power is a part of
administration and government. Power forces to obey commands and directions.

• Definition –

Max Webber- Power is the profanity that one actor within the relationship will
be in positionto carry out his own will despite resistance. Power is one of the
means to influencesothers for getting results.

Authority, leadership and communication concepts related to the power.

 The sources of power –There are Five sources of power.

1. Coercive Power-
This is a power which rests upon the application or the threat of application of
physical sanctions. Higher authorities use their force of power to punish
subordinates for failure in duty and apply dismissal, suspension, demotion etc.
2. Legitimate power-
Law is the base of power that grants right to influence. It depends onagreement and
commonly allowing one power to another person. Legitimacy is in the form of
authority delegated to positions of employees.
3. Reward power –
It is a motivating power promising a reward, incentives and benefits. Concession,
schemes and offering provision. Reward also in the form of normative power.
4. Referent power-
Referent power is based on identification which refers tolearning.

5. Expert power or special knowledge power –

Special knowledge, expertise, technical knowledge influence on others.Special
skills, characteristics are the part of expert power.

Q.14) What is work Organization? Explain Merits and Demerits of Line

Organization.
Answer- Organization is the establishment of authority relationship with provisions
for structural coordination both vertically and horizontally between positions to
which have been assigned specialized task required for the achievement of enterprise
objectives.
Line Organization –Line organization is simplest and oldest formal organization.
Its scalar (military) vertical and departmental organization.

• Definition:– Mc Fariand – ‘Line structure consists of the divert vertical

relationship which connects the position and tasks of each level with those
above and below it.
• Characteristics of line organization –
1. Including various levels, decision making ability with equal rights.
2. Vertical flow of authority responsibility.
3. Order process and unity of command.
4. With scalar chain attachment, flow order, and communication.

• Merits of Line organization –

1. Simplicity clarity and understandable
2. Role of authority and responsibility.
3. Strong disciples and effective control.
4. Flexible and promote decisions.
5. Orderly communication.
 • Demerits of Line organization –
1. Excessive work burden.
2. Improper and unsuitable communication.
3. Useful only for small enterprise.
4. Chance to Favorism.

Q.15) Define Authority. Explain delegation of Authority.

 Answer- Authority:-
Every managerial action requires authority. It is a key to managerial
functions. Authority commands obedience and force compliance.
• Definition:

According to George Terry, “Authority is official and legal right to command

action of others and enforcecompliance.”

Making decisions and seeing that they are carried out exercise authority.

 Delegation of Authority:-

Delegation of Authority is vital for effective and strong organization.

Definition:

According to George Terry, “Delegation of authority is conferring or passing

of authority from one manager to another in order to accomplish particular
assignments”.

Delegation of authority plays an important role in every organization.

• Characteristic of Delegation of Authority-

1. Delegation has double role.

2. One authority delegated can be modify change or withdrawn.
3. Subordinates have to ready to accept the responsibilities mean it has second
line of defence.
4. Delegate may be specific and general.

• Directions to Delegation of Authority.

1. Downward delegation.
2. Upward delegation.
3. Sideways delegation
 • Process of delegation of Authority
In the process of delegation of authority, following points are the main
components-

1. Responsibility
2. Accountability
3. Authority
Above three factors are the pillars of delegation of authority.

Q.16) Define Industrial Psychology & explain its scope.

• Answer- Definition –
Tiffin and McCormick: “Industrial Psychology is concerned with the study of
human behavior in those aspects of life that are related to the production, distribution
and utilization of goods and services of our civilization.”

