& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City GENERAL EDUCATION ‘ONLINE DISTANCE LEARNING MODULE Occupational Health & Safety) ET RCE tees wh paral RED their intertelationships. A study of source materials and library techniques as well as methods employed by social scientists. Relevancy of the Social Sciences to understanding and solving contemporary problems. General consideration of human nature and the nature of the universe. Knowledge, perception, freedom and determinism. Combined with the preparation to the outside world of the leamers such as preventing the drug and alcohol abuse and the occupational health and safety standards in the maritime industry. MODULES (WEEK 5) Basic Social Institutions: Family, Government, Economy, Education and Religion 1. Discuss briefly the overview of social institutions. 2. Discuss the meaning and nature of basic social institutions such as family, government, economy, education and religion. 3._ Differentiate the five basic institutions through picture analysis. 4. Knowthe different forms of government. Based on the pictures below, What do you observed? What can you say about it? Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 1 of 13, (COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORHATION ‘Gapyrign © 2021 PNTG Cotoges, A rights reserve \When printed, is document is uncontrolled unless propery ideriiied as controled& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City What can you say about society, trends, and issues today? Social Institutions '* Asocial institution is a complex, integrated set of social norms organized around the preservation of a basic societal value. '* Sociologists agree that institutions arise and persist because of a definite felt need of the members of the society. While there is essential agreement on the general origin of institutions, sociologists have differed about the specific motivating factors. ‘+ Sumner and Keller maintained that institutions come into existence to satisfy vital interests of man. Ward believed that they arise because of social demand or social necessity, ‘+ Lewis H Morgan ascribed the basis of every institution to what he called a perpetual want. Primary Institution's '* Sociologists often reserve theterm “institution” to describe normative systems that operate in five basic areas of life, which may be designated as the primary institutions. (2) In determining Kinship; (2) in providing for the legitimate use of power; (3) in regulating the distribution of goods and services: (4) in transmitting knowledge from one generation to the next; and (5) in regulating our relation to the supernatural. In shorthand form, or as concepts, these five basic institutions are called the family, government, economy, education and religion. Five Basic Institutions Economics Education Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 2 of 13, (COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORHATION ‘Gapyrign © 2021 PNTG Cotoges, A rights reserve When pried, ths document is uncon& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City maintenance of orders. The secondary institutions derived from Family would be The secondary institutions of Economics would be ns si The secondary institutions of Religion would be Y The five primary institutions are found among all human groups. They are not always as highly elaborated or as distinct from one another but in rudimentary form at last, they exist everywhere. Their universality indicates that they are deeply rooted in human nature and that they are essential in the development and Form No. BPH2-OME 20 F009 Rev.03 COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION Gonyriget ©2021 PNTE Cobages, Al rigts reserved ‘When prntad, ths dacument is uneenraled uniass propery iden as conrad ‘SOC 319 (Module 5) Page 3 of 13,& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City The secondary institutions of Education would be Goat Se cg Education The secondary institutions of State would be Y Animportant feature that we find in the growth of institutions is the extension of the power of the state over the other four primary institutions. The state now exercises more authority by laws and regulations. Y The state has taken over the traditional functions of the family like making laws regulating marriage, divorce, adoption and inheritance. Y The authority of state has similarly been extended to economics, to education and to religion. New institutional norms may replace the old norms but the institution goes on. Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 4 of 13, (COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORHATION ‘Gapyrign © 2021 PNTG Cotoges, A rights reserve ‘When prntad, ths dacument is uneenraled uniass propery iden as conrad& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City 7 The madern family has replaced the norms of patriarchal family yet the family as an institution continues Sumner and Keller has classified institutions in nine major categories .He referred to them as pivotal institutional fields and classified them as follows: Esato tse Beery ate Pe — Beira ted Pees eerie ; ae emis General Overview 1. Family ‘+ Inhuman society, family (from Latin: familia) is a group of people related either by consanguinity or affinity. ‘+The purpose of families is to maintain the well-being of its members and of society. Ideally, families would offer predictability, structure, and safety as members mature and participate in the community. In most societies, itis within families that children acquire socialization for life outside the family. Anthropologists generally classify most family organizations as matrifocal{a mother and her children); patrifocal (a father and his children); conjugal (a wife, her husband, and children, also called the nuclear family); avuncular (for example, a grandparent, a brother, his sister, and her children); or extended (parents and children co-reside with other members of one parent's family) ‘+ Members of the immadiate family may include spouses, parents, grandparents, brothers, sisters, sons, and daughters. Members of the extended family may include aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, and siblings-in-law. Sometimes these are also considered members of the immediate family, depending on an individual's specific relationship with them, and the legal definition of "immediate family" varies. Sexual relations with family members are regulated by rules concerning incest such as the incest tabo Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 ‘SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 5 of 13, (COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORHATION ‘Gapyrign © 2021 PNTG Cotoges, A rights reserve ‘When prntad, ths dacument is uneenraled uniass propery iden as conrad& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City Typesof Family Conjugal (nuclear) far ‘The term "nuciear family" is commonly used, especially in the United States of America, to refer to conjugal families. A "conjugal" family includes only the spouses and unmarried children who are not of age. Some sociologistsdistinguish between conjugal families (relatively independent of the kindred of the parents and of other families in general) and nuclear families (which maintain relatively close ties with their kindred). Other family structures - with (for example) blended parents, single parents, and domestic partnerships ~ have begun to challenge the normality of the nuclear family. Single-parent family ‘A single-parent family consists of one parent together with their children, where the parent is widowed, divorced (and not remarried), or never married. The parent may have sole custody of the children, or separated parents may have a shared-parenting arrangement where the children divide their time |possibly equally) between two different single-parent families or between one single-parent family and one blended family. ‘As compared to sole custody, physical, mental and social well-being of children may be improved by shared- parenting arrangements and by children having greater access to both parents, “The number of single-parent families have beenincreasing, and about half of all children in the United States will ive in a single-parent family at some point before they reach the age of 18.! Most single-parent families are headed by a mother, but the number of single-parent families headed by fathers is increasing. Matrifocal Family ‘A “matrifocal" family consists of a mother and her children. Generally, these children are her biological offspring, although adoption of children is a practice in nearly every society. ‘This kind of family occurs commonly where women have the resources to rear their children by themselves, or where men are more mobile than women. Extended Family ‘The term “extended family" Is also common, especially In the United States. This term has two distinct meanings: 1. It serves as a synonym of "consanguinal family" (consanguine means "of the same blood"). 2. In societies dominated by the conjugal family, it refers to "kindred" (an egocentric network of relatives that extends beyond the domestic group) who do not belong to the conjugal family, ‘These types refer to ideal or normative structures found in particular societies. Any society will exhibit some variation in the actual composition and conception of families. Family of Choice + The term family of choice, also sometimes referred to as "chosen family" or "found family", is common within the LGBT community, veterans, individuals who have suffered abuse, and those who have no contact with biological "parents". itrefers to the group of people in an individual's life that satisfies the typical role of family as a support system. Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 6 of 13,& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City “The term differentiates between the "family of origin’ (the biological family or that in which people are raised] and those that actively assume that ideal role.The family of choice may or may not include some or all of the members of the family of origin. ‘This terminology stems from the fact that many LGBT individuals, upon coming out, face rejection or shame from the families they were raised in. The term family of choice is also used by individuals in the 12 step communities, who create close-knit "family" ties through the recovery process. ‘Asa family system, families of choice face unique issues. Without legal safeguards, family's of choice may struggle when medical, educational, or governmental institutions fail to recognize their legitimacy. ‘If members of the chosen family have been disowned by their family of origin, they may experience surrogate arief, displacing anger, loss, or anxious attachment onto their new family. Blended family The term blended family or stepfamily describes families with mixed parents: one or both parents remarried, bringing children of the former family into the new family. Monogamous Fa + Amonogamous family is based on a legal or social monogamy. In this case, an individual has only one (official) partner during their lifetime or at any one time, ‘This means that a person may not have several different legal spouses at the same time, as this is usually prohibited by bigamy laws, in jurisdictions that require monogamous marriages. Polygamous Family Polygamy is a marriage that includes more than two partners. When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called polygyny; and when a woman is married to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry. If 2 marriage includes multiple husbands and wives, it can be called polyamory, group of conjoint marriage Polygyny is a form of plural marriage, in which a man is allowed more than one wife + Inmodern countries that permit polygamy, polygyny is typically the only form permitted. Polygyny is practiced primarily (but not only) in parts of the Middle East and Africa; and is often associated with Islam, however, there are certain conditions in Islam that must be met to perform polygyny. + Polyandry is a form of marriage whereby a woman takes two or more husbands at the same time. Fraternal polyandry, where two or more brothers are married to the same wife, is a common form of polyandry. Degrees of Kinship ‘Kinship is the relation by the bond of blood, marriage and includes kindered ones. It represents one of the basic social institutions. Kinship is universal and in most societies plays a significant role in the socialization of individuals and the maintenance of group solidarity. A first-degree relative is one who shares S0% of your DNA through direct inheritance, such as a full sibling, parent or progeny. * Thereis another measure for the degree of relationship, which is determined by counting up generations to the first common ancestor and back down to the target individual, which is used for various genealogical and legal purposes. Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-008 ‘SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 7 of 13,& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City Typesof Kinship 1. Patrilineal + Patrilineality, also known as the male line or agnatic kinship, is 2 form of kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is traced through his or her father's lineage. ‘It generally involves the inheritance of property, rights, names, or titles by persons related through male kin A patriline ("father line") is a person's father, and additional ancestors that are traced only through males. ‘One's patriline is thus a record of descent from a man in which the individuals in all intervening generations are male. + In cultural anthropology, a patrilineage is a consanguineal male and female kinship group, each of whose members is descended from the common ancestor through male forebears. ineal * Matrilineality is a form of kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is traced through his or her mother's lineage. + It may also correlate with a societal system in which each person is identified with their matriline—their mother's lineage—and which can involve the inheritance of property and titles. + A matriline is aline of descent from a female ancestor to a descendant in which the individuals in all intervening generations are mothers ~ in other words, a "mother line". + Ina matrilineal descent system, an individual is considered to belong to the same descent group as her or his, mother. This matrilineal descant pattern is in contrasts to the more commen pattern of patrilineal descent pattem, 3. Bilateral Descent * steral descent is a form of kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is traced through both the paternal and maternal sides. The relatives on the mother's side and father's side are equally important for emotional ties or for transfer of property or wealth. itis a family arrangement where descent and inheritance are passed equally through both parents. + Familias who use this system trace descent through both parents simultaneously and recognize multiple ancestors, but unlike with cognatic descent itis not used to form descent groups. * Traditionally, this is found among some groups in West ‘Africa, India, Australis, indonesia, Melanesia, Malaysia and Polynesia, Anthropologists believe that a tribal structure based on bilateral descent helps members live in extreme environments because it allows individuals to rely on two sets of families dispersed over a wide area Marriage ‘+ Also called matrimony or wedlock, is @ culturally recognized union between people, called spouses, that establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 8 of 13,& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City “> The definition of marriage varies around the world, not only between cultures and between religions, but also throughout the history of any given culture and religion. Over time, it has expanded and also constricted in terms of who and what is encompassed. ‘* Typically, it is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged or sanctioned. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity ‘+ When defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. A marriage ceremony is called a wedding Typesof Marriage 1. Monogamy ‘* Is. form of marriage in which an individual has only one spouse during their lifetime or at any one time. 2. Polygamy ‘* Polygamy isa marriage which includes more than two spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at a time, the relationship is called polyzyny, and there is no marriage bond between the wives; and when a woman is matried to more than one husband at a time, it is called polyandry, and there is no marriage bond between the husbands. ‘* fa marriage includes multiple husbands or wives, it can be called group marriage. Government ‘+ Agovernmentis the system or group of people governing an organized community, often a state, but also other entities, for example, a company, ‘© The wordgovernment derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb kubernéo (meaning to steer with gubernaculum (rudder), the metaphorical sense being attested in Piato’s Ship of state) Forms of Government 1. Autocracy ‘* An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular contro} (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection 2. Aristocracy ‘+ Aristocracy from the Greek aristokratia, from aristos "excellent", and kratos "powers a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, ‘* Many monarchies were aristocracies, although in modern constitutional monarchies the monarch himself or herself has little real power. '* The term aristocracy could also refer to the non-peasant, non-servant, and non: syste ity classes in the feudal 3, Democracy '* Democracy isa system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. Ina direct democracy, the citizens as a whole form a governing body and vote directly on each issue. Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page $ of 13,& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City In alepresentative democracy the citizens elect representatives from among themselves These representatives meet to form a governing body, such as a legislature In a constitutional democracy the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority, usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, e.g. freedom of speech, or freedom of association, 4, Republics A republic is @ form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter" (Latin: res publica), not the private concern or property of the rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited The people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. ‘common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is nota monarch 5. Federalism Federalism is a political concept in which a groupof members are bound together by covenant with a governing representative head. The term “federalism” is also. used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political Units, variously called states, provinces or otherwise. Federalism is a system based upon democratic principles and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation Proponents are often called federalists. Economy ‘Aneconomy from Greek oikos- "household" = and-.-— “manage = is_—ss an. area. of the production, distribution and trade, as well as consumption of goods and services by different agents. ‘The economy is defined as a social domain that emphasize the practices, discourses, and material expressions associated with the production, use, and management of resources. Economic agents can be individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments. Economic transactions occur When two groups or parties agree to the value or price of the transacted good or service, commonly expressed in a certain currency. However, monetary transactions only account for a small part of the economicdomain Economic activity is spurred by production which uses natural resources, labor and capital. It has changed over time due totechnology (automation, accelerator of process, reduction of cost functions), innovation (new products, services, processes, expanding markets, diversification of markets, niche markets, increases revenue functions) such as, that which produces intellectual property and changes in industrial relations (most notably child) labor being replaced in some parts of the world with universal access to education). Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Rev.03 Page 10 of 13,& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City > Amarketbased economyis one where goods and services are produced and exchanged according to demand and supply between participants (economic agents) by barter or a medium of exchange with a credit or debit value accepted within the network, such as a unit of currency. Education ‘* Is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits Educational methods include teaching, training, storytelling, discussion and directed research, ‘* Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, however learners can also educate themselves ‘* Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has a formative effect on the way one thinks, feels, or acts may be considered educational. The methodologyof teaching is called pedagogy. ‘+ Formal education is commonly divided formally into such stages as preschool or kindergarten, primary school, secondary schoo! and then college, university, or apprenticeship. ‘* Aright to education has been recognized by some governments and the United Nations. in most regions, education is compulsory up to a certain age. There is a movement for education reform, and in particular for evidence-based education. ligion ‘* Is a social-cultural_systemof designated behaviors and practices, morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that relates humanity to supematural, transcendental, or spiritual elements. ‘© Religious practices may —_—include rituals, sermons, commemoration or _—_veneration (of deities and/or saints), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, funeran services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. ‘* Religions have sacred histories and narratives, which may be preserved in sacred scriptures, and symbols and holyplaces, that aim mostly to give a meaning to life, Religions may contain symbolic stories, Which are sometimes said by followers to be true, that have the side purpose of explaining the origin of life, the universe, and other things ‘* Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs, ‘* Thereare an estimated 10,000 distinct religions worldwide. About 84% of the world's population is affiliated with Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, or some form of folk religion. * The religiously unaffiliated demographic includes those who do not identify with any particular religion, atheists, and agnostics. While the religiously unaffiliated have grown globally, many of the religiously unaffiliated stil have various religious beliefs Aspects of Rel 1. Beliefs ‘* Traditionally, faith, in addition to reason, has been considered a source of religious beliefs. The interplay between faith and reason, and their use as perceived support for religious beliefs, have been a subject of interest to philosophers and theologians. Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 11 of 13,& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City 2. Mythology The word myth has several meanings. 2. Pra 4, Social Organization vaeNe ‘+ The origin of religious belief as such is an open question, with possible explanations including awareness of individual death, a sense of community, and dreams. 1. A traditional story of ostensibly historical events that serves to unfold part of the world view of a people or explain a practice, belief, or natural phenomenon; 2. Aperson or thing having only an imaginary or unverifiable existence; or 3. Ametaphor for the spiritual potentiality in the human being. ‘+ Ancient polytheistic religions, such as those of Greece, Rome, and Scandinavia, are usually categorized under the heading of mythology. Religions of pre-industrial peoples, or cultures in development, are similarly called myths in the anthropology of religion, + The term myth can be used pejoratively by both religious and non-religious people. By defining another person's religious stories and beliefs as mythology, one implies that they are less real or true than one’s own religious stories and beliefs. ‘+ Joseph Campbell remarked, "Mythology Is often thought of as other people's religions, and religion can be defined as mis-interpreted mythology.” ‘+ In sociology, however, the term myth has @ non-pejorative meaning, There, myth is defined as a story that is important for the group whether or not itis objectively or provably true, The practices of a religion may include rituals, sermons, commemoration or veneration (of a deity, gods, or goddesses), sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trances, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, prayer, religious music, religious art, sacred dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. ‘+ Religions have a societal basis, either as a living tradition which is carried by lay participants, or with an organized clergy, anda definition of what constitutes adherence or membership. What is social institution? What are the basic social institutions? ‘What is family mean? What are the forms of government? Why do basic institutions arise and persist? 1. Inyour own opinion, Whyis education important nowadays? 2. Based on your understanding, What is the importance of a family to the government? 3. Inyour own views, Why do we need to follow the government rule? Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F-008 ‘SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 12 of 13, COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION Gonyriget ©2021 PNTE Cobages, Al rigts reserved 1 ind, hs document is uneanttalled unless property ison& PNTC COLLEGES Zone Ill, Lt. Cantimbuhan St. Poblacion, Dasmarifias City Links R1- https://sosiologyguide.com/basic-concepts/Social-Institutions.phy R2- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family R3- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage R4- en.wikipedia org/wiki/Government R5- https://www. sociologyguide.com/marriage-family-kinship/Kinship.phy Revision Status: MoD $00 31915) Rev.: 01 Issue Daw: ‘Sopt 11,2021 Form No. BPM2-CME 20 F008 SOC 319 (Module 5) Revs Page 13 of 13, (COMPANY CONFIDENTIAL INFORHATION 1 Golloges, Al rigs resorve cil unless property Kenton a Copyright ©2021 & When orntad, ths documents uneer