Chapter 8 Probability

Worksheet A
1 A letter is chosen from the word MATHEMATICAL. Find the probability that the
letter is:

a aT b an A

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

c not an A d an A or a T

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

2 An experiment involves tossing three biased coins and counting the number of
tails. Here are the results after running the experiment 100 times.

Number of tails 0 1 2 3
Frequency 20 18 35 27

Find the experimental probability of obtaining:

a no tails b 2 tails

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

c fewer than 2 tails d at least 2 tails

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

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3 A number is chosen from the set of positive integers between 1 and 10 inclusive.
A is the set of integers less than 5 and B is the set of even numbers between 1 and
10 inclusive.

a Represent the two events A and B in a Venn diagram.

b List the following sets:

i A∩B _______________________________________________________________

ii A∪B _______________________________________________________________

c If a number from the first 10 positive integers is randomly selected, find the
probability that the following events occur.

i A _______________________________________________________________

ii A∩B _______________________________________________________________

iii A∪B _______________________________________________________________

d Are the events A and B mutually exclusive? Why/why not?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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4 From a class of 30 students, 17 like soccer, 14 like AFL and 9 like both soccer and
AFL.

a Illustrate this information in a Venn diagram.

b State the number of students who like:

i AFL only __________________________________________________

ii neither soccer nor AFL __________________________________________________

c Find the probability that a person chosen at random will like:

i AFL __________________________________________________

ii AFL only __________________________________________________

iii both soccer and AFL __________________________________________________

5 This Venn diagram shows the distribution of elements in sets A and B.

a Transfer the information in the Venn diagram into a two-way table.

A A′

B′

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 b Find:

i n(A ∩ B) ii n(A′ ∩ B)

___________________________ ___________________________

iii n(A ∩ B′) iv n(A′ ∩ B′)

___________________________ ___________________________

v n(A) vi n(B′)

___________________________ ___________________________

vii n(A ∪ B)

___________________________

c Find:

i Pr(A ∩ B) ________________________________________________________

ii Pr(A′) ________________________________________________________

iii Pr(A ∩ B′) ________________________________________________________

6 A card is selected from a pack of 52 playing cards. Let A be the event ‘the card is
a heart’ and B be the event ‘the card is a queen’.

a Find:

i n(A) ________________________________________________________

ii n(B) ________________________________________________________

iii n(A ∩ B) ________________________________________________________

b Find:

i Pr(A) ________________________________________________________

ii Pr(A′) ________________________________________________________

iii Pr(A ∩ B) ________________________________________________________

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 c Use the addition rule to find Pr(A ∪ B).
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d Find the probability that the card is a queen or not a heart.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

7 Two events A and B are such that Pr(A) = 0.45, Pr(B) = 0.7 and Pr(A ∪ B) = 0.8.
Find:

a Pr(A ∩ B) b Pr(A′ ∩ B′)

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

___________________________________ ___________________________________

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Chapter 8 Probability
Worksheet B
1 Consider the following Venn diagram displaying the number of elements
belonging to the events A and B.

Find the following probabilities:

a Pr(A) b Pr(A ∩ B)

___________________________ ___________________________

c Pr(A|B) d Pr(B|A)

___________________________ ___________________________

e State whether or not the events A and B are independent.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

2 From the 20 members of a ski club, 16 like skiing, 12 like snowboarding and 8 like
both skiing and snowboarding. A ski club member is chosen at random. Let A be
the event ‘the person likes skiing’ and B be the event ‘the person likes
snowboarding’.

a Represent the information in a two-way table.

A A′

B′

b Find the probability that the person only likes snowboarding.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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 c Find the probability that the person likes snowboarding given that they like
skiing.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d Find the probability that the person likes skiing given that they like
snowboarding.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

3 Two four-sided dice, numbered 1 to 4, are rolled.

a List the sample space using a table.

Die 2
1 2 3 4
1
2
Die 1

3
4

b Find the probability of obtaining the outcome (3, 2).

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

c Find:

i Pr (sum of at least 6) ____________________________________________

ii Pr (sum not equal to 6) ____________________________________________

d Find the probability of a sum of 7, given that the sum is at least 6.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

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4 Two letters are chosen from the word NINE without replacement

a Construct a table to list the sample space.

Letter 2
N I N E
N
Letter 1 I
N
E

b Find the probability of:

i obtaining the outcome (N, E) ____________________________________________

ii selecting a N and a E ____________________________________________

iii selecting two Ns ____________________________________________

iv selecting two Ns given that at ____________________________________________

least one N is selected

5 Boxes A and B contain 4 counters each. Box A contains 2 red and 2 yellow counters
and box B contains 3 red and 1 yellow counters. A box is chosen at random and
then a single counter is selected.

a Find the probability of selecting a red counter from:

i box A ii box B

_______________________________ _______________________________

b Represent the options available as a tree diagram that shows all possible
outcomes and related probabilities.

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 c What is the probability of selecting box B and a red counter?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

d What is the probability of selecting a red counter?

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________________________________

6 A bag contains 3 red (R) and 4 white (W) marbles and two marbles are selected
without replacement.

a Draw a tree diagram showing all outcomes and probabilities.

b Find the probability of selecting:

i a red marble and then a white marble _____________________________________

ii 2 red marbles _____________________________________

iii exactly 1 red marble _____________________________________

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c If the experiment was repeated with replacement, find the answers to each
question in part b.

i a red marble and then a white marble _____________________________________

ii 2 red marbles _____________________________________

iii exactly 1 red marble _____________________________________

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Chapter 8 Probability

Worksheet A answers

1 1 3 5
1 a b c d
6 4 4 12
1 7 19 31
2 a b c d
5 20 50 50
3 a

b i {2, 4} ii {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10}

2 1 7
c i ii iii
5 5 10
3 d The sets A and B are not mutually exclusive since A ∩ B ≠ ∅.
4 a

b i 5 ii 8
7 1 3
c i ii iii
15 6 10
5 a
A A′
B 5 6 11
B′ 4 3 7
9 9 18

b i 5 ii 6 iii 4 iv 3 v 9 vi 7 vii 15
5 1 2
c i ii iii
18 2 9
6 a i 13 ii 4 iii 1
1 3 1
b i ii iii
4 4 52
4 10
c d
13 13
7 a 0.35 b 0.2

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Worksheet B answers
2 4 2 2
1 a b c d
5 15 5 3
e Yes, since Pr(AB) = Pr(A)
2 a
A A′
B 8 4 12
B′ 8 0 8
16 4 20
1 1 2
b c d
5 2 3
3 a
Die 2
1 2 3 4
1 (1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4)
2 (2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4)
Die 1

3 (3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4)

4 (4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4)

1 3 13 1
b c i ii d
16 8 16 3
4 a
Letter 2
N I N E
N × (N, I) (N, N) (N, E)
Letter 1

I (I, N) × (I, N) (I, E)

N (N, N) (N, I) × (N, E)
E (E, N) (E, I) (E, N) ×

1 1 1 1
b i ii iii iv
6 3 6 5
1 3
5 a i ii
2 4
b

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 3 5
c d
8 8
6 a

2 1 4
b i ii iii
7 7 7
12 9 24
c i ii iii
49 49 49

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