Scope of Industrial psychology: –

1. Personnel Selection and Development:-

Getting the right man on the right job and training he to do it is the
beginning of any industry. Industrial psychology helps in manpower
planning and optimum utilization of the currently employed manpower.
Thus, selection of personnel, their placement and promotion play an
important role in industry. An industry has to acquire, utilize, improve and
maintain its human resources. After employees are hired, they must be
trained to perform a specific job. An industry has to make attempts
continuously to develop its human resources. Nowadays, training is
extended not only to machine operators, but also to supervisors and
executives. Industrial psychologists develop sound training programs to
help the newly appointed manpower.
2 In Human Engineering: -
An industrial organization is always described as a man- machine-system,
where human beings are constantly in interactions with each other.
Industry has to adopt machinery and job methods suitable to man’s mental
and physical make up. Hence, psychologists suggest proper designs of
machines for human use to those human resources are optimally put to use.
3 Productivity: -
After a product is manufactured, many psychological problems in
connection with market research, sales and advertising. Normally market
 forces run the production activity of the industry, which is studied by
industrial psychology of products can be better understood with the help
of industrial psychology.
4 Management Organization and Management:-
Management organization affects not only the prospects of the industry or
behavior within the industry, but it also determines the community life
and social values. There are many interpersonal interactions within the
management also. Industrial psychology helps the management to
formulate and implement its policies, have a better communication
within and outside the industry. It provides guidance to industrial
management and trade union organizations for dispute settlement.
5 Accident Prevention And Safety Measures In Industry:-
No industrial organization can look at the industrial accidents in casual
manner, because too many accidents results in decline in production.
Accidents in industry are sometimes caused by human behavior and help
to layout strategies for preventing such behaviors as well as suggest safety
measures.
6 Labour Relations:-
The success and smooth running of industry depends upon the nature of
its relations with the labour unions. Industrial psychologists study the
problems related with labour negotiations, bargaining, processing labour
grievances, labour legislations, labour strikes and lockouts, etc. industrial
psychology helps to create an environment of mutual confidence between
management and labour unions.

In that way Industrial psychology is a relationship between man and world of

work.

Q.17) Define Industrial Sociology. Explain its Nature/ Scope.

• Answer- Definition:
P. Gisbert- “Industrial sociology is concerned with industry as a social system,
including those factors which affect the structure, the functions and the changes in that
system.”
• Scope of Industrial Sociology:
According to Pascal Gilbert, following is the scope of industrial sociology:
1. Social Welfare and Personnel Management:
Industrial sociology aims at industrial or social welfare or persons belonging to
industry. As a branch of social work, industrial sociology applied its principles
 and findings to correct deficiencies of industry and improves society. It also
aims at improving the personnel management, administration and solves human
problems of industry and uses the knowledge of social science to improve it.
2. Social Relation:
Nowadays it is realized that industry is a social organization or institution
devoted to the production and marketing of goods and services. Thus, industrial
sociology is especially concerned with periphery of industry. These relations
may be internal or external.
a) Internal Relations: internal relations are those, which exist within
industry itself whether they are concerned with management, workers
or both, the internal relations can further be sub-divided into three
categories viz. formal, informal and mixed. Managerial or operational
performances of duties give rise to formal relations. Informal relations
are not officially regulated but are sustained by ethical and customary
rules. Mixed relations are soci-technical relations which are really
socio-functional since they are manifested in the performances of
one’s duties.
b) External Relations: External relations are those which exist between
the firm and external persons, government, the community in which
the firm operates, the banks, schools and other organizations with
which the firm deals.

These relations are of different types, but every industry has to take them into
consideration. With the rapidly growing industrial setup, the importance of external
significance to public relations officers.

Q.18) Describe the Industrialization and write its impact on Society

Answer-

Definition- Prof. M.S. Gore – The term industrialization refers to the process where
in production of goods with the use of hand, tool is replaced by production with the
use of power driven machines. This change is an impact on agriculture, transport
and communication and by changes in the organization of trade and finance.

• Impact of Industrialization on Society:

• Urbanization: a new city springs up wherever industrial complex is set up for
example Jamshedpur, Bhilai and Raurkela. The economic development of
cities takes places at a faster rate. The urban society enjoys many amenities of
life.
 • Customs, traditions and fashions: As industrialization is linked up closely
with scientific process and technologies, the oldest customs, tradition and
fashions take new shapes. Blind beliefs superstitions; crumble down due to
rational explanation for every phenomenon.
• Attitudes: Members of industrial society become scientific minded and
demand rational explanation for every phenomenon.
• Caste system: caste and class distinctions were matters of prestige and
status in old social order, but in industrial society ability capacity and level of
technical knowhow major considerations for prestige and position are. In short,
it is merit and not caste that count.
• Religion: in industrial society members are more secular in their attitude
towards religion. Hence, religion has become a private and not a public affair.
• Marriage and Morals: in an industrial society marriage is looked upon as a
social and there is no halo of sanctity and solemnization. Marriage at an early
age are discouraged and mostly they take place at higher ate. Regarding sex
relations in an industrial society tendency is towards lose morals.
• Family: Families tend to be smaller in size and usually husband and wife go
out for work. Joint family has become a thing of the past.
• Status of women: Women enjoy equal status with man. No discrimination is
now made on basis of sex. Equal pay for equal work is the guiding principle.

UNIT 6

Q.19) Discuss the term Discipline in Industry and briefly explain its types.
Or
Discuss the term Discipline in Industry and briefly explain causes of
Indiscipline.
Or
Discuss the term Discipline in Industry and ways to reduce
indiscipline/Disciplinary action.

Answer- Discipline is an effective process in accordance with rule and regulations.

Due to perfect discipline, situation can keep under control. Discipline in industry is
related to employee conduct.
Managing discipline in industrial sector is an important for employees and
organization. Implementation of rules and regulations, accommodated in the
category of discipline. It helps to correct improper conduct of employees who
concerned to organization. Punishment is an important to control discipline in
Industry. It is related to relationship of employer and employees. Unexpected
absence, frequently absentees, nonsupport with subordinates, sleeping, off the job
behaviors etc factors are against to disciplinary behavior.

 Types of Discipline
1) Negative – by force.eg. Punishment, threat, dismissal
2) Positive – prizes, awards etc.
 Purpose of Discipline
1) For encouragement to maintaining the sensibility, responsibility and
accountability among the workers.
2) Fulfillment the organizational objectives with smooth way.
3) Boosting the confidence of employees for their morals.
4) Involvement of company rules and regulations.
5) Better communication, enforcing the authority.
6) Familiar with punishment, and procedure for appeal.
 Causes of Indiscipline
There are many causes such as noncooperation, socio-economic and cultural
factors behind the indiscipline in industrial organization.
1) Wrong management practices
2) Lack of effective communication and gap with various barriers.
3) Workers culture and attitude
4) Differentness in disciplinary action and punishment.
 Disciplinary action, punishment and penalties
The action taken by management after inhabitation of undesired behavior from
employees. The aim behind disciplinary action is to maintain integrity, discipline,
sensitivity and corrective measures in the working place.
Following are some disciplinary action penalties-
1) Oral warning
2) Written warning
3) Fines
4) Holding the increments
5) Demotion by grade or position
6) Suspension
7) Lay-Off
8) Discharge
9) Dismissal
Q.20) Illustrate the term Labor Turnover. Mention Methods to reduce labour
Turnover.
Or
Illustrate the term Labor Turnover. State its Causes.
Answer- Labor turnover express the movement of employees in organization. Labor
turnover is an index of stability of works in organization. Joining and leaving from
one place or one organization to other organization due to various responsible factors.
Labour turn over problem held in industrial sector over the different issues.

Calculation, Causes, Cost.

Calculations:-Ex. Assume an average working force of 1000 employee for a month.
If during this period 100 employees had severed their relationship with the concern,
then

Causes of Labour Turnover

a. Voluntary Withdrawls
b. Layoff or turnover because of seasonal nature of industry.
c. Undesirable activities of the employees.
d. Retirement
e. Death

Methods to reduce Labour turnover

- Improve working conditions

- Handle grievances of workers faithfully
- Minimize fluctuation in workload
- Follow labour laws
- Take care of employees health and welfare
- Motivate the employees , Impartial in matters of promotion and transfers
Q.21) Define Industrial Fatigue and explain its causes
Answer- Definition-
B Maslow- A condition caused by activity in which output produced by that
activity tends to be relatively poor and degree of fatigue tends to vary directly with
the poorness of the output. Fatigue is an altered physical and mental state in relation
to the status of recovery of normal capacity.

Causes for fatigue:

1. Long and continues working hours.
2. Lack of rest pause
3. Unsuitable internal and external environment factors.
4. Excessive or less temperature.
5. Unhealthy working situation.
6. Improper machineries and wrong working method.
7. Effects of drug addiction and bad habits.
8. Economical, social, familiar tension and worries.
9. Lack of proportion of unsuitable wages and salary.
10. Faulty postures, sickness, lack of sleep and rest.

Ways to minimize industrial fatigue:-

1. Provision of suitable training
2. Suitable and effective environment.
3. Rest pause, break and leaves.
4. Application of motivation
5. Adequate salary and work as per the commitment and specialization.
6. Control on overtime, capable working hour and shifting of workers.
7. Canteen and refreshment facility.

Q. 22) Explain the health and safety of workers in Industry.

Or
Explain the health and safety of workers in Industry and state ways to prevent
accidents in Industry.
Answer-
Health:
-Provision regarding cleanliness,
-Disposal of wastes and effluents,
-Ventilation,
-Temperature,
-Exhaust for dust and fumes,
 -Overcrowding,
-Lighting,
-Drinking water,
-Latrines,
-Urinals and spittoons and
-First Aid boxes and ambulances for factories employing more than
500workers.
 Safety:
-Provisions regarding fencing of machinery
-Examination or operation of machinery in motion
-Striking gear devices for cutting of power in emergency
-Limit of carrying excessive weights
-Protection of eyes
-Precautions against dangerous fumes, gases, etc.
Need for Safety
1) Prosperity and production
2) Expenditure balance and reduce production cost.
3) Role of equipment and machineries
4) Dignity about familiar, social and economical situation of workers.

Accidents
Suddenly occurring and originating from external sources which affect on service or
job in a form of injury, disability or death. Accidents may happen with any
employee in any situation.
Accidents provide suffer in a form of economic cost, damage, familiar disturbance,
medical treatment expenditure, future problem etc. Every accident case has
particular causes. In industry, accidents can be happens due to technical, unsafe
condition, or human causes with unplanned action. Man, material and machine are
responsible for accidents.
Precaution or suggestions to avoid the accidents
1) Maintain good employees- employee relations
2) Safe work place, layout and working environment and situation.
3) Avoidance all types of pollution.
4) Safe material handling.
5) Personal protective device.
6) Fallowness’ of safety measure in industry.
7) Effective , central and good house keeping
8) Implementation of reducing accidents factors.
9) Provide first aid box for avoid premature death.
Q.23) Define Labour Union Organization. Describe its origin, function and
objective.
Answer- G.D.H. Cole- ‘A trade union means associations of workers in one or more
professions carried on mainly for the purpose of protecting and advancing the
members economic interest in the connection with their daily work’.

Objectives of trade Unions

1) To protect and promote the interest of employees or workers

2) In negotiation process for salary improvement

3) Interaction between employees and employer

4) Improvement for working condition

5) Welfare of employees

6) Developing the employer employee’s relations.

7) Safe guarding and industries health.

8) Protection against victimization

9) Self confidence boosting and creation of self security.

10) For maintaining the industrial peace and dignity.

Origin of Trade Unions

1) Gift of industrialization and industrial conditions.

2) Industrial revolution.

3) Necessity and essentiality for worker.

4) Separation between ownership, capital and labor.

5) To constant and perseverance of workers or employees.

Functions of trade Unions

1) Facility and provisions of friendly and cooperative services

2) Social service and security

3) Protection of the Job and enlargement

4) Political attachment and consideration

5) For development of co-operation and cooperativeness.

6) Sharing the benefits over the enterprise

7) Pulling the public opinion towards employees or workers

8) For intra and extra mural activities

9) Imbibing the sincerity and discipline among the workers

10) For overall development of employees